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Renewable Energy and Environment Contents
Page No. Chapter 1: Basics of Wind Energy 4-13 1.1 What is wind energy? 1.2 Benefits of Wind Energy 1.3 Limitations 1.4 Basic Technology 1.5 Major Components 1.6 Essential requirements for a wind farm 1.7 The wind power generation process Chapter 2: Wind Energy, Environment & Sustainable Development 14-16 2.1 Environmental Aspects 2.2 Noise 2.3 Television and Radio Interference 2.4 Birds 2.5 Visual effects 2.6 Integration into supply networks Chapter 3: Setting up a Wind Energy Project 17-20 3.1 Management Decision 3.2 Small Size Project 3.3 Large Size Project 3.4 Project Implementation Stage Chapter 4: Global Status of Renewable Energy 21-26 Chapter 5: Renewable Energy Costs & Investments 27-32 5.1 Wind Energy Costs 5.2 Investment in Renewable Energy Chapter 6: Global Wind Energy Development 33-37 6.1 World Wind Energy Targets 6.2 Trends in Technology Development 6.3 Trends in Wind power market Chapter 7: Wind Energy Development in India 38-43 7.1 Wind Resource in India 7.2 Installed capacity
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7.3 Market status 7.4 Investments in Wind Energy Sector Chapter 8: Institutional Framework and policies in India 44-48 8.1 Institutional Framework 8.2 Policies facilitating wind power in India 8.3 Policies facilitating wind power in India at state level Chapter 9: Wind Energy Case Studies 49-51 Chapter 10: Wind Power Directory 52-59
REFERENCES
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Chapter-1 Basics of Wind Energy
Growing concern for the environmental degradation has led to the world's interest in renewable energy resources. Wind is commercially and operationally the most viable renewable energy resource and accordingly, emerging as one of the largest source in terms of the renewable energy sector.
1.1 What is wind energy?
Wind is the natural movement of air across the land or sea. Wind is caused by uneven heating and cooling of the earth's surface and by the earth's rotation. Land and water areas absorb and release different amount of heat received from the sun. As warm air rises, cooler air rushes in to take its place, causing local winds. The rotation of the earth changes the direction of the flow of air.
1.2 Benefits of Wind Energy
• Reduces climate change and other environmental pollution • Wind energy can be utilized as a shield against ever increasing power prices. The cost per kWh reduces over a period of time as against rising cost for conventional power projects. • Diversifies energy supply, eliminates imported fuels, and provides a hedge against the price volatility of fossil fuels. Thereby provides energy security and prevention of conflict over natural resources • One of the cheapest sources of electrical energy. • Least equity participation required, as well as low cost debt is easily available to wind energy projects. • A project with the fastest payback period. • A real fast track power project, with the lowest gestation period; and a modular concept. • Operation and Maintenance (O&M) costs are low. • No marketing risks, as the product is electrical energy. • Creates employment, regional growth and innovation • Reduces poverty through improved energy access • Fuel source is free, abundant and inexhaustible • Delivers utility-scale power supply
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1.3 Limitations • Wind machines must be located where strong, dependable winds are available most of the time. • Because winds do not blow strongly enough to produce power all the time, energy from wind machines is considered "intermittent," that is, it comes and goes. Therefore, electricity from wind machines must have a back-up supply from another source.
• As wind power is "intermittent," utility companies can use it for only part of their total energy needs. • Wind towers and turbine blades are subject to damage from high winds and lighting. Rotating parts, which are located high off the ground can be difficult and expensive to repair. • Electricity produced by wind power sometimes fluctuates in voltage and power factor, which can cause difficulties in linking its power to a utility system. • The noise made by rotating wind machine blades can be annoying to nearby neighbors. • People have complained about aesthetics of and avian mortality from wind machines.
1.4 Basic Technology
Figure 1: Wind Energy Technology Source: http://www.greenchipstocks.com/articles/ge-siemens-unveil-new-turbine- technology/971
Wind electric generator converts kinetic energy available in wind to electrical energy by using rotor, gearbox and generator. The wind turbines installed so far in the country are predominantly of the fixed
5 | P a g e pitch „stall‟ regulated design. However, the trend of recent installations is moving towards better aerodynamic design; use of lighter and larger blades; higher towers; direct drive; and variable speed gearless operation using advanced power electronics. Electronically operated wind turbines do not consume reactive power, which is a favorable factor towards maintaining a good power factor in the typically weak local grid networks.
State-of-the-art technologies are now available in the country for the manufacture of wind turbines. The unit size of machines is going up from 55-100 kW in the initial projects in the 1980‟s, to 2000 kW. Wind turbines are being manufactured by 12 indigenous manufacturers, mainly through joint ventures or under licensed production agreements. A few foreign companies have also set up their subsidiaries in India. Which some companies are now manufacturing wind turbines without any foreign collaboration. The current annual production capacity of domestic wind turbine industry is about 1500 MW. The technology is continuously upgraded, keeping in view global developments in this area.
The progress of phased indigenization by leading manufacturers of wind electric generators up to 500 kW has led to 80% indigenization level. Import content is high in higher capacity machines, since vendor development of higher capacity machines will take some time. The industry has taken up indigenized production of blades and other critical components. Efforts are also being made to indigenize gearboxes and controllers. Wind turbines and wind turbine components are exported to the US, Australia, and Asian countries. The wind industry in the country is expected to become a net foreign exchange earner by 2012.
1.5 Major Components
Main components of a wind electric generator are:
1. Tower 2. Nacelle 3. Rotor 4. Gearbox 5. Generator 6. Braking System 7. Yaw System 8. Controllers 9. Sensors
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1.6 Essential requirements for a wind farm
An area where a number of wind electric generators are installed is known as a wind farm. The essential requirements for establishment of a wind farm for optimal exploitation of the wind are
1. High wind resource at particular site 2. Adequate land availability 3. Suitable terrain and good soil condition 4. Proper approach to site 5. Suitable power grid nearby 6. Techno-economic selection of WEGs 7. Scientifically prepared layout
1.7 The wind power generation process
In a Wind Electric Generator a set of turbine blades mounted on a metallic hub, to seize power from the up-stream wind. This in turn drives the generator to produce electric power. The generator, along with its associated components is housed in a common enclosure, called the nacelle. In the most widely used configuration, the blades are held with their axis horizontal to the ground in what is known as horizontal- axis WEG, whereas the distinct feature of vertical-axis WEG lies in vertical positioning of the blades with one of their ends resting at ground level. For horizontal-axis WEG, the turbine blades (and also the nacelle) are mounted on the tower, for better reach to un-obstructed wind.
The power captured by the turbine blades is transferred to the generator through the drive train. Since in most of the WEGs, the rotor (rotating parts including the blades, hub, etc) moves at a fixed (and slow) rpm (revolution per minute), a gearbox is included in the drive train, which increases the speed at the generator end of the shaft. There are however a few design options where the rotor spped is either variable or the generator is direct drive. The latter makes use of gearbox redundant.
A mechanical brake disc is mounted on the shaft to work as back-up for aero-dynamic braking system attached to the blades a yaw mechanism (multi-motor drive using 2 to 6 number of small motors) turns the nacelle and the rotor assembly to face the wind as it changes its direction. This change is sensed by a wind vane which is mounted on the top of the nacelle along with an anemometer also mounted on the top to monitor wind speed.
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The WEGs are designed for un-attended operation with minimum maintenance and provided with comprehensive control system housed in the control panel placed at/close to the base of the tower. The system‟s working is based on continuous monitoring of various parameters and working conditions and also includes protection against internal machines faults. The commercial models of WEGs usually deliver rated power at around 12 to 14 m/s (called the rated wind speed) since it does not pay to design for very strong wind, which is a rare event. The power control features incorporated in the machines maneuver to extract optimum output from the wind within its entire speed range up to 25 m/s, beyond which all operations are stopped to avoid structural overload under severe weather. This is the cut-out wind speed and measured as the 10-minute average for IEC Wind Class-I and II WEGs. For IEC Wind Class-III WEGs, the cut-out value is in the range of 17-20 m/s.
Turbine Blade:
A modern wind turbine blade is a hollow cantilever structure with very high load bearing capacity. The blade is usually made of fibre-glass reinforced plastic (FRP) or wood epoxy laminates. The design is based on the aerodynamic principles developed for airplanes and helicopters, but has been adopted with modifications to cope with the specific properties of wind as seen in its changing speed and directions. The geometric shape of a turbine blade is such that the air moving across its upper surface is faster than that traversing its lower part. As a result, the pressure is lower on the upper surface creating an upward thrust. This is the lift phenomenon, which drives the blades through the air. Opposite to lift is drag. This is due to the air resistance which occurs when the areas of the blade facing the direction of motion is increased. A correct balance between these two phenomena is needed for optimum use of the wind power.
The rotating blades interface with the wind at an angle, known as the angle of attack, which is a function of the blade‟s angle to the plan of rotation (called the pitch). This also depends on the “apparent wind” arising due to a shift in the direction of the natural flow of the wind caused by rotation. A change in the angle of attack provides a means to control the wind power.
Since the tip of the blade moves faster than the parts close to its root, it requires to be shaped with an edge-wise “twist” during manufacture so that the angle of attack is maintained unchanged. Simultaneously, the blade tapers the tip to keep the „lift‟ constant along its entire length. Use of both two- bladed and three-bladed systems is preferred by the WEG manufacturers. The two-bladed option, although dynamically well balanced, has to withstand very high cyclic load unless provided with “teeter bearing” to alleviate the blade and tower head loading. In three-bladed rotor, gyroscopic forces developed
8 | P a g e are balanced enough and requires no “teeter”. It also delivers smooth output and works at slightly higher efficiency. Two-bladed option however offers reduction in both fabrication and maintenance cost.
Generator
Two basic types of generators are used for the WEGs. These are: synchronous and asynchronous. The latter is more commonly known as induction generator, and mostly used because of robustness of construction (using „squirrel cage‟ rotating part) and cost economy.
In both these options, there is a cylindrical shaped „stator‟ (so called because it doesn‟t rotates) inside which a rotor is placed. The stator is essentially the same for both types of machines. The windings embedded in the stator are connected to three-phase supply. As alternating current (a.c.) passes through the winding, magnetic fields are induced with changes in magnitude.
By symmetrical arrangement of the windings around the stator, this changing magnetic field gives the effect of a rotating field as if produced due to the physical presence of 2, 4 or even more number of magnetic poles depending upon the generator speed. Thus, change in number of „poles‟ provides a means to vary the rpm of the machine. For example, the machine with „4-pole‟ connected to three-phase supply at 50 Hz. Frequency rotates at 1500 rpm and that of 6-pole at 1000 rpm. Frequency change (instead of keeping it fixed at 50 Hz) is another method of changing machine rpm.
In synchronous machine, the magnetic field on the rotor could be created in two ways:
(A.) by using magnet(s), in which case it is a „permanent magnet‟ machine; or, more commonly
(B.) By feeding the windings would on the rotor with direct current (d.c) to produce an electromagnet in what is called the „wound-rotor‟ machine. In synchronous machine, the rotor magnetic field tries to align itself to the rotating magnetic field created by the stator making it (the rotor) to rotate at the same speed of the rotating field, so called the synchronous machine. The „wound rotor‟ type synchronous machine has the advantage of controlling the generator voltage or the power factor by adjusting the rotor magnetic field by externally changing the current fed through the slip rings. If the machine is operating as a generator, and more torque is applied to the shat (say, by coupling with wind turbine), the rotor will advance slightly relative to the rotating magnetic field (with leading power factor), but in steady-state operation the speed is firmly held by the supply frequency.
The important point of induction machine is that it acts as a motor (i.e. converts electrical power to mechanical power) when the rotor speed is slightly less than the rotating field. It works as a generator, if
9 | P a g e the rotor speed is slightly above the synchronous speed. The power transmitted is directly proportional to this speed difference, hence it is also called „asynchronous‟ machine. This difference in speed is the „slip‟, which at full power output is around 1%.
Squirrel-cage induction generators are more commonly used in WEGs. These however draw reactive power from the supply grid, which is not desirable especially in weak network. The reactive power consumption is compensated by providing capacitor banks.
Drive Mechanism
Different options for fixed speed and variable speed operations are briefly mentioned below:
(a) Fixed Speed Drive
It uses squirrel-cage induction generator, in either single-speed or dual-speed version, connected to the supply grid via a gearbox. This arrangement is commonly referred to as a fixed speed drive though the speed is not exactly constant but changes marginally due to change in generator slip with power generation.
The advantage of fixed speed drive lies in its relatively simple construction, but has to be quite robust to withstand the fluctuating wind load since variation of wind speed directly transferred into the drive train leading to structural stress. Depending on the strength of the grid, the resultant power fluctuation may cause undesired „flicker‟.
(b) Semi-variable Speed Drive
So called since the speed range is marginally variable in 1.1 to 1 ratio. Here, the „variable slip‟ concept is advantageously used by introducing a resistance in series with the rotor resistance of the induction generator by using fast-acting power electronics. This concept has been successfully commercialized by Vestas under their „optislip‟ trade name. A number of WEGs ranging from 600 kW to 2.75 MW have been equipped with this system. This is a cost effective option though the operation is limited to a narrow variable speed.
(c) Variable Speed Drive
This can be achieved by decoupling electrical grid frequency and mechanical rotor frequency. To this end, power electronic converters are used, such as AC/DC/AC converter combined with advanced control systems.
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In „double-fed‟ induction machines the stator is directly connected to the grid as in case of fixed-speed machine, but the rotor winding is fed at variable frequency via. A electronic converter which makes variable speed operation possible. The range is about 1.5 or 2 to 1 and only to part of the output power flows through the frequency converter (typically 25 or 30%).
One advantage of the design is the use of the type of generator, which is a standard market product. It also requires a smaller converter with favourable cost factor. There is however the need of a rather maintenance-intensive gearbox in the drive trains. (Examples 600 kW to 2.0 MW Dewind, 600 kW to 1.5 MW NEG Micon, 600 kW to 1.3 MW Nordex, 850 kW Pioneer Gamesa).
The wide range variable speed drive (speed variation in 2.5 to 3.0 to 1 ratio) provides maximum flexibility in WEG operation. The gearbox is still needed. The size of power electronic converter is also bigger with higher cost. Both induction and synchronous generators could be used. The energy generation pattern of variable speed drive shows significantly less fluctuation than from fixed speed system. This is mainly due to rotor inertia, which does not response immediately to minor and/or transient variation of wind speed bringing in a stabilizing effect on generated power (Example: 250 kW Logerwey, 600 kW to 750 kW REpower).
(d) Direct Drive
With no gearbox used, all direct drive WEGs are variable speed. The generator is directly engaged with the rotor and rotates at low rpm achied by adopting multi-pole design (ring-shaped) synchronous generator, which could be both permanent magnet or would rotor type. The variable speed is possible due to power electronic converter for change of frquency before connecting the generator to the fixed frequency supply grid (Example- 600 kW Enercon, 750 kW Emergya wind/Jeumant, 900 kW/1500 kW GE Wind Energy).
The drawbacks of direct drive design are use of large and complex ring generator and large electronic- converter through which 100% of the power generation has to pass.
Power Control
Power from wind is influenced by three factors. These are:
1) Air density (which varies with altitude and temperature). The change in kinetic energy of wind is proportional to air density. Power output of WEG is usually referred to at 1225 g/m3, which is the air density under the standard temperature and at the altitude of the mean sea level (m.s.l).
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2) Rotor Area – i.e. the area intercepted by rotating blades. Power received from wind depends upon this swept area. Since the rotor area increases with the square of the rotor diameter (declared in the manufacturer‟s catalogue), a WEG with twice as large rotor diameter will theoretically receive four times energy. 3) Wind speed – the power in wind varies with the cube of the wind speed. If the wind speed is twice as high it contains eight times more power.
The output characteristic of a WEG is established through type test carried out with refernce to the wind speed and is declared by the manufacturer as the power curve for use in estimating generation under site specific wind conditions.
WEG is designed to extract optimum power covering its entire speed range but at the same time not to exceed the rated output and other limiting parameters. The operating efficiency of the rotor depends on the tip speed ratio, which is the ratio of the rotor blade speed and this could reach optimum value at one wind speed, (or at two speeds for two-speed WEG). For variable speed, on the other hand, the change in tip speed ratio depends on both wind speed and rotor speed. For maximum rotor efficiency, the rotor speed is controlled to maintain the tip speed ratio normally at 6 to 8. Because of this flexibility, a variable speed drive option could generate more energy for the same wind speed regime.
Several control techniques have been developed which are based on two distinct approaches. These are:
A. Stall Control B. Pitch control
In stall control, the rotor blades are fixed at an angle. The blade profile is shaped such that at high wind speed turbulence is created to cause a collapse in aerodynamic efficiency to limit the power output. This behavior is intrinsic to the blade design without separate control system to maintain output from the turbine blades constantly close to the rated value beyond the rated wind speed.
In stall-regulated configuration there are chances of overshooting the power output since the system depends on atmospheric condition. Generators used for WEGs are mostly designed for class F insulation but operation is restricted to class b to allow higher margin on temperature rise. For optimum efficiency, the setting of the blades may be adjusted twice in a year but this is a labour incentive exercise, which is generally avoided. The stall system may have a provision to open-up the tip of the blade to act as a “fail- safe” braking as supplementary to the mechanical brake. However, because of the metal components, the tip-brake also carries more risks to lighting strike.
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The basic advantage of stall control is that it requires a few moving parts and easy dominated the market in sub-MW range. Setting isolated examples, 1.3 MW Nordex and 1.5 MW NEG-Micon models have been developed on this control concept.
In pitch control the blades are gradually turned out of the wind so that the angle of attack changes and the aerodynamic efficiency is reduced depending upon the wind speed. The pitch mechanism is usually activated by hydraulic-power or electric motor drive. It however reacts with a certain time log and builds- up considerable peak load when guest wind hits the blade. „Optislip‟ control, patented by Vestas, is provided with an electronic circuitry where the generator slip may be temporarily increased to fast speed up the rotor (up to 10% of its nominal rpm) for operating at higher efficiency and advantageously store energy developed under gusty condition to release the same on normalcy.
A relatively recent innovation is active stall (or semi-pitch) concept where, instead of only the tip portion, the full blade can be turned along its longitudinal axis. On reaching the rated output, the blade changes its alignment to result in which is called “deeper stall” effect whereby excess energy in the wind is wasted to keep the output constant for all wind speeds between the rated and cut-out wind speed. An advantage of this arrangement is better start-up characteristics. In some system, the blades are programmed to pitch at a fixed steps depending upon the wind. (Combi-stall system developed by Bonus is also a type of active stall control).
A current trend is for active pitch which is in fact the pitch control provided separately for individual blade, and is getting increased acceptance for WEGs in MW range, specially used for off-shore application. In general fixed speed WEGs use stall for technical reasons, while variable speed turbines are usually provided with pitch control.
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Chapter-2 Wind Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development
Most wind energy projects require an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) under national law, which allows the full details of environmental costs and benefits of a project to be scrutinized in the public domain. Whilst wind energy is a clean technology, it is not without impact on the environment. The main issues are:
2.1 Environmental Aspects
No energy source is free of environmental effects. As the renewable energy sources make use of energy in forms that are diffuse, larger structures, or greater land use, tend to be required and attention may be focused on the visual effects. In the case of wind energy, there is also discussion of the effects of noise and possible disturbance to wildlife - especially birds. It must be remembered, however, that one of the main reasons for developing the renewable sources is an environmental one - to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases.
2.2 Noise
Almost all sources of power emit noise, and the key to acceptability is the same in every case - sensible siting. Wind turbines emit noise from the rotation of the blades and from the machinery, principally the gearbox and generator. At low wind speeds wind turbines generate no noise, simply because they do not generate. The noise level near the cut-in wind speed is important since the noise perceived by an observer depends on the level of local background noise (the masking effect) in the vicinity. At very high wind speeds, on the other hand, background noise due to the wind itself may well be higher than noise generated by a wind turbine. The intensity of noise reduces with distance and it is also attenuated by air absorption. The exact distance at which noise from turbines becomes "acceptable" depends on a range of factors. As a guide, many wind farms with 400-500 kW turbines find that they need to be sited no closer than around 300-400 m to dwellings.
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2.3 Television and Radio Interference
Wind turbines, like other structures, can scatter electro-magnetic communication signals, including television. Careful siting can avoid difficulties, which may arise in some situations if the signal is weak. Fortunately it is usually possible to introduce technical measures - usually at low cost - to compensate.
2.4 Birds The need to avoid areas where rare plants or animals are to be found is generally a matter of common sense, but the question of birds is more complicated and has been the subject of several studies. Problems arose at some early wind farms that were sited in locations where large numbers of birds congregate - especially on migration routes. However, such problems are now rare, and it must also be remembered that many other activities cause far more casualties to birds, such as the ubiquitous motor vehicle.
In practice, provided investigations are carried out to ensure that wind installations are not sited too near large concentrations of nesting birds, there is little cause for concern. Most birds, for most of the time, are quite capable of avoiding obstacles and very low collision rates are reported where measurements have been made.
2.5 Visual effects
One of the more obvious environmental effects of wind turbines is their visual aspect, especially that of a wind farm comprising a large number of wind turbines. There is no measurable way of assessing the effect, which is essentially subjective. As with noise, the background is also vitally important. Experience has shown that good design and the use of subdued neutral colours - "off-white" is popular - minimises these effects. The subjective nature of the question often means that extraneous factors come into play when acceptability is under discussion. In Denmark and Germany, for example, where local investors are often intimately involved in planning wind installations, this may often ensure that the necessary permits are granted without undue discussion. Sensitive siting is the key to this delicate issue, avoiding the most cherished landscapes and ensuring that the local community is fully briefed on the positive environmental implications.
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2.6 Integration into supply networks
Electricity systems in the developed world have evolved so as to deliver power to the consumers with high efficiency. One fundamental benefit of an integrated electricity system is that generators and consumers both benefit from the aggregation of supply and demand. On the generation side, this means that the need for reserves is kept down. Consumers benefit from a high level of reliability and do not need to provide back-up power supplies. In an integrated system the aggregated maximum demand is much less than the sum of the individual maximum demands of the consumers, simply because the peak demands come at different times.
Wind energy benefits from aggregation; it means that system operators simply cannot detect the loss of generation from a wind farm of, say, 20 MW, as there are innumerable other changes in system demand which occur all the time. Numerous utility studies have indicated that wind can readily be absorbed in an integrated network until the wind capacity accounts for about 20% of maximum demand. Beyond this, some modest changes to operational practice may be needed, but there are no "cut-off" points. Practical experience at these levels is now providing a better understanding of the issues involved.
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Chapter-3 Setting Up a Wind Energy Project
Following procedural steps shall be a useful guideline to examine whether the project proposal is viable both in technical and financial terms, as also ensures trouble-free implementation.
3.1 Management Decision
Company Outlook
• Company‟s business outlook and its consistency with present operation. • A diversification project • Capacity to absorb accelerated depreciation benefits under sections 32 and 80-IA of Income Tax Act 1961 • State incentives (which vary from state-to-state). Interaction with state Nodal Agency for application procedures and eligibility criteria • Size of investment proposed • Financial viability of the project • Arrangement of Finance • Interest rate on loan • Selection of competent Technical Consultancy Firm for the project.
Power Requirement
• In-house power requirement, its criticality of use an future demand; • Installed capacity of proposed wind farm, whether for captive consumption, or planning for fully/partly sale to the state utility/third party. • Wheeling/banking
3.2 Small Size Project
If the size of the project envisaged is small e.g. up to 5.0 MW installed capacity, the best option is to take advantage of facilities being provided by experienced wind farm developers. The small investor just has to arrange for funds and reap benefits.
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The developer develops a large size wind farm, where several investors can install Wind Turbines. In this process developer does the following:
• Selection of suitable site for development of wind farm • Acquisition of land • Feasibility study • Preparation of Detailed Project Report • Sanction of Project • Development of Infrastructure viz. Approach Road, Internal Roads, Grid Extension. • Supervision of Construction, Erection and Commissioning of Wind electric Generators along with associated Civil and Electrical works. • Operation and Maintenance of wind farm during full life-time of Wind electric Generators. • Performance Monitoring and Improvements.
3.3 Large Size Project If the size of the project is more than 5.0 MW, it is considered worth-while to follow the following procedure.
Feasibility Study
• Selection of competent technical consultancy organization having experience in all the fields related to wind farm development. • Selection of suitable site, preferably from among those identified by government agency based on wind data monitoring or by an experienced consultant. • Availability of land adequate for the proposed installed capacity. • Acquisition of land, government or private. Its availability and cost. • Analysis of wind data and assessment of potential at the selected site. • In case wind data is not available from a near-by monitoring mast, immediate action is to install a mast for monitoring wind condition (Anemometry for minimum one year and reference of general wind condition) • Study land features and soil conditions • Study grid and power evacuation facility with particulars on nearby sub-station(s) and the grid quality (capacity, voltage, failure data etc) as also the scope for future expansion plan. • The extent of grid extension required and modification in upstream EHV sub-station
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• Approach road and transport facility • Water source and other infrastructure.
Preparation of DPR
Detailed Project Report (DPR), prepared by an expert consultancy organization should include specific activities enumerated below, in addition to those covered in feasibility study:
• Capacity of wind farm • Mode of project financing • Site identification finalized based on assessment that the wind potential have WPD (wind power density) more than 200 W/m2 at 50 m above ground level. • Purchase/acquisition of land (Govt. land/Private land). • Interaction with WEG manufacturers/their representatives, for budgetary price and machine particulars. • Detailed contour survey of the site and to further assess the land pattern for and around the wind farm area. • Annual estimated generation for different option of WEGs • Grid and power evacuation facility to examine requirement of capacity enhancement of existing sub-station and grid. The cost of grid extension if required should also be studied. • Wind farm layout drawing showing location of WEGs, internal road, unit sub-stations, over- headlines, metering station etc. • Estimated project cost and cash flow statement. • Selection of WEGs preferably out of the latest list published by C-WET (Centre for Wind Energy Technology).
3.4 Project Implementation Stage • Retaining services of expert consultancy organization • Micro-siting of WEGs • No Objection Certificate, to obtain from State Nodal Agency or the State Electricity Board/Regulatory Commission. • Acquisition of land. • Power Purchase Agreement with State Nodal Agency/State Electricity Board/Third Party. • Submitting proposal for loan
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• Soil testing • Preparation of bid document, techno- commercial evaluation of bids and selection of equipment. • Preparation of Bar chart showing project activities. • Engaging experienced contract for site work. • Preparatory work at site – arranging for water and electricity during construction. Creating of storage facility • Insurance of material in store/during erection. • Construction of approach/internal roads. • Erection and commissioning activities. • Safety Certificate from the Chief Electrical Inspector to Government (CEIG) prior to commission of the grid and the wind farm. • Training of operating and maintenance of the wind farm during erection and commissioning. • Observation on performance of the WEGs and other equipment. Figure 2: Implementation of Wind farm Project • Handing over/Taking over of the wind farm.
Project flow diagram [Fig.2] above depicts various stages involved in the wind farm development projects including management inputs, DPR selection and approvals, supplier selection, construction, etc.
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Chapter 4 Global Status of Renewable Energy
More than a fifth of the world's electrical power production now comes from renewable sources. In 2013 renewables accounted for more than 56 percent of all net additions to global power capacity. REN21- annual analysis report, 2014 concludes that renewable electricity capacity jumped by more than 8 percent overall in 2013, to produce some 22 percent of all global power production. Total global installed renewable electricity capacity reached a staggering 1,560 GW in 2013.
19% of global final energy consumption in 2012 was provided by Renewable energy which continued to grow strongly in 2013. Of this total share in 2012, traditional biomass, used primarily for cooking and heating in remote and rural areas of developing countries, accounted for about 9%, and modern renewables increased their share to approximately 10%.
Use of modern renewable energy applies in four distinct markets: power generation, heating and cooling, transport fuels, and rural/off-grid energy services. The breakdown of modern renewables, as a share of total final energy use in 2012, was as follows:
Modern Share Renewables Hydropower 3.8%
Renewable Power 1.2% Sources Heat Energy 4.2% Hydropower Renewable Power Sources Transport biofuels 0.8% Heat Energy Transport biofuels
Figure 3: Estimated Renewable Energy Share of Table 1: Estimated Renewable Energy Share of Global Final Energy Consumption, 2012 Global Final Energy Consumption, 2012 Source: Renewables 2014, Global Status Report Source: Renewables 2014, Global Status Report
Within a period of five years (2009-2013), installed capacity and output of most renewable technologies grew at rapid rates, particularly in the power sector. Solar photovoltaic (PV) experienced the fastest capacity growth rates, while wind saw the most power capacity added of any renewable technology during this period.
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In the heating and cooling sector, trends included the increasing use of renewables in combined heat and power plants; the feeding of renewable heating and cooling into district systems; hybrid solutions in the building renovation sector; and the growing use of renewable heat for industrial purposes.
The growth of liquid biofuels has been uneven in recent years, but their production and use increased in 2013. There is also growing interest in other renewable options in the transport sector.
In the end of 2013, China, the United States, Brazil, Canada, and Germany remained the top countries for total installed renewable power capacity; the top countries for non-hydro capacity were again China, the United States, and Germany, followed by Spain, Italy, and India.
Figure 4: Average Annual Growth rates of Renewable Energy Capacity and Biofuels Production, End-2008-2013
Source: Renewables 2014, Global Status Report
Key achievements in Renewable Energy sector in 2013 Even as global investment in solar PV declined nearly 22% relative to 2012, new capacity installations increased by about 32%. Variable renewables achieved high levels of penetration in several countries. For example, throughout 2013, wind power met 33.2% of electricity demand in Denmark and 20.9% in Spain; in Italy, solar PV met 7.8% of total annual electricity demand. Wind power was excluded from one of Brazil‟s national auctions because it was pricing all other generation sources out of the market
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Growing numbers of cities, states, and regions seek to transition to 100% renewable energy in either individual sectors or economy-wide
Renewable Energy Indicators, 2013
Renewable power capacity including hydro in start 2004 was estimated to be 800 GW; however in end 2013, it was projected to be 1,560 GW. Wind power global capacity in 2004 was 48GW whereas having a more than fivefold increase it reached 318 GW in 2013. An overall annual investment in Renewable Energy sector was 249.4 billion USD in 2013 (Including unreported investments in hydropower projects) (Table 2). In the transport sector annual Ethanol production went up from 28.5 billion liters in start 2004 to 87.2 billion liters in end 2013. However Biodiesel production reached to 26.3 billion liters in 2013 from 2.4 billion liters in start 2004.
Table 2: Renewable Energy indicators Source Renewables 2014, Global Status Report 23 | P a g e
There has been a significant growth in the power sector globally. Global capacity exceeded to 1,560 GW in 2013, with an increase of more than 8% over 2012. Globally, hydropower and solar PV each accounted for about one-third of renewable power capacity added in 2013, followed closely by wind power (29%).
Renewables have accounted for a growing share of electric generation capacity added globally each year. More than 56% of net additions to global power capacity were made by renewables in 2013. By the year end, renewables supplied an estimated 22.1% of global electricity, with hydropower providing about 16.4%. In past five years i.e. from 2009 to 2013 there has been a 2.2% increase in the share of renewables in electricity production globally (Fig. 5). It has also been analyzed that Renewables dominate the global power mix in Europe.
Share of renewables in electricity production
22.1 21.4 20.5 20.2 19.9 Percentage Share
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Figure 5: Share of renewables in electricity production, 2009-2013
Source: https://yearbook.enerdata.net/renewable-in-electricity-production-share-by- region.html
In 2013, Renewables in Norway contributed the highest percentage share in the power mix (97.7%). Brazil and New Zealand follow closely with 77.1 and 74 % respectively. Out of the top ten renewable energy dominated nations, five are the European countries which dominate the global power mix (Fig. 6). Interestingly in the last five years Norway has been the top nation in contributing to the global power mix. Share of Renewable Energy in electricity production in the last five years in Norway has been above 85%. However contribution of Renewables in Brazil and New Zealand has also been more than 70% in throughout last five years. Italy has interestingly increased its share of Renewable Energy in the five years. From contributing 25.7% in 2009 the share has gone up to 38.8% in 2013, although Sweden has given a contrasting scenario. From being 59% in 2009, contribution of Renewables has come down to 53.2% in 2013 in Sweden.
Figure 6 clearly depicts the situation of Renewables contribution to global power mix in India in comparison to top 5 countries. India lags way behind in usage of Renewables. Contribution of Renewables in India to the global power mix has not exceeded 17.4% in the last five years whereas in
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Norway contribution has gone beyond 97%. Though Norway has ample of Hydel resources, India is no behind in Wind and Solar resource.
Share of Renewables in Electricity Production (in%)
16.8
India 15.7 2013 2012 68.8 2011 Venezuela 2010 71.9 2009
74.0 New Zealand 71.7
73.7
Colombia 72.8
77.1
Brazil 89.0
97.9
Norway 96.6
0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 Figure 6: Share of renewables in electricity production (Top five countries and India) Source: https://yearbook.enerdata.net/renewable-in-electricity-production-share-by-region.html
India‟s share of renewables in global electricity production has gone up from 15.7% in 2009 to 16.8% in 2013. India has gradually gained 5th position globally in producing wind power after China, US, Germany and Spain. Though nowadays focus is shifting towards tapping solar power, wind power in history has been the area of interest and still persists to be an area of interest for various entrepreneurs and
25 | P a g e researchers. Besides an increase in use of Renewables, India stays to be way back from many countries where Renewables dominate the global power mix.
Key drivers of renewable energy in India:
Energy security concerns: India ranks fourth and sixth globally as the largest importer of oil, and of petroleum products and LNG, respectively. The increased use of indigenous renewable resources is expected to reduce India‟s dependence on expensive imported fossil fuels.
Government support: The government is playing an active role in promoting the adoption of renewable energy resources by offering various incentives, such as GBIs and tax holidays.
Climate change: The National Solar Mission aims to promote the development and use of solar energy for power generation and other uses, with the ultimate objective of making solar energy compete with fossil-based energy options.
Increasing cost competitiveness of renewable energy technology: Renewable energy is becoming increasingly cost competitive compared to fossil fuel-based generation.
Distributed electricity demand: Renewable energy is a distributed and scalable resource, making it well suited to meet the need for power in remote areas, which lack grid and road infrastructure.
Favorable foreign investment policy: The government has created a liberal environment for foreign investment in renewable energy projects.
Vast untapped potential: India has abundant untapped renewable energy resources. India also has significant potential to produce energy from biomass derived from agricultural and forestry residues.
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Chapter 5 Renewable Energy costs and investments
Wind turbine prices have dropped substantially in recent years, despite continued technological advancements that have yielded increases in hub heights and especially rotor diameters. This downward pricing pressure continued in 2013, partly a result of stiff competition among turbine OEMs and equipment suppliers and related cost-cutting measures. The levelized costs of electricity generation from onshore wind and, particularly, solar PV have fallen sharply.
5.1 Wind Energy Costs Worldwide, major industrial and commercial customers are turning to renewables to reduce their energy costs while increasing the reliability of their energy supply. In 2013, there was an increasing focus on revisions to existing policies and targets, including retroactive changes, with some adjustments made to improve policy effectiveness and efficiency, and others aimed to curtail costs associated with supporting the deployment of renewables. (REN21)
Breakdown of the installed capital cost for Wind:
The capital costs of a wind power project can be broken down into the following major categories:
The turbine cost: including blades, tower and transformer; Civil works: including construction costs for site preparation and the foundations for the towers; Grid connection costs: This can include transformers and subs stations, as well as the connection to the local distribution or transmission network; and Other capital costs: these can include the construction of buildings, control systems, project consultancy costs, etc.
Figure 7: Capital Cost breakdown for a typical Onshore Wind Power System and Turbine Source: Renewable Energy Technologies: Cost Analysis Series 27 | P a g e
The wind turbine is the largest single cost component of the total installed cost of a wind farm. Wind turbine prices increased steadily in recent years, but appear to have peaked in 2009. Between 2000 and 2002 turbine prices averaged USD 700/kW, but this had raised to USD 1500/ kW in the United States and USD 1 800/kW in Europe in 2009. Wind turbine prices peaked in 2009. Between 2000 and 2002 turbine prices averaged USD 700/kW, but this had risen to USD 1 500/ kW in the United States and USD 1 800/kW in Europe in 2009. Since the peak of USD 1800/kW for contracts with a 2009 delivery, wind turbine prices in Europe have declined by 18% for contracts with delivery scheduled in the first half of 2010. (Fig. 8)
Figure 8: Wind Turbine price index by delivery date, 2004 To 2012 Source: Renewable Energy Technologies: Cost Analysis Series The installed capital costs for wind power systems vary significantly depending on the maturity of the market and the local cost structure. China and Denmark had the lowest installed capital costs for new onshore projects of between USD 1300/kW and USD 1384/kW in 2010. Other low cost countries were Greece, India, and Portugal.
Cost of wind turbines has been decreasing, precipitously in some markets over the past several years, both in adjusted and in absolute terms. Of late, this has been largely the result of market forces, but at the same time, continuous design refinements and experience with mass producing an increasing number of the same or similar turbines have decreased the cost of the technology itself.
Renewable Energy technology cost and characteristics have been depicted in table 3. Wind energy equipment (onshore wind) with turbine size: 1.5-3.5 MW and Capacity factor: 25-40% has capital cost of 925-1,470 USD / kW (China and India) and 1,500-1,950 USD / kW (elsewhere); however typical energy
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costs calculated is 4-16 LCOE- U.S. cents/kWh (OECD) and 4-16 LCOE- U.S. cents/kWh (non-OECD). In case of offshore wind, equipment with turbine size: 1.5-7.5 MW and Capacity factor: 35-45% has 4,500-5,500 USD / kW capital cost and 15-23 LCOE- U.S. cents/kWh typical energy costs. (Table 3)
Table 3: Status of Renewable Energy Technologies (Power Generation): Characteristics and Costs Source: Renewables 2014, Global Status Report
5.2 Investment in Renewable Energy Global new investment in renewable power and fuels (not including hydropower projects >50 MW) was USD 214.4 billion in 2013, as estimated by Bloomberg New Energy Finance (BNEF).' This was down 14% relative to 2012, and 23% lower than the record level in 2011. In 2013, China has accounted for maximum investment in Renewable Energy (56.3 Billion USD) followed by Europe and Asia & Oceania
29 | P a g e investing 48.2 Billion USD and 43.3 Billion USD respectively. United States, Americas (excl. United States and Brazil), Brazil, Africa & Middle East, India, Asia & Oceania, Europe and China have increased their investments on Renewable Energy in the past 10 years. Apart from Asia & Oceania and Americas, all other regions have reduced their investments share in Renewable Energy from 2011 to 2012. Europe‟s investment in Renewable Energy has fallen sharply from 114.8 Billion USD in 2011 to 48.4 Billion USD in 2013. Fig. 9 represents a global scenario of new investment in Renewable Power, by Region, 2004 – 2013.
The United States, which invested USD 35.8 billion (including R&D), continued to be the largest individual investor among the developed economies. This was despite a decline in investment of nearly 10% in 2013, attributed largely to the impact of low natural gas prices caused by the shale gas boom, and to uncertainty over the continuation of policy support for renewables. Investment in India in 2013 fell to just under half of the peak total recorded in 2011 (USD 12.5 billion). Almost the entire decline was due to a slowdown in asset finance, which was particularly apparent in the solar power market. However, small- scale project investment increased in 2013 to a record USD 0.4 billion. Beyond the top three countries in Asia, Thailand, Hong Kong, and the Philippines dominated investment in renewable energy in emerging Asia (collectively investing over USD 3 billion).
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2 03 1 -
Source: Renewables 2014,Status Global Report Figure 9: New Global Investment Renewable in Power Fuels, by Region,and 2 0 0 4
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The growth of the wind power industry is attracting increased investment, averaging about €50 billion in new wind power equipment annually over the past 4 years. In the IEA New Policies scenarios the costs remain roughly static over the period out to 2030. Capital costs per kilowatt of installed capacity were considered to have averaged €1,252 in 2013. For the New Policies scenario they don‟t change significantly over the scenario period, ending up at €1,241/kW in 2030. In the Moderate scenario prices drop to about €1,214/kW in 2020 and to €1,203/kW by 2030; and in the advanced scenario, with rapid scale up, costs drop more rapidly, down to €1,137 by 2020 and to €1,100 by 2030.
Figure 10: Wind Energy Investment and Employment (Annual Installation Mw) Source: Global Wind Energy Outlook, 2014
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Chapter 6 Global Wind Energy Development
Global Annual Installed Wind Capacity in the past ten years has grown more than four times. Countries such as China, US, Germany, Spain and India have shown keen interest in developing wind farms for producing wind power. Annual Installed Wind Capacity is accounted to be 35,289 MW in 2013 which was 8,207 MW in 2004 (Fig.11). However, cumulative installed capacity was recorded to be 3, 18,105 MW in 2013.
While annual installed capacity has shown a wavy appearance since 2004 to 2013, cumulative installed capacity has risen sharply from 8,207 MW in 2004 to 3, 18,
105 MW in 2013. Figure 11: Wind Energy- Installed Capacity (in MW) (2004-2013) Source: http://www.gwec.net/globalfigures/graphs/ 6.1 World Wind Energy Targets Countries have identified different wind energy targets, which they plan to, achieve in the respected mentioned year. Countries with Wind Energy targets are mentioned in the following table:
Country Target
Algeria 10 MW by 2013; 50 MW by 2015; 270 MW by 2020; 2,000 MW by 2030
Austria 2,000 MW added 2010-2020
Bhutan 5 MW by 2025
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Brazil 15.6 GW by 2021
Province of Ontario 5 GW by 2025
China 100 GW grid-connected by 2015; 200 GW by 2020
Denmark 50% share in electricity by 2020
Egypt 12% of electricity generation and 7,200 MW by 2020
Finland 884 MW by 2020
France Ocean power and offshore wind- 6 GW by 2020
Wind- 25 GW by 2020
Germany 6.5 GW offshore by 2020; 15 GW offshore by 2030
Guinea 2% of electricity by 2025
India 15 GW added 2012-2017
Indonesia 0.1 GW by 2025
Iraq 80 MW by 2016
Italy Wind (onshore) - 18,000 GWh / year generation and 12 GW capacity by 2020
Wind (offshore)- 2,000 GWh / year generation and 680 MW capacity by 2020
Japan 5 GW by 2020; 8.03 GW offshore by 2030
Jordan 1 GW by 2020
Kenya 635 MW by 2016
Kuwait 3.1 GW by 2030
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Lebanon 60-100 MW by 2015
Libya 260 MW by 2015; 600 MW by 2020; 1,000 MW by 2025
Morocco 2 GW by 2020
Nepal 1 MW by 2013
Nigeria 20 MW by 2015; 40 MW by 2025
Palestinian 44 MW by 2020 Territories
Philippines 2.3 GW added 2010-2030
Poland Wind (offshore)- 1 GW by 2020
Portugal 5.3 GW onshore by 2020; 27 MW offshore by 2020
Saudi Arabia Geothermal, waste-to-energy, wind- 13 GW combined by 2032
South Korea 100 MW by 2013; 900 MW by 2016; 1.5 GW by 2019; 16,619 GWh / year by 2030
Spain 6.3% by 2020
Sudan 320 MW by 2031
Syria 150 MW by 2015; 1 GW by 2020; 1.5 GW by 2025; 2 GW by 2030
Thailand 1.8 GW by 2021
Tunisia 1.5 GW by 2030
Turkey 20 GW by 2023
United Kingdom 39 GW offshore by 2030
Uruguay 1 GW by 2015
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Vietnam 1 GW by 2020
Yemen 400 MW by 2025 Table 4: World Wind Energy Targets Source: Renewables 2014, Global Status Report
6.2 Trends in Technology Development
Wind technologies fall into two distinct types: large turbines, designed to supply electricity to the grid, typically 1-3 MW rated capacity with blade diameters of 60-100 meters, and small turbines rated from around 3 kW up to around 100 kW. As wind technology has matured, large wind turbines have become increasingly standardized. All are now broadly similar three bladed designs. However, the potential for innovation has not been exhausted. There is scope for cost reductions through site optimization and innovations in blade and generator design and in grid connection using power electronics. Offshore wind power has now gained some momentum and is in its application phase, but a lot many factors still harness the growth of offshore wind energy.
Improved technology has slowly and steadily improved capacity utilization in India as well as globally through the modern wind power technology that has come a long way in the last two decades.
Major technology development:
Multi-megawatt turbines installed at greater hub heights Larger diameter rotors so that a single wind power generator can capture more energy – Larger machines have increased the capacity factor steadily from 10-12% in 1998 to 20-22% in 2010. Initially, wind turbines were designed with a low capacity of 10-30 kW. At present, India produces units varying from 250 kW to 2,500 kW. India has emerged as a major wind turbine- manufacturing hub today. Indian companies now export domestically manufactured wind turbines and blades to Australia, Brazil, Europe, USA and a few other countries. Wind-turbine models marketed in India as on 2014 range from 250 KW to 2500 KW capacity. India markets wind turbine models ranging from 41.5 m hub height to 141 m. The advancements do not stop here, India markets turbine models with a rotor diameter ranging from 28.5 m to 109 m.
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6.3 Trends in Wind power market
Top 10 countries in wind power generation accounted for 85% of year-end global capacity. By the end of 2013, at least 85 countries had seen commercial wind activity, while at least 71 had more than 10 MW of reported capacity by year„s end, and 24 had more than 1 GW in operation. Annual growth rates of cumulative wind power capacity have averaged 21.4% since the end of 2008. Wind power followed with USD 80.1 billion, about level with investment in 2012 and accounting for more than 37% of total investment. The top investors in wind power were China, followed distantly by the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, Canada, and India Asset finance of utility-scale wind farms, solar parks and other new installations fell 13% to $133 billion. Sharply falling prices for solar panels and wind turbines meant renewable energies in 2013 accounted for over 43% of new generating capacity globally while raising the share of renewables to 8.5% of the global electricity supply. The figure shows that investment in renewable power and fuels was dominated by wind and solar in 2013. Both generation sources saw reductions in their financial flows, of 1% and 20% respectively, but they still accounted for 90% of investment in renewables excluding large hydro.
Figure 12: Global New Investment in Renewable Energy by Technology, Developed and Developing Countries, 2013 Source: Renewables 2014, Global Status Report
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Chapter 7 Wind Energy Development in India
7.1 Wind Resource in India
Wind as a natural phenomenon is known for change in speed and direction of motion throughout day and night which become more pronounced with seasonal and yearly cycles. The power output from Wind Electric Generator (WEG) is very sensitive to wind speed to which its turbine blades are exposed. Theoretically, power available in wind varies as the cube of the wind speed. In practice, however, the power output from WEG rises almost linearly at lower range of the speed, thereupon following a drooping characteristic to reach its rated power at the specified wind speed (normally between 14 to 16 m/s). The power curve defines the output characteristic of WEG and is largely determined by blade aero foil shape and geometry and the efficiency of drive train components such as the generator and the gearbox.
Wind speed at a site is influenced by the terrain and by the height above ground. Wind moving across the earth‟s surface encounters friction influencing its flow both by reducing the speed and at the same time increasing the level of turbulence. This effect becomes quit prominent while passing over or around mountains, hills, trees, buildings and other type of obstruction in its path. Wind speed generally increases with height above the ground. However there could be exceptional cases where wind speed decreases with height due to special geographical features. Wind speed at a height could be projected from an empirical formula using the Power Law Index (PLI), which is derived from wind speed data at two known heights, at the same location.
The power producing capacity of a particular WEG depends roughly on the size of the blade deciding the swept area to intercept the wind. However for evaluating its performance, the energy generated over a time period (say one year) is more relevant which depends upon the wind speed and its duration at a particular site. Thus, without adequate wind speed, the rated capacity of WEG remains under-utilized. The Capacity Factor (CF) is a measure for the level of utilization which is defined simply as the ratio of the actual energy produced by a WEG in a year to the energy output of the machine had it operated at its rated power for the entire year. A reasonably good CF is 0.25 to 0.30 though around 0.40 is attainable at some selected sites. Wind resource is expressed in terms of annual average power per unit area, which is known as Wind Power Density or WPD.
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The primary requirement for successful implementation of wind power development programme rests on proper assessment of these natural resources. Winds in India are influenced by the strong south-west summer monsoon, which starts in May-June and the weaker north-east winter monsoon, which starts in October. During the period March-August, the wind speeds are uniformly strong over the whole Indian 36 Peninsula, except the eastern peninsular coast. Wind speeds during the period November– March are relatively weaker, though higher winds are available during a part of this period on the Tamil Nadu coastline. Wind Resource Assessment Unit in National Institute of Wind Energy has monitored wind speed & direction at 794 sites in the country. Four numbers of 120m tall masts with multilevel instruments were commissioned at four major wind farm locations in the country to assess the wind shear as well as to act as reference stations. These are: 1. Akal/Jaisalmer - Rajasthan, 2. Lamba/Jamnagar - Gujarat, 3. Jagmin/Satara - Maharashtra, 4. Jogimatti/Chitradurga - Karnataka]
Estimated Wind Power Potential in India- Wind power installable potential estimation has been done with reference to Indian Wind Atlas and insitu measurements. On a conservative consideration, a fraction of 2% land availability for all states except Himalayan states, Northeastern states and Andaman Nicobar Islands has been assumed for energy estimation however, in Himalayan states, Northeastern states and Andaman & Nicobar Islands, it is assumed as 0.5%. The potential would change as per the real land availability in each state. The installable wind power potential (name plate power) is calculated for each wind power density range by assuming 9 MW (average of 7D x 5D, 8D x 4D and 7D x 4D spacing, D is rotor diameter of the turbine) could be installed per square kilometer area.
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Following table lists the state-wise Wind Power Potential in India at 50m and 80 levels: States / UTs Estimated potential Estimated potential (MW) at 80 m (* (MW) at 50 m ($) #$) Andaman & Nicobar 2 365 Andhra Pradesh 5,394 14,497 Arunachal Pradesh* 201 236 Assam* 53 112 Bihar - 144 Chhattisgarh* 23 314 Dieu Damn - 4 Gujarat 10,609 35,071 Haryana - 93 Himachal Pradesh * 20 64 Jharkhand - 91 Jammu & Kashmir * 5,311 5,685 Karnataka 8,591 13,593 Kerala 790 837 Lakshadweep 16 16 Madhya Pradesh 920 2931 Maharashtra 5,439 5,961 Manipur* 7 56 Meghalaya * 44 82 Nagaland * 3 16 Orissa 910 1384 Pondicherry - 120 Rajasthan 5,005 5,050 Sikkim * 98 98 Tamil Nadu 5,374 14,152 Uttarakhand * 161 534 Uttar Pradesh * 137 1,260 West Bengal* 22 22 TOTAL 49,130 1,02,788 * Wind potential has yet to be validated with actual measurements. # Estimation is based on meso scale modeling (Indian Wind Atlas). $ As actual land assessment is not done on a conservative consideration 2 % land availability for all states except
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Himalayan & North eastern states, Andaman Nicobar Islands and Poor windy states has been assumed. In other area 0.5% land availability has been assumed. Table 5: Wind Energy Potential in different states in India Source: http://www.cwet.tn.nic.in/html/departments_ewpp.html
7.2 Installed capacity
As estimated, out of the total Indian wind power potential of 49,130 MW at 50m level and 1, 02,788 MW at 80m level, about 21,136.3 MW has already been installed till March 2014. The number rose to 22,465.03 MW by 31st December, 2014 (MNRE: http://mnre.gov.in/mission-and-vision- 2/achievements/). With this much wind installed capacity, Renewable Energy Sources (excluding large Hydro) currently accounts for 13.86 % of India‟s overall installed power capacity of 2, 28,721.73 MW.
Although India is a relative newcomer to the wind industry compared with China and the United States, India has the fifth largest installed wind power capacity in the world. Following China, US, Germany and Spain, India had an installed capacity of 20,150 MW in end of 2013. Though India stands on fifth position, it has a much higher contribution to global wind energy capacity, compared to UK, Italy and France. (Fig. 13)
In past five years, i.e. from March-2010 to March-2014, wind power installed capacity in India has grown twice of what it was in 2009 (10,242.3MW). In 2011, wind installed capacity reached 11,807MW and has seen a continuous growth in the installations since then. (Fig. 13)
Figure 13: Wind Energy Installed Capacity Source: (i) http://mnre.gov.in/file-manager/akshay-urja/march-april-2014/EN/52.pdf (ii) http://www.inwea.org/installedcapacity.htm 41 | P a g e
Wind energy dominates India's renewable energy industry, accounting for over 67 % of installed capacity (>21,132 MW), followed by biomass power (4,013 MW), small hydro power (3,804 MW), solar power (2,647 MW) and Urban & Industrial Waste 106.6. (Fig. 14)
Some of the regions with the highest wind energy density sites can be found in Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Karnataka. Of these states, almost all available high wind energy sites have been utilized in Tamil Nadu. Tamil Nadu has been the leader in installed capacity in wind power with 36 % of the overall installed capacity in India. (Fig. 14)
In its 12th Five Year Plan (2012-2017), the Indian Government has set a target of adding 18.5 GW of renewable energy sources to the generation mix out of which 11 GW is the Wind estimation and rest from renewable sources like Solar 4 GW and others 3.5 GW. Figure 14: Renewable Energy Share in India and State-wise Wind Power Installation Source: Annual Report 2013-14 (MNRE). 7.3 Market status
As of 2012, 16 existing manufacturers had a consolidated annual production capacity of over 9,500 MW and at the end of 2013, 19 existing manufacturers offered approximately 50 models of wind turbines and had a combined annual production capacity of over 10 GW
Lower manufacturing costs in India have pushed Indian manufacturers to engage in the global market. Indian companies now export domestically manufactured wind turbines and blades to Australia, Brazil, Europe, USA and a few other countries. Also leading manufacturers like Suzlon, Wind World, and RRB Energy and players like Regen Powertech, Gamesa, Inox, Kenerys, GE, Siemens, Nupower, Sinovel and Garuda have set up wind turbine production in India
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There were some major changes in the market share of wind turbine manufacturers in year 2013-14. The table below depicts the Installed capacity by different manufacturers till year 2012-13.
Manufacturer Installed Capacity in MW year-wise 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 Enercon 348.8 504 767 453.6 Suzlon 762.65 954.6 1149 414.75 ReGen Powertech 55.5 55.5 416 273 Gamesa 15.3 230.3 312 89.5 Vestas 121.95 175.5 260 N.A Others 259.7 334.23 259 83.65* Total 1563.9 2254.13 3163 1314.5 *Including Vestas Table 6: Market share of wind turbine manufacturers in year 2013-14 Source: Panchabuta report, 2013
7.4 Investments in Wind Energy Sector:
Wind energy sector attracted Rs. 19,000 crore investments and 3,200 MW was commissioned in 2011- 2012. However the investments came down to Rs. 10,200 crore for 1,700 MW in 2012-2013 The downswing in the market could be attributed to the withdrawal of key government fiscal incentives, including accelerated depreciation adjustments.
India's sluggish wind energy market is set for a revival following the restoration of a depreciation incentive, which is expected to attract about Rs 20,000 crore of investments next year as companies across sectors add 3,000 MW of capacity powered by this renewable source of energy.
The reintroduction of accelerated depreciation (AD), which was withdrawn in 2012, is poised to support equipment manufacturers, including Suzlon Energy Ltd, the country's largest wind turbine maker, which received 150 MW of orders soon after the benefit was brought back.
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Chapter 8 Institutional Framework and policies in India
There are multiple agencies and institutions that are involved in the renewable energy sector in India. At two major levels i.e. the central level and the state level, different agencies and institutions have a pivotal role to play for promoting and developing power from wind in India.
8.1 Institutional Framework
Central Level: Under the central government, the ministry of new and renewable energy is the nodal ministry of the government of India, for all the matters related to new and renewable energy. The Ministry Of Power, Ministry Of Finance, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy and the CERCs form the integral part of political and institutional structuring of Wind Energy development at the central level.
Amongst all, the focus of the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy is to increase the installed capacity of grid interactive and off-grid renewable power by promoting the development and deployment of various technologies. The government has been offering a number of fiscal and financial incentives to investors in increasing the penetration of renewable power in the energy and electricity mix of the country.
One of the fastest growing renewable technologies identified by MNRE is Wind energy, which has been deployed successfully in India. Ministry‟s wind power programme covers survey and assessment of wind resources, facilitation of implementation of demonstration and private sector projects through various fiscal and promotional policies.
State Level:
At the state level, state nodal agencies and the SERCs play a significant role in designing the policy environment for wind. Resource assessments for wind energy, determining feed-in-tariffs, determination of RPOs and other major duties are performed at the state level.
State governments have promoted wind energy at the state level through bringing out policies that define wind energy development in that state. These policies offer different incentives to attract large scale investment in the wind energy sector at the state level
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8.2 Policies facilitating wind power in India:
Policies and initiatives for promotion of wind energy in India at the National level:
Electricity Act, 2003- It supports power generation from renewable energy sources by providing preferential tariffs. The act states that the appropriate Commissions have to specify the terms and conditions for the determination of tariff for promotion of electricity generation from renewables including wind energy. Additionally, the act outlines that the State Commissions have to promote generation of electricity from wind energy by providing suitable grid connectivity measures.
Integrated Energy Policy, 2006- The planning commission brought out ‗Integrated Energy Policy: Report of the expert committee (IEP)„ in 2006, which provided a broad overarching framework for the multitude of policies governing the production, distribution, usage etc. of energy from different sources. The committee„s approach has been identify policies that create an enabling environment and provide incentives to decision makers, consumers, private firms, autonomous public corporations, and government departments, to behave in ways that result in socially and economically desirable outcomes.
State Feed-in-Tariff, 2008- Feed-in-Tariff is an initiative designed in need to drive large scale investment in the renewable energy sector. It is an attractive policy that offers a guarantee of payment to renewable energy developers for the electricity they produce, which in turn motivates more investments in the wind energy sector.
State Control period Tariff (Rs. /kWh) Andhra Pradesh 1.4.2009 to 31.3.2014 3.50 for 1st 10 years Haryana 1.4.2007 to 31.3.2012 4.08 in base year 2007-08, Escalation @1.5% p.a. Gujarat N/A 3.55 for 20 years Madhya Pradesh 21.11.2007 to 31.3.2012 1st year - 4.03 5th year to 20th year – 3.36
Karnataka N/A 3.70 for first 10 years Maharashtra 1.4.2009 to 31.3.2014 3.50 in 1st year from COD (commercial operation date), will increase @15p/unit/year for 13 years
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Tamil Nadu 1.4.2009 to 31.3.2011 3.39
Table 7: Tariff rates per KWh Source: National Institute of Wind Energy (Formerly Cwet)
Generation Based Incentives, 2009-
The GBI scheme includes captive wind power projects, but excludes third party sale, for example merchant power plants. Favoring developers with more efficient wind farms, GBI scheme was introduced to motivate developers to install wind capacity which would focus on the amount of electricity generated rather than just installation of wind turbines to gain the accelerated depreciation benefit. Government authorized an incentive of INR 0.50 per Kwh of electricity fed into the grid for a period of not less than 4 years and a maximum period of 10 years with a cap of Rs. 100 Lakhs per MW.
Renewable Energy Certificate, 2010- A Renewable Energy Certificate is a tradable certificate which can be traded through power exchange platform that allows market based price discovery, within a price range determined by CERC. The price limits are called forbearance price and floor price. REC mechanism is a method by which the obligated entities under RPO can meet their targets. The Renewable Energy generators are issued one REC for every 1 Mwh of power generated. The trading takes place on last Wednesday of every month and is done in the power exchanges- Indian Energy Exchange (IEX) and Power Exchange India (PXIL)
Offshore wind policy, 2013- The Government envisages carrying forward the development of offshore wind energy in the country. Government of India in its interest to develop Offshore Wind Farm has decided to have a Policy that will enable optimum exploitation of Offshore Wind energy in the interest of the nation. National Offshore Wind Energy Authority (NOWA), under MNRE has been credited to be the nodal agency for offshore wind projects in the country. Draft national offshore wind policy released in 2013 comes with following objectives: a.) Promote deployment of offshore wind farms in the first instance up to 12 nautical miles from coast. b.) Encourage investment in energy infrastructure c.) Promote spatial planning and management of maritime renewable energy resources in the EEZ of the country d.) Achieve energy security e.) Reduce carbon emissions f.) Encourage indigenization of the offshore wind energy technology g.) Promote R&D in the offshore wind energy sector h.) Create skilled manpower and employment in a new industry.
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8.3 Policies facilitating wind power in India at state level:
State governments have promoted wind energy at the state level through bringing out policies that define wind energy development in that state. Following are the state level policies:
POLICY YEAR Andhra Pradesh Wind Energy Policy 2008 (5 years from the date of the policy unless superseded or modified by any other Order) Bihar Policy for promotion of New and Renewable Energy Sources 2011 Policy Guidelines For Developing Non-Conventional Sources N/A (Operative period- 5 years with immediate effect) Bihar Industrial Incentive Policy 2011
Chhattisgarh Policy for promotion of Power Generation from Wind 2006
Gujarat Wind Power Policy 2007 (Operative period- 20th June, 2007 to 30th June, 2012)
Karnataka Karnataka Renewable Energy Policy 2010 (Valid for 5 years up to 2014)
Karnataka Industrial Policy 2009-2014
Kerala Guidelines For Development of Wind Farms in Private Land 2007
Madhya Pradesh Wind Power Project Policy 2012
Policy for Promoting Generation of Electricity through Non- 2006 Conventional Energy Sources (Operative period- 5 years)
MP Industrial Promotion Policy, 2010 2010
Maharashtra Non-conventional Energy Policy 2008
Manipur Manipur Renewable Energy Policy 2006 Mizoram Power Policy For Power Through Non-Conventional Energy N/A Sources Jharkhand Jharkhand Energy Policy 2012 Jharkhand Industrial Policy 2012 Orissa Policy Guidelines on Power Generation from Non- 2005 Conventional Energy Sources (In force for period of 10 years)
Punjab New and Renewable Source of Energy (NRSE) Policy 2006
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Rajasthan Policy for promoting generation of Electricity through Non- 2004 Conventional Energy Sources
Policy for promotion of Electricity generation from Wind 2011
Tripura Draft Policy for promoting generation of electricity through N/A New & Renewable Energy Sources
Uttarakhand Policy for promoting generation of electricity through 2008 Renewable Energy Sources with private sector & community participation
Uttar Pradesh Uttar Pradesh Energy Policy 2009 Table 8: Policies facilitating wind power in India at state level Source: India Environment Portal and IREDA
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Chapter 9 Wind Energy Case Studies
Alta Wind Energy Center (AWEC), California, United States of America Alta Wind Energy Center (AWEC), also known as Mojave Wind Farm, is the second largest onshore wind energy project in the world. It is owned by Terra-Gen Power, an affiliate of Arclight Capital Partners and Global Infrastructure Partners.
The project will supply 1,550MW of clean renewable energy to Southern California Edison (SCE) for more than 25 years under a 3,000MW wind power development initiative upon completion. The purchase agreement was signed in 2006. Details: http://www.power-technology.com/projects/alta-wind-energy-center-awec-california/
Muppandal wind farm on the southern tip of India Twenty wind turbines have completed the 25.5MW Tamil Nadu Muppandal wind farm on the southern tip of India. The 20 turbines have added 17MW of power to the 8.5MW produced by ten that were erected between March and April 2005.
Details: http://www.power-technology.com/projects/tamilnaduwind/
Jaisalmer Wind Park The Jaisalmer Wind Park being developed by the Suzlon Group has crossed 1,000 Mw of installed capacity and has reached 1,064 Mw (one gigawatt) on April 1. This makes the wind park, the largest of its kind in the country, Suzlon claimed in a filing with the Bombay Stock Exchange.
Details: http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/suzlon-creates-country-s-largest-wind-park- 112051100101_1.html
Cedar Creek Wind Farm, Colarado, United States of America The 300MW Cedar Creek Wind Energy Project came on line in Colorado, US in October 2007. With 274 turbines, Cedar Creek is located in a 13,000ha (32,000-acre) site about 13km (8 miles) east of Grover in north-central Weld County, Colorado. It is one of the largest single wind-power facilities in the US.
Details: http://www.power-technology.com/projects/cedarcreek/
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La Ventosa Wind Farm, Mexico The La Ventosa Project consists of the construction and operation of a 102 MW wind farm in Mexico‟s southern state of Oaxaca, in the municipalities of Juchitan de Zaragoza and Asunción Ixtlaltepec, in the vicinity of the La Ventosa town (Figure 1). The main objective of the Project is to generate electricity from wind, thus increasing the percentage of renewable sourced power in Mexico‟s electricity grid, and, at the same time, contributing to the environmental, social and economic sustainability of the region. The La Ventosa Project is currently in development stages and it is expected to be fully operational by January 2008.
Details: https://cdm.unfccc.int/Projects/DB/AENOR1180622272.78/view
Small wind success story: Wind turbine reduces Vineyard Electricity bills by half. Mathewson had been spending $15,000 annually on electricity to irrigate his 40-acre vineyard. He figured it was time to see if the wind, which blows steadily from afternoon to midnight in the summers, could do some of the work instead. Mathewson‟s instincts were right: his 10-kilowatt wind generator reduced his power bill from $1,000 to $200 per month during the grape irrigation season. He cut his annual electricity bill by nearly half.
Details: http://www.awea.org/Issues/Content.aspx?ItemNumber=4646
Diavik Wind Farm The 9.2 MW Diavik Wind Farm is the first large-scale wind energy facility in the Northwest Territories. The project was developed by Diavik Diamond Mines Inc. to help diversify the energy supply at the company‟s mining operation. The four ENERCON wind turbines are integrated into the mine‟s existing diesel-powered system and will offset diesel use when the wind is blowing.
Details: http://canwea.ca/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/canwea-casestudy-DiavikMine-e-web2.pdf
Bankend Rig wind farm SgurrEnergy was appointed by Wilson Renewables to provide support to take this project from initial planning approval through construction and progressing on to operational management. The project required the conclusion of the planning process and identification and selection of the key contractors against a tight timescale and challenging planning constraints.
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Details: http://www.sgurrenergy.com/renewable-case-studies/onshore-wind/
Salkhit wind farm In 2010 SgurrEnergy was appointed as technical advisor and project management consultant for Clean Energy‟s 50MW Salkhit wind farm, the first wind farm to be developed and constructed in Mongolia.
The client‟s renewable energy flagship project was supported by SgurrEnergy in conducting feasibility studies, TSA and BoP contract management, achieving successful financial close and monitoring of the construction phase. Key SgurrEnergy personnel were then based on-site in Mongolia to manage the project for the duration of the construction phase.
Details: http://www.sgurrenergy.com/renewable-case-studies/onshore-wind/
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Chapter 10 Wind Power Directory
IMPORTANT GLOBAL Fax: +353 45 854958 ORGANIZATIONS (WORLD) Web Site: http://www.iwea.com/home
Global Wind Energy Council German Wind Energy Association (BWE) Renewable Energy House Rue d‟Arlon 63-65 Headquarters 1040 Brussels Belgium Neustaedtische Kirchstrasse 6 Tel: 32 2 400 1028 10117 Berlin Fax: 32 2 546 1944 Tel. +49 (0)30 212341-210 Web site: http://www.gwec.net Fax +49 (0)30 212341-410 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.wind-energie.de/en American Wind Energy Association 1501 M St. NW, Suite 1000 Washington, DC 20005 South African Wind Energy Association P: 202.383.2500 c/o IMBEWU Sustainability Legal Specialists F: 202.383.2505 (Pty) Ltd Web Site: http://www.awea.org/# 53 Dudley Road Corner Bolton Avenue Parkwood Canadian Wind Energy Association Gauteng (CanWEA) 2193 1600 Carling Avenue Tel: +27 (0) 11 214 0664 Suite 710 Cell: +27 (0) 82 746 3364 Ottawa, Ontario Email: [email protected] Canada K1Z 1G3 Web Site: http://www.sawea.org.za/ Phone: 613-234-8716 or 1-800-922-6932 Fax: 613-234-5642 Wind on the Wires Web Site: http://canwea.ca/ 570 Asbury St., Suite 201 St. Paul, MN 55104 European Wind Energy Association (EWEA) 651.644.3400 63-65 Rue d'Arlon, Brussels Belgium B-1040 General Inquiries: Tel: 32 2 546 1940 [email protected] Fax: 32 2 546 1944 Web Site: http://www.ewea.org World Wind Energy Association Charles-de-Gaulle-Str. 5 53113 Bonn, Germany Irish Wind Energy Association Tel: 49 228 369 40 80 Sycamore House, Millennium Park Fax: 49 228 369 40 84 Osberstown, Naas, Co. Kildare. Web Site: http://www.wwindea.org Email: [email protected] Tel: +353 45 899341
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Indian Wind Turbine Manufacturers Web Site: http://www.iepa.com/default.asp Association B6/65, 3rd Floor, Safdarjung Enclave, National Renewable Energy Laboratory New Delhi 110029 (NREL) Tel: 011-41814755, 41814744 (Washington, D.C. Office) Email: [email protected] National Renewable Energy Laboratory Web Site: http://www.indianwindpower.com/ 901 D. Street, S.W. Suite 930 Washington, D.C. 20024-2157 Clean Energy Council Phone: 202-488-2200 Level 15, 222 Exhibition Street Web Site: http://www.nrel.gov/ Melbourne VIC 3000, Australia Phone: +61 3 9929 4100 Deutsches Windenergie-Institute GmbH Fax: +61 3 9929 4101 (DEWI - German Wind Energy Institute)
Eberstr. 96, Wilhelmshaven, Germany D-26382 Danish Wind Industry Association Tel: 49 (0) 4421 4808 0 Vester Voldgade 106 Fax: 49 (0) 4421 4808 43 Copenhagen V, Denmark DK-1552 Tel: 45 3373 Email: dewi©dewi.de 0330 Web Site: http://www.dewi.de Web Site: http://www.windpower.org
European Forum for Renewable Energy COMPANIES Sources (EUFORES) ENERCON Rue d'Arlon 63-65, Brussels Belgium B-1040 ENERCON GmbH - Sales international Tel: 32 546 1948 Teerhof 59, D-28199 Bremen, Germany Fax: 32 546 1934 Phone: +49 421 / 24415100, Fax: +49 421 / Web Site: http://www.eufores.org 2441539 Email: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.enercon.de/en- New Zealand Wind Energy Association en/index.html PO Box 553 Wellington 6140 Vestas Wind Systems A/S New Zealand Hedeager 44 Phone: +64 4 499 5046 8200 Aarhus N Denmark Fax: +64 4 473 6754 Tel: +45 97 30 00 00 Email: [email protected] Company reg. no. 10403782 Web site: http://www.windenergy.org.nz/wind- Web Site: http://www.vestas.com/ energy
Independent Energy Producers Association INDIA 1215 K Street, Suite 900 Sacramento, CA 95814 Government Organizations Tel: 916 448 9499 NODAL MINISTRY Fax: 916 448 0182 The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy Email: [email protected] (MNRE)
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Block-14, CGO Complex, Web Site: http://www.cwet.tn.nic.in/Default.htm Lodhi Road,New Delhi-110 003, India. Sh. G. Upadhyay (Scientist-E/ Director) [Phone: 011-24364362/Email: Sardar Swaran Singh National Institute of [email protected]] Renewable Energy Fax: +91-11-24361298 12th K. M. Stone, Jalandhar Web Site: http://mnre.gov.in/ Kapurthala Road, Wadala Kalan, Kapurthala - 144601 (Punjab), INDIA Central Government Agencies Fax: +91 1822 255090 Phone: +91 1822 255544 Indian Renewable Energy Development Email: [email protected] Agency (IREDA) Web Site: http://www.nire.res.in/ 1st floor, Core-4A, East Court India Habitat Centre Complex Lodi Road New Delhi – 110 003 STATE NODAL AGENCIES Tel: +91 11 24682206 - 24682219 Andhra Pradesh Fax: 011-24682202 Non-Conventional Energy Development Web site: http://www.ireda.gov.in/default.aspx Corporation of Andhra Pradesh (NEDCAP) Rural Electrification Corporation Ltd Ltd Core 4, Scope Complex, 7 Lodi Road Regd.Office:5-8-207/2, Pisgah Complex, New Delhi 110003 Nampally, Hyderabad - 500 001. Tel: 011- 43091500 (Front Desk) Tel. off: +91-40-2320 2391 Website: www.recindia.gov.in Grams: “NREDCAP” Fax: 040-23201666 The National Small Industries Corporation Email: [email protected], [email protected] Ltd Web-Site: http://tg.nedcap.gov.in/Default.aspx NSIC Bhawan
Okhla Industrial Estate Arunachal Pradesh New Delhi - 110 020 Arunachal Pradesh Energy Development Tel: 011-2683 7071, 2692 0907, 2692 6275 Agency Fax: 011-2692 0907 E-mail: [email protected] (APEDA) Website: www.nsicindia.org Urja Bhawan, Post Box No: 124
Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh - 791111 National Institute of Wind Energy (NIWE) Phone: (0360) 2211160 / 2217870 (Formerly known as “Centre for Wind Energy Web Site: http://www.apeda.org.in/index.html Technology " under the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy) Assam Velachery - Tambaram Main Road Assam Energy Development Agency Pallikaranai, Chennai - 600 100 Bigyan Bhawan, Near IDBI Building, ABC, G. Phone / EPABX: +91 - 44 - 2246 3982/ 2246 S. Road, Guwahati- 781005 3983 / 2246 3984 / 2900 1162 / 2900 1167 / Telefax: +91-361-2450147, 2450646 2900 1195 Telefax: +91-361-2464617 Fax: +91 - 44 - 2246 3980 Email: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]
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Web Site: Gujarat Energy Development Agency http://www.assamrenewable.org/index.html 4th floor, Block No. 11 & 12 Udyog Bhavan Bihar Sector -11 Bihar Renewable Energy Development Gandhinagar-382 017, Gujarat, India Agency Phone: +91-079-23257251, 23257252, (A Govt. Agency under Energy Department) 23257253, 23257254 3rd Floor, Sone Bhavan, 'Birchand Patel Marg", Fax: +91-079-23257255, 23247097 Patna - 800001 Contact for The Director, GEDA: Phone No: +91-612-2507734 [email protected] Fax No: +91-612-2506572 Web Site: Email: [email protected] http://www.geda.gujarat.gov.in/index.php Web Site: http://www.breda.in/ Haryana Chhattisgarh Renewable Energy Department, Haryana & Chhattisgarh State Renewable Energy HAREDA Development Agency (CREDA) Akshay Urja Bhawan CSERC Building, 2nd Floor Institutional Plot No.1 Shanti Nagar, Raipur – 492001 Sector 17 Tel.: 0771 – 4019225, 4019226 Panchkula Pin: 134109 Fax: 0771 – 4268389 Tel.: 0172-2587233, 2587833 Email: [email protected] Fax: 0172-2564433 Website: www.creda.in Email: [email protected] Web Site: Delhi http://www.hareda.gov.in/index.php?model=ho Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy me Management Centre IInd Floor, E-Wing, GPO Building, Vikas Himachal Pradesh Bhawan-II, Civil lines Department of NES, Delhi -110054 Armsdale Building, H.P. Secretariat, Phone: +91 – 23392029 Shimla (H.P.)-171009 Email: [email protected] Mr. S.K.B.S. Negi, IAS (Pr. Secretary Web Site: (NES), to the Govt. of H.P.) http://www.environment.delhigovt.nic.in Tel.: (o) 2621897, (R) 2621077 Web Site: Goa http://himurja.nic.in/welcome.html Goa Energy Development Agency (GEDA) Opposite Saligao Seminary, Saligao Plateau, Saligzo, Bardez-Goa-403511 Telephone (O):0832-2407194, 2407112
Fax: 2407194 Email: [email protected]
Gujarat
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Jammu & Kashmir Thiruvananthapuram – 695 033 May To Oct. Nov. To Director's Office: 0471-2329854 April Office Telephone Numbers: 0471 - 2338077, Office 181, 16-New 2334122, 2333124, 2331803 Address: Jawahar Rehari, Fax: 0471-2329853 Nagar, Near Jammu Email: [email protected] Matador Web Site: http://www.anert.gov.in/index.php Stand, Srinagar Ladakh Ph No. 91-194- 91-191- Ladakh Renewable Energy Development 2311985 2546495 Agency (LREDA) 9419176026 91-191- 1st Floor, 2nd Block, Council Secretariat 2546494 Complex Email [email protected] Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council Leh, Ladakh 194101 Web Site: http://jakeda.nic.in/ India Telephone: ++91 (0)19 82255733 Jharkhand Fax No.: ++91 (0)19 82257410 Jharkhand Renewable Energy Development Email: [email protected] Agency Web Site: http://ladakhenergy.org/ 3rd Floor, SLDC Building, Kusai, Doranda, Ranchi- 834002. Jharkhand INDIA. Madhya Pradesh Phone No.: +91-0651-2491161 MP Urja Vikas Nigam Ltd. (MPUVN) Fax No. +91-0651-2491165 Urja Bhawan, Link Road No-2, Email: [email protected] Shivaji Nagar, Bhopal. (MP) Web Site: Phone: +91-755- 2556566 http://www.jreda.com/about/about.htm Email: [email protected], [email protected] Karnataka Web Site: Karnataka Renewable Energy Development http://www.mprenewable.nic.in/index.html Ltd Phone: 080- 22207851/ 22208109 Maharashtra Fax: 080-22257399 Maharashtra Energy Development Agency Email: [email protected] (MEDA) Pune Office: Kerala MHADA Commercial Complex, II floor, Agency for Non-Conventional Energy and Opp: Tridal Nagar, Yerwada Rural Technology (ANERT) PUNE - 411 006 (Maharashtra), INDIA Department of Power, PHONE - 91-020-26614393 / 26614403 Government of Kerala FAX - 91-020-26615031 The Director Web Site: http://www.mahaurja.com/ ANERT PMG - Law College Road Manipur Vikas Bhavan P.O.
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Manipur Renewable Energy Development Agency (MANIREDA) (An Autonomous Government Agency under the Rajasthan Dept. of Science & Technology) Rajasthan Renewable Energy Corporation SAI Complex Takyel, Imphal – 795001, Limited (Incorporating formely REDA and Manipur RSPCL) Web Site: http://manireda.com/ E-166, Yudhishthir Marg, C-Scheme, Jaipur- 302005 Meghalaya Phone Nos: 91-141-2225859/ 2228198/ Meghalaya Non-Conventional & Rural 2229341/ 2221650/ 2229055/ 2223556/ 2222941 Energy Development Agency ((MNREDA) Fax:-91-141-2226028 Near BSF Camp, P.O. Mawpat Email: [email protected] Shillong-793012 Web Site: http://www.rrecl.com/Index.aspx Phone: 0364-2537343 Sikkim Nagaland Sikkim Renewable Energy Development Directorate of New & Renewable Energy Agency (SREDA) (NREDA) SREDA Bhawan, Nagaland Kohima RM&DD, Pin: 797001 Government of Sikkim, Ph. No. 0370 2242565 DPH Road, Fax No. 0370 2242566 Gangtok-737101, Web Site: http://www.nrengl.nic.in/ Telefax: 03592-221127 Web Site: http://sreda.gov.in/index.html Orissa Odisha Renewable Energy Development Tamil Nadu Agency (OREDA) TamilNadu Energy Development Agency S-59 Mancheswar Industrial Estate (TEDA) Bhubaneswar - 751010 E.V.K Sampath Maaligai, William Bilung, Chief Executive OREDA 5thfloor, Ph.: No - 0674-2588260 No.68, College Road, Email: [email protected] Chennai-600 006 Web Site: Ph.: 2822 4830, http://www.oredaodisha.com/index.html 2823 6592 Fax: 2822 2971 Punjab Email: [email protected] Punjab Energy Development Agency (PEDA) Web Site: http://teda.in/ Solar Passive Complex, Plot No: 1 & 2, Sector-33D, Chandigarh, Pin Code: 160020 Tripura Contact No: 0172-2663382, 28 Tripura Renewable Energy Development Fax: 0172-2662865 Agency Web Site: http://www.peda.gov.in/index.html 2nd Floor, Vigyan Bhawan Pandit Nehru Complex, Gorkhabasti, Agartala,
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Pin-799006, Tripura, India Tele FAX: 0353 2502452 Er. K.K.Ghosh BE[Electrical] Web Site: http://www.wbreda.org/ Director & CEO Phone-+91-381-2325900 Mob-09436167937 Other Indian Web Site: http://treda.nic.in/ Organizations/Associations Indian Wind Energy Association Uttar Pradesh 1st Floor, A – Wing, AMDA Building, Uttar Pradesh New and Renewable Energy 7/6, Siri Fort Institutional Area, August Kranti Development Agency (UPNEDA) Marg, Vibhuti Khand, Gomti Nagar New Delhi-110 049, India. Lucknow - 226010 Phone : 91-11-4652 3042 Phone - 0522-2720829, 2720652 E-mail: [email protected] Fax - 0522-2720779 Web Site: http://www.inwea.org/index.htm Email – [email protected], [email protected] Indian Wind Turbine Manufacturers Website: http://neda.up.nic.in Association 4th Floor, Samson Towers, 403L, Pantheon Uttarakhand Road, Uttarakhand Renewable Energy Egmore, Chennai – 600008, India. Development Agency (UREDA), Tel: +91-44-4301 6188, 43015 773 Energy Park Campus, Industrial Area, Patel Tel / Fax: +91-44-43016132 Nagar, Email: [email protected] Dehradun - 248001, Uttarakhand Website: www.indianwindpower.com Tel: 0135- 2521553, 2521387, Fax: 0135- 2521386 The Energy and Resources institute (teri) Email: [email protected], Darbari Seth Block [email protected] IHC Complex, Lodhi Roa, Web Site: http://ureda.uk.gov.in/ New Delhi - 110 003, INDIA Tel. (+91 11) 2468 2100 and 41504900 West Bengal Fax (+91 11) 2468 2144 and 2468 2145 West Bengal Renewable Energy Development For general inquires contact: Agency (WBREDA) [email protected] Kolkata Office Web Site: http://www.teriin.org/ Bikalpa Shakti Bhawan, Plot No. J-1/10, Sector – V, EP & GP Block, Salt Lake Electronics Complex, COMPANIES Phone: 033-2357-5038/ 5348/ 6568 FAX: 033 2357 6569 Suzlon Energy Limited One Earth, Opp. Magarpatta City, Hadapsar Siliguri Office Pune - 411028 WBREDA, India. Siliguri Office, Tel.:+91-20-670 22000 / 613 56135 / 672 02500 Anand Mongal Square Building, Fax: +91-020-670 22100 / 670 22200 S.F. Road, Siliguri-734005 Name: Ms. Tanvi Agarwall
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Sr. Manager, Corporate Communications M/s. Global Wind Power Limited Email:[email protected] 9th Floor, Tower 2B,One Indiabulls Centre Web Site: http://www.suzlon.com/index.aspx Jupiter Mills Compound,Senapati Bapat Marg Elphinstone Road RRB India Limited Mumbai - 400 013, India GA-1/B-1 Extension, Phone: +91 22 3931 3500 Mohan Co-operative Industrial Estate E-mail: [email protected] Mathura Road, New Delhi – 110 044′ India Web Site: http://www.gwpl.co.in/index.php Telephone: 91-11-40552222 Fax: 91-11-40552200 M/s. Regen Powertech Private Limited E-mail: [email protected] Samson Towers 4th & 5th Floor Web Site: http://www.rrbenergy.com/ 403L, Pantheon Road, Egmore Chennai - 600 008 India Wind World (India) Ltd. Web Site: http://www.regenpowertech.com/ Wind World Towers Phone: 044 30230200 / 42966200 Plot No. A - 9, CTS No. 700 Veera Industrial E-mail: [email protected] Estate GE Wind Energy INDIA Veera Desai Road, Next to Bhagavati House A-1, Golden Enclave Corporate Towers Andheri (West) - Mumbai 400053. INDIA 3rd Floor, Airport Road, Tel: 022 - 66924848 Bangalore - 560 017 Fax: 022 - 66990940 Tel: 91 80 25263121 Email: [email protected] Fax: 91 80 25263860 Web Site: Web Site: Web Site: http://www.ge.com/in/ http://www.windworldindia.com/index.jsp Shriram EPC Ltd. MOOKAMBIKAI COMPLEX M/s. Leitwind Shriram Manufacturing 6TH FLOOR, LADY DESIKA ROAD Limited MYLAPORE, CHENNAI 600004 D-17, Sipcot Industrial Complex, Tel: (044) 52313003/ 3004 Gummidipoondi - 601 201, Fax: (044) 24996968 Thiruvallur Dist. Tamil Nadu India Web Site: http://www.shriramepc.com/ Phone: 044-2792 6000 E-mail: [email protected] Chiranjeevi Wind Energy Ltd Web Site: http://leitwind.in/index.php 26A, Kamaraj Road, Mahalingapuram Pollachi - 642002 M/s. Pioneer Wincon Private Limited Coimbatore Dist, Tamil Nadu No. 30/1A, Harrington Chambers, 'B' Block, 2nd India. Floor Phone: 0091 - 4259 - 224438 Abdul Razaq 1st Street, Saidapet Fax: 0091 - 4259 - 224437 Chennai - 600015.India E-mail: [email protected] Phone: +91-44-2431 4790 / 4341 4700 Web Site: http://cwel.in E-mail: [email protected] Web Site: http://pioneerwincon.com/index.php?n=1
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References
Publications
1. GWEO, 2014. Global Wind Energy Outlook 2014. Retrieved on January 15, 2015 from http://www.gwec.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/GWEO2014_WEB.pdf 2. Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, 2014. Annual Report 2013-14. Delhi, India: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, p1-17 3. PANCHBUTA, 2013. Outlook on Indian Renewable Energy 2013. Retrieved on September 17, 2014 from http://panchabuta.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Panchabuta-Handbook-Book- format-2013.pdf
Web sites
1. http://www.gwec.net/global-figures/graphs/. Retrieved on December 29, 2014 2. http://www.cwet.tn.nic.in/html/departments_wra.html. Retrieved on December 30, 2014 3. http://mnre.gov.in/mission-and-vision-2/achievements/. Retrieved on December 31, 2014 4. http://mnre.gov.in/file-manager/akshay-urja/march-april-2014/EN/52.pdf. January 5, 2015 5. http://www.ey.com/IN/en/Industries/Power---Utilities/Renewable-energy-in-India-status-and- growth-2013. Retrieved on December 28, 2014 6. http://www.iwea.com/links.html. Retrieved on December 28, 2014 7. http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/RE_Technologies_Cost_Analysis- SOLAR_PV.pdf. Retrieved January 25, 2015 8. http://www.worldenergy.org. Retrieved on December 30, 2014 9. http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/. Retrieved January 12, 2015 10. http://www.ireda.gov.in/.