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Original Article Available online at http://www.journalijdr.com ISSN: 2230-9926 International Journal of Development Research Vol. 07, Issue, 12, pp.17432-17439, December, 2017 ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLEORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS COMMERCIAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL FEASIBILITY STUDY OF USING SOLAR E-RICKSHAW FOR SEMI-URBAN AREAS 1,*Tarun Saxena, 1Manish Kumar and 2Dr. Kesari, J. P. 1Department of Mechanical Enginnering, Delhi Technological University, Bawana Road, Delhi-110042 2Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Enginnering, Delhi Technological University, Bawana Road, Delhi-110042 ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article History: This research paper basically deals with improvement in the mode of transportation. Due to the Received 09th September, 2017 extinction of non-renewable energy, we are focusing on making current transportation fuel free. Received in revised form The energy generation as well as utilization, both should be from renewable. Our objective in 06th October, 2017 presenting this research paper is to improve and upgrade e-Rickshaw, which are currently in use, Accepted 15th November, 2017 with solar PVs in semi-urban areas of India. th Published online 29 December, 2017 Key Words: Efficiency, e-Rickshaw, Optimisation, Life cycle cost, Payback, Renewable energy, Solar PV, Zero-mile Connectivity. Copyright ©2017, Tarun Saxena et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Citation: Tarun Saxena, Manish Kumar and Dr. Kesari, J.P. 2017. “Commercial and Technological Feasibility Study of using Solar e-Rickshaw for Semi-urban areas”, International Journal of Development Research, 7, (12), 17432-17439. INTRODUCTION Thus, the EVs would not entirely benefit until and unless they NDIA, as well as the whole world, are dwelling with problems use a renewable source of energy to power the battery bank. It of traffic congestion & emission and it is going to worse in is very clear that relying on a non-renewable source of energy coming years. The automobile industry is going through like crude oil is not only hampering our health and tremendous pressure of producing better and more environment but also causing a huge dent in our economy. environmentally sound vehicles. The government of India is National Electrical Mobility Plan (NEMMP) 2020 has set seeking a way to increase public transport services which are target of deploying 5 to 7 million EVs in India by 2020 of eco-friendly as well as economy efficient (backed up by the which it is targeted to have 4,00,000 Passenger Battery renewable source of energy). In urban cities like Delhi, there Electric Vehicles (BEVs) which will avoid 120 million barrels exists public transport like Metro (Mass Transit System) which of oil & 4 million tons of CO2 and hence lowering vehicular are somehow reducing traffic congestion problems but it lacks emission by 1.3% by 2020. NITI Aayog in collaboration with in first & last-mile connectivity. Today, Electric Vehicles Colorado-based Rocky Mountain Institute report on (EVs) like e-Rickshaw serve as a Special Purpose Vehicle Transformative Mobility Solutions says India can save as (SPVs), being used for first and last-mile connectivity as a much as $60 billion in energy costs by 2030 and one gigatons means of public transport in many urban and semi-urban areas of CO2 emissions from 2017 to 2030 if it adopts more electric like Delhi and NCR. At present, India is highly dependent on and shared vehicle. On basis of India’s new green car policy, non-renewable resources for its energy requirements. Govt. may consider doling out both fiscal & non-fiscal incentives and subsidies to push sales of EVs while *Corresponding author: Tarun Saxena, discouraging the use of petrol and diesel-run vehicles. *Department of Mechanical Enginnering, Delhi Technological Tsinghua University, China studies says that the photovoltaic University, Bawana Road, Delhi-110042. powered electric vehicle model has pollutant reduction 17433 Tarun Saxena et al. Commercial and technological feasibility study of using solar e-rickshaw for semi-urban areas potentials of 99.8%, 99.7% and 100% for CO2, SO2, and Technological University, mobile solar photovoltaics system is nitrogen oxides, respectively, compared with a traditional very useful in providing electricity. They have designed a gasoline-fueled car. Keeping in mind, Sustainability, Govt. system to meet the agricultural and household needs of a policies & initiatives and research works, Solar e-Rickshaw farmer by moving solar photovoltaic system. This kind of (Emission free & Powered by renewable energy) is proposed system is being designed in various college. An example for in our paper for first and last-mile connectivity in semi-urban this is a solar powered vehicle designed by Industrial Design areas and will provide employment opportunities for lower Center of IIT Mumbai. middle-class people. Solar e-Rickshaw can be described as the application of solar PVs/energy to power & run wheels of e- Description of e-Rickshaw Rickshaw. It has low maintenance, low running cost, is eco- friendly and non-polluting product and can be used for public E-Rickshaws have been becoming a mode of transport in semi- mobility solutions in semi-urban areas. E-Rickshaws are ideal urban areas for first & last-mile connectivity to bus stands, for electrification powered by solar PVs due to its low speeds metro stations, etc. since 2010 as an alternative to and a relatively small distance covered in a day. Therefore, we petrol/diesel/CNG auto-rickshaws & pulled rickshaws because are set out to make solar e-Rickshaw the example of of their low running cost and less human effort compared to environment consciousness & sustainable product in semi- pulled rickshaws. These are 3-wheelers pulled by an electric urban areas of India with use of e-Rickshaw powered by Solar motor ranging from 650-1400 Watts for a route of less than 5 PVs. Although solar e-Rickshaw is costly to afford, km. Government fiscal & non-fiscal incentives and subsidies and daily earnings from solar e-Rickshaw can payback with a Manufacturing, Design, Construction & Working Principle payback period of one to two years. This paper contains brief knowledge of technical, economic & social aspects of solar e- Manufacturing of e-Rickshaws are done on customisation of Rickshaw in semi-urban areas. drivers in an unorganized sector and final cost ranges from Rs. Literature Review 1,00,000 to 1,50,000. These are mostly manufactured in China & India and only a few other countries. E-Rickshaws are built As time is passing by, society is observing a depletion in on M.S. (Mild Steel) Chassis which consists of 3-wheel with a conventional sources of energy at a faster rate. To avoid the differential at rear wheels. Body design varies from passenger loss due to depletion, the main focus of study and researchers segment to load carriers. These are designed to carry a weight has now shifted to alternative energy like solar energy. A ranging from 400Kg to 500Kg according to their type of handsome amount of work has already been done, in this field, operation. The working of e-Rickshaw is based on DC motor, till now. Semi-urban and rural areas are going to be the major battery & suspension system different from conventional auto- victims of this, as fossil fuels are depleting and its’ prices are rickshaws. It uses a Brush Less DC motor ranging from 650- constantly increasing. Due to this, the price of electricity 1400 Watts with a differential mechanism at rear wheels. The supplied to them is considerably higher when compared with electrical system used in Indian cities is 48V. Some variants alternative source electricity production. So there is an urgent made in fiber are also in use due to their strength and need for a system which can provide them with electricity at durability, resulting in low maintenance. It consists of the cheaper rates. So, the government has decided to provide controller unit.The battery used is mostly Lead acid/Li-ion subsidized solar PV system. A photovoltaic (PV) module is a battery with a life of 6-12 months. Deep discharge/cycle packaged, connected assembly of typically 6×10 photovoltaic batteries designed for EVs are mostly used. solar cells. Photovoltaic modules constitute the photovoltaic array of a photovoltaic system that generates and supplies solar Major Parts and Components electricity in commercial and residential applications. Each module is rated by its DC output power under standard test Electric Motor: Brush Less Direct Current (BLDC) type 650- conditions (STC), and typically ranges from 100 to 365 watts. 1400W & 48V (Input) motor is used. It is controlled via an The solar panel works on photo electric effect. They use light electronic controller. energy (photons) from the sun to generate electricity through the photovoltaic effect. Electronic Motor Controller: The controller includes a manual or automatic switch turning the motor on/off, selecting Various automobile companies are working on vehicles that forward or reverse motion, selecting and regulating speed, can run on clean energy. One such example is The Solar regulating or limiting torque and protecting against overloads. Electric Vehicle Company running in the United States of It is connected to battery pack and controller feeds the input to America. This plant is producing 14 passenger enclosed shuttle the motor, lamp, AC/DC converter and Speedometer/ and 23 passengers solar electric vehicle which can replace the Indicator. traditional bus system in polluted cities such as Beijing and Delhi. Many other companies are also doing the study in this Battery: Set of four 12V deep cycle lead acid/Li-ion batteries field such as Tesla. Photovoltaic (PV) cells contained in solar are used since the required voltage is 48V. These batteries are panels convert the sun's energy directly into electric energy.
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