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1. PaDIL Species Factsheet Scientific Name: Scirpophaga nivella Fabricius 1794 (Lepidoptera:Crambidae) Common Name White Rice Borer Live link: http://www.padil.gov.au/pests-and-diseases/Pest/Main/142298 Image Library Australian Biosecurity Live link: http://www.padil.gov.au/pests-and-diseases/ Partners for Australian Biosecurity image library Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment https://www.awe.gov.au/ Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Western Australia https://dpird.wa.gov.au/ Plant Health Australia https://www.planthealthaustralia.com.au/ Museums Victoria https://museumsvictoria.com.au/ 2. Species Information 2.1. Details Specimen Contact: DAFF Biosecurity Darwin - daff.gov.au Author: S. Anderson & L. Tran-Nguyen Citation: S. Anderson & L. Tran-Nguyen (2012) White Rice Borer(Scirpophaga nivella)Updated on 2/27/2012 Available online: PaDIL - http://www.padil.gov.au Image Use: Free for use under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY- NC 4.0) 2.2. URL Live link: http://www.padil.gov.au/pests-and-diseases/Pest/Main/142298 2.3. Facets Commodity Overview: Field Crops and Pastures Commodity Type: Rice Distribution: Australasian - Oceanian, South and South-East Asia Group: Moths Status: Australian Native Species 2.4. Other Names Apurima nivella (Fabricius); Aurivillius 1898 Crambus nivella (Fabricius); Aurivillius 1898 Crambus niveus (Fabricius) Fabricius 1798; Zimsen 1964 Paddy stemborer Schoenobius brunnescens (Moore) Hampson 1895; 1896 (as a synonym of Schoenobius adjurellus Walker) Schoenobius celidias Meyrick 1894; Hampson 1895 (as a synonym of Schoenobius adjurellus Walker) Scirpophaga auriflua Zeller 1863; Moore 1867; Hampson 1895 Scirpophaga brunnescens Moore 1888 Scirpophaga butyrota Meyrick: sensu Meyrick 1889 (misidentification) Scirpophaga chrysorrhoa Zeller 1863; Hampson 1895; 1896; Leech 1901 Scirpophaga euclastalis Strand 1918 Scirpophaga nivella (Fabricius) Shibuya 1928 Tinea nivella Fabricius 1794; Zimsen 1964 White rice borer Yellow tipped pyralid 2.5. Diagnostic Notes **Identification is currently undergoing peer review as part of the National Diagnostic Protocols by SPHDS.** This species is the same moth as the Australian species, Scirpophaga chrysorrhoa which is present in Northern Australia, south along Queensland and along the eastern coast to northern New South Wales. Light trapping is continually being conducted throughout the Northern Territory to definitively diagnose the presence and extent of establishment. Additional data will be added to the protocol as it becomes available. Young larvae chew through to the main vein of a new folded leaf within the central whorl and cause a transverse row of small holes in the leaf surface. Older larvae tunnel to the growing point and into the internodes. A brown line and yellowy marks form on the underside of leaves even well after the moth has emerged. The tunnelling ends above the ground and runs almost to the epidermis where pupation occurs (Kalshoven 1981). **Egg** laid in masses of 6-30 usually on the underside of leaves near the main vein and can be concealed by scales and hairs. **Larvae** young larvae are brownish yellow and become whiter in colour as they age. Dorsally a red blood vessel line is seen medially and the brown cervical sclerite has a white median line. **Pupae** the pupa is yellow in a silk cocoon and pupates near the epidermis. &#9794 ocherous, labial palpus about 1.3 x diameter of eye; forewing ocherous with 4 fuscous spots, 3 on submedian fold & 1 at lower angle of cell, an oblique irregular fuscous line extends inwards from costa near apex to spot 3 on fold, series of small fuscous dots along termen, underside fuscous; hindwing whitish, costal area and basal half ocherous, underside ocherous in basal half. &#9792 usually white sometimes upperside of forewing suffused with pale ochreous; frenulum 2 bristles; anal tuft ochreous yellow. **Genitalia** &#9794 subteguminal process large, flattened with sinuous margin; valva rather elongate, apex more or less pointed posteriorly; aedeagus slightly swollen in apical 4th; vesica with coarse spines, 1 slender and 2 unequal long based cornuti present. &#9792 ostium bursae broad, membranous, wrinkled and lined with minute spines; ductus bursae with 2 forms of sclerotization (Bleszynski 1970). **Coming soon - PBT link** 2.6. References Ahmad, I (1989) Systematic position of yellow and white paddy stemborers (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Schoenobiinae) with special reference to their biology, nature of damage and control strategies. Proceedings of Pakistan Congress of Zoology, No. 9:217-227. Armstrong, K. (2010) DNA barcoding: a new module in New Zealand’s plant biosecurity diagnostic toolbox. Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin 40: 91-100. Arora, G.S. (2000) Studies on some Indian Pyralid species of economic importance, Part I. Records of the Zoological Survey of India 181, ZSI, Calcutta. Butani, D.K. (1956) A key for the identification of sugarcane borers. Indian Journal Entomology. 18 (3) 303-304. Cho, S., Mitchell, A., Mitter, C., Regier, J., Matthews, M., Robertson, R. (2008). Molecular phylogenetics of heliothine moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Heliothinae), with comments on the evolution of host range and pest status. Systematic Entomology. 33: 581-594. Common, I.F.B. (1960) A revision of the Australian stem borers hitherto referred to Schoenobius and Scirpophaga (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae, Schoenobiinae). Australian Journal of Zoology 8, 307.347. Folmer, O., Black, M., Hoeh, W., Lutz, R., Vrijenhoek, R. (1994). DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology., 3(5): 294-299. Hajibabaei, M., Janzen, D.H., Burns, J.M., Hallwachs, W., Hebert, P.D.N. (2006). DNA barcodes distinguish species of tropical Lepidoptera. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103(4): 968-971. Hanner, R. (2005). Proposed standards for BARCODE records in INSDC (BRIs). http://www.barcoding.si.edu/PDF/DWG_data_standards-Final.pdf. Hebert, P.D.N., Cywinska, A., Ball, S.L., deWaard, J.R. (2003). Biological identifications through DNA barcodes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B270: 313-321. Hebert, P.D.N., Penton, E.H., Burns, J.M., Janzen, D.H., Hallwachs, W. (2004). Ten species in one: DNA barcoding reveals cryptic species in the neotropical skipper butterfly Astraptes fulgerator. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 101(41): 14812-14817. Inoue H, Sugi S, Kuroko H, Moriuti S, & Kawabe A. (1982). Moths of Japan. Kyodo Printing Co, Ltd. Tokyo. Vol. II 552 pp. Kalshoven, L.G.E, Laan Pavan der (1981) Pests of crops in Indonesia. Jakarta, Indonesia: Ichtiar Baru. Kumar, R. (2001). Insect Pests of Agriculture in Papua New Guinea, Part 1. Principles and Practice Pests of Tree Crops and Stored Products. Science in New Guinea. Lewvanich, A. (1981). A revision of the Old World species of Scirpophaga (Lepidoptera:Pyralidae). Bulletin of the British Museum Natural History (Entomology), 42, 185-298. Martin, E.L. (1958). Notes on some rice stem borers (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), with the description of a new species of Chilo Zincken. Bulletin of Entomological Research 49:187-191 Cambridge University Press. Nielsen, E.S, Edwards, E.D & Rangsi, T.V0 (eds) (1996). Monographs on Australian Lepidoptera. Checklist of the Lepidoptera of Australia, CSIRO Canberra. Samoedi, D. (1995). Yield losses of commercial cane varieties due to infestation of white top moth borer, Tryporyza nivella intact Sn. In Java. Proceedings ISSCT. Solis, M.A. (2007). Phylogenetic studies and modern classification of the Pyraloidea (Lepidoptera). Revista Colombiana de Entomologia 33 (1): 1-9. Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C. Waterhouse, D.F. (1993). The Major Arthropod pests and weeds of agriculture in Southeast Asia: Distribution, Importance and Origin. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra, 141pp. Wilson, J.J. (2010). Assessing the value of DNA barcodes and other priority gene regions for molecular phylogenetics of Lepidoptera. PLoS. 5(5):e10525. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010525. 3. Diagnostic Images ANIC ANIC P1 male Adult female: S. Anderson DAFF Biosecurity Adult male: S. Anderson DAFF Biosecurity ANIC P1 aedeagus ANIC Aedeagus: S. Anderson DAFF Biosecurity Female anal tuft: S. Anderson DAFF Biosecurity ANIC P136 female S. Eyres (Imaging Consultant) Female genitalia: S. Anderson DAFF Larva in stem: S. Eyres Department of Biosecurity Agriculture WA ANIC P99 male ANIC P1 Male genitalia: S. Anderson DAFF Male wings: S. Anderson DAFF Biosecurity Biosecurity Results Generated: Tuesday, September 28, 2021 .
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    Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER Biological Control Biological Control of Invasive Plants in the Eastern United States Roy Van Driesche Bernd Blossey Mark Hoddle Suzanne Lyon Richard Reardon Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team—Morgantown, West Virginia United States Forest FHTET-2002-04 Department of Service August 2002 Agriculture BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF INVASIVE PLANTS IN THE EASTERN UNITED STATES BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF INVASIVE PLANTS IN THE EASTERN UNITED STATES Technical Coordinators Roy Van Driesche and Suzanne Lyon Department of Entomology, University of Massachusets, Amherst, MA Bernd Blossey Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY Mark Hoddle Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA Richard Reardon Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team, USDA, Forest Service, Morgantown, WV USDA Forest Service Publication FHTET-2002-04 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank the authors of the individual chap- We would also like to thank the U.S. Depart- ters for their expertise in reviewing and summariz- ment of Agriculture–Forest Service, Forest Health ing the literature and providing current information Technology Enterprise Team, Morgantown, West on biological control of the major invasive plants in Virginia, for providing funding for the preparation the Eastern United States. and printing of this publication. G. Keith Douce, David Moorhead, and Charles Additional copies of this publication can be or- Bargeron of the Bugwood Network, University of dered from the Bulletin Distribution Center, Uni- Georgia (Tifton, Ga.), managed and digitized the pho- versity of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, (413) tographs and illustrations used in this publication and 545-2717; or Mark Hoddle, Department of Entomol- produced the CD-ROM accompanying this book.
  • Bio2 Ch01-Wilson

    Bio2 Ch01-Wilson

    CHAPTER 1 Introduction EDWARD O. WILSON Pellegrino University Professor, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts “Biodiversity,” the term and concept, has been a remarkable event in recent cultural evolution: 10 years ago the word did not exist, except perhaps through occasional idiosyncratic use. Today it is one of the most commonly used expres- sions in the biological sciences and subsequently has become a household word. It was born “BioDiversity” during the National Forum on BioDiversity, held in Washington, D.C., on September 21-24, 1986, under the auspices of the National Academy of Sciences and the Smithsonian Institution. The proceedings of the forum, published in 1988 under the title BioDiversity (later to be cited with less than bibliographical accuracy by most authors as Biodiversity), became a best- seller for the National Academy Press. By the summer of 1992, as a key topic of the Rio environmental summit meeting, biodiversity had moved to center stage as one of the central issues of scientific and political concern world-wide. So what is it? Biologists are inclined to agree that it is, in one sense, every- thing. Biodiversity is defined as all hereditarily based variation at all levels of organization, from the genes within a single local population or species, to the species composing all or part of a local community, and finally to the communi- ties themselves that compose the living parts of the multifarious ecosystems of the world. The key to the effective analysis of biodiversity is the precise defini- tion of each level of organization when it is being addressed.