296
in camera ial a SOME -the often
the
era different
sional
lenses
same
co inherent eve
covering
planning where a Production
u
rig
motion or
This
w e
lenses F any
si
abouts
ideal
lens lem
cu
to
ing
sed
rn
lens
/
ith
ons
great rr
The shooting,
lt
man
The
1.9 effectiveness.
ht
ry
spare
ec
ar
F
since
conditions a speed
conditions
.
l ultra-fast
/2.3; i
o
lens
l tly
c
ea for ca
came e
more
ndiffer is
e
of
there
n
hoose
MOTION s n
lens an
or
ns for pi
most
deal
will
t
Extremely
m
s .
are
sto
andard
on
focal
studio
desired
ct
occasional
Flippin
sufficient
various
for
era
in
is an
ordinarily
quality
the
can F
ra
a ur
ry-tellin
sui
filming, most
for
rather
/1.5-on merely of
i
brought
e
m usually
important s
available
fresh
e
th
c
a
nt
set
emergency
h
, tabl
l
an , littl
cameras experience,
be order
e
eng
oosing
a
and
black-and-white
Inst
.
p
especia l
or
l
PICTURE
a g
-
desired
ens
se
enses
articu up
,
knows,
The
dismissed
focal e
e particular
g
th
angle t
than
inexperienced
for
switch
-
ead
speed
time
for fast
filming
ups
h
lens powers into
,
production
there
may
of
for
, s
owever,
simp
li
16mm
veteran
most l
ll
are factor and
s .
ar
g
that
and of
l
for
y
hootin effect.
engt
F
an'd how
for
play htl
turret
,
l
"e
conve
/1
y
thought in
cameramen
is to
be news
m
l
u
y
y
co
when
as
under
m
its
s
viewpoint commo
with
ovi
using
h su
ever,
shot
lens
these
ually
a
choosing co
or
mp from to
ergency"
in ca
requires
fine
g
no
faster
btl
possess
lens
profes
so pictor ng
l ni
or
meras
35mm
atab cover
choos under
there
emul ca e
story
e s
prob
used
mod
is
.
that
p that
ti diffi
nce
and F
the
t
for
nl
th m
eed
a
es.
So,
h
/2 of
its
r
l
e
y
e
e
e
.
focal angular The
th
er and
the
there Such len
for
spec modeling spee
portant
whic point
lengths. be and mal
most
really through i
len
considered two
focal
normal s
optics le ticularly ed have for
are in
n
id
a e
ase,
c
L
th
g
gt
Professional
ses, ered
l h
broken depth
"
enses
-
.
the
tiv d a
shorter
inch
e interiors. better
h
h
tel
ngular
,
l
,
th
is
is
eng
,
Th important effective
be
len
e lens
e,
particular
will
have
for
e
the
e
camera
ns
camera while
things
use
angular
photo.
co
much
a
cove
e
lenses-the
They
,
g wide-angle.
th,
the
of
for
those
distortion,
misnomer
me
th
less
for
adapted
35mm
corresponding the
down
(
not
normal
imag
of
field.
other
the
coverage
almost
which rage
as
are
35mm
yea
th
Th
anything
must
more
are
normal narrower 16mm
for
Actually
filming
be
e
d
cinematographers,
focal angle
e
movement,
factors
rs,
e
coverage
e normal
into
set-up
designated
Conv workhorses
cameras
:
pth
and
discussed
slightly
the
to
than
in
be
lens
separation
normal,
completely
cameras
to
since
however
35mm
flatness
sound
length Optics
cameras
three
and
turn
e considered
lens
for
c and
shot
depth
available
rsely:
hoosing shorter
the
as
than
the
to
,
zoom
only or
focal
e
theatrical
for
shorter
and the
s
governs
linear
CHOOSING
stage
use term
basi
and at
,
wide-angle
lens
other
,
the
her
tel
hav
vanishing
since of
the
,
especially
of of
its
standard
the
instance,
and . hand
ep
th
greater
discard
e
c
.
is
length
depth
e a
image wider
longer
.
lenses 40mm
angle e ) Down
long
hotos. field.
shoot "
field,
focal
focal
be
lens
per
nor
than But
one
c
lens
they
par
can
im
its
th
on
re
e
is
n
.
e
s
for a for sort
"c
or 1 size makes a discovered
screen ism shorter
angle optical
fractive rare
for
tions
for 28mm, through 20mm 12.5mm lens
the
class-it
grees
a of
ing: wide-angle
ing tography
ed nd
tance much
nd
normal
ratio
ut-off"
The
Today
switch
Cameramen
16mm
e
cinematic
sets.
20mm
image
more
35mm
ither
to
.
recently
and
element
opens
in
in
(
! )
lenses
with
AMERICAN
it
lenses
wide-screen
larger
and demand
hn hormal than
30mm, image
wide-angle
small
,
scientists
index
wide ,
While can
necessary
lens the .
to
rapid
television
cameras too,
a
inherent
13mm
that
lenses
cameras
long
we
an
up
a
lens
have
making
be
.
more
for
glass,
rooms
utilization
expression
shorter
introduced
has than
Experienced
areas
and
angular
35mm would
completely is
it
considered and
generally
have
for .
ago
,
16mm
for
Cameramen
is
been
dramatic
using best
CINEMATOGRAPHER
would
15mm
pictures
less
to
lenses
and
possessing
natural they lenses.
or
very
or
still
accurate in
that
from
small "tight
lens
be
and
either
small
normal
18mm
met
field
dispersion,
cameras.
captured
9
such
in recorded
,
of
actually
shorter
be
the . useful
5mm greater
Kinoptic
for
40mm
think because
new
a
cameramen in
17mm
have
sets
possibilitie by
16mm
the
ele spot" and
of
appearing
pull
,
short
the AND
computa latest
shooting
the
high
,
1
c
modern
filming
avenues
113
for
tronics 17mm 25mm
10mm
:85
crowd
appea
to of
While
lenses
wide
same
back
freak ar real
with
with
film
pho
and
and the
re
tak
5
dis re e-
d-;,
to
the
in
.
7
s ,
,
.
r
USING
MAY
ple spaced
a
a and ration
ployment wide-angle course,
action. larity of cle
ratio wide-angle the distance. tually eye ceive see it
a human ning
field
covering tages
this
Knowledge
pseudo
This
arw angle, narrow
is
,
Let
scene
the
viewer
when
tio~
graphed
low Bros
SCENE furniture
processes
thus also
everything
is
viewing
action
closely
the
filming
of
of much
of
•
-
us
.,
but
and
"corner
eye.
Which effect,·
can
elevation
changes
demonstrates
- the
third-dimensional
records power planes,
the
additional
This aided
of
consider
FROM
1959
in
one
by
view
lens cross
creates
The
of
,
be
a wide-angl approximates
wide
particularly Cinerama
use initial
Ted
the
trees
th because
on
accounts wide
of
the
of
and
by
sharply
- extended "Johnny
which r
of
that
con
hut
lighted
McCord
of a eye
stretches
midst
focus
-
its 0
angle
a the
some
more
scene
ugh
the
or
a
imaginativ
impression
enormous
the
expans
minor
lenses-know LENSES
its
sees
enhance lesser
seemingly
wide
article
other
eye."
,
,
they
impression
rapidly, of
in
type
and
ASC
Belinda
e for
lens -
constant
of the
distinct
regardless is
-
sharply
the
angle
turn
if
to
optics
effect. e,
perspective that
,
attributes.
viewed
e
the
of
will
objects
:
for
the
Cinemira
present
Since
scale
deft
while
pictof'ially
standard
variably
screened
"
depth
t wide its
composi
lighting
that
creates
Worner of
lens
advan we
of .
places
photo
stand
popu
sepa
scan
Peo
The
over
em
that
a
out
the
ac
Lhe
we
re
and
in at
of
of
of
.
a
series
i
ng
composition-is
sults seemingly scene and
and enhanced out
various tainable ing
other
what
deals
the
and
composing other
in
itself
with
camera
distances
with
a
appear
if each
brings
.
with
objects
more
greater
scene
This
longer
in
so
separated
from realistic
can
the
effect the
closer
components
occupy
that
clarity
focus
essential
viewer
attributes
the
do
players,
can
to
lenses
pi
positions
camera, than
to
from
the
c
be
ture
into
enhance
are
.
action
Work
is
vastly
props
eac
that
to
ap-
th
ob
re
of
at
h e
,
c
wide-angle
r
eat
effect
lenses
sition
tial resembling veying of perspective
or propriately ground,
the
i
bottom
ve
relationship
since
cannot
wide
is
an
cinematography
and
set
of
-sc
intimate
they
placed
the
cross
lenses.
reen th
be
off
e
audience
flatten
will
obtained
frame
with
Continued
lighted
processes
at
impression
be
the
images
.
a
captured
If
,
sides
partic
strong
a with
on
.
the
vivid
The
,
Page
.
and
squeeze
i compo
closely
longer
pat
Th
same
297
fore
con
spa
314
ion
top
i
s
The terrific vanatlon in size be wide-angle's inherently greater depth in place by the gearing that focuses the \liith the BNC model, distance meas tween near and far objects when filmed of field, even wide open under adverse lens, and focusing is achieved remotely urements start from the tape hook, BOLEX ACCESSORIES with a wide-angle lens exists because condtions, covers focusing errors and by manipulation of focusing knobs at which is located on the upper left hand the camera is usually placed clcse to makes it a natural for hurried shooting BY STEVENS the rear and left side of the camera. corner of the camera. The lens footage the near person or object-making it when little time is available for careful Variable Shuller • Split-Frame Made • Synchronou1 Rn-,HI speci•li1h fo, ov-, • dec•de. dial lock-screw should be tightened and Battery CC1mera Drives • Time lapse Timer • Our Jong Hp-,ienc:e insures superior qu•lity. Lenses for use on either model cam loom larger in relation to the more dis focus deliberation. lens Extension Tubes • Rackover • Turret lever • El tdronic:elly controlled mechinH keep tem• after each adjustment. Also, after using Third Turret Stop e Tu,,., Filter Slides e Come,o p,urdure const.nt within .2 of one degree, era are mounted in conventional tant images which are greatly reduced N1tiontl "Brilli•nfone" Cine prints tre the finest either the 25mm or 30mm lens on the The wide-angle is especially valu lase • lens Control Handle • 400-Ft. Magadne 0 threaded focusing mounts having iris in size. This technique can be useful in Sound Sprockets •·•il• blt . WritefotfTeecatol09ue. NC, these lenses must be unscrewed a able under poor lighting conditions, in C,1.)HTACT ,11NT1NG I I W DU,LICATING diaphragm control rings. On the NC OUR NEW ADDRESS WORK ,11NTS KODACHlOMi 0u,uC.ATIN& sufficient distance before rotation of the speeding up moving vehicles or ani doors or out, when a large aperture is [n&i NUMIUIN& VAC.UUMATIN& model. lenses are mounted in the turret All we,~ o,Heleol ol •e ul•• ••••te turret is attempted, otherwise turret mals. A speeding auto, for instance, necessary and maximum depth of field Stevens Engineering Co., Dept. A with four machine screws. So that the 340 N. Newport Blvd. NATIONAL CINE LAB may be forced and misaligned. moving directly toward the camera and desirable. E\'en when used wide open, barrel of a long focal length lens will Newport Beach, Calif. lo•442S WHhin9ton 170 D.C. With the Mitchell camera thus pre filmed with a wide-angle lens from a the wide-angle objective (particularly not intrude in the field of a wide-angle pared for use, the chief operational low three-quarter angle, will produce the modern wide-angle retro-focus len lens, the 152mm is usually mounted di steps consist briefly of ( 1) racking the impression of greater than normal ses) possesses extraordinary depth of rectly opposite the 25mm, whenever over the camera, ( 2) checking focus speed. The car will approach from a field. both of these lenses a.re to be used on through the focusing tube; (2) racking speck in the distance, become larger Wit:Je-angle lenses can minimize the Used World-Wide By Discriminating Cameramen the camera. Another feature of the NC the camera back to operating position ; and higher in the frame as its long effort of camera weave or unsteadiness is that it has mechanical provision for (3) setting lens £/-stop; (4) compos sleek lines zoom by. The wide-angle because their great angular covering CINEKAD SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR rising and falling front effects, but this ing scene in view finder; ( 5) resetting lens creates the impression that the car spread's.:the jiggle over a wider area, requires complicated adjustments, is DRIVE-For 16mm Projectors footage counter to zero; ( 6) starting is further away than it actually is. be thus making it less apparent on the limited to use of lenses of 35mm and the camera to photograph the scene; cause its size will be small in relation screen. They are especially useful when Especially designed to drive all longer. and was originally designed as Bell & Howell, Ampro, Kodak, (7) stopping the camera at the end of to the frame area. The car will appear the camera must be hand-held or for a means of 3.chieving correction in RCA, and Victor 16mm projectors scene; and, when necessary, (8) open to cover a greater distance than it ac making dolly shots under improvised scenes having prominent vertical lines, at synchronous speed. camera door to check and clean gate tually does, because the shorter the set-ups where absolutely smooth dolly as in heayy archit~ctural exteriors, Projector can be instantly attached to and pressure plate--especially after a focal length, the greater the linear dis travel cannot be obtained. etc. Today. cinematographers have tance between objects. The moving Synchronous Motor Drive and quickly de lengthy run. The rugged spaciousness of moun tached at o·ny time in a matter of seconds. found faster and simpler means of image, because of the wide field of Like a fine automobile, long and tainous scenery is best recorded with An outstanding feature is the flexible achieving this. view, will remain in the frame for a shaft which connects motor with projector trouble-free operation of a Mitchell a wide-angle lens used close, rather greater length of time. All this adds up and permits smooth, quiet and steady After lenses are mounted on either camera over a long period of time is than with a telephoto from a distance. operation. No special technical knowl- to "stretching" distance and increas One-year Guaranfffl Immediate Dellveryl edge required for installation a nd mount• the NC or BNC, they are adjusted for dependent mainly on keeping the mech The shorter optic will preserve the ing image speed-a professional cine ing. Write lor more details and prices. correct focus by means of the focusing anism free of dust, dirt or other foreign roundness. ruggedness, texture and matographer's technique that is most CINEKAD ENGINEERING COMPANY, 763 10th Ave., N.Y., N.Y., Plaza 7-3511 tube of the camera, previously men material. Care and vigilance on the general uneven appearance of the ter effective in filming action. tioned. The footage dial on the lens part of the operator is essential, since rain, particularly if cross-lighted, be Hollyw_ood direc_tors of photography can be used for focusing, providing the small particles of dust in the movement cause of the stronger separation of invariably choose a wide-angle lens to exact distance to the subject is known. or on the lens may cause scratches or images and planes. This effect can be film miniature trick shots involving On the NC camera footage is calculated spots on film that is otherwise properly enhanced by choosine; a strong fore "THE CINEMATOGRAPHER" scaled down sets. For such scenes the exposed. • _g-round. with a shadow base and a from the ground glass to the object. camera is positioned at the eye-level of framing tree branch and then havi11g Informational and instructive motion picture produced a similarly scaled observer. Such care by the Hollywood Motion Picture Industry. Depicts role a pictorially interesting middle ground ful choice of lens and camera angle re of the Director of Photography in lighting and photo• -one that contains some variation in graphing motion pictures in Hollywood studios. Shows CHOOSING AND USING LENSES sults in utmost realism and allows the terrain. trees-, rocks or other ob various camera and lighting equipment used on Holly miniatures to be "cut in" with live ac· wood sound stages and the results achieved from Continued.-.,,h:om Page 297 jects. These will stand out as distinct tion without detection. Filmed with a their use. planes. with the mountains risin~ up angle shots for added dramatic impact. normal or telephoto lens the miniature One•reel 16mm block-and-white prints available on planes closer together and generally behind them. Add a nice clouded sky, Fr•• loan to cine clubs, college cinema g,oi,ps, By placing the camera low, and shoot would have a phoney appearance-like .chool,, ond occredited clubs and civic groups within tend to destroy any three-dimensional place the action in between and a per the contlnental U.S. l•Hrvotions neceuary and pay• looking at a toy through a telescope ment of retum shipment required. quality that the scene may possess. ing up at a three-quarter angle to the fect outdoor action-scene having three. from a distance. Only a wide-angle ob It is a photographic fallacy that subject - shooting "angle on angle" - dimensional quality will result. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CINEMATOGRAPHERS wide-angle lenses create distortion. This the subject is made to stand out strong· jective can place the viewer where hP ly against a dropped horizon. must look up and feel "surrounded" No"· for a few don'ts-for after all 1712 Nerth Orange Drive Hollywood 21, Calif. is not true. Any lens will distort the the wide-angle lens has some disad- • image if improperly used. Distortion For example, let us take a western by the set and the action. results from shooting from a wrong picture in which the hero is filmed Newsreel men switch to the wide viewpoint thus. creating poor perspec against a cloudy sky as he draws and angle lens when working outdoors at tive-not by anything inherent in the fires his six-shooter. A low angle, wide crowded public events, and also when lens. The wide-angle lens is more likely angle, three-quarter angle camera set they must work shoulder to shoulder to record a distorted picture when up will etch him dramatically against with still photographers, as when film used too close to the subject. Often the the clouded sky as he looms up in the ing celebrities, etc. Since the still pho very distortion that is considered a frame with his gun seemingly sticking tographers invariably "move in," they liability can be turned into a useful out into space directly over the head thus decide the "camera line," and the asset. The wide-angle lens is ideal for of the viewer. It is for scenes such as newsreel cameramen thus have no al capturing a forceful perspective - a this that the wide-angle lens excels be ternative except to use the shorter lens. strong, exaggerated perspective, with a cause of the forceful perspective, the The wide-angle lens is also the prime heavy base or forground and a rapidly excellent three-dimensional modeling !;ns of ne:sreel camerama_n filming diminishing vanishing point. This tech and the intimate feeling of participa grab shots or when shootmg guess nique can be used in low angle, wide- tion that the audience receives. focus hand-held shots on the fly. The
314 AMERICAN CINEMATOGRAPHER MAY • 1959 31S ~""
vantagl!s, too. Never use a wide-angle PHOTOGRAPHIC ASSIGNMENTS PAUL IvANO, ..The Texan"* (Desilu Prods.) CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING for closeups of people unless a weirdly RATES: Ads set in lightface type, 10c per word, minimum ad, line. Send copy with remittance to cover payment to Editorial Continued from Page 268 $1.00. Text set in lightface capital letters (except 1st word ~m
316 AMERICAN CINEMATOGRAPHER