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An Analysis of Patriarchal Comments in the Web Digital Observation: An Analysis of Patriarchal Comments in the Web Larissa Gabriela Lins Neves;Sônia Maria Lemos;Tirza Almeida da Silva;Daniel Cerdeira de Souza;Eduardo Jorge Sant’Ana Honorato Abstract Through the journey of the plurality of feminisms, we find ourselves today in the fourth wave, in which cyberactivism predominates, with feminist articulations going through the street/network axis. Thus, we sought to consolidate the arguments in defense of feminism from the analysis of the opposite reactions found online. The locus was the cyberspace itself, where comments were found in web news posts that contained controversial contents linked to themes worked out by feminism in their plurality. The qualitative approach was defined based on non-participant systematic observation and content analysis. Nine categories were extracted, including blaming the victim of violence, discrediting female accusations of violence, stigma of prostitution, social concept of Marianism, objectification of the female body, myth of female hysteria, myth of maternal love, sexual and reproductive rights, demerit the relevance of female representativeness, among other subjects. It has been found that chauvinism and misogyny are social reproductions engendered regardless of gender; whereas the demands on female behavior are mostly associated with an accusatory tone, with responsibilities reversed; that there is still the view that women do not have emancipatory capacity to achieve their successes and that, thus, they must take hold of what man has achieved from his privileges; that sexist attitudes are detrimental to society as a whole and not only to women and; Thus, most of society still does not understand the relevance of female representativeness in the various spaces. Keyword: feminism, internet, machismo, misogyny Published Date: 10/31/2019 Page.234-249 Vol 7 No 10 2019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31686/ijier.Vol7.Iss10.1766 International Journal for Innovation Education and Research www.ijier.net Vol:-7 No-10, 2019 Digital Observation: An Analysis of Patriarchal Comments in the Web Larissa Gabriela Lins Neves1; Sônia Maria Lemos (PhD)1; Tirza Almeida da Silva (Msc)2; Daniel Cerdeira de Souza (Msc)3; Eduardo Jorge Sant’Ana Honorato (PhD) 1; ABSTRACT Through the journey of the plurality of feminisms, we find ourselves today in the fourth wave, in which cyberactivism predominates, with feminist articulations going through the street/network axis. Thus, we sought to consolidate the arguments in defense of feminism from the analysis of the opposite reactions found online. The locus was the cyberspace itself, where comments were found in web news posts that contained controversial contents linked to themes worked out by feminism in their plurality. The qualitative approach was defined based on non-participant systematic observation and content analysis. Nine categories were extracted, including blaming the victim of violence, discrediting female accusations of violence, stigma of prostitution, social concept of Marianism, objectification of the female body, myth of female hysteria, myth of maternal love, sexual and reproductive rights, demerit the relevance of female representativeness, among other subjects. It has been found that chauvinism and misogyny are social reproductions engendered regardless of gender; whereas the demands on female behavior are mostly associated with an accusatory tone, with responsibilities reversed; that there is still the view that women do not have emancipatory capacity to achieve their successes and that, thus, they must take hold of what man has achieved from his privileges; that sexist attitudes are detrimental to society as a whole and not only to women and; Thus, most of society still does not understand the relevance of female representativeness in the various spaces. Keywords: feminism, internet, machismo, misogyny 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Plurality of Feminism Feminism (among diverse approaches, contexts, and groups) can be mentioned in the plural. Saffioti (1986) clarifies that "the term feminisms must be emphatic, since there is a multiplicity of academic organizations and positions throughout the history of women's organization.” Thus, she points out that "although there is not a single position of the feminist movement, it is possible to identify certain 1 UEA – Amazon State University 2 UNIP 3 UFSC – Federal University of Santa Catarina International Educative Research Foundation and Publisher © 2019 pg. 234 International Journal for Innovation Education and Research www.ijier.net Vol:-7 No-10, 2019 predominant paradigms or ideologies that are revealed in claims and agendas of a given time, revealing the European hegemony there." Therefore, the world history that will be recorded will be the one told by the dominant view. Thus, according to Monteiro and Grubba (2017), it appears that “the first wave of feminism (nineteenth century until the mid-twentieth century) in Brazil was manifested through the struggle for the vote, in which the "Brazilian suffragettes were led by Bertha Lutz.” According to the authors, "the suffragettes (or suffragettes) were the first activists of nineteenth-century feminism for the right to female voting in Brazilian politics." Then, according to Melo and Schumaher (2003), "the second feminist wave in Brazil fought against the military dictatorship, against male supremacy, sexual violence and the right to pleasure." Thus, national meetings emerged in various parts of the country, bearing in mind the perception that there was a complex universe of claims. It was then that women from other organized sectors of civil society in the 1980s began to make their specific issues visible, such as black women and lesbian. At the beginning of this second period of feminism in Brazil, Mendes et al. (2015) point out that “it was a difficult time, since the repression of the military dictatorship was threatening and violent. In this way, the activists of the time joined the underground or guerrilla groups. ” Thus, the authors reflect that “the insertion of women in the guerrilla war characterized an important break of taboo to the detriment of the female stereotype” (such as the “queen of the home”, from which it is assumed that all women must know how to perform the house chores and not being able to do any other activities she desired), for seeing a woman carrying a gun and going into confrontation with the military was surprising. As a result, “the third phase of feminism (the 1990s) came with the proposal of concentrating on the analysis of differences, alterity, diversity, and the discursive production of subjectivity” (Narvaz & Koller, 2009). Thus, the authors emphasize that “the focus is on women and the sexes for the study of gender relations, demystifying women as“ biological beings ”and understanding the various women in society, including transgender women”. Mendes et al. (2015) adds that “in this long course of the feminist struggle, many rights were won in the pursuit of guaranteeing female citizenship.” Although one of the most significant victories was the sanction of the Maria da Penha Law in 2006, about violence against women, especially domestic violence, remains a serious problem and in this context it is necessary to create new mechanisms to curb and penalize aggressors. In the midst of this, the use of information and communication technologies to propagate feminist manifestation content and to assure affirmative action for women within their environments, not having to take to the streets to know and be part of the causes, is beginning to be most present (Rodrigues et al., 2014). The reason, according to Castells (2013), is “today the space of movement is always made of an interaction of the space of flows on the internet in wireless communication networks with the space of occupied places and symbolic buildings aimed at their acts of protest." In this context, the cyberactivism is inserted, about which Scherer-Warren (2013) reports that “what contributes to this new mode of activism is that social networks regiment current forms of mobilization of intense political potential.” Thus, according to Lemos (2009), although he never used the term cyberfeminism directly, Donna Haraway (2009) had his ideas chosen by different groups as a theoretical basis by suggesting an International Educative Research Foundation and Publisher © 2019 pg. 235 International Journal for Innovation Education and Research www.ijier.net Vol:-7 No-10, 2019 analysis of feminism from the perspective of new technologies, including media, proposing the network organization and appropriation of these technologies as a form of political activism. It is then, through this scenario, that the fourth wave of feminism (21st century) is known, interspersed with the phenomenon of digital activism, “where the social changes brought about by information technology and the panorama in favor of the promotion and dissemination of ideals constitute this most current facet of feminist social movements ”(Rocha, 2017). Therefore, it is understood that “information and communication technologies (ICTs) currently represent alternatives to the content conveyed by traditional mass media, enabling new forms of activism through the network, commonly called digital activism or cyberactivism” (Rodrigues et al., 2014). Thus, “feminist articulations in the present necessarily pass through the street/network axis. Urban space, the street, private and public space, is on its way, coming and going, imagining itself as a space to/for
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