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The Battery Rickshaw “Crisis” in New Delhi The Battery Rickshaw “Crisis” in New Delhi –Simon Harding* This paper uses a case study of battery rickshaws in New Delhi as a lens through which to view the policy making process in urban India. Battery rickshaws are small public transport vehicles that typically transport passengers to and from metro stations for a small fare. In 2010, there were a few dozen in New Delhi; by 2014, estimates put their numbers at around 100,000. Despite their proliferation, the process of constructing an appropriate regulatory framework has been lengthy, antagonistic and dysfunctional, prompting the use of the term “crisis”. This paper briefly discusses the negative perceptions of bat- tery rickshaws in New Delhi, which focus on the idea of informal- ity. It then gives an account of the history of the “crisis”. Thereafter, the fourth section identifies two factors which, it argues, are significant causes of this “crisis”: a) the polycentric nature of urban policy making and b) the lack of data upon which to base decisions. It concludes by following Roy’s (2007) contention that the policy making process can, itself, often be accurately termed informal. I. INTRODUctiON The vehicle has transformed the lives of drivers such as Mohammed Rafique who, just a year ago, sweltered in New Delhi’s 40°C-plus heat as he peddled a cycle rickshaw to earn about 15 to 45 cents for each passenger. Now, he waits for passengers in the shade of the tarpaulin of a new electric rickshaw. “This one’s better,” he tells Al Jazeera with a broad smile as he leans on the handlebars of the vehi- cle. “It takes less effort to drive. This will last longer too.” Rafique is not the only one who appreciates the new wheels. “Passengers prefer this one because they travel faster,” he points out. “And with pedalling * PhD candidate, Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. Published in Articles section of www.manupatra.com THE BATTERY RICKSHAW “CRISIS” IN NEW DELHI 75 you can only take two people, it takes longer, and sometimes they arrive late.” —(Al Jazeera, 2014)1 In just over four years, the number of battery-powered electric rickshaws (hereinafter referred to as ‘battery rickshaw’) in New Delhi has grown from a few dozen to anywhere up to 100,000.2 Back in 2010, a handful of battery rickshaws ran short passenger trips in a few areas of West Delhi and on Delhi University’s North Campus. Today, these low-floored three-wheelers are a familiar sight across the whole city: the driver gripping the handlebar steering whilst up to four passengers sit behind, typically en route to a metro station or bus stop. These low-speed vehicles find their role in the urban transport sys- tem by providing ‘last mile connectivity’: running as shared vehicles on fixed routes between residential areas and public transport access points, primarily metro stations. They typically charge a low flat fare rate (i.e. INR 10-15 per person per trip), which makes them widely affordable. They tend to operate on smaller, less busy roads, away from busy arterial routes on which their speed and fragility make them vulnerable to larger vehicles. Battery rickshaws are relatively simple vehicles. They are powered by four rechargeable lead-acid batteries with a power output of between 250-850W and are capable of speeds of up to 30 kmph. After 40-60 km of driving, the bat- teries must be recharged, usually from a mains electricity socket. This takes between six to eight hours. Almost all battery rickshaws in New Delhi are imported from China and sold on by local retailers. Although the build qual- ity is modest at best - with an expected total lifespan of two to three years - the capital costs are relatively low: a new battery rickshaw costs between INR 55,000-100,000 and does not require an operating permit, whilst a CNG powered auto rickshaw with operating permit costs between INR 200,000- 300,000. Furthermore, driving a battery rickshaw does not currently require a standard driving licence, commercial licence, or permit as they are not offi- cially regulated by the Delhi Transport Department (hereinafter referred to as ‘Transport Department’). This further decreases the barriers to entry, making battery rickshaws within the reach of many ex-cycle rickshaw pullers. This paper seeks to use the policy reaction to the rise of the battery rick- shaws in New Delhi as a lens through which one can view the policy mak- ing environment in urban India. This case study is of particular interest as it starts from a relatively blank slate: there is no existing regulation governing 1 Faiz Jamil, Regulation Threatens India’s E-Rickshaws,Al Jazeera, 03-06-2014, <http:// www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/05/regulation-threatens-india-e-rickshaws- 201451331017908658.html>. 2 Deepak Kumar Dash, E-rickshaws Turn Campaign Vehicles, The Times of India, 11-03- 2014, <http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/E-rickshaws-turn-campaign-vehicles/arti- cleshow/31804697.cms>. Published in Articles section of www.manupatra.com 76 JOURNAL OF INDIAN LAW AND SOCIETY [Vol. 6 : Winter] these vehicles in New Delhi as the technology is new. The paper will describe the negative perceptions of battery rickshaws in the English-language media. It then gives a brief history of battery rickshaws in New Delhi, a story marked by indecision, delay, claim, and counterclaim. It will then analyse the causes of this “crisis”, which it takes to be the polycentric nature of urban govern- ance and a lack of empirical data. It concludes by concurring with Roy’s3 asser- tion that policy making in urban India itself may be informal as the boundary between legality and illegality is not fixed in terms of objective criteria, rather it is constantly negotiated. II. NEGAtivE PERCEptiONS Despite their rapid growth and increasingly important role in the urban public transport system, battery rickshaws are the subject of a number of neg- ative perceptions amongst the middle classes and the English-language media. The battery rickshaw is seen as operating without regulatory oversight. It is perceived as operating free from the burden of compliance, as such, the bat- tery rickshaw and its driver are seen as free to run amok on the streets of New Delhi, driving dangerously and choking main roads, whilst the author- ities, whose duty it is to govern such activities, stand idly by, either power- less - “stumped” by the sudden explosion of this new variety of rickshaw4 - or simply unwilling to protect the “common man” from the “menace” posed by this “unsafe vehicle”.5 One news agency story, reproduced by a variety of news sources, described the situation as Delhi’s “e-rickshaw crisis”.6 The Times of India - succinctly and hyperbolically sums up this sentiment: These slow-moving rickshaws add to congestion, flout traffic rules and freely move on main road, putting commuters at risk…The growing number of e-rickshaws is becoming a traffic menace in the city but all cops can do is watch helplessly.7 Hundreds of battery-powered rickshaws can be seen ferrying people - speeding down narrow lanes, crowding Metro stations and creating a traffic jam on arterial roads….Neither the transport department, nor 3 Ananya Roy, Why India Can’t Plan its Cities: Informality, Insurgence and the Idiom of Urbanization, 8(1) Planning Theory 76 (2009). 4 Aanchal Bansal, The Menace of E-rickshaws,Open , 24-09-2014, <http://www.openthemaga- zine.com/smallworld/the-menace-of-e-rickshaws>. 5 Aamir Manzoor, No Policy Yet to Curb E-rickshaw Menace, The Pioneer, 15-05-2014, <http:// www.dailypioneer.com/city/no-policy-yet-to-curb-e-rickshaw-menace.html>. 6 Delhi BJP Leaders Meet Gadkari over E-rickshaw Crisis, Business Standard, 16-09-2014, <http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/delhi-bjp-leaders-meet-gadkari-over-e- rickshaw-crisis-114091600553_1.html>. 7 Somreet Bhattacharya, E-rickshaw Menace Grows, Cops Helpless, The Times of India, 17-10- 2013, <http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/E-rickshaw-menace-grows-cops-helpless/ articleshow/24271710.cms>. Published in Articles section of www.manupatra.com THE BATTERY RICKSHAW “CRISIS” IN NEW DELHI 77 the civic bodies are willing to own up to these battery-powered rick- shaws. ...Incredibly, the transport department is blind to the open sale of these e-rickshaws.8 The power and willingness of the authorities to “tame” battery rickshaws is widely perceived as having been curtailed by “sprouting” battery rickshaw operator unions, retailer organisations, and the efforts of political parties to mobilise battery rickshaw drivers as a voting block. Courting battery rickshaw operators means stalling the introduction of regulations and promising that, when they do arrive, they will be as favourable to operators as possible. Such manoeuvring is seen as a common tactic used to get ahead of one’s political opponents in urban “competitive politics”.9 The reactions of the middle class and English-language media to the rise of the battery rickshaw in New Delhi should be viewed with reference to a wider set of attitudes to what is often termed “informality” in urban India, which includes both occupations viewed as “informal” (such as food vending and street hawking) and “informal” modes of settlement (i.e. jhuggibasti clus- ters). There is a well-developed literature on elite attitudes towards “informal- ity”. The term “informal” has many definitions and is particularly hard to pin down. In this paper, it will be used to refer to groups of people who are part of professions which are perceived as “informal” in a pejorative sense by the media and the middle classes rather than those who are given the term based on a set of analytical criteria.
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