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Queen Marinette QUEEN MARINETTE Spirit of survival on the Great Lakes Frontier By Beverly Hayward Johnson QUEEN MARINETTE Spirit of survival on the Great Lakes Frontier QUEEN MARINETTE Spirit of Survival on the Great Lakes Frontier By Beverly Hayward Johnson White Water Associates, Inc. Amasa, Michigan 1995 Copyright © 1995 Beverly Hayward Johnson, All rights reserved. Published by \.Yhite Water Associates, Inc. 429 River Lane P.O. Box 27 Amasa, Michigan 49903 Permissions for photographs, drawings, and other exhibits as indicated. Cite as: Johnson, Beverly Hayward. 1995. Queen Marinette-Spirit of Survival on the Great Lalies Frontier. \!Vhite Water Associates, Inc., Amasa, Michigan. 92 pages. Cover: Portrait of Marinette-the only likeness of her known to exist-from a copy of a "carte de visite." See page 73 for a complete description and source. Wild rice motif by Harley Ragan, Amasa, Michigan. ISBN 0-9648524-0-3 Table of Contents 1 Marinette's Ancest1y 1644 - 1795 . 1 2 Early Years at La Baie (Old Green Bay) 1795 - 1822 ................................... .... 9 3 Early Years at "The Menominee" 1822 - 1823 .......... .......... ......... ...... 19 4 Mackinac Island - Wilderness Capitol 1823 - 1824 ...................................... 25 5 Long Arm of the Law 1824 - 1825 ........... .. ................... ..... 29 6 Lumbering on Menominee Land 1825 - 1834 ............ .. .. ........ .. .. ... 35 7 Frontier Matriarch and Businesswoman 1834 - 1848 . .. ............... ... ........ ... .. 45 8 Reluctant Departures from "Th e Menominee" 1848 - 1854 ............................... .... .. 55 9 Emergence of a New Generation 1854 ............................................. 63 10 Queen Marinette After 1860 ...................................... 69 Appendix: Descendants of Marinette ...... .. ..... .. 77 Index . ...... .. .. ...... ........ ........... .... 87 Sidebars Big Marten, 3 Fort Michilimackinac, 5 Baptismal Record-Mackinac Island, 6 Menominee River Post, 20 Pipe of High Wine, 22 First Mill on Menominee River, 38 Marinette's Supply Source, 4 7 William Farnsworth, 50-51 Tribal Relationships, 56-57 Marinette's House and Patrick's Map, 64-65 Queen City Steamer, 72 Exhibits Marinette's French and Native American Ancestors (cha11), 2 Youn g Marin ette h arvesting wild rice (drawing), 8 Letter closures of Jean Baptiste Jacobs, Sr. (handwriting), 10 1818 Map of the Fox River (sketch), 14-15 Marinette's post (drawing), 18 Mackinac to Prairie du Chien Water Trail (map), 24 Judge James Doty (photo), 30 Maple sugar cam p (drawing), 44 Wistar meeting Menominee chiefs at Fort Howard (drawing), 54 Dancing at trading post on the Menominee River (drawing), 62 Queen City and post on the Menominee River (drawing), 68 Jacobs' House in Green Bay (photo), 70 Marinette and Her Home (souvenir postcard), 73 Marinette's Crypt at Forest Home Cemetery (phot o), 74 Elizabeth Jacobs McLeod (photo), 81 John Jacobs, Jr. (photo), 83 George P. Farnsworth (charcoal drawing), 85 In Appreciation In addition to my husband, Bruce, and my daughters­ in-law, Debbie and Gail, I would also like to extend special thanks to Sue Harrison, Mary June, Marcel Pichot, Sue Schacher, Edeltraute Vialpando, and others at Lake Superior State University for their help and encouragement. Two archivists at the State Historical Society of \IVisconsin, Debra Anderson (Green Bay) and Harold L. Miller (Madison), were indispensable. They both provided patient and helpful access to important records, 'vithout which this biography of Marinette could not have been written. 1 Marinette's Ancestry 1644 - 1795 he city and county of Marinette in Northeastern vVisconsin derived their names from a personable and highly Tcompetent Native American and French woman. She was born in the 1790s during the thriving fur trade era in the Old Northwest, and before her death in 1865, she had witnessed the demise of the fur trade and the birth of the commercial fishing and lumbering industries. For Marinette, this transition required astute flexibility which allowed her, a single parent, to adapt and provide for a large extended family in a manner that brought admiration and love from ·the surrounding Native American community and eventually captured the respect of the white population. Her life was a saga of sur vival and renewal and is a continuing source of pride for the region in which she lived. Marinette was born in Northeastern Wisconsin during the period when this area was part of the Old Northwest Territory and was occupied b y Native Americans and a small number of white persons, most of them French. Her ancestry stemmed from a combination of Native American and French roots. 1 Note on bibliographic sources: Tiie superscript numbers appearing in the text (such as the number "1" used above) refer to bibliographic source notes listed at the end of each chapter. In addition, some chapters contain boxed sidebars that provide detailed information beyond the scope of the narrative. These sidebars can and often do have bibliogra:phic source notes of their own listed at the end of each sidebar. Numbering of sidebar soiirce notes is uni.qite to each sidebar. 1 QUEEN MARINETTE-Spirit of Survival on the Great Lakes Frontier Marinette's French and Native American Ancestors 2 Marinette's Ancestry BIG MARTEN Over fifty years after Ke-che-waub-ish-ashe (Big Marten) died at Elk River, the Americans negotiated a boundary treaty with the Chippewas, Menominees and Winnebagos at Butte des Mortes on the Fox River in August 1827. One of several Chippewa chiefs who signed the treaty with his "x" mark was Gitshee \1Vaubeshass (also called Big Marten), a descendan t of Ke-che-waub-ish-ashe. Gitshee \i\Taubeshass was a contemporary of Marinette's, and it is likely they both were descendants of the original warchief who had died at Elk River in approximately 177'3. Another chief who signed the 1827 treaty for the Menominees was Marinette's good friend, Joset Caron. Source: Kappler, C. (Ed.). (1975). In Indian Treaties, 1778- 1883. New York: Interland Publishing, Inc. Marinette's mother was a Chippewa woman, and although her Native American name is not known, old records written in French indicate she was called Louise. Several historians have noted that Louise was a descendant of the renowned warrior, Ke-che-waub-ish-ashe, whom the English called Big Marten.2 Big Marten died in approximately 1 773 3 leading an unsuccessful war party against the Sioux at Elk River. This attempt was one of several made by the Chippewa in a long process of warfare to gain control over prime wild rice and fur trade areas in present­ day \i\Testern \i\Tisconsin and Eastern Minnesota.4 (See opposite, Marinette's ancestry chart, and sidebar above, "Big Marten.") Marinetle's paternal ancestors were members of the Chevalier family, early French traders. They had left Montrea1 during the first half of the eighteenth century to pursue the fur trade at Old Fort Michilimackinac located on the south shore of the Straits of Macldnac.5 Her great grandfather married a Menominee woman and some of th eir descendants (including Marinette's grandfather, Jean Baptiste) moved westward from Fort Michilimacldnac near the end of the eighteenth century.6 They settled on the Fox River 3 QUEEN MARINETTE- Spirit of Survival on the Great Lakes Frontier at La Baie de Verte (Green Bay) wher e they maintained friendly trading relationships with Menominee and Chippewa tribal bands. (See sidebar "Fort Michilimackinac," ne.>..1: page.) Like his father before him, Marinette's father , Barthelemy Ch evalier , also settled along the Fox River w hich was then a section of the old Montre al to Mississippi water route. Barthelem y lived just above the Rapids of the Fathers (now called DePere) five miles upriver from the mouth of the Fox. Here, he and his Chippewa wife raised four children: Louise II, Marie (who was called Marinette), Angelique, and Barthelemy II.7 (See sidebar "Baptismal Record-Mackinac Island," at end of chapter, for further information on this family.) At t his time, the area's population consisted of Native Americans, several French traders and their engages (hired workers), a few British t raders, and numerous mixed Native American/French families. The latter included th e Ch evalier children wh o lived with th eir parents in on e of the typical, small, Fren ch -style houses covered with high-pealced bark roofs and spaced at intervals along the Fox River. During th e 1700s, these dwellings were usually built with upright logs and caulked with clay and cob in the traditional French-Canadian poteau:x; en terre (posts in gTou nd) style.8 Later, around the turn of th e cenlury, some h omes began to be constru cted of horizontal timbers in ·the French-Canadian Style called piece-sur-piece.9 Near the dwellings, the lots contained fenced enclosures for gardens which wer e carefully tended by the women of the households. 10 A surprisingly large variety of vegetables were grown in those early days. Indian corn, peas, potatoes, cabbages, melons, onions, and squash w er e harvested to supplement the traditional diet of wild game, fish, wild rice, berries, and maple sugar. 11 Dried peas and corn w ere stored for use during the fur-gath ering months o l' th e year when the men took some of these p roducts with them on the long w ater trails to their remote winter trading p osts. Thanks to ·the efforts of an early Green Bay priest, Father Theodore VandenBroek, and to resear ch done in Green Bay records by Jeanne and Les Rentmeester, kinship relationships among the residents of Old La Baie have been established. During his tenure as pastor in the 1830s at St. John the 4 Marinette's Ancestry FORT MICHILIMACKINAC Marinette's ancestors, the Chevaliers, lived at Fort Michilimackinac on the south side of the straits between Lakes Huron and Michigan. Tii.is site (now in present-day Mackinaw City, Michigan) was located strategically on the old Montreal to Mississippi Canoe Route used extensively by the early fur traders and Native Americans.
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