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Scyphozoa) ¿Un Recurso Pesquero Alternativo?

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Scyphozoa) ¿Un Recurso Pesquero Alternativo? Historia de vida y dinámica de poblaciones de Lychnorhiza lucerna (Scyphozoa) ¿Un recurso pesquero alternativo? Item Type Theses and Dissertations Authors Schiariti, A. Download date 06/10/2021 11:22:32 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/3109 UNIVERSIDAD DE BUENOS AIRES Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales HISTORIA DE VIDA Y DINÁMICA DE POBLACIONES DE Lychnorhiza lucerna (SCYPHOZOA) ¿UN RECURSO PESQUERO ALTERNATIVO? Tesis presentada para optar al título de Doctor de la Universidad de Buenos Aires en el área CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS Agustín Schiariti Director de tesis: Dr. Hermes W. Mianzan Consejero de Estudios: Dr. Martín Ehrlich Lugar de trabajo: Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero (INIDEP) Buenos Aires, 2008 HISTORIA DE VIDA Y DINÁMICA DE POBLACIONES DE Lychnorhiza lucerna (SCYPHOZOA) ¿UN RECURSO PESQUERO ALTERNATIVO? Resumen En esta Tesis se han dado los primeros pasos en el estudio de la historia de vida y dinámica poblacional de Lychnorhiza lucerna. A su vez, se han estudiado las posibilidades de desarrollo de su pesquería en la Argentina. L. lucerna presentó el ciclo de vida metagenético típico de los scyphozoos. Los pólipos se reprodujeron asexualmente mediante la producción de podocistos y produjeron medusas por estrobilación polidisco. La combinación de ambos tipos de reproducción asexual hizo que las tasas de estrobilación fueran muy elevadas indicando que la abundancia de las medusas estaría fuertemente determinada por los pólipos. La ausencia de efiras en el estuario del Río de la Plata sugiere que L. lucerna no completa su ciclo de vida localmente sino que las medusas aquí presentes serían producto de la estrobilación de pólipos ubicados al norte sobre las costas uruguayas o brasileras. L. lucerna presentó la capacidad de reproducirse asexual y sexualmente dentro del rango termo-halino típico del estuario. No obstante, esta especie estaría limitada por la disponibilidad de sustratos adecuados y por las altas tasas de sedimentación que impedirían el asentamiento de las plánulas y el desarrollo de los pólipos. La ocurrencia de estas medusas en la región es fuertemente estacional y se restringe al período comprendido entre enero y mayo. Las abundancias más elevadas fueron alcanzadas durante febrero y marzo en niveles que permitirían el desarrollo de una pesquería a escala artesanal. A partir de las campanas de L. lucerna se obtuvo un producto de calidad intermedia. Sin embargo, el bajo costo de su procesado sumado a la creciente demanda internacional y a las necesidades económicas de los pescadores artesanales bonaerenses indicaron que el desarrollo de una pesquería de medusas en la Argentina es factible en el futuro. Palabras clave: Historias de vida, medusas, Cnidaria, Scyphozoa, Rhizostomeae, pesquerías de medusas, Lychnorhiza lucerna, estuario del Río de la Plata. I LIFE HISTORY AND POPULATION DYNAMICS OF Lychnorhiza lucerna (SCYPHOZOA) ¿AN ALTERNATIVE FISHERY RESOURCE? Abstract In this Thesis we presented the first steps in the study of the life history and population dynamics of Lychnorhiza lucerna as well as the possibilities of development of its fishery in Argentina. L. lucerna presented a metagenetic life cycle characteristic of most scyphozoans. Polyps reproduced asexually by the production of podocysts and polidisk strobilation. The combination of both types of asexual reproduction resulted in a high strobilation rates indicating that the abundance of medusae would strongly depend on polyps abundance and reproduction. The absence of ephyrae in the Río de la Plata estuary suggest that L. lucerna doest not complete its life cycle locally but medusae would be produced by polyps located northwards along the Uruguayan or Brazilian coasts. L. lucerna was capable of reproducing sexually as well as sexually within the summer range of temperature and salinity of the Río de la Plata estuary. However, this species could be limited by the availability of suitable substrates and the high sedimentation rates which would impede settlement of planulae and development of polyps. The occurrence of these medusae in the region was strongly seasonal and was restricted to the period between January and May. Highest abundances were reached among February and March at levels which could allow the development of a fishery. A product of intermediate quality. Nevertheless, the low cost of jellyfish processing techniques, the increasing demand of products from the consumer countries, and the economical needs of local fishermen, indicated that the development of a jellyfish fishery is possible in the future. Key words: Life histories, jellyfish, Cnidaria, Scyphozoa, Rhizostomeae, jellyfish fisheries, Lychnorhiza lucerna, Río de la Plata estuary. II Agradecimientos La vida no es tan corta que no haya tiempo para la cortesía R. W. Emerson, en Day (1996). Esta Tesis pudo realizarse debido a la financiación recibida fundamentalmente por parte del CONICET y del INIDEP. También se obtuvo financiación por parte de los siguientes subsidios e instituciones: Fundación Antorchas 13900-13, CONICET PIP 5009, FONCyT PICT 1553, The Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research (IAI) CRN-2076, y la Japan Science Promotion Society (N° 16405001). Quiero agradecer a las autoridades del INIDEP que me han permitido acceder a las instalaciones, equipos e insumos, y buques de investigación. Al personal de la biblioteca del INIDEP, y particularmente a Gabriela Silvoni, quien demostró no conocer figuritas difíciles en la búsqueda de trabajos científicos por más antiguos o remotos que éstos sean. Al Dr. Martín Ehrlich le agradezco la gentileza de haber sido mi consejero de estudios. A todo el Laboratorio de Histología y en especial a Ernesto Christiansen, quien dedicó muchas horas de su trabajo a procesar el material histológico y a enseñarme a interpretarlo. Agradezco también a Emilio Manca y Adriana Herrero quienes fueron permanentemente amables permitiéndome utilizar su espacio y equipos cada vez que fue necesario. En particular, quiero expresar mi más profundo agradecimiento a Miguel Marchi, quien no sólo me permitió embarcar en sus lanchas Mundo Marino I y III, sino también me transmitió gran parte de su sabiduría y me brindó toda su amistad y el cariño de su familia; esas cosas no son muy frecuentes y nunca se terminan de agradecer. A Gloria Mendez y Daniel Serra de Mundo Marino, y a la gente de la Fundación Mundo Marino, quienes me permitieron acceder libre y cómodamente a todas las instalaciones del oceanario. A Masato Kawahara por aportar sus conocimientos, logrando exitosamente la fertilización artificial y la obtención de las plánulas de L. lucerna. A María Delia Viñas por permitirme el uso de la cámara de temperatura controlada y facilitarme algunos implementos de laboratorio. Al Proyecto de Acuicultura del INIDEP, en especial a Federico Bianca y Julieta Suárez, quienes me proveyeron de agua de mar, rotíferos y huevos de artemia. III Quisiera agradecer a mi director, Hermes Mianzan, todo el apoyo y la confianza brindados desde que llegué a su casa en el 2002 buscando algún tema de trabajo disponible. Sin esa confianza todo esto ni hubiese empezado. Gracias además por la paciencia y comprensión a lo largo de esta complicada relación que se crea entre becario y director. Gracias a Esteban Gaitán, firme compañero en todas las campañas realizadas en San Clemente y Mar de Ajó, y a Diego Giberto y Alejandro Berasategui quienes también me acompañaron y ayudaron en alguna de ellas. También gracias a Martín Bertello por facilitarme equipos en varias oportunidades y a quién todavía tengo que devolverle la red de plancton que me prestó hace un par de años… Finalmente, agradezco a Diego Giberto, Gustavo Macchi y Silvana Campodónico por las lecturas y sugerencias realizadas, y a Federico Gorini por la ayuda brindada en la edición de la Tesis; a Andre Carrara Morandini y Kylie Pitt por brindarme su tiempo para consultas y enviarme bibliografía en varias oportunidades, y a Alba y Celia Costanzo que se pasaron dos tardes completas revisando la bibliografía. Ahora les digo gracias a mis viejos de la misma manera que lo hice en mi tesis de licenciatura; pasaron muchas cosas en estos 6 años pero felizmente las palabras para ellos siguen expresando la misma gratitud: “Le quiero agradecer a la vieja, a mi vieja, que siempre bailó con la más fea, que siempre soportó mis caras, mis nervios, mis malos tratos. Y precisamente por que sé quién es mi vieja es que le digo gracias! y no le pido perdón. Además, a mamá le quiero agradecer su compañía y su aliento, gracias ma!” y “Al viejo, que a su manera siempre me brindó su apoyo, que fue muy importante en todo esto por darme la confianza y los medios para poder hacerlo… siempre fuimos para el mismo lado, gracias viejo por ayudarme a crecer” y gracias por hacerme sentir que incondicionalmente estás ahí, siempre. No quiero olvidarme de decirle gracias a Claudia, quien con “un esfuerzo inconmensurable” mimó y calmó los llantos de su ahijada, descomprimiendo situaciones familiares y dándome el espacio necesario para seguir escribiendo!! Dejo para lo último lo más importante. Y me refiero con esto a lo más importante de toda mi vida, lo que le da sentido a tanto sacrificio, lo que inspira los buenos momentos y aguanta los “malos” que han sido unos cuantos. Quiero decirle GRACIAS (totales) a mi hermosa mujer, Silvana, y a esa piojita tan maravillosa que tenemos, nada mejor podría haberme pasado! IV Al amor de mi vida, y a nuestra Piojita hermosa… V "El humor aceita el mate y permite una recombinación de ideas" (M. Cereijido, 2004) “Things don´t have to happen just because you think they do” (Slobodkin, 1968) VI ÍNDICE 1. Introducción 2 1.1 Las Medusas 3 1.1.1 Plancton Æ organismos gelatinosos Æ plancton gelatinoso 3 1.1.2 Plancton gelatinoso Æ “medusas” 4 1.1.3 Medusas Æ scyphozoos Æ scyphomedusas 6 1.1.4 Pesquería de medusas 9 1.2 Historias de vida – ciclos de vida – dinámica de poblaciones 10 1.2.1 ¿Cuál es la población? 12 1.2.2 Patrones y escalas 14 1.2.3 Estimaciones de abundancia Æ tamaño de las poblaciones de scyphozoos 15 1.2.4 Reproducción sexual ¿Cuándo y dónde? 16 1.3 Scyphozoa Æ Rhizostomeae Æ Lychnorhiza lucerna 18 1.4 Objetivos 22 2.
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