" .. E EPISCOPAL CHURCHPEOPLE for a FREE SOUTHERN AFRICA · c 339 Lafayette Street, New York, N.Y. ,0012·2725 s (212) 4n-0066 FAX: ( 212) 9 79-1013 A .#158 EXTRACTS · 6 March 19 9 5

ADDRESS OF PRESIDENT ON THE OCCASION OF THE OPENING OF THE $ECOND SESSION OF THE DEMOCRATIC PARLIAMENT -CAPE ...!Q!JN I FEBRUARY ..l.L.. 199_5- All of us, precisely because we had never sat in any democratic------parliament before, had to begin the continuing process of learning how to carry out our functions as people's deputies. We had to educate ourselves in an atmosphere characterised by a critical public focus which did not necessarily allow for the reality of that inexperience. Undoubtedly, many of us, both in the legislature and in the executive have made mistakes. But mistakes are an inevitable element of any process of learning.

It is always the case that the spectators are better than the players on the field. None of us should therefore feel ashamed for having committed errors. We must, however, learn from these mistakes so that we do indeed improve our performance. In the recent past, much has been said about corruption--- among some members of this parliament and other leading political figures in the country. Many within and without this chamber and among the mass media have been very keen to condemn and to propel us into precipitate action on the basis of mere allegations. We have resisted this and will continue to do so. We have a responsibility to act un the basis of fact and not allegations, however strident the voice that makes those allegations. Furthermore, we firmly believe that it is important that we build a society based on justice and fairness. At all times we must guarantee the right of the accused to be heard, without making any concession to a primeval instinct to pillory and burn people at the stake. As South Africans, with our particular history, we must be extremely careful not to reintroduce the McCarthyist atmosphere which resulted in people being herded .into unthinking hordes that sought the blood of anybody who was labelled a -communist.

We must also make this clear that we need no educators with regard to the matter of rooting out corruption, which we will deal with firmly and unequivocally, whc·ver may be involved. We are conscious of the reality that corruption in many forms has deeply infected the fibre of our society. It is not possible to have a society based on a lie and patent injustice as society was, without this spawning corrupt practices. To a~dress anot~er important matter of the day, later this year we w1ll be hold1ng our local government elections to complete the processof establishing"the democratic structures which weneed to ensure that the people are able to take their destiny into their own hands.

The importance of these popularly elected structures at the local level cannot be overestimated. It is at this level that we m~st deliver ~hange. It is at this level that the people can most duectly part1cipate in making decisions about important matters that af~ect their daily lives. ---- ~ .....__ ~ ~ ...... _...... 9ne of the most sensitive matters we must address this year is the establishment of the--Truth and Reconciliation Commission. We must move towards this as speedily as possible so as to remove all the uncertainties that have been created through the protracted discussion of this issue. · ·

The legislature is currently discussing the bill dealing with this matter and is receiving public submissions. I would like to urge that we achieve speedy progress in this regard. I would also like to draw the attention of the legislature and the country as a whole, that our purpose in establishing the Truth and Reconciliation Commission is both to obtain the truth and to reinforce the process of reconciliation which our country needs. Nothing we do should lead to the heightening of tensions and the rekindling of the violent political conflicts which we have succeeded so well in bringing under reasonable control. This must also be borne in mind, that many of us, who suffered quite significantly as a result of apartheid repression, are making no demands which would result in vengeance against, or persecution ...... _.of, those ....___.who might .__. he close to,...,._, us. We are all inspired by the reality of progressive- - developments- in our region during the recent period. These include the successful democratic elections in Malawi, , , Botswana and our own country, the restoration of democracy in Lesotho and the signing of the Peace Agreement. All this augurs well for the future of all our :peoples. At the same time, we are all aware of the tensions that are building up with regard to populationmovements within our region. We must treat this matter with all due sensitivity, conscious of the history of our region, including the destruction caused by the policy of aggression and destabilisation carried out by the previous regime.

THE NEW

Joe Slovo had long been the white person most hated by South African whites. He was chairman of the South African· Communist Party. He was in exile for almos~ three ~ec­ ades. His wife, Ruth 'first, had been killed in Mozambique by a South Afrlcan Pollee parcel bomb. Since his return: to South Africa in 1990 he worked~ and c~trally in the deliberations which resulted. in the present Government of Natlonal Unlty · President Nelson Mandela appointed Slovo Minister qf HouE?ing .and h~ tacJ

A SECRET biologic8l weapons Africa to try to persuade the istration officials and sources in programme used to assassinate by James Adams government to take action the Central Intelligence opponents of South Africa's Washington against the military, which has Agency, the programme was apartheid regime is in danger of run the top-secret programme used to assassinate opponents falling into the hands of the Mandela has been unable, de­ for 10 years. of the apartheid regime, under Libyans, according to Ameri­ spite repeated requests, to per­ A sign of the concern in the government of former can intelligence sources. suade his military to relinquish Washington last week was a president F W de Klerk. "It Effons by Britain and Amer­ the blueprint which now risks meeting called by Leon Pa­ was a shocking and disgusting ica to persuade South Africa to falling into the hands of states netta, White House chief of episode," said one source. The destroy the weapons and re­ such as Libya. staff, to discuss the issue. Tony continued on back page search documents have been Intelligence reports that Gad­ Lake, national security adviser, made more urgent by intelli- affi is trying to lure two South and Elisa Harris, a member of . gence report.~ that Colonel African scientists to Tripoli to the National Security Council - Muammar Gadaffi of Libya is help him develop his own bio­ with responsibility for chemical ttying to recruit the scientists logical . weapons programme and biological weapons, are who developed them. have provoked deep concern in also involved in ttying to get Although production of the Washington. The reports have South Africa to destroy the weapons by South Africa has spurred the White House into research. ceased, President Nelson sending an emissary to South According to senior admin- Gadaffi tries to recruit ap_artheid • ;('I' The biologic8l weapons pro. ' Both biological and chemic8l ating' l8d vomited. My body CONTINUED FROM P1 gramme began in the mid· weapons were used as part of started shaking and twitching 1980s as part of a secret project an extensive campaign of ass­ ... I lost consciousness and had fear is that Libya may adopt the funded by the South African assination against opponents of acute respiratory problems." same methods. ministry of defence. Not con- apartheid at home and abroad. Later investigation revealed "The fact that a chemical tent with the chemical weapons On April 23, 1989. Frank Chikane's suitcase and clothes and biological weapons pro­ that had been used in Namibia Chikane, the secretary general had been infected with a toxin gramme was operating is sim­ and Angola, the government of the South African council of that he had breathed or ab­ ply incontestable,'' said a Pen­ wanted a new form of terror to churches, was taken ill on his sorbed through his skin. tagon official. use on the opposition, or in the way to Namibia. He suffered The CIA believes that in the "With BW [biological event of civil war. vomiting, dizt:ine~>s and was same year Thami Zulu. one of weapons] it's not enough just to Biological weapons are unable to walk. A ti:w days he the African National Con­ stop making the stuff as you strains of germs or viruses that later travelled to America for gress's most effective guerrilla only need a small laboratory. are refined for delivery as talks with President Bush and fighters. was fed poison by an We must know that all the sprays or in liquids and pow- congressional lenders. agent working against the ANC records have been destroyed or ders. Tiny amounts can kill "Within the first 24 hours of in Lusaka, the Zambian capital. there is always the risk it could thousands by introducing new my arrival in the USA I fell ANC ·officials in Zambia and be staned again or the know­ strains of plague, anthrax or seriously ill again." said Mozambique are also believed ledge sold to a willing buyer. virulent strains of common ill- Chikane at the time. "I felt nau­ to have been attacked. like the Libyans." nesses such as tuberculosis. seous, I started sweating. saliv- "It was an extensive effort," germ warfare experts said one senior intelligence of­ trying to recruit the South Af­ the angels on this one," said a ficial. "And we still do not rican scientists have turned the foreign office official. "But know how effective it was as issue into a crisis. there appears to be a limit as to some of the deaths looked as if For months, American what he can actually do." the people were simply ill with intelligence has tracked Princeton Lyman. the everyday sicknesses." Gadaffi's agents around the American ambassador to South Exnctly who authorised the world, listening to telephone Africa, and Sir An:hony Reeve, secret biological weapons pro­ conversations seeking to recruit his British counterpart, have gramme is not known to west­ the South Africans. both been directly involved in em intelligence, though it is The diplomatic efforts to get discussions on the subject with thought to have been officially South Africa to destroy its re­ senior South African officials. sanctioned and funded. For the search have been shrouded in President plans past year. the Americans have secrecy, in part because the to send Don ~ · :ley, deputy been content to apply quiet dip­ intelligence effon is at a sen­ assistant direct<: ,f the Arms lomatic pressure on Mandel a to sitive stage and also because of Control and L.- armament destrov all the research. They worries that evidence of Agency, to South Africa shortly had been rea~sured by his Mandela's inability to control to resolve the crisis. A trip last promises. Now, however. his military could undermine month was postponed for fear intelligence reports that his fragile political control. of leaks that might embarrass Gadaffi's agents were actively "Mandela is on the side of Mandela. _THE OBSERVER_ 'Blat t racism' SUNDAY 26 FEBRUARY 1995 • South African m Tvlprisons 'superspy' no"W' .....-.- 8y-- MathltM TMdu Political Editor --....---·---·-----·-----~ fears for life A t>EI .ECJATION led by a member or t'he parliamenwy van Niekerk ~lcct committedorc:omcu011Al.ervic'5 hils fo•Jod shock­ Phillip nient to the National Party, which wants the Truth Commis­ ill& ror.ditions in vtrious Northem Transvu! J'lisons, sion hearings into the apartheid whc.nt racial discrimination bas persisttddupi!e lhc cnanac SOUTH Africa's former 'super­ war to be in secret, nor to a signif­ or tovetnmmf. spy', Craig Williamson, has gone icant section of the ANC which Former Lutheran priest Owl T5henuw.a~~i Farisan.i, an into hiding i.D fear of his life after emphasises reconciliation and ANC MP, uid wliCD be visited Lotlis 'fricbardt prison he his revelations in The Obmvtr last does not want the past to interfere found: week about the police role in the with the enonnous task of re­ bombings of , Jeanette building South Africa. • Uptofivcblacl. wll'dcrsablrin&oncrondavcllbat hlk1 Schoon, and the headquaners of But it does confront the 110 toilet or shower; the African National Congress in country bead-on with the reality • All whites bad tither housea oa !he prison &rour.ds or London. that, while political parties can in tbe veatul..oui~ Trichlll'dt area, Wilh JUbsidics from cbe The report stirred up the de· engineer pacts, there are thou­ Govunment. Blacb who bad applied had not received any bate in South Africa on how to smds of victims 10d their fam­ respon,;e, an(! the eommaadina offiCer later a4mitted to deal with the diny war still haWlt­ ilies, such as Schoon, who are not for¥C'tins to proeet:s the application~; ing President Nelson Mandela's ready for reconciliation. . brave new political world. Home There are splits between A.NC • PriaooerJ repMed wldeirtead as.'lluhs, includins on Secretary Michael Howard con· members of the Cabinet and WOIIltr&. One w1Tder, who was accu~ ortmult, admitted firmed that Scotland Yard was to rank-and-file members in the \0 it but said he bad been angered hy the prisoner; reopen its investigation into the powerful parliamentary justice • The htahcst rank held by a bla~k warlkt w•s that of bombing of the ANC's offices 13 committee who are unhappy with ICI'JlUI!t; years ago. Truth Commission legislation • White 5taff members spent thcit time doina other ANC Secretary-General Cyril providing for the amnesty hear­ lhln&s, while blacks were made l~l do all the work; Ramaphosa called on former ings to be in private. popllfltiOII of President F. W de Klerk and Civil rights groups have • Out or a rcison 361, only fivt were Ministers of the former govern­ rejected the draft legislation be­ white, but the white starr component v.oas 44 percent: ment to tell the truth about how cause of the secrecy provisions, • Jtacialatlil\ldcs k.d tu bloc~ing or parole for blllCk much they knew. De Klerk, now and are threatening to ·take it to prisonen who ''ood up for &heir rights. One prisoner, \\'bo a Deputy President in Mandela 's the constitutional coun. WU due fur parole, Will sent 'a anOihtr pri~OII after ArJlllillB Government of National t:niry, The secrecy clause was wiUl a wlut.e warder. When he t'IIJ'I)e b:sek l3ter, the warder denied knowledge of the bomb­ dropped into the Bill at the insis­ allegedly ~d: '1bat dog is bad:. I wiU n~oU.e sure be docS ings while justifying cross-border tence of the National Party and raids because there was 'a war on after a deal111ith ANC members nol &~ parole asain."; attheume'. of government. If it gets thrown • The conunanding omcer of the prison ~hibit~ • It took Marius Schoon, whose out by the ANC majority on the neaative attitude towards tbo delegation. which included \l,ife Jeanette and six-year-old justice committee, it will have to rerreS('.Iltatives from pro~incl•l BO\'Cf!lmcnt, church lcad­ daughter Kauyn were blo"'n up go back to Cabinet. cn and other civilians: and in Angola by a parcel bomb sent Roelf Meyer, the National • The t!tltude or the prison authorities il gWtd ro by Williamson's police unit, to Party Minister for Constitutional bumili•ting priso~rs rather than rehabilitating them. Black put a human face on the killings. Development, has indicated that w~r' wm repeatedly told thM while M11ndelaroay be in He has initiated "a civil suit his party, which has the most to against Williamson. The hea\iest lose from public exposure, views dlarac of the Oovcmmeot, \be wbite "·ardcr:. were in clatm for damages will be for his itas a non-negotiable. 'Jwa:e of the prison. son, Fritz, who as a rwo-year-old If the parliamentary comminee Correctional Sel'\'iCe~ spo'ke5mln l.ieutenant Rudi wtmessed the outrage. substantially redraws the govern­ Polfieter confirmed tlult black staff lived in a rondR\'el, but Fritz, now at school in Johan­ ment's draft Bill, the A.~C wt..ll be said none of d1en1 had OOillplaioed about this until Farisani nesburg, suffered severe post­ forced to choose between its 0\1.11 visit~d the prison. He said while th~re. wue no ablution traumatic stress s}ndrome and rank-and-file and its National facilities io the rond11Yel, "there are toile: IS neAr the pri~n brain damage. Schoon, jailed 12 Party partners in government. years for sabotage, is also laymg justice Minister Dullah Omar buildins$". criminal charges for the parcel appeared on Friday to have mod­ 1~ dtl'ftrtmcnt. 1-'lli•ani aAid, -viewed ass11Ulls on pris­ bomb murders of h1s w1fe and Ified the ANC's pos1tion. when onm in a lerio1.1s li&ht and those involvc:

WORL~ NewS. African court to decide fate 'l'wo have died in escape attempts. One received a life sentence. Makwayane and Mchunu were sen- tenced to hang. · of death penalty ~eir convictions came after the former apartheid regime declared the death penalty moratorium in Feb· By PATRICK McDOWELL It is the first time that South Africa will have an in· ruary 1990, as Mandela was released from 27 years' im· Of The Associated Pr- dependent body to interpret the highest law of the prisonment to negotiate the end of white rule. JOHANNESBURG, South Africa - When they fired land, similar to the U.S. Supreme Court. Its existence With ~e ANC and the white-led National Party, the automatic weapons at a payroll van, Themba Mak· marks a major shift from the white minority rule of former rulers, unable to agree on whether capital pun­ wayane and Movusu Mchunu unwittingly shot their apartheid to the rule of law under a black-led demo­ IShment ·should be in a new constitution, the issue was way into South African history. cratic government. · · · · left for the courts. .. The death sentences they received for killing four Debate over capital punishment has intensified Under aparthe.d, whites ruled without a written ];Jeople are the focus of two milestones:- the seating of since the April vote that brought Nelson Mandela's Af. constitution and Parliament was supreme. The 'new South Africa's first constitutional court, and the fu. rican National Congress to power. · constitution contains checks and balances on power .ture of capital punishment in a society that once exe­ Death penalty advocates, particularly white conser· such as the constitutional court. ' cuted dozens of people a year. vatives, blame a moratorium on executions since 1990 Seven justices were appointed by Mandela in consul­ ., Two days of arguments ·beginning Wednesday will for South Africa's crime rate, which is among the tation with his Cabinet or a broad-based judicial com· pit the Legal R~sources Center, a group of lawyers that highest in the world. . mission. The others were drawn from the ranks of battled apartheid, against the attorney general's office.· The ANC opposes capital punishment, due in part to professional magistrates. · The center's appeal argues that executions should be the frequent death sentences .meted out to ANC mili· The court's president is , a longtime banned. , tants and black criminals under apartheid. anti-apartheid lawyer who founded the Legal Resources , At issue are articles in the new Bill of Rights of the "It's unfortunate that the court needs to be under Center and helped draft the South African constitution. interim constitntion that prohibit cruel and unusual such pre511ure on its first case," said Justice Catherin~ Few of the justices are traditional jurists. -punishment and guarantee' the right to life, but that O'Regan, a member of the new court and one of the na· , 62, is a longtime ANC activist jailed ,also stipulate no right can be absolute. tion's handful of women judges. But "being in the spot· twice as a young civil·rights lawyer in Cape Town and f ''The court will be dealing with the constitutionality light on this issue will be good for the debate on public forced into exile in Britain, the United States and Mo­ 'f()f the death penalty, not the facts of the case," said values. It's important that the court be decisive." zambique. A car bomb planted by South African .;Ron Pascke of the Legal Resources Center. "It's really The facts of the case are not in dispute. · agents in 1988 cost him an arm and an eye. 18 question of whether anyone can be sentenced to Makwayane, 36, and Mchunu, 24, are survivors of a six· _Sachs said one of the court's most important roles .death in South Africa." man team that shot up an unarmored bank van carrying will be to ensure that South Africa avoids sliding back . The court's 11 justices - two women (one white, one a $136,000 hospital payroll on Aug. 31, 1990. into authoritarian or corrupt rule. ~black) and nine men (six white, two black, one Indian)­ The gunf:tre killed two bank employees in the van "Law and justice were separate in my life, as th~y' ~ be sworn in Tuesday to seven-year terms. 'lbey will and two policemen in an escort car. Before the robbers were in the country," he said. "Now, law and- justice •be arbiters of the constitution that took effect with the na· could escape with the loot, more police arrived and ar· are together again." . · · ,.tiQn's first aU-race ~.~ ...... ~ ...... ~J~.~~ ..... oo ·

1HE CONSTITIJTIONAL COURT • 1978 .~.. ~~~-~~ .. .: .... !0 ... ;~ .. ~'.~•·~·········~··; ...... ~ ••• ;;;...... 132 • 1979 ,;,;.;,~ ...... ;...... ;.••. ;.. ;.~ ••• ;~,,,;,.;,.~;; 133 ' Eleven Constitutional Court judges were sworn in by President Nelson Mandela • 1980 .~~.~.;.~ •.• ,.,,,,,,.,~~o.~ ••.• ,.,...... -•• ~~!-•dh~;,~~u.~~ ••• 132 ' during the opening of the court on 14 February 1995. They are Constitutional Court .< .• 1981 ...... ~ ...... ;.,'.. ;;; .• ;...... 100 -<' .• 1982 .•. : ...... '! •••• ~~ ...... "··-·········~;. ••••• ",.... ~ ••••• 107 ,; president Arthur Chaskalson, judges , , :,:.:. 1983 ...... , ...... ;;.;,; ...• ; ••.•••• ;•.••••• :...... 93 Albie Sachs, , Ismael Mohamed, Catherine O'Regan, ,' 1 '. • 1985 .•..• ~· ...... ;...... ;.165 and Tholakele Madala ..• 1986 ... ;:; ...... : ...... ;••. '•. ;•• ~ ...... 129 • 1987 ~······~·······...... -...... ~:"·~·~·-.·········181 ... 1988 ...... 121 The Constitutional Court convened on 15 January 1995 to decide whether the death • 1989 ...... ;...... , .•... ;... 61 . • 1990 .. ~.;;, ...... ;.i, ...... momtorium declared; penalty is valid 'under the Interim Constitution. , · · about 400 inmates on Death Row. <"' .... ,,~ .... ,., t "'"'~1 D,...... ,,u·••""'" f""' • .,.,,~ .., •. ,: ...... h,...;,t !.,., ...... ,..... ,...~,..., .... THE INDEPENDENT 2 • 15 FEBRUARY 1995 30LAW Try !h~ P~J9~-~~~~~~~ptry btJcally nsky. This does.. not P · th h 1 f fu d amined Its comparative lack of h th tth ali tp"ammeWI e epo n, · ·ca's ~eanf. oweverh ~ ~ - mg from financial institutions sophistication and isolation SOU th Afrl . ~on o mterests as . ':j- and soft funding from interna- from foreign tax planners give 't !St. The government IS nea y f al "d . rise to opportunities Some probl ems aren poised in the middle of the po- lOTh aJ agen~~~ti Structured finance t~hniques •t liti~l spectrum .a~d the state creat~dbfu:~p are lain~ used to enhance funding with a over, b u t 1 s presJd~nt and candidatf~0 s_uc- see The k lawyer wJ be in- tax or accounting benefit, or • f t ceed him are aware o e Jm- I. d. d" ect. I tatio by minimise a tax or accounting b USlness U ure port~~ of compro~se~ th ~~:;:p!ies 'i:Fthe acq~isi- problem, may have application Histoncal· reasonsbl existd .or · "de tJon . of eXJstmg . . 'b usmess,. an d m· m· South Africa , even if the h as great economic pro e~s han. ~ increasingly popular joint ven- techniques have been closed Otentia} savs ~~r~~~1o~:~:;~t, b~tt the~ ture deals. A number of m_ajor ?ffthbyUK.anti-Onavoidff~ metaf~~ P ' '.J d" if th infrastructure and other proJects m e e o -s oo o •d H h would largely Jsappe~ e are under wa and a continued is the advan~ge to be ~ained in Davi ug es ~untry had an open mterna- u swin in t?is area is expect- asset financmg or leasmg deals tiona! market economy There dp . g . . al using tax-efficient structures are many encouraaing develon- e 'usmg mternatJOn contrac- So th Afri h air dy b. - • ,. k'. tors and sources of finance. u ca as ea e any of us now have a ments m the se!U"ch fo~ that goal, So th Africa has a sophisti- come a source of work for UK positive attitude to the economy IS system based on Ro- lawyers on South Africa, but there gro~nthisg~fore- cated~egal advis~g acquis~tio~ M castS{lf GDP growth •Or 'flansear man Dutch law but in the com- by South African compames m is not a businessman, or his are around 4 per cent), and P . mercia! aren; it is heavily Britain. As they gear up to lawyer, in the developed world have been announced for pn- infl ced b E glish law es- spread further their geograph­ who will take anything but a hard vatisation of state-o~e? in- . ?~~ . t!~g · su~ce ical risks, there will also be fi­ look at the risks and potential dustries, a shake-up of civil ser- pede! m t as ,UKm lawyers nancing opportunities in the in- . d t "ty d ·v an corpora eare . . . E bo d rewards of investment in a con­ VIces an. a~ a~s en n e. willbefamiliarwithmanyofthe temational equity, uro n , tinent that has proved so unre­ South Africa IS a signatory to the legal ·concepts and structures syndicated loan and other cap­ warding in the past. ~ruguay round of Gatt, has an and there are strong local firm~ ital markets. There is no doubt that there mdependent central ~a~ ~d · . are still political, economic and has been granted s~fflcient !fl- capable of handling complex The writer is a solicitor with regulatory question marks over vestment grade ratmgs by !D- transactions. WildeSapte. investment in South Africa. Will temational agencies to raise ------the Government of National funds on the international ca{l:- Unity be able to improve living ital markets. -- · ·· - J • • conditions through the recon­ On the regulatory side, signs February 5, 1995 THEDA YTONA BEACH SUNDAY NEWS-JOURNAL -15A struction and development pro­ are also encouraging. The Re­ gramme (RDP) while main­ serve Bank has spoken opti- taining a commitment to sound mistically about abolishing the management of the economy? two-tier currency system (which Will disenchantment at slow in any event benefits foreign in­ progress and the continuing vestors) and exchange controls preponderance .of economic on non-residents. Redemption Southern Africans power in white hands create un­ of foreign loans under the 1985 rest? How long will-President -debt moratorium has also been N_elson Mandela be there, and successfully renegotiated. who will succeed him? One of the most intractable squandering money~ There are the economic short­ problems is the huge amount of comings, many of which are list­ economic wealth remaining in ed in the RDP white paper: re­ the hands of a few dominant in­ pressive labour practices, neglect dustrial groups. This acts as a dis­ donor nations warri of training, isolation from the incentive to direct investors be­ LILONGWE, Malawi (AP) - since Wednesday to advance econcim· world economy, low investment cause of the high concentration Wealthy Western nations warned ic development and regional trade.-- , in research and development, of market power and the barri­ Saturday that they are reluctant to Lynda Chalker, of the British For· outflows of capital and talent, low ers to market entry it implies. give any mm:e aid to southern Afri· eign Office, said the African natioris exports and high imports. However, the cross-holding can countries, saying previous do­ were quick to set up new devel· On the regulatory side, the ar­ structures underlying this are be­ nations were often wasted. opment institutions to talk over prob­ chitecture of self-protection ginning to be dismantled. Gan­ Donors at a meeting of the lems, but words were not always erected during the years of iso­ cor, Johannesburg, Consolidat­ 11-nation Southern African Devel· followed by deeds. · opment Community said they wor· Asbjom Mathieson, Norway's as· lation remains: exchange con­ ed Investments and Barlows ried too much money was trol, two-tier currency system have all recently been through sistant minister for development co­ squandered on bureaucracy instead operation, said Scandinavian and the debt standstill. Ex­ unbending exercises. Unfortu­ of being spent on practical programs. change control has the particu­ countries want the southern African nately, the biggest fish of all, An­ Most of the member countries ex· bloc to fmd its own funds, not await larly pernicious effect of bottling glo-American, has set its face pect food shortages this year due to handouts. up wealth in South Africa and against the process. . drought. Their ministers issued a The economic bloc was fanned in leads to over-valuation of assets. The well-balanced econo_nuc statement Thursday forecasting a 50 1980 to ease dependence on South Af. In the face of all this, when policy of the new government percent drop in harvests of cereals, rica, then under apartheid rule. clients are looking at investing -· and recognition that an investor­ the region's staple foods. Since holding its first ·all-race elec· in South Africa, what do you tell . friendly climate is essential for Even using food stockpiles, the re­ tions last year, South Africa has them? gion could provide only an estimated joined the group and raised hopes In the first place, there is no prosperi'.>· viii run side by side 12 million tons of grain, 4 million that it can be the economic motor for short of the projected demand of 16 future in attempting to judge the with the c~portunities created the region. -- million tons, the ministers said. In a closing statement, members country's political stability by by the RDP. Estimates of the to­ The member eountries - Angola, West.- European standar.ds. · tal RDP spend vary, but the first resolved to remove baniers hin· Botswana, lesotho, Malawi, Mozam. dering economic ties and improve ef. South Africa is, and will remain year's budl!et allocation of bique, Namibia, Tanzania, South Af. forts to give early warnings of rica, Swaziland, Zambia and drought conditions and poor agricul· Zimbabwe - have been meeting tural production. Ancienttribe"s river % of life dammed to hell \L The new Africa is Kapika and his people ~e I • But ~e Himba ~ould also lose South African soldiers, who ~ encroaching on the angry, not only over the ~am lt• 'somethlttg more unportat?-t - came in 1983, shot most of the rP \ . . . ~ but ho'! th~y were duped access to the graves of thetr ~- game. Tourists pose another <;z. of Namtbla and mto suppomng It first. They who mtermedt- threat. In growing Opuwo, where 1:) Wild~ a~ c~ton, serve~~ 7 the H1mba people are had been led to behevc that the anes between the livmg and the a new church stands oppo·ite a .L in the way reports dam would be built for th~ir live- Supreme Being, called Njambi ~ • ' stock. Then a letter serung out Karunga or Mukuru. There are new store, Video Heaven once- '-:7~ Phllhp van Niekerk the scope of the project was writ- up to 100 burial aites around proud Himba women approach 'y~ in Epupa Falls. ten in English- a language the Epupa. Kapika's grandfather's motorists olfcring them the right ~.,.t. Herero-speaking Himba do not· grave is in-one of them. All these 10 take their pictun:s in exchange ~ understand. A 'consultative' will be flooded. for a few rand. '& THE EPUPA FALLS are a stun­ meeting held at the Falls last June An environmental impact Even the feasibility study will ning relief after a journey of sev­ was dominated by shopkeepers report accompanying a govern- have an impact on the environ- eral hundred miles by four­ and businessmen from Opuwo, a ment study acknowledged that ment. Roads and the airstrip will wheel-drive over Namibia's town 100 miles from the Falls, the dam, by fiooding the rocky be upgraded; drilling will start in rugged, arid terrain. who stand to prosper from the &raves, would destroy the the river: all with aid money that The Cunene River thunders project. Himba. Namibia could well have spent through narrow gorges, past ·The man behind. the scheme is 'The centre ofHimba religious on schools or clinics. bewitched-looking baobab trees Polla Brand, cha1m1an of the and c;ulturallife is the sacred fire , The government insists that clinging to the ledges. Swallows Namibian electric:.ity utility whicl:r passes from father to the rights of 10,000 Himba can- dip and dive through the spray. ~wawek. He says envtronmental- senior son,' said the report. 'No , not impede the national interest. 1 The banks of this noisy oasis on lS~ and to~r operators have social, cultural or economic Butitisquestionablewhetherthc Namibia's nonhero border with bnbed, ~e Htmba to oppose the activity of any significance can I' project is in the national interest. Angola are fringed by tall palms, plan. Its. the same crowd who take place without the ancestors 'We're running out of power,' hundreds of years old. ~e ~qucalmg a?out th.c seal c~l- bein& called to bear witness at the explained Brand. 'A country In the shade of one palm, two m~, Brand ~atd at ~ts office ';1 sacred fire.' 'I should be self-sufficient as far as young Himba girls sit, their pos­ Windhoek. ~e Himba don t Many of the tire sites will be energy is concerned. Without sesslons wrapped in b:ankcts. want to stay h~~ baboon~. Tb~y fiooded by the dam. ~energy, there can be no They have an earthy chic, with alsl? want tel;vlSions and ltghts tn But the report went further: 'It development.' their long plaited hair, elaborate thetr h~mes. . . is likely that the centuries-old Namibia currently buys almost headwork and ochre-smeared .Prestdcnt NuJoma has satd the patterns that Conn the basis of the half its energy needs from the bodies. They have brought their Hunba people must 'upgrade' local Himba social economy will South African energy utility, goats to graze on the mustard the~selves. Prime Minister Hage brcalh!own :,; ! :'·thc:·iosa' of ceo- Escom. Brand says it is too ex- bush and acacia pods at the, Gemgob bas asked the environ- nomic ·mdependenc~ will :·give pensive, but Escom insists riverside. men~ists: 'Why a~e ¥~U so inter- rise ...to:.:A.. ~~~... .1-rgely imports would be cheaper than This is a speciai Africa, an old es.ted m. these pnmltl~e people dependent on government for energy from Epupa. Afnca. But it is threatened by a wtth thc1r bare breasts? their welfare.' In Namibia, the debate m·er new Africa, which wants to build I But, far fro~ living like Amos Bendura, who keeps his the dam has been inhibited by the a 100 sq mile hydroelectric dam baboons, the Hunba arc we,ll herd of goats ncar the river, does government. Nujome has met at Epupa that will not only de­ adapted t~ one of the world s not need an academic study to dissatisfaction by warning that stroy the Falls and the pristine hars~est c~tmates. They arc cc:~ tell him what he knows already. any civil servant opposing the ecology of one of Africa's last nom!ca.lly ~~~epe~dent and sc~1- 'We don't live oft' the govern- plan will be fired. v,i!d rivers but end the Himba nomad1c, hvmg .m the bush. m ment. We live off our goats,' he Michaela Hubscble, the ruling way oflife. h1m aftc.r tl:tc rams and mo':mg says. 'If they build this dam, Swapo's former deputy whip in The Namibian government Wl~ their livestock to the nvcr where will we live?' parliament, found herself left olf last week awarded a contract to a dUf!ng the dry seaso~. One official, asked how the the list of candidates for last !l;orwegian-Swedish engineering At Epupa, there IS ~ood that Himba would benefit from the year's election after she spoke consortium to conduct a two­ our cattle eat dunng the dam, shrugged his shoulders and against the scheme. year feasibility study into the gave a blank smile. The dam will The bi~ question now is dam. President Sam Nu)oma is Cunene be well stocked with fish but the whether Swapo - which has jus! an enthusiastic advocate of the River Himba do not eat fish. With no acquired a two-thirds majoriry in plan, which will cost at least ANGOLA formal education and no interest parliament -- will respect human £360 million and is intended to in sedentary work, the Himba rights or emulate its former make Namibia self-sufficient in will not find jobs there either. colonial rulers, South Africa ·s electricity. The dam will bring an influx of apartheid regime, and trample that stands in the way of the people and, according to the over the local, relative!}' power- All report, diseases, including Aids, less people. project is the Himba, who have African river blindness and hepa- The Hi mba think they know inhabited this remote, wild titis. It will also severely aftcct a the answer already. tegion for centuries, making few Windhoek rich river estuary, a breeding Mampubara Katjirc, a blind concessions to modern life. @ eround for fish and turtles, a 81-year-old Hirnba headman. About 10,000 Himba live on the Namibia side of the river, roam­ san~tuaty for migratory birds and asked rhetorically; 'In the past, ing an area more than three times 300miles a wilderness area ~till abounding \ the Himba never benefited from the size of Wales. Their way of drought,' said Kapeka, wearing a m elephants and other wild · the colonial government. Now life centres on the river, and the browri sports jacket with his ani­ species, including black after independence they arc still dam would alter both Cor ever. mal skins and other adornments, rhinoceros. neglected. Where will the Himha 'They will have to shoot all the including a sword in a carved he taken? \'<'ill we still li\'C a~ Himba before they build the wooden scabbard. . No one denies that the Himba Himba if we arc taken from dam; says Hikuminue Kapika, His cattle feed on river vegeta­ way oflifc and the wilderness are Epupa?' headman in the Epupa area, tion, exposed when the water already threatened. Ten years pointing his finger emphatically level drops in the dry season. ago you could st11l hear the roar in the air. 'Without our co-opera­ This fodder will be lost when the of a lion atmght nn the Falls, hut tion they will never build this dam is built. dam.' South Scan Vol. 10 No.2 13 Ja-nuary 1995

Framatome acknowledged that it supplied SA with nu-1 Old nuclear scandal may hurt clear fuel rods made from enriched uranium that had been France's relations as Pik Botha provided by SA itself These were supplied to Eskom under , comes clean on sa.es a contract pre-datingthe trade boycott. The enriched uranium I used to make the rods was supplied by Eskom itself and its I FJ:ance's developing military and industrial relationship origin was unknown, Framatome claimed. I With th.e new ~vernment in Pretoria may be damaged by allegat10ns th1s week that its nuclear fuels company Military use Framatome supplied the apartheid republic with enriched There was general surprise in themid-70swhenFramatome uranium secretly. won the contract to build Koeberg, and it was widely accepted More surprising has been the speedy public agreement by that the French had made promises to go easy on safeguards th~ .present energy minister, Pi.k Both a, former foreign against military uses, though this was officially denied by m1m~ter, ~hat the allegations, contained in a book just the French government. pubhshed m SA, are despite French denials substantially Another official French denial concerned persistent ru­ correct. mours that the French had clinched the deal over the reactor Allegations in the '70s that the nuclear power station at as part of their negotiations with SA about selling them a Koebe~gnear Cape Town was primarily intended to produce licence to build the latest Mirage jets. Butjust at the time Framatomewas awarded the contract, ~ate~1al for use in SA's military nuclear programme were dismissed byt~e former Pretoria government but they have in May 1976 (together with Alsthom and Spie Batignolles), been substantiated by the admission two years ago by Thomson-CSF agreed to provide the latest and most so­ fotmerpresi~entFW de Klerk that SA had developed nuclear phisticated ship-based missiles to SA(The Nuclear Axis, weapons. Th1s has now thrown into harsh light the rashness Cervenka, Rogers,1978). of the French in their nuclear dealings with the republic. The then prime minister and his more .The Fren~h firm, accused of supplying the enriched ura­ hawkish allies in the cabinet reportedly put great pressure mum .to SAm a secret deal organised by the US du.ring the on Eskom to accept the French bid in spite of its being sanct10ns era, has denied the charge. uncompetitive. Framatome said it "does not produce enriched ur· ;nium " France was prematurely named as the contractor as far adding that the uranium in question "was made a·1 ailabl~" back as 197 4 when it was reported that SA bad requested a to the company by the South African state ene:cgy body reactor from France as part of a deal involving the supply of Eskom. unsafeguarded South African uranium to France, which was : ~ut the new book by a South African financial journalist testing nuclear weapons at about that time. 'j clwms that the secret 1981 deal gave SA$250 million worth In August 197 4 Eskom concluded a long-term, fiXed com­ mitment contract for enrichment services for 1.4 million of enriched uranium from France, side-stepping US laws pounds of uranium between 1981 and 1984 with the US forbidding trade with SA The findings of the book were Atomic Energy Commission. This would carry it to the time reported in the Johannesburg-basedSunday Times over the its own commercial enrichment plant would come into op­ weekend. It said in particular that French-sourced uranium , eration. was supplied to Koeberg. i The South African announcement of the contract with _Framatome said it had signed contracts in 1976 concerned I Framatome indicated that actual fuel fabrication would be With two nuclear reactors at Koeberg, which came on stream I in Franco-Belgian hands. in 1984 and 1985. France is still keen to sell naval ships to SA, and boost B~t it denied that the contracts had involved supplying other defence sales. It has also set up a number of joint i enriched uranium, saying that this had come from the state ' ~e~ture deals in SA, and for the first time last year SA was ~· energy body Eskom under another deal signed at the same mVlted as an honorarymemberofthe Franco-African summit time. ·· in Biarritz. Senior officials in its military industrial complex : The Sunday Times report said that in return for the secret have made a point ofentertaining African National Congress supply SA agreed to begin negotiations to grant independ­ officials to secure their standing, sealed by the visit last year ence toN amibia. The report says SA was desperate to end a of French President Francois Mitterrand to the republic. deadlock over a 1974 contract with the US for enriched Dusting off this old scandal today will not appeal to them, uranium. though it will please rivals for an increased foothold in SA SouthScan Vol. 10 No.3 20 January 1995

King Moshoeshoe II, deposed five years ago by Lesotho's ANGOLA former military government, will be restored to the throne on January 25. .Journalist shot dead The reinstatement will take place after the abdication of King Letsie Ill, Moshoeshoe's son. An Ang~lan journalist and outspoken critic of the govern- Letsie has held the throne since his father was overthrown, . ment, R1cardo de Melo, was assassinated this week as his but wanted to return it. ' wife blamed "political motives". ' King Letsie tried to depose the government last August, but De Melo's colleagues on the independent lmparcial Fax pressure from South Africa, Zimbabwe and Botswana, forced ' Inewsletter said he was gunned down outside his central him to compromise. Letsie agreed to recognise the govern­ Luanda home around midnight, probably by a weapon ment, and the prime minister agreed to amnesty for the I equipped with a silencer, because nobody apparently heard king's supporters and Moshoeshoe's reinstatement. the shots before his body was found. • Lesotho, suffering from four years of drought, has ap­ "In my view, it is for political motives that Ricardo was killed • pealed for food aid. Rains that fell at the weekend were not his wife Arminda Mateus, said in a statement to the press. ' enough to ease the crisis. Sh~ added that .De Melo had received "threats by telephone" "We appeal to the international donor community for food dunng the evenmg. "The army told him to stop publishing assistance," the drought relief committee said. reports about the military situation in the country • she The government has sent a ministerial delegation to ask added. "The soldiers got angry." ' members of the European Union for emergency food aid .