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BILDSTEIN Speckstein in Kunst Und Gebrauch

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BILDSTEIN Speckstein in Kunst Und Gebrauch BILDSTEIN Speckstein in Kunst und Gebrauch Speckstein - ein Wunderstein? Speckstein zeichnet sich durch eine Reihe bemerkenswer- ter Eigenschaften aus, die ihn zu einem sehr vielseitig ein- setzbaren Material machen. Er speichert Wa¨rme, ist hitze- und frostbesta¨ndig, wirkt antistatisch, widersteht Basen und Sa¨uren, Statue Speckstein, Iran, Schminkpalette in aufklappbarem, verursacht keinen Widerhall, Ende mit Ritzdekor versehenem Etui ist leicht formbar, 6. Jahrtausend Speckstein, sumerisch, um 3000 vor Chr. v. Chr. Deutsches Historisches Museum,Berlin zeigt verschiedene Muster und Fa¨rbungen. Louvre, Paris Sammlung Schwarzkopf Foto: Jastrow 2006 Foto: Werner Lieberknecht Von jeher hat der weiche, seifige Speckstein den Men- schen fasziniert. Das beweisen bis 5000 Jahre alte Funde, die rund um die Welt gemacht wurden. Kultische und ku¨nstlerische Gegensta¨nde wie Schmuck, Grabbeilagen, Figuren, Gebrauchsgegensta¨nde wie Rollsiegel, Schmink- gefa¨sse, Gussformen, O¨llampen, Becher, Pfannen, O¨fen wurden daraus geschaffen. Fu¨r das bildhauerische Gestalten eignet sich am besten der weichere Stein, etwa aus Indien, China, Thailand, Aus- Spinnwirteln, mit unterschiedlichen Querschnitten, 9./10. Jhd. tralien, A¨gypten, der ehemaligen Sowjetunion, Brasilien Fundort: Haithabu Independence Hall, Foto: Die Specksteinfunde Philadelphia/USA und Kanada. aus Haithabu, 1979 Foto: Dan Smith Die ha¨ufigsten Farben sind weiss, violett, rosa, gru¨n, grau, schwarz, braun und blau. Diese Farben kommen in vielen Abstufungen vor, zudem gibt es mehrfarbig marmorierte Sorten. Sockel und Fassungen In rohem oder halbpoliertem Zustand wirkt Speckstein aus „Steatit" für die staubig und grau. Farbe und individuelle Maserung zeigen Elekrotechnik sich erst, wenn der Stein poliert ist. In dieser Hinsicht Großer, zweistufiger a¨hnelt Speckstein dem Marmor. Giltsteinofen, Die einzelnen Schichten des Steins sind, wie beim Graphit, bemalt, mit Wappen Hospenthal, leicht gegeneinander verschiebbar, woraus sich die leich- Kanton Uri/Schweiz, te Bearbeitbarkeit erkla¨rt. Eine grosse Dichte und ein Müllerhaus, dat. 1690 Foto: B. Furrer hohes spezifisches Gewicht 3g/cm3 fu¨hren dazu, dass man Speckstein leicht gla¨tten und polieren kann. Speckstein spielt auch heute eine gewichtige Rolle in Hand- werk und Technik, sowie in Industrie und Architektur. Gestieltes Er Specksteingefäß aus einem dient als Baumaterial, wikingerzeitlichen Grabfund von ist Hauptbestandteil keramischer Massen bei der Kvestad, Norwegen Herstellung hochwertiger Produkte, zum Beispiel sowie trogförmiges Specksteingefäß in der Elektrokeramik, aus einem Grab findet Absatz in der Fliesenindustrie und des 10. Jahrhunderts von Söndre Finstad, bei Feuerfestprodukten, Norwegen. dient feinstgemahlen als Fliesshilfsmittel, Museum Oslo Foto: Die Specksteinfunde wird in der Lebensmittel-, Kosmetik- und Pharma- aus Haithabu, 1979 Industrie verwendet, Kiugak Ashoona dient als Fu¨llstoff in der Papier- und Cape Dorset, Nunavut Farbmittelindustrie, Territory, Canada Iglu zerstörender Riese, wird in seiner Eigenschaft als Trennmittel in 1999 pulverisierter Form in der Kabel- und Gummi- Foto: Ansgar Walk produktion gebraucht, findet Verwendung in der Glas,- Farben- und Papierindustrie sowie in der Autoindustrie, gilt als Heilmittel, eignet sich gut als Ersatzstoff fu¨r wertvollere Materialien, findet weltweit Einsatz in der Bildhauerei. BILDSTEIN Speckstein in Kunst und Gebrauch Speckstein - ein Werkstoff der Kulturen Sitzende Figur, Königin (Smenkhkare?) Ninsun, Steatit, Ägypten, Mutter des Gilgamesch, Stierkopfrhyton Johannes Chrysostomus 18. Dynastie, zw. 1379 und 1362 v. Chr. Neo-sumerisch. Neuer Palast Knossos, spätminoisch, 16. Jhd. v. Chr. Steatit und Gold, Louvre, Paris Louvre, Paris Stierkopfrhyton aus Steatit mit Augen aus Bergkristall, Konstantinopel, 1. Hälfte 11. Jhd. Foto: Insecula.com Foto: Jastrow, 2005 eines der berühmtesten Kunstwerke Louvre, Paris der minoischen Kultur Foto: Jastrow, 2005 Archäologisches Museum Heraklion, Kreta Foto: Bildarchiv Steffens Lampe, Steatit Nishapur/Persien, 10./11. Jhd. Metropolitan Museum of Art (MET 40.170.121) Foto: MET Die weltweit zahlreichen Funde aus vor- und fru¨h- geschichtlicher Zeit weisen darauf hin, dass Speckstein Im no¨rdlichen Europa fand man Gebrauchsgegensta¨nde neben Holz, Horn, Bernstein und Alabaster eines der a¨lte- wie Beschwersteine, Gewichte, Senker fu¨r Fischereigera¨te, sten verwendeten Materialien ist. Gussformen fu¨r Bronze- und Silberbarren sowie Schmuck- Speckstein ermo¨glicht ein problemloses Gla¨tten und Po- stu¨cke. Allein die mehr als 3400 Einzelfunde aus der fru¨h- lieren. Erst dann ist der leicht fettige Glanz und die mar- mittelalterlichen Wikingersiedlung Haithabu belegen ein morgleiche Struktur des Materials deutlich. Unverwech- weit verzweigtes Netz von Konsumenten skandinavischer selbare Besonderheiten sind sein Aussehen, die Weichheit Specksteinproduktion und die wichtige Bedeutung des und die leichte Bearbeitungsweise des Steins. Steins als Wirtschafts- und Handelsgut. Bis auf das westliche Alpengebiet, wo Specksteingefa¨sse Gefa¨sse und Kultobjekte aus Speckstein waren bereits in bis in das 20. Jahrhundert in Gebrauch waren, ist in Euro- der sumerischen und a¨ga¨ischen Kultur in Gebrauch. In pa die Verwendung des Steins als Material fu¨r Gebrauchs- A¨gypten stammen a¨lteste Zeugnisse fu¨r die Verarbeitung gegensta¨nde und kunstgewerbliche Objekte seltener. von Steatit - glasierte Perlen - aus dem 5. Jahrtausend vor In der Blu¨tezeit des Art Deco er- Christus. langte Speckstein auch in Europa in Kunst und Kunsthandwerk gro¨- Entsprechen den Fundorten in Nordamerika und Kanada, ssere Wertscha¨tzung, suchte diese Indien und Afrika z.B. Zimbabwe und Sierra Leone ist neue Stilrichtung nach innovati- belegt, das die Specksteinschnitzerei ihren festen Platz in ven Materialien fu¨r ihre neuen der Handwerkskunst hatte. Auch in Peru, Marokko, dekorativen vor allem geometri- Syrien und dem Ural zeigen Funde die grosse Bedeutung, schen und linearen Formen. Anhänger in Form eines Schmetterlings Email und Steatit, England, um 1900 die Speckstein in la¨ngst vergangenen Zeiten hatte. Privatsammlung, England Besonders beliebt waren Specksteinarbeiten in China. Er Die in der Ausstellung gezeigten Foto: The Bridgeman Art Library lo¨ste spa¨testens seit dem 14. Jahrhundert die Benutzung Objekte zeigen einen Querschnitt aus verschiedenen Kon- der viel teureren Jade ab. tinenten und einem Zeitraum von den fru¨hen Hoch- kulturen bis in die heutige Zeit. Die a¨ltesten Stu¨cke sind dabei ein Ko¨nigsrollsiegel aus Anatolien Djemdet Nasr- Zeit um 3000 v. Chr, ein spa¨t-sumerischer Votivkopf, 18. - 15. Jahrhundert v. Chr. sowie a¨gyptische Skaraba¨en um 1600 v. Chr. Einen Schwerpunkt der Pra¨sentation bildet das ferno¨stliche Kunsthandwerk des 17. bis 19. Jahrhunderts mit Buddha- Figuren, Teeka¨nnchen, diversen Kleinplastiken sowie reichhaltig gestalteten Vasen, die in China vor den Haus- alta¨ren aufgestellt wurden. Sie dienten zum allta¨glichen Gebrauch, zur Zierde oder zur kultischen und religio¨sen Erbauung. Gezeigt werden Schutzgottheiten und Glu¨cksgeister, Specksteinbearbeitung oben li.u.re.: Kourna/Ägypten, 1974 Mittler- und Helfergestalten, die als solche zur Besetzung unten li.: China, 2005 Fotos: Karl Heinz Arnold des Hausalta¨rchens, das kaum in einem chinesischen Haus unten re.: Specksteindreher, fehlte, geho¨rten. Wallis/Schweiz, um 1980 aus: La pierre ollaire, 1996 BILDSTEIN Speckstein in Kunst und Gebrauch Speckstein trotzt als Baustein Wind und Wetter Specksteinskulptur am Haupteingang der Kathedrale von Nidoros, Pohjola Versicherungsgesellschaft, Trondheim/Norwegen Helsinki/Finnland Foto: Steve Ladman Foto: Bernard Epstein Im norwegischen Trondheim Das Gebäude wurde 1901 errichtet, steht die älteste Speckstein- Hilde Florin entwarf die Skulpturen. kirche der Welt. Seit dem 12. Jahrhundert trotzen die Wände, Portale und Skulpturen der Kathedrale dem rauhen Seeklima. Sie ist trotz ihres beträchtlichen Alters noch immer hervorragend erhalten. Wegen seiner enormen Widerstandsfa¨higkeit wird Speck- stein schon seit Jahrhunderten als Baumaterial einge- setzt. Er eignet sich vor allem daher, weil er leicht zu bear- beiten und gleichzeitig besonders besta¨ndig gegen Wind, Wetter sowie andere Umwelteinflu¨sse ist. Wallfahrtskirche „Guter Jesus" von Congonhas/Brasilien, fertiggestellt 1772 Weltkulturerbe seit 1985 Foto: Bildarchiv Steffens/Rudolf Bauer Hervorragende Beispiele fu¨r „Specksteinarchitektur“ bie- Lebensgross, aus Speckstein geschnitten, stehen zwölf Apostel am Rande einer Terrasse, tet Norwegen. Die mittelalterliche Kathedrale von Nido- von der man weit ins Land blicken kann. Diese zwölf grossen, mit scheinbar dramatischer Bewegung ausgestatteten Figuren, verkörpern eines der besten Kunstwerke der damaligen Epoche. ros in Trondheim, die Kathedrale von Stavanger sowie die Sie wurden von Aleijadinho zwischen 1800 und 1805 geschaffen. Antonio Francisco Lisboa (1730-1814), St. Mary`s Kirche in Bergen zeugen davon. genannt Aleijadinho, war der berühmteste Baumeister und Bildhauer des brasilianischen Barock. Sein Werk ist in mehreren Kolonialstädten des Bundesstaates Minas Gerais erhalten. Weitere Beispiele finden sich auf dem amerikanischen Kontinent. In der barocken Bauplastik Brasiliens Barock- kirchen des Bundesstaates Minas Gerais spielt er eine be- deutende Rolle. Speckstein wurde und wird auch benutzt um Ha¨user zu verscho¨nern, er kommt zum Beispiel als Bodenbelag oder zur Verkleidung von Innenwa¨nden und Fassaden zum
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