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Organizing Religion Situating the Three-Vow Texts of the Tibetan Buddhist Renaissance

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Organizing Religion Situating the Three-Vow Texts of the Tibetan Buddhist Renaissance Organizing Religion Situating the Three-Vow Texts of the Tibetan Buddhist Renaissance Alnis Dickson Faculty of Religious Studies McGill University, Montreal August 2009 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Masters of Arts. Copyright © Alnis Dickson 2009 Library and Archives Bibliothèque et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l’édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-66097-3 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-66097-3 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non- L’auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l’Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non- support microforme, papier, électronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L’auteur conserve la propriété du droit d’auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protège cette thèse. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la thèse ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author’s permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformément à la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privée, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont été enlevés de thesis. cette thèse. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n’y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. If one summarizes as practice the content or sense expressed by the completely perfected Buddha, the Exalted One through his turning the wheel of dharma, it is the three vows. Dorjé Shérap, The Same Intention (Sobisch 2002, 363) The vehicles from which the vows come forth are different, The sections of the cannon in which they are taught, too, are different, The people from whom they are taken are different too, And also the rituals that cause their obtaining are different. The durations for which they are taken, the volitional impulses with which they are taken, And the productions of the resolve, too, with which they are taken are different. And that the causes for their loss, the times of their loss, and the persons who are the support are also different is stated in the individual basic scriptures. Karma Drin Lépa, Replies to Ngo Dro 14 (Sobisch 2002, 309-310) TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT / RÉSUMÉ ...................................................................................................1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..............................................................................................2 INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................3 The Prātimokṣa Vows ...................................................................................................... 4 Mahāyāna and The Bodhisattva Vows ............................................................................ 7 Monks, Siddhas, And The Tantric Vows In India ......................................................... 10 The Tibetan Encounter And the Early Three-Vow Texts .............................................. 17 CHAPTER I: ATIŚA AND THE REKINDLING OF BUDDHISM ...........................25 The Restablishment of Monasticism in Central Tibet ................................................... 25 Atiśa‘s Invitation ........................................................................................................... 30 Atiśa‘s Lamp for the Path .............................................................................................. 33 The Translators .............................................................................................................. 41 CHAPTER II: GAMPOPA .............................................................................................53 The Life and Training of Gampopa ............................................................................... 55 Gampopa‘s Three-Vow Text ......................................................................................... 58 Gampopa‘s Student Lama Zhang Yu-Drak-Pa (1123-1193) ......................................... 68 Gampopa‘s Contribution to Monasticism ...................................................................... 73 CHAPTER III: DRAKPA GYELTSEN AND VIBHŪTICANDRA ...........................80 Drakpa Gyeltsen‘s Inheritance ...................................................................................... 80 Drakpa Gyeltsen‘s Removing Errors Regarding The Fundamental Transgressions .... 86 Vibhūticandra‘s Response ............................................................................................. 92 Situating The Debate ................................................................................................... 100 CHAPTER IV: THE DRIGUNG KAGYU AND THE SAME INTENTION ...........107 Jikten Gönpo (1143-1217) and the Drigung Kagyu .................................................... 107 The Same Intention ...................................................................................................... 111 Comparing The Same Intention To Drakpa and Gampopa .......................................... 118 Conservatism in the Late Renaissance Period ............................................................. 124 CONCLUSION ..............................................................................................................132 APPENDIX: TRANSLITERATION ...........................................................................138 BIBLIOGRAPHY ..........................................................................................................140 ABSTRACT / RÉSUMÉ Page | 1 ABSTRACT / RÉSUMÉ This thesis situates the three-vow texts written by the founders of the new (sarma) schools within the broader processes of school-formation during the ―Tibetan Renaissance‖ (950 to 1250 CE). The texts of focus are authored by Atiśa, Gampopa, Drakpa Gyeltsen, and Drigung Jikten Gönpo. In order to expand our understanding of these under-studied texts I examine them from three perspectives, with each perspective defined by a different set of goals that guided the authors. First, I explain how these texts describe and arrange the three sets of vows (the prātimokṣa, bodhisattva, and tantric vows) in order to clarify the commitments of a vow holder. Second, I show how the positions taken in these texts are connected to the process of monastic institutionalization. Third, I show how some of the texts engaged in public polemics in order to assert the supremacy of the author and his school. Ce mémoire situe les textes sur les trois voeux composés par les fondateurs des nouvelles (sarma) écoles comme faisant partie du processus plus large de la formation des écoles durant la "renaissance tibétaine" (950 à 1250). Les textes examinés ont été composés par Atiśa, Gampopa, Drakpa Gyeltsen et Drigung Jikten Gönpo. Afin d'étendre notre compréhension de ces textes négligés, je les examine selon trios perspectives, dont chacune est définie par les objectifs différents que visaient les auteurs. Premièrement, j'explique comment ces texts décrivent et organisent les trois types de voeux (du prātimokṣa, bodhisattva, et tantrique) afin de clarifier les engagements du détenteur des voeux. Deuxièmement, je démontre comment les positions défendues dans ces textes sont reliées au processus d'ordination monastique. Troisièmement, je démontre de quelle façon certains des textes prenaient part à des polémiques publiques afin de promouvoir la supériorité de l'auteur et de son école. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Page | 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I have received so much support while writing this thesis that the final product can only be described as a group effort. I would first like to acknowledge my advisor Dr. Lara Braitstein, who first drew my attention to the three-vow genre and who has been ceaselessly patient and encouraging. Thanks also to Dr. Victor Hori, an inspirational teacher and a kind friend whose guidance has meant more to me then I can properly articulate here. I am also indebted to my fellow graduate students, whose camaraderie has helped keep me afloat. Thanks especially to Philippe Turenne for translating my abstract on such short notice. I would also like to acknowledge the contributions of The Robert and Deirdre Stevenson Foundation and The Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council, who provided essential financial assistance throughout the course of my studies. Finally, I owe eternal gratitude to my parents for bravely supporting me in all my adventures and to my wife who graciously agreed to share with me the joys and challenges of graduate school. INTRODUCTION Page | 3 INTRODUCTION During the period of 950 to 1250 CE, a period described by Ronald Davidson
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