SURVEY FOR THE FEDERALLY ENDANGERED AMERICAN BURYING (NICROPHORUS AMERICANUS) IN SOUTHEASTERN KANSAS IN 2008-2009

Open-file Report No. 169 February 20, 2011

Hank Guarisco and William H. Busby

Kansas Natural Heritage Inventory Kansas Biological Survey 2101 Constant Avenue Lawrence, KS 66047-3759

SURVEY FOR THE FEDERALLY ENDANGERED AMERICAN (NICROPHORUS AMERICANUS) IN SOUTHEASTERN KANSAS IN 2008-2009

Cover photo: Male American Burying Beetle from Labette County, Kansas. Photo by Hank Guarisco, 2009.

Hank Guarisco, GuariscoCorp, Inc. P.O. Box 4692 Lawrence, Kansas 66046

William Busby Kansas Biological Survey 2101 Constant Avenue Lawrence, KS 66047-3759

Citation: Guarisco, H., and W. H. Busby. 2011. Survey for the Federally Endangered American Burying Beetle (Nicrophorus americanus) in Southeastern Kansas in 2008-2009. Open- file Report No. 169. Kansas Biological Survey, Lawrence, KS. 37 pp

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES...... ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...... iii ABSTRACT...... iv INTRODUCTION ...... 1 METHODS ...... 2 RESULTS...... 4 DISCUSSION ...... 10 Population Distribution and Density ...... 10 Overwinter Survivorship ...... 11 Reproductive Success ...... 11 Preferred Habitat ...... 11 Other Important Considerations ...... 12 Potential Competition by Necrodes surinamensis...... 12 Future Directions ...... 13 CONCLUSIONS...... 14 LITERATURE CITED ...... 15 APPENDIX I. Pitfall Trap Locations ...... 17 APPENDIX II. Carrion Beetle Captures ...... 22

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LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

TABLES Table 1. Summary of carrion captured ...... 9 FIGURES Figure 1. Map of recent American Burying Beetle records ...... 1 Figure 2. Survey trap, bait and cover ...... 2 Figure 3. Live American Burying Beetle ...... 3 Figure 4. Capture site in Montgomery County ...... 5 Figure 5. Aerial photo of Montgomery County Site ...... 5 Figure 6. Capture site in Labette County ...... 6 Figure 7. View west of Labette County capture site ...... 6 Figure 8. Aerial photo of Labette County site ...... 7 Figure 9. Map of sample sites ...... 8

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This work was supported in part by a contract from the Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks to the Kansas Biological Survey for the project entitled Assessment of the Current Status of the American Burying Beetle (Nicrophorus americanus Oliver) in Southeastern Kansas. Section 6 funding for this agreement was provided by the Department and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service under interagency authority.

Ed Miller of the Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks served as the point of contact for this study and provided helpful advice and assistance throughout the study.

We thank the PettiJohns, Bob Crawshaw, and Mike O’Dell for permission to survey on their property, and Jennifer Frasier and Jennifer Delisle for assistance in producing the final report.

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ABSTRACT

Recent records of the federally endangered American Burying Beetle (Nicrophorus americanus) are known from four counties in the Chautauqua Hills region of southeastern Kansas. The purpose of this study was to reevaluate the status of the American Burying Beetle in southeast Kansas after a 10-year hiatus since the last systematic surveys in 1998. Using baited pitfall traps, carrion beetle populations were surveyed during three field trips in 2008 and ten trips in 2009 for a total of 470 trap-nights of effort. Surveys were conducted in six counties: Cherokee, Elk, Labette, Montgomery, Wilson, and Woodson. Sampling was limited to periods when environmental conditions were favorable for carrion beetle activity.

Two ABBs were captured in this study, one in Montgomery County and one in Labette County. Both capture sites were near the southern border of the state, and the latter is a first county record for the species. Despite multiple sampling trips to areas in Elk, Montgomery and Wilson counties where ABBs were collected in 1996 and 1997, no ABBs were found in these areas.

A total of 7,006 carrion beetles representing nine species was captured during this study. Of the five species of Nicrophorus encountered during surveys, N. americanus was the rarest. The most abundant carrion beetle overall was Necrodes surinamensis, individuals of which comprised 78% of all carrion beetles observed.

To date, no large ABB population has been discovered in Kansas. The inability to document the species at 1990s capture sites despite multiple survey trips suggests these local populations are either small or extirpated. Year-to-year population fluctuations due to differential rates of reproduction and survivorship could account for these results. The fact that all ABB records from this study and from other surveys in 2008 were located near the border suggest that Kansas populations may be at the periphery of more extensive populations in Oklahoma.

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INTRODUCTION

Formerly widespread in eastern , the federally endangered American Burying Beetle (ABB) (Nicrophorus americanus Olivier) persists in only a small fraction of its former range. The largest remaining known populations occur in and the Plains states from Oklahoma north to . In Kansas, the ABB was rediscovered in 1996 in Elk, Montgomery (Guarisco 1997) and Wilson Counties (Miller and McDonald 1997) in the Chautauqua Hills physiographic province in southeastern Kansas. Prior to these records, the last reported occurrence of this species in Kansas was in 1940 at Fort Riley in northeastern Kansas (U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 1991). Surveys during 1997 and 1998 revealed its presence at four additional locations in Montgomery and Chautauqua counties (Guarisco 1998). In 2008, several ABBs were captured in southern Chautauqua County using baited pitfall traps (Chris Mammoliti, unpublished data) and in Montgomery County using a blacklight during a moth survey (Ed Miller, pers. comm.). Locations of recent ABB records are shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Locations of recent (1996-2008) records of the American Burying Beetle in Kansas. Map shows the southeastern portion of the state where all recent records are located. Chautauqua Hills Physiographic Province is shown in gray.

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The goal of the current study was to elucidate the current distribution and status of the ABB in Kansas. The study was focused in the Chautauqua Hills region of southeastern Kansas where all recent ABB records are from. The last systematic effort to determine the status of the ABB in this region was ten years ago (Guarisco 1998) and few new records have come to light since that time. This study included the following counties: Cherokee, Elk, Greenwood, Labette, Montgomery, Wilson and Woodson. Chautauqua County was not included in this study because recent (2008) records were available for this county (Chris Mammoliti, unpublished data).

METHODS

Collection methods followed current U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service guidelines. Baited pitfall traps consisted of 2.1 gal square, plastic buckets with chicken wire and a plywood rain shelter (Figure 2) as discussed in Guarisco (1998).

Figure 2. Covered survey trap in the field (left), and bait containers used inside traps (right).

In order to ensure a large enough odor trail, rotten chicken and small road-killed , such as box turtles, birds, squirrels and snakes were used as bait. Chicken was placed in half-pint canning jars with screen lids for two reasons: to isolate the bait from carrion beetles which have occasionally drowned when they were in contact with large amounts of bait, and to isolate the bait from the soil in the buckets (Figure 2). In addition to creating a mess and making it more difficult to sift through the soil in search of beetles, bait in contact with soil tends to get absorbed and the odors emanating from the trap are reduced. In addition to the baited canning jars, the traps contained a small amount of bait which was placed in uncovered film canisters. Therefore, beetles which were attracted to the traps could actually feed on the contents of the film canisters. This was done to provide a reward and to possibly delay the beetles from exiting the trap, since burying beetles (Nicrophorus sp.) can readily fly to the chicken wire and then possibly escape the trap.

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The current survey consisted of three 3 to 5-day sampling trips in 2008 and ten 5-day trips in 2009 (Appendix I). Trips occurred from June through the first half of September. Sites in Wilson, Elk and Montgomery counties where the ABB was discovered approximately a decade ago were resurveyed. New prospective sites in the Chautauqua Hills and in Labette and Cherokee counties were also surveyed. Remote, upland locations along roadsides with adjacent land containing loamy and sandy soils, covered with prairies, rangeland, hay meadows or forests were selected for sampling. Soil survey maps were used to locate the appropriate soil types. Agricultural land was avoided. In addition, a few road-killed animals encountered during the study were examined for carrion beetles.

One trap was usually installed at each of 11 locations during a trip. Traps were installed on days one and two. All traps were dismantled on the fifth day. Therefore, traps installed on the first day were monitored on the next four consecutive mornings, while those installed on the second were checked on the third, fourth and fifth days. However, due to heavy rains, the Labette County trip was extended an extra day. Bait was replenished as needed, usually on the third and fourth days. The carrion beetles were identified to species then released in the vicinity. Captured ABBs were measured by placing them in a plastic petri dish lined with tissue paper. The beetle was restrained by the cover of the petri dish, allowing the total body length to be accurately measured (Figure 3).

Calculating the number of trap-nights of this survey in the standard manner (number of traps times the number of nights minus number of disturbed traps) yields 63 in 2008 and 407 in 2009 for a total of 470 trap-nights of effort.

Figure 3. Live American Burying Beetle in petri dish.

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RESULTS

Two American Burying Beetles, both males, were discovered during this study. The first (total length = 34 mm) was found on 9 July 2009 near a horse ranch southwest of Dearing in Montgomery County (Figure 4). The location was approximately ¼ mi south of 1250 Rd on the east side of 3325 Rd (latitude: 37°00.126’N, longitude: 95°45.604’W) (Figure 5). It was buried in loose soil in the bottom of the trap. No other carrion beetles were in the trap. The second (total length = 29mm) was found on 22 August 2009 near a partially wooded old field and pasture land in southern Labette County, due south of Edna near the Oklahoma border (Figures 6 and 7). The beetle was actively feeding on bait in the film canister when discovered. One Necrodes surinamensis was found in the same trap. The location was approximately 0.1 mile north of Nation Rd on the east side of Jackson Rd (latitude: 37°00.073’N, longitude: 95°21.529’W) (Figure 8). The soil at both locations was a light-textured, orange-colored Bates loam.

In 2008, 3,243 carrion beetles belonging to six species were collected in baited pitfall traps (Table 1). Species recorded were Nicrophorus marginatus, N. orbicollis, N. tomentosus, N. pustulatus, Necrophila americana, and Necrodes surinamensis. In 2009, 3,763 carrion beetles belonging to nine species were collected (Table 1). The nine species collected were Nicrophorus americanus, N. marginatus, N. orbicollis, N. tomentosus, N. pustulatus, Oiceoptoma inaequale, O. novaboracense, Necrophila americana, and Necrodes surinamensis. Necrodes surinamensis was the most abundance carrion beetle observed each year and comprised the bulk of the carrion beetles sampled. Of the five species of Nicrophorus observed in this study, N. orbicollis was the most abundant, followed in decreasing order by N. marginatus, N. pustulosus, N. tomentosus, and N. americanus. Trap locations and ABB records are displayed in Figure 9. Results by field trip are provided in Appendix I.

Incidental to other field work, road-killed animals were occasionally checked for the presence of carrion beetles. At 12:40 PM on 18 August 2009, a single Nicrophorus marginatus was found under a crushed box turtle on Meade Road, 1/8 mile south of US Hwy166 in Labette County. At 1:30 PM on 8 September 2009, approximately 50 Necrodes surinamensis and a mass of small maggots were found under a deer carcass on the gravel shoulder of US 166 about 1.5 miles west of Edna in Labette County.

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Figure 4. American Burying Beetle capture site in Montgomery County in 2009

Figure 5. Aerial photo of American Burying Beetle locality in Montgomery County. Survey for the American Burying Beetle 5

Figure 6. American Burying Beetle capture site in Labette County in 2009. View from county road looking east.

Figure 7. View to west across the road from ABB capture site in Labette County in 2009.

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Beetle Recovery Point

Figure 8. Aerial view of American Burying Beetle site in Labette County in 2009.

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Figure 9. Map of southeastern Kansas showing locations of sites sampled in this study and American Burying Beetle occurrences.

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Table 1. Summary of carrion beetles captured in baited pitfall traps in southeastern Kansas in 2008 and 2009.

Species Total Number Percentage of % Abundance Captured Total Rank

2008 (3 survey trips) Nicrophorus americanus 0 0 7 Nicrophorus marginatus 11 0.34 4 Nicrophorus orbicollis 165 5.09 2 Nicrophorus tomentosus 1 0.03 6 Nicrophorus pustulatus 4 0.12 5 Oiceoptoma inaequale 0 0 7 Oiceoptoma novaboracense 0 0 7 Necrophila americana 95 2.93 3 Necrodes surinamensis 2967 91.49 1 Total 3243 100.00

2009 (10 survey trips) Nicrophorus americanus 2 .05 9 Nicrophorus marginatus 149 3.96 5 Nicrophorus orbicollis 401 10.66 2 Nicrophorus tomentosus 109 2.90 7 Nicrophorus pustulatus 113 3.00 6 Oiceoptoma inaequale 360 9.57 3 Oiceoptoma novaboracense 48 1.28 8 Necrophila americana 343 9.11 4 Necrodes surinamensis 2238 59.47 1 Total 3763 100.00

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DISCUSSION

Population Distribution and Density

Two American Burying Beetles were encountered during this survey (Figure 9). Calculated from trapping effort in 2009, ABB specimens accounted for .05% of the total carrion beetle catch. This translates into a trapping success rate of 0.0049 ABBs per trap-night (2 ABB per 407 trap nights) for 2009 and 0.0043 ABB per trap-night for both years of the study combined (470 trap- nights). The two individuals captured were from sites near the Oklahoma border in the general region of other recent ABB records. A male was captured southwest of Dearing in southern Montgomery County. This site is approximately 15 km south-southeast of the nearest known ABB locality near Montgomery State Lake. The discovery of a male in southern Labette County represents a new county record, and significantly extends the known range of this species eastward in Kansas. The location is approximately 34 km east of the locality southwest of Dearing mentioned above. The ABB is known to occur in adjacent Craig County, Oklahoma (Crawford 2009).

Elsewhere in its range, ABB populations tend to occur in high concentrations in a small area, with densities decreasing abruptly with distance from the concentration area. While studying a marginal population in Arkansas, Carlton and Rothwein (1998) had an overall trapping success rate of 0.02 ABBs per trap night. They encountered this species in the northern half of their study area, but never in the southern part. Only 20 km to the northwest, Lomolino et al. (1995) reported a trapping success rate of 0.159 (614 trap nights) at Fort Chaffee. Some researchers believe that trapping success rates of 0.02 or below indicate ―a population that is in danger of dropping below the threshold of viability and/or is at the extreme limits of the species’ distribution‖ (Carlton and Rothwein 1998). Bedick et al. (1999) investigated the distribution of a large ABB population in the Loess Hills region of south-central . A total of 545 ABBs was captured during 1995 and 1996 in the vicinity of Gothenburg and North Platte. However, no ABBs were found outside of this region. This population appears to be geographically isolated from the lower density ABB population in the Sand Hills of north-central Nebraska and extending into South Dakota (Backlund and Marrone 1997).

The ABB was not discovered at localities in Elk, Montgomery, and Wilson counties where it had been collected in 1996 despite multiple surveys at and near these locations during this study. Negative results do not necessarily indicate that the ABB is not present at these locations. Population levels in Kansas at all locations where this species has been found are apparently very low. Given the difficulty of documenting the ABB where populations are low, greater surveying effort is required to confirm the presence of the species. For example, an ABB was captured at a private residence in the vicinity of Fredonia only after 11 traps had been checked for 40 days (trapping effort = 440 trap nights, trapping success rate = 0.0023) (Diane Pettijohn pers. comm.). The low ABB population levels inferred by low trap success rates may indicate that the Kansas populations have dropped below the ―threshold of viability.‖ This species may no longer be present at the sites where it was found during 1996 to 1998. As beetle density decreases, it is harder for males and females to find such an ephemeral resource as a dead carcass of the appropriate size and to find a mate for reproduction. The two sites where the ABB was located in 2009 are 15 to 30 km away from previous reported Kansas localities. They may also be

Survey for the American Burying Beetle 10 contiguous with populations in adjacent areas of Oklahoma (see Crawford 2009). Clearly, more research is needed on the basic question of the distribution and abundance of this species. While not likely, it is still possible that small pockets of larger numbers of ABB remain to be discovered in Kansas.

Overwinter Survivorship

Large year to year variation in ABB population size appears to be the norm. A substantial amount of this variation appears to be caused by dramatic differences in overwinter survivorship between years. Bedick et al. (1999) captured 75 ABBs in 1995 in south-central Nebraska, but the following year’s take was 470. The authors suggested that overwinter mortality was a significant factor, because overwintering adults are likely to deplete fat reserves during diapause. Field experiments by Schnell et al. (2008) support this supposition. The offspring of wild-caught ABBs from Fort Chaffee, Arkansas, which were bred in captivity, were placed in buckets containing soil plugs in or woodland in the fall. Some were provisioned with a dead rat as a food source while others were not. Over 77% of ABBs provisioned survived the winter, but less than 45% of those that were not provided with a food source survived. Habitat had no effect on survivorship (Schnell et al. 2008).

Reproductive Success

Another factor that may contribute to large year-to-year fluctuations in population size is reproductive success. Three major habitat characteristics which contribute to reproductive success are: soil type, vegetation type, and abundance of small birds and mammals. At Fort Chaffee, ABBs avoided soils with less than 40% sand and over 50% silt and 20% clay (Lomolino et al. 1995). The type of soils found where ABBs were trapped in Kansas include: fine sandy loam, friable loam, stony clay loam, and silt loam (Guarisco 1998). Although ABBs can be found in a wide variety of habitats, including forested and open areas, it appears to be more specific when selecting sites for breeding purposes. In Oklahoma, 95% of ABB placed with carcasses in forested areas bred successfully, while only 56% of those located in grassland were successful. The difference was apparently due to the difficulty of burying carcasses in the grassland locations. The soil of grassland sites had no litter layer and was more compact than soil in forested areas, which made it harder to construct an underground chamber. Once the carcass was buried, reproduction (slightly over 15 larvae per carcass) was essentially the same in both habitats (Lomolino and Creighton 1996). Holloway and Schnell (1997) found significant, positive, correlations between the presence of ABB and numbers and biomass of small mammals. Therefore, it is essential to assess the small vertebrate fauna when attempting to designate suitable habitat for the ABB.

Preferred Habitat

Lomolino and Creighton (1996) determined that ABB populations were biased toward forests with relatively deep soils, and avoided clearcuts. Further analysis indicated that abundance was correlated with well drained sandy loams and open Post woodlands, mixed disturbed grassland, and prairies. Mature forests were avoided (Leasure and Garner 2009). This corresponds well with the ABB localities in Kansas (Guarisco 1997, 1998). In the Loess Hills of south-central Nebraska, encroaching red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) has degraded the habitat

Survey for the American Burying Beetle 11 for carrion beetles, including the ABB, possibly by hampering their ability to forage for carrion (Walker and Hoback 2007).

Other Important Considerations

Competition for carrion by vertebrates and invertebrates can significantly affect ABB populations. While studying the ABB at Camp Maxey in Lamar County, Texas, Godwin and Minich (2005) found that 20% of their baited traps were disturbed by coyotes and fire ants. Fire ants also killed several ABBs in the traps. The rapid spread of fire ants throughout most of the southeastern states may explain why the ABB has not been rediscovered in this region over the past 50 years. Only a few traps in the present survey were disturbed by ants, small mammals, and people. Land owner’s reactions ran the gamut from very interested in the study to actively hostile. One trap had been purposely incinerated – the glass bait jar was broken, the plastic bucket was partially melted, and the wooden rain shelter had been burned.

Habitat loss, fragmentation and degradation, especially by conversion to agricultural land, have had a major detrimental effect on ABB populations and other burying beetle species as well. In addition to restricting the ABB to increasingly smaller patches of suitable habitat, these factors have favored both bird and mammalian scavengers which has led to a decrease in suitable carrion resources (Sikes and Raithel 2002).

Circumstantial evidence suggests that the disappearance of the (Ectopistes migratorius) and the greater prairie-chicken (Tympanuchus cupido) began limiting ABB populations during the early 1900s. The young of both species were an ideal size for ABB reproduction. The range and breeding season of the passenger pigeon, which had a total population size of 3-5 billion individuals, overlapped that of the ABB (Sikes and Raithel 2002).

Potential Competition by Necrodes surinamensis

The most common carrion beetle in this study, accounting for almost 60% of all carrion beetles encountered, was Necrodes surinamensis. This species possesses several important characteristics which enable it to be so successful. Unlike members of the genus Nicrophorus (burying beetles), this species readily feeds on maggots as well as carrion, and lays eggs in the soil near the carcass. The eggs hatch in 2-4 days and the young larvae immediately begin feeding on the carcass. Growth is rapid – the first and second instars are completed in 3-7 days, and the third instar in 3-5 days. The third instar constructs a pupal chamber in the soil, and emerges as an adult in about two weeks (Ratcliffe 1996). Sometimes hundreds of adults are attracted to a dead carcass overnight. The bodies of large animals, such as armadillos, raccoons and deer, are readily utilized by this species as a food source as well as a resource for reproduction.

Based on personal observation, N. surinamensis can survive quite well in a trap that contains a large amount of carrion in a liquid environment. Burying beetles (Nicrophorus sp.) often drown in such situations. Therefore, most of the carrion was placed in small jars and soil was placed in the bottom of the bucket to keep it dry. Dead turtles were considered safe since the shells provided high ground for the beetles. These characteristics help explain why N. surinamensis can achieve such high population densities. Such high population densities can bring this species in

Survey for the American Burying Beetle 12 direct competition with Nicrophorus for smaller carcasses which would be perfect for burying beetle reproduction.

Future Directions

A comprehensive workshop on ABB habitat and populations was conducted at the St. Louis Zoo where a captive ABB population is being raised for future reintroductions (Amaral et al. 2005). Population modeling indicates that populations in Nebraska, Oklahoma, and Arkansas, which have 1000+ individuals each, were not in danger of over the next fifty years. They are not likely to be adversely affected by inbreeding depression or other stochastic processes. This is not the case for small populations, however. At even 500 individuals, there is significant loss in genetic diversity and population size over time. Therefore, the main goal for the future is to protect these core populations on federal, state and private land. To achieve this goal, data on basic ABB life history and habitat requirements are sorely needed. For example, it is generally assumed that there may be more restrictive habitat requirements for reproduction and overwintering than for feeding. Habitat parameters need to be assessed in this regard. In addition to soil and vegetation, the availability of carrion resources is an important factor in determining suitable habitat. The second goal identified by the workshop was to discover additional ABB populations of significant size. The current survey was conducted with this goal in mind.

Captive populations can assist in ABB recovery by augmenting existing populations, becoming genetic reservoirs, establishing new populations in suitable areas, and providing experimental populations to explore basic biological questions not easily conducted in the field. Computer modeling based on comprehensive, coordinated data acquisition can be improved. For example, more accurate winter survivorship data and understanding key factors in this survivorship is necessary to predict population viability as well as improve conservation management strategies. Although additional ABB populations have been discovered in recent years, a better understanding of ecological and biological factors affecting continued viability is needed before the status of this species can be downgraded. Therefore, the ABB is still classified as a federally . To date, all recent ABB occurrences in Kansas have been on private land. Landscape-level conservation efforts are needed to adequately protect essential habitats through the use of federal and state laws, Safe Harbor Agreements, and enrolling private landowners with ABB habitat in the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) (Amaral 2008).

In the future, surveys should be conducted in areas retaining suitable habitat where the ABB was known to occur historically within the state. Other areas in Kansas with suitable soils and vegetation should also be explored. The discovery of a hitherto unknown population of significant size would be important to the ultimate recovery of the ABB.

Because the availability of suitable carrion resources is an important factor, a research and recovery program of several years’ duration involving the augmentation of carrion might be initiated at locations where the ABB has been recently found in southeastern Kansas. The locations would include state land near ABB localities and private land where the land owners are agreeable to such efforts. Carrion augmentation could have a significant positive effect by increasing local population size rapidly. The success of such a program would achieve two goals: it would confirm that other habitat characteristics at these locations are adequate for ABB

Survey for the American Burying Beetle 13 survival, and it would increase the probability of local ABB survival by increasing population size.

CONCLUSIONS

Surveys in 2008 and 2009 for the federally endangered American Burying Beetle in southeastern Kansas documented a total of two ABB, one male from Montgomery County and another male from Labette County. The latter occurrence is a new county record and extends the known Kansas range 30 km eastward. Since 1996, the ABB has been found in five Kansas counties: Chautauqua, Elk, Labette, Montgomery and Wilson. However, survey efforts at localities where the ABB was found in the late 1990s failed to confirm its continued presence at these locations. To date, no large ABB population has been discovered in Kansas. Year-to-year population fluctuations due to differential rates of reproduction and survivorship could account for these results. Either the local populations have been extirpated or have been reduced to very low levels that they were not able to be detected by this survey. Most recent Kansas observations of ABB have been close to the Oklahoma border and Kansas populations may be contiguous with larger, possibly source populations in Oklahoma.

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LITERATURE CITED

Amaral, M. 2008. American Burying Beetle (Nicrophorus americanus) 5-year Review: Summary and Evaluation. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, New England Field Office. Concord, NH. 46 pp.

Amaral, M., R. Morgan, C. Davidson, H. Dikeman, K. Holzer, and O. Byers (eds.). 2005. American Burying Beetle (Nicrophorus americanus) Population and habitat viability assessment: Final Report. IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group, MN.

Backlund, D. C. and G. M. Marrone. 1997. New records of the endangered American Burying Beetle, Nicrophorus americanus Olivier, (Coleoptera: ) in South Dakota. The Coleopterists Bulletin 51(1):53-58.

Bedick, J. C., Ratcliffe, B. C., Hoback, W. W., and L. G. Higley. 1999. Distribution, ecology, and population dynamics of the American burying beetle [Nicrophorus americanus Olivier (Coleoptera, Silphidae)] in south-central Nebraska, USA. Journal of Conservation 3(3):171-181.

Carlton, C. E. and R. Rothwein. 1998. The endangered American Burying Beetle, Nicrophorus americanus Olivier, at the edge of its range in Arkansas (Coleoptera: Silphidae). The Coleopterists Bulletin 52(2):179-185.

Crawford, P. H. C. 2009. Predicting the geographic distribution of the American Burying Beetle (Nicrophorus americanus) in Oklahoma. Oklahoma Natural Areas Registry. http:\\faculty-stasff.ou.edu/C/Priscilla.H.Crawford-1/SDM.html.

Godwin, W. B. and W. Minich. 2005. Status of the American burying beetle, Nicrophorus americanus Olivier, (Coleoptera: Silphidae) at Camp Maxey, Lamar County, Texas. Interagency Final Report to Texas Army National Guard, 19 pp.

Guarisco, H. 1997. Discovery of the federally endangered American burying beetle (Nicrophorus americanus) in the Chautauqua Hills of southeastern Kansas. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 100(3-4):116-122.

Guarisco, H. 1998. Survey for the federally endangered American burying beetle (Nicrophorus americanus) in the Chautauqua Hills of southeastern Kansas during 1997 and 1998. Unpubl. Report to US Fish & Wildlife Service, 20 pp. +25 maps.

Holloway, A. K. and G. D. Schnell. 1997. Relationship between numbers of the endangered American burying beetle Nicrophorus americanus Olivier (Coleoptera: Silphidae) and available food resources. Biological Conservation 81:145-152.

Leasure, D. R. and K. A. Garner. 2009. Endangered Nicrophorus americanus prefer dis- turbed successional communities at military installation in western Arkansas. Abstract

Survey for the American Burying Beetle 15

of oral presentation at the 94th Ecological Society of America Annual Meeting (August 2-7, 2009), Albuquerque, NM.

Lomolino, M. V., J. C. Creighton, G. D. Schnell, and D. L. Certain. 1995. Ecology and Conservation of the endangered American Burying Beetle (Nicrophorus americanus). Conservation Biology 9(3):605-614.

Lomolino, M. V. and J. C. Creighton. 1996. Habitat selection, breeding success and conservation of the endangered American burying beetle Nicrophorus americanus. Biological Conservation 77:235-241.

Miller, E. J. and L. McDonald. 1997. Rediscovery of Nicrophorus americanus Olivier (Coleoptera: Silphidae) in Kansas. The Coleopterists Bulletin 51(1):22.

Ratcliffe, B. C. 1996. The carrion beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae) of Nebraska. Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum 13. 100 pp.

Schnell, G. D., A. E. Hiott, J. C. Creighton, V. L. Smyth and A. Komendat. 2008. Factors affecting overwinter survival of the American burying beetle, Nicrophorus americanus (Coleoptera: Silphidae). Journal of Insect Conservation 12:483-492.

Sikes, D. S. and R. J. Raithel. 2002. A review of hypotheses of decline of the endangered American burying beetle (Silphidae: Nicrophorus americanus Olivier). Journal of Insect Conservation 6:103-113.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1991. American burying beetle (Nicrophorus americanus) recovery plan. Newton Corner, . 80 pp.

Walker, T. L. and W. W. Hoback. 2007. Effects of invasive eastern redcedar on capture rates of Nicrophorus americanus and other Silphidae. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 36(2):297-307.

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APPENDIX I

Pitfall Trap Locations

Trip 2008-1. 11-15 August Temperature (F): nights = low-mid 60s, days = 70s-80s Site County Location Latitude Longitude 1 Montgomery Montgomery State Lake 37°09.777’N 95°42.038’W 2 Montgomery ½ mi S MG State Lake - - 3 Montgomery - 37°14.444’N 95°53.713’W 4 Montgomery - 37°15.333’N 95°54.631’W 5 Elk Longton vicinity on US160 37°22.863’N 96°05.567’W 6 Montgomery - 37°13.381’N 95°32.961’W Trip 2008-2. 23-25 August Temperature (F): nights = low-mid 60s, days = 70s-80s 1 Woodson Woodson State Lake - - 2 Woodson ¼ mi N of 20th on Hawk Rd 37°45.032’N 95°49.482’W 3 Woodson KDWP land, 10th & Harper - - 4 Wilson ¼ mi E of Jade on 2400 Rd 37°43.174’N 95°48.169’W 5a Wilson - 37°42.093’N 95°48.227’W 5b Wilson - 37°42.093’N 95°48.679’W 6 Woodson ½ mi W of US 75 on 60th 37°48.411’N 95°45.292’W Trip 2008-3. 29-31 August Temperature (F): nights = mid 60s-70s, days = 80s-90s 1 Wilson 0.1 mi N of 1850 Rd on Douglas 37°36.588’N 95°54.136’W 2 Wilson 0.1 mi E of Decatur on 1850 Rd 37°29.659’N 95°54.038’W 3 Wilson 0.1 mi N of 500 Rd on Decatur 37°26.739’N 95°54.400’W 4 Wilson ½ mi W of Chase Rd on 600 Rd 37°27.554’N 95°56.055’W 5 Elk ½ mi N of Harvest on Rd 31 37°25.659’N 95°58.847’W

Trip 2009-1. 2-5 June Temperature (F): nights = mid 50s-60s, days = 70s-80s Site County Location Latitude Longitude 1 Greenwood N of Fall River St.Pk on CC Rd 37°41.867’N 96°02.543’W 2 Greenwood E of Fall River on Hwy 400 37°37.144’N 96°00.777’W 3 Greenwood GG Road N of Hwy 400 37°37.381’N 95°59.054’W 4 Greenwood N of Fall River State Park 37°40.544’N 96°02.451’W 5 Greenwood Fall River SP, Post Oak Trail 37°39.380’N 96°03.070’W 6 Wilson ¼ mi E Clay Rd on Hwy 400 37°36.850’N 95°54.982’W 7 Wilson Clay Rd & Hwy 400 37°36.870’N 95°55.177’W 8 Greenwood 0.2 mi W Shawnee Creek on Hwy 37°37.123’N 96°00.272’W 400

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Trip 2009-2. 8-12 June Temperature (F): nights = 65-70, days = 80s 1 Montgomery ½ mi S of CR 6000 on 4500 Rd 37°20.110’N 95°39.392’W 2 Montgomery Montgomery State Lake 37°09782’N 95°42.032’W 3 Montgomery Montgomery State Lake 37°09782’N 95°42.032’W 4 Montgomery 1 mi N of 3275 Rd on 4100 Rd 37°09.465’N 95°41.533’W 5 Montgomery 1.2 mi N of 3275 Rd on 4100 Rd 37°09.407’N 95°41.537’W 6 Montgomery ¼ mi W of 4100 Rd on 3000 Rd 37°07.436’N 95°41.999’W 7 Montgomery ICC Prairie 37°11.689’N 95°43.074’W 8 Elk 31 Rd N of Hwy 160 37°20.418’N 95°58.966’W 9 Elk 31 Rd N of Hwy160 37°20.058’N 95°58.943’W 10 Elk 1 mi E of Evergreen on 29A 3721.205’N 96°00.471’W 11 Elk 1 mi N of 29A on Flint Rd 37°23.295’N 95°59.324’W 12 Elk 29 Rd & RR tracks 37°24.209’N 96°00.990’W 13 Elk 28 Rd & RR tracks 37°23.575’N 96°02.058’W Trip 2009-3. 15-19 June Temperature (F): nights = 70s, days = 90s 1 Elk 0.2 mi N of US 160 on 26 Rd 37°23.107’N 96°04.284’W 2 Elk Just N of cemetery on 26 Rd 37°23.608’N 96°04.238’W 3 Elk 0.3 mi S of Rd 26 on Grain Rd 37°24.316’N 96°03.959’W 4 Elk ½ mi N of Flint Rd on 25 Rd 37°23.988’N 96°04.791’W 5 Elk ½ mi W of Rd 25 on Flint Rd 37°23.679’N 96°05.247’W 6 Elk Longton site on US 160 37°22.871’N 96°05.540’W 7 Elk 0.2 mi S of Evergreen on 23 Rd 37°21.814’N 96°07.127’W 8 Elk 0.3 mi S of Dove on 24A Rd 37°21.213’N 96°05.759’W 9 Elk Ed Markel on 24A Rd 37°20.596’N 96°05.733’W 10 Elk 0.2 mi W of Alfalfa on 24A Rd 37°18.646’N 96°06.037’W 11 Elk 0.1 mi S of 25 Rd on Angus 37°18.880’N 96°05.017’W 12 Elk 1.5 mi N of 25 Rd on Dove 37°21.467’N 96°04.084’W Trip 2009-4. 21-25 June

Site County Location Latitude Longitude 1 Woodson 0.1 mi E of 80th on Grouse Rd 37°50.173’N 95°50.798’W 2 Woodson 0.1 mi E of creek going E on 80th 37°50.169’N 95°50.026’W 3 Woodson 0.3 mi W Kanza Rd cemetery on 80th 37°50.159’N 95°46.733’W 4 Woodson ¾ mi W of Kanza Rd on 70th 37°49.434’N 95°46.947’W 5 Woodson On Jay Rd (dead end) 37°49.053’N 95°47.886’W 6 Woodson Woodson State Lake campsite 37°47.709’N 95°50.342’W 7 Woodson Woodson State Lake ¼ mi E of camp 37°47.758’N 95°50.213’W 8 Woodson 0.1 mi S of 53 Rd on Hedge Rd 37°47.696’N 95°49.763’W 9 Woodson 0.1 mi N of Hereford Rd on Fegan Rd 37°47.706’N 95°50.162’W 10 Woodson S side of Woodson State Lake 37°47.538’N 95°50.246’W 11 Woodson ¼ mi S of 35th on Fawn Rd 37°45.955’N 95°51.692’W

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12 Woodson Corner of Gill Rd and 25th Rd 37°45.397’N 95°50.861’W 13 Woodson ¼ mi S of 25th on Hawk Rd 37°45.017’N 95°49.490’W 14 Woodson Woodson State Lake N of campsite 37°47.690’N 95°50.579’W Trip 2009-5. 6-10 July Temperatures (F): nights 70s, days = 90s. Early morning rain on 9 July. 1 Montgomery ¼ mi W of 3900 Rd on 2800 Rd 37°06.567’N 95°42.847’W 2 Montgomery ½ mi N of 2600 Rd on 3700 Rd 37°06.108’N 95°43.723’W 3 Montgomery 0.1 mi W of 4100 Rd on 2400 Rd 37°04.823’N 95°41.659’W 4 Montgomery 1 mi E of 3500 Rd on 2000 Rd 37°03.094’N 95°44.095’W 5 Montgomery ¼ mi E of 3300 Rd on 2200 Rd 37°03.962’N 95°45.580’W 6 Montgomery ¼ E of 2300 Rd on 2600 Rd 37°05.729’N 95°51.077’W 7 Montgomery ¼ mi E of 2700 Rd on 2825 Rd 37°06.802’N 95°48.849’W 8 Montgomery Montgomery State Lake 37°09.777’N 95°42.035’W 9 Montgomery ¼ mi W of 3700 Rd on 1475 Rd 37°01.133’N 95°43.941’W 10 Montgomery ¼ mi S of 1250 Rd on 3325 Rd 37°00.126’N 95°45.604’W 11 Montgomery Tyro: SW corner 2700 & 1475 Rd 37°01.158’N 95°49.219’W 12 Montgomery 1 mi S of 2700 Rd on 1475 Rd 37°01.164’N 95°47.923’W Trip 2009-6. 14-17 July

Site County Location Latitude Longitude 1 Wilson ¼ mi N of 900 Rd on Decatur Rd 37°30.308’N 95°54.422’W 2 Wilson ¼ mi E of Decatur Rd on 850 Rd 37°29.647’N 95°53.728’W 3 Wilson ditto (Bob Crawshaw’s meadow) 37°29.647’N 95°53.728’W 4 Wilson ½ mi E of Decatur Rd on 850 Rd 37°29.751’N 95°53.373’W 5 Wilson 0.4 mi E of Decatur Rd on 850 Rd 37°29.716’N 95°53.476’W 6 Wilson Bob Crawshaw’s 2nd meadow 37°29.811’N 95°53.383’W 7 Wilson Corner of 900 Rd & Elk Rd 37°30.082’N 95°53.004’W 8 Wilson Pettyjohn, 5359 800 Rd 37°29.138’N 95°52.926’W 9 Wilson Pettyjohn, 5359 800 Rd ------10 Wilson Pettyjohn, 5359 800 Rd ------11 Wilson O’Dell, 4896 800 Rd, by pond 37°29.386’N 95°53.431’W 12 Wilson O’Dell, 4896 800 Rd, in field ------Trip 2009-7. 19-22 August

Site County Location Latitude Longitude 1 Labette ½ mi S of 2000 Rd on X-ray Rd 37°00.766’N 95°05.704’W 2 Labette ¼ mi N of Nation Rd on Wallace Rd 37°00.084’N 95°07.335’W 3 Labette Corner of 1000 Rd & Jackson Rd 37°00.298’N 95°21.587’W 4 Labette 0.1 mi N of Nation Rd on Jackson Rd 37°00.073’N 95°21.529’W 5 Labette ¼ mi E of Jackson Rd on 2000 Rd 37°01.172’N 95°21.135’W 6 Labette ¼ mi W of Harper Rd on 5000 Rd 37°03.750’N 95°23.961’W 7 Labette ¼ mi N of US Hwy 166 on Pratt Rd 37°03.009’N 95°15.012’W 8 Labette ½ W of Ottawa Rd on 2000 Rd 37°01.149’N 95°16.479’W

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9 Labette ½ mi N of Nation Rd on Queens Rd 37°00.340’N 95°13.902’W 10 Labette 0.1 mi E of Victory Rd on 6000 Rd 37°04.651’N 95°08.317’W 11 Labette At corner of 5000 Rd & Victory Rd 37°03.783’N 95°08.335’W 12 Labette ¼ mi N of US 166 on Wallace Rd 37°03.121’N 95°07.262’W Trip 2009-8. 25-28 August

Site County Location Latitude Longitude 1 Woodson S side of Yates Center Reservoir 37°49.961’N 95°47.924’W 2 Woodson At the corner of 65 Rd & Hereford Rd 37°48.867’N 95°50.073’W 3 Woodson ½ mi S of 65 Rd on Hereford Rd 37°48.578’N 95°50.041’W 4 Woodson Corner of Hereford Rd & 53 Rd 37°47.767’N 95°50.059’W 5 Woodson Woodson State Lake 37°47.544’N 95°50.261’W 6 Woodson Woodson State Lake 37°47.778’N 95°50.383’W 7 Woodson ¼ mi W of Fox Rd on50 Rd 37°47.546’N 95°52.356’W 8 Greenwood 0.1 mi W county line on Fall River Rd 37°44.736’N 95°57.735’W 9 Greenwood ¼ mi S of 50 Rd on DD Rd 37°40.504’N 96°01.190’W 10 Greenwood ¼ mi W of DD Rd on 40 Rd 37°39.732’N 96°01.295’W 11 Greenwood At the corner of DD Rd & 50 Rd 37°40.610’N 96°01.170’W 12 Greenwood 0.1 mi W of FF Rd on 50 Rd 37°40.600’N 95°59.924’W Trip 2009-9. 2-5 September

Site County Location Latitude Longitude 1 Montgomery 1 mi S of Independence 37°11.912’N 95°43.261’W 2 Montgomery Montgomery State Lake 37°09.774’N 95°42.039’W 3 Montgomery Montgomery State Lake 37°09.774’N 95°42.039’W 4 Montgomery 1 mi S of Montgomery State Lake 37°09.474’N 95°41.536’W 5 Montgomery 1 mi S of Montgomery State Lake 37°09.340’N 95°41.537’W 6 Elk 1 mi E of Evergreen Rd on 29A Rd 37°21.202’N 96°00.469’W 7 Elk ½ mi W of Longton on US 160 37°22.861’N 96°05.564’W 8 Elk ½ mi W of Longton on US 160 37°22.861’N 96°05.564’W 9 Elk ½ mi S of US 160 on Explorer Rd 37°22.827’N 96°07.984’W 10 Elk 1 mi S of US 160 on 21 Rd 37°22.156’N 96°09.248’W 11 Elk ¼ mi W of 22 Rd on Flint Rd 37°23.263’N 96°08.702’W 12 Elk ¾ mi S of US 160 on 21 Rd 37°22.334’N 96°09.246’W Trip 2009-10. 9-12 September

1 Cherokee ¼ mi E of 134th on 1000 Rd 37°00.208’N 95°04.197’W 2 Cherokee ¼ mi E of 70th on Star Rd 37°01.032’N 94°57.375’W 3 Cherokee ½ mi S of Star Rd on 70th 37°00.479’N 94°57.529’W 4 Cherokee ½ mi N of Melrose on 70th 37°02.391’N 94°57.531’W 5 Cherokee ¼ mi W of 15th on Boston Mills Rd 37°07.156’N 94°48.611’W 6 Cherokee ¼ mi N of Boston Mills Rd on 10th 37°07.311’N 94°48.814’W 7 Cherokee ½ mi S of Clem Rd on 10th 37°07.776’N 94°48.817’W 8 Cherokee ½ mi W of 20th on Messer Rd 37°08.920’N 94°48.081’W

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9 Cherokee ¼ mi N of Messer Rd on 20th 37°09.025’N 94°47.728’W 10 Cherokee ½ mi N of Messer Rd on 20th 37°09.090’N 94°47.733’W 11 Cherokee ¼ mi S of Wyandotte Rd on 60th 37°09.438’N 94°43.356’W 12 Cherokee ¼ mi W of 60th on Messer Rd 37°08.915’N 94°43.700’W 13 Cherokee ¼ mi W of 30th on Wyandotte Rd 37°09.802’N 94°46.847’W 14 Cherokee ½ mi W of 50th on Wyandotte Rd 37°09.795’N 94°45.423’W

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APPENIDX II

Carrion Beetle Captures by Survey Trip

TRIP 2008-1. Carrion Beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae) collected in Montgomery and Elk counties on Trip 1 on 11-15 August 2008. A total of 497 carrion beetles belonging to five species was collected during this trip.

Species Location No. Collected Sum 11th-12th-13th-14th-15th

Nicrophorus marginatus 4 0-----0----1----0----0 1 Total = 1

Nicrophorus orbicollis 1 4-----1----2----0----0 7 4 1-----1----0----0----0 2 Total = 9

Nicrophorus pustulatus 1 1-----0----0----0----0 1 4 0-----0----0----1----0 1 Total = 2

Necrophila americana 1 4-----3----5----4----2 18 2 0-----0----1----1----1 3 3 2-----0----0----1----0 3 4 1-----0----1----1----0 3 5 2-----0----0----1----1 4 6 0-----0----1----0----0 1 Total = 32

Necrodes surinamensis 1 0-----51----3---13----15 82 2 0------1----5-----9----42 57 3 20---21---45----9----24 119 4 9------4----3----32---26 74 5 17---12---7-----24---56 116 6 0------0----0-----2-----3 5 Total = 453

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TRIP 2008-2. Carrion Beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae) collected in Woodson and Wilson counties on Trip 2 on 23-25 August 2008. A total of 2,564 carrion beetles belonging to six species was collected during this survey.

Species Location No. Collected Sum 23rd-24th-25th

Nicrophorus marginatus 2 1-----0-----0 1 3 3-----1-----1 5 Total = 6

Nicrophorus orbicollis 1 22----20----7 49 2 18----30---17 65 3 5------5-----0 10 4 2------0-----0 2 5 4------1-----0 5 6 1------0-----1 2 Total = 133

Nicrophorus tomentosus 5 0------0------1 1 Total = 1

Nicrophorus pustulatus 1 1------0------0 1 Total = 1

Necrophila americana 1 2------0------6 8 2 4-----10-----18 32 3 2------2------8 12 4 1------0------0 1 5 0------0------1 1 6 2------3------2 7 Total = 61

Necrodes surinamensis 1 0-----98-----225 323 2 2----795----698 1495 3 10----48----118 176 4 0-----37------69 106 5 6-----41----117 164 6 0------2------96 98 Total = 2362

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TRIP 2008-3. Carrion Beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae) collected in Wilson and Elk counties on Trip 3 on 29-31 August 2008. A total of 182 carrion beetles belonging to five species was collected during this survey.

Species Location No. Collected Sum 29th-30th-31st

Nicrophorus marginatus 3 2-----0-----0 2 5 1-----1-----0 2 Total = 4

Nicrophorus orbicollis 1 3-----3-----0 6 2 0-----2-----2 4 3 0-----2-----0 2 4 5-----4-----2 11 Total = 23

Nicrophorus pustulatus 3 1-----0-----0 1 Total = 1

Necrophila americana 3 1-----0-----0 1 5 1-----0-----0 1 Total = 2

Necrodes surinamensis 1 0-----1-----8 9 2 1-----1-----6 8 3 10---17----5 32 4 2-----72---19 93 5 7-----2------1 10 Total = 152

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TRIP 2009-1. Carrion Beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae) collected in Greenwood and Elk counties on Trip 1 on 2-5 June 2009. A total of 146 carrion beetles belonging to two species was collected during this trip.

Species Location No. Collected Sum 2nd-3rd-4th-5th Oiceoptoma inaequale 2 2---0---0-----3 5 3 7---3---4----14 28 5 62---1---6---17 86 6 *----0---2----5 7 7 *----0---1----1 2 8 *----1---2---10 13 Total =141

Necrophila americana 3 1----0---0----0 1 5 0----0---0----4 4 Total = 5 The asterisk * indicates traps were not in place on that day.

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TRIP 2009-2. Carrion Beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae) collected in Montgomery and Wilson counties on Trip 2 on 9-12 June 2009. A total of 426 carrion beetles belonging to eight species was collected during this survey

Species Location No. Collected Sum 9th-10th-11th-12th Nicrophorus marginatus 11 *---1---1---1 3 12 *---1---0---0 1 13 *---0---0---1 1 Total = 5

Nicrophorus orbicollis 10 *---0---0---2 2 Total = 2

Nicrophorus tomentosus 10 *---0---0---1 1 Total = 1

Nicrophorus pustulatus 9 *---0---0---1 1 10 *---0---0---2 2 Total = 3

Oiceoptoma inaequale 1 2---0----1---0 3 2 3---1----1----0 5 3 11---10--4----4 29 5 2---0----0----2 4 8 *---0----0----9 9 9 *---0----4----0 4 10 *---0---11--20 31 Total = 85

Oiceoptoma novaboracense 8 *---0---0----6 6 10 *---0---1---10 11 Total = 17

Necrophila americana 3 2---4---1---0 7 8 *---0---0---1 1 10 *---0---4---4 8 Total = 16

Necrodes surinamensis 3 20---30---10---14 74 5 0----3-----0-----0 3 8 *----0----0-----54 54 10 *----0----0----166 166 Total = 297 . The asterisk * indicates traps were not in place on that day.

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TRIP 2009-3. Carrion Beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae) collected in Elk County on Trip 3 on 6-19 June 2009. A total of 236 carrion beetles belonging to eight species was collected during this survey.

Species Location No. Collected Sum 16th-17th-18th-19th Nicrophorus marginatus 1 1---0---1---0 2 2 0---0---1---0 1 3 0---0---0---3 3 7 0---1---1---2 4 8 *---0---0---1 1 10 *---1---2---1 4 11 *---0---3---4 7 12 *---1---1---0 2 Total = 24

Nicrophorus orbicollis 6 0---0---1---0 1 8 *---0---0---2 2 Total = 3

Nicrophorus tomentosus 1 0---1---2---0 3 2 0---0---2---0 2 4 0---0---1---0 1 6 0---0---1---3 4 7 0---2---1---2 5 8 *---0---0---4 4 9 *---0---2---1 3 10 *---1---2---2 5 11 *---1---3---5 9 12 *---0---0---2 2 Total = 38

Nicrophorus pustulatus 7 0---0---0---1 1 Total = 1

Oiceoptoma inaequale 1 0---3---3---0 6 2 0---0---0---2 2 5 0---1---0---0 1 6 0---3---2---1 6 7 0---1---0---2 3 8 *---4---0---2 6 10 *---1---1---1 3 11 *---1---0---0 1 12 *---1---1---2 4 Total= 32

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TRIP 2009-3 (continued).

Species Location No. Collected Sum 16th-17th-18th-19th

Oiceoptoma novaboracense 3 0---1---0---0 1 4 0---0---0---1 1 8 *---0---1---1 2 12 *---0---0---1 1 Total = 5

Necrophila americana 6 0---1---2---0 3 7 0---1---0---0 1 8 *---1---3---0 4 Total = 8

Necrodes surinamensis 1 0---0---1---0 1 3 0---1---1---0 2 6 0--21--56--14 91 7 0---2---0---1 3 8 *---3---6---1 10 10 *---0---2---2 4 11 *---2---5---2 9 12 *---0---2---3 5 Total = 125 The asterisk * indicates traps were not in place on that day.

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TRIP 2009-4. Carrion Beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae) collected in Woodson County on Trip 4 on 22-25 June 2009. A total of 633 carrion beetles belonging to eight species was collected during this survey.

Species Location No. Collected Sum 22nd-23rd-24th-25th Nicrophorus marginatus 2 1---1---0---1 3 3 0---1---0---0 1 Total = 4

Nicrophorus orbicollis 6 4---14---19---17 54 7 1----1----0----0 2 8 *----0----0----1 1 9 *----1----0----0 1 10 *----2----0----7 9 11 *----0----0----1 1 13 *----0----1----0 1 14 *---11----0----8 19 Total = 88 Nicrophorus tomentosus 1 0---1---0---0 1 3 2---0---0---0 2 4 1---0---0---0 1 5 0---1---1---0 2 6 1---1---3---6 11 7 0---1---1---0 2 8 *---0---2---0 2 9 *---7---2---3 12 10 *---0---4---1 5 11 *---0---0---4 4 12 *---1---2---6 9 13 *---1---2---1 4 14 *---0---1---0 1 Total = 56 Nicrophorus pustulatus 1 0---1---0----0 1 3 0---0---5----0 5 5 0---0---1----0 1 6 0---0---21--5 26 7 9---2---1----3 15 9 *---1---0----0 1 11 *---0---1----1 2 12 *---9---6----2 17 13 *---0---0----2 2 Total = 70

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TRIP 2009-4 (continued).

Species Location No. Collected Sum 22nd-23rd-24th-25th Oiceoptoma inaequale 1 0----0----1----0 1 2 0----0----1----0 1 3 1----0----1----0 2 5 1----0----5----3 9 6 3---13----3---5 24 7 4----1----1----2 8 9 *----0---13---13 26 10 *---10---11---1 22 11 *----0----2----0 2 12 *----0----2----2 4 13 *----0----2----0 2 14 *----1----0----0 1 Total = 102

Oiceoptoma novaboracense 5 0----0----1----5 6 6 0----2----2---10 14 10 *----1----1----0 2 12 *----0----0----2 2 13 *----0----0----1 1 14 *----0----1----0 1 Total = 26

Necrophila americana 4 1----0----0----0 1 5 0----0----1----4 5 6 0---10----5----8 23 7 0----0----0----2 2 9 *----4----4----9 17 10 *----6----4----2 12 11 *----0----1----2 3 12 *----0----1----2 3 13 *----2----2----8 12 14 *----0----1----0 1 Total = 7 Necrodes surinamensis 6 0----0---28---146 174 7 1----0----0----0 1 8 *----0----1----1 2 9 *----1----0----1 2 10 *----8----1----6 15 11 *----1----0----0 1 12 *----0----0---10 10 13 *----0----0----3 3 Total = 208 The asterisk * indicates traps were not in place on that day.

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TRIP 2009-5. Carrion Beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae) collected in Montgomery County on Trip 5 on 7-10 July 2009. A total of 175 carrion beetles belonging to seven species was collected during this survey, including one male American Burying Beetle.

Species Location No. Collected Sum 7th-8th-9th-10th Nicrophorus americanus 10 *---0---1M---0 1 Total = 1 Nicrophorus marginatus 1 1---1---0---1 3 5 0---1---1---0 2 6 0---2---4---2 8 Total = 13 Nicrophorus orbicollis 5 0---0---1---0 1 7 1---0---0---0 1 8 1---5---0---0 6 9 *---1---0---2 3 Total = 11

Nicrophorus tomentosus 2 0---1---0---0 1 4 0---0---1---0 1 Total = 2

Nicrophorus pustulatus 1 1---0---0---0 1 8 0---3---3---0 6 Total = 7 Necrophila americana 1 0---0---1---1 2 3 0---0---2---0 2 4 6---0---0---0 6 5 0---6---3---1 10 8 4--10---9---8 31 9 *---1---0---6 7 10 *---2---0---0 2 12 *---0---2---2 4 Total = 64 Necrodes surinamensis 1 2---0---0---0 2 5 0---1---0---0 1 8 0--28--19--16 63 9 *---4---5---2 11 Total = 77 The asterisk * indicates traps were not in place on that day.

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TRIP 2009-6. Carrion Beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae) collected in Wilson County on Trip 6 on 14-17 July 2009. A total of 148 carrion beetles belonging to six species was collected during this survey.

Species Location No. Collected Sum 14th-15th-16th-17th Nicrophorus marginatus 2 0---1---0---0 1 3 0---1---0---0 1 4 0---1---0---0 1 6 *---1---0---0 1 Total = 4

Nicrophorus orbicollis 4 0---0---0---1 1 6 *---0---0---1 1 7 *---0---1---2 3 9 *---0---2---3 5 10 *--20--17--0 37 12 *---0---0---1 1 Total = 48

Nicrophorus tomentosus 10 *---0---0---1 1 12 *---0---1---1 2 Total = 3

Nicrophorus pustulatus 10 *---0---6---3 9 Total = 9

Necrophila americana 4 1---2---0---3 6 5 0---1---0---0 1 6 *---1---0---0 1 7 *---0---0---1 1 9 *---1---2--14 17 10 *---2---2---9 13 12 *---1---1---4 6 Total = 45

Necrodes surinamensis 1 0---1---2---0 3 5 0---0---2---0 2 6 *---0---0---1 1 9 *---0---0---3 3 10 *---0--27---3 30 Total = 39 The asterisk * indicates traps were not in place on that day.

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TRIP 2009-7. Carrion Beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae) collected in Labette County on Trip 7 on 19-22 August 2009. A total of 76 carrion beetles belonging to seven species was collected during this survey, including one male American Burying Beetle.

Species Location No. Collected Sum 19th-20th-21st -22nd Nicrophorus americanus 4 0---0---0---1M 1 Total = 1 Nicrophorus marginatus 2 1---1---0---0 2 4 1---0---0---0 1 5 0---0---1---1 2 Total = 5

Nicrophorus orbicollis 3 0---0---1---1 2 7 0---0---1---0 1 Total = 3

Nicrophorus tomentosus 5 0---0---0---1 1 Total = 1

Nicrophorus pustulatus 7 0---0---0---1 1 10 0---1---0---0 1 Total = 2

Necrophila americana 3 1---0---1---1 3 4 0---2---0---0 2 5 0---0---3---0 3 10 0—0---1---0 1 Total = 9 Necrodes surinamensis 1 0---0---1---2 3 2 0---0---1---0 1 3 0---0---2---1 3 4 0---0---2---1 3 5 0---0---0---1 1 6 0---0---5---2 7 8 0---0---2---2 4 9 0---0--10---2 12 10 0---0---2---2 4 11 0---0---1---0 1 12 0---0--13---3 16 Total = 55

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TRIP 2009-8. Carrion Beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae) collected in Greenwood and Woodson counties on Trip 8 on 25-28 August 2009. A total of 585 carrion beetles belonging to six species was collected during this survey.

Species Location No. Collected Sum 25th-26th-27st -28nd Nicrophorus marginatus 1 0---0---1---1 2 4 0---1---0---0 1 7 1---4---3---1 9 8 7---5---0---0 12 10 0---1---2---0 3 12 0---0---1---0 1 Total = 28 Nicrophorus orbicollis 2 0---0---3---2 5 4 9---2---3---4 18 5 9---8---5---0 22 6 19---1--10---6 36 7 0---0---1---1 2 8 1---0---2---0 3 9a 7---0---1---1 9 9b *---*---2---2 4 11 7---6---4---1 18 12 0---0---5---4 9 Total = 126

Nicrophorus tomentosus 9a 0---0---0---1 1 Total = 1 Nicrophorus pustulatus 2 0---1---0---0 1 5 1---3---0---0 4 6 0---0---1---0 1 9b *---*---0---1 1 11 6---1---0---0 7 12 1---0---0---0 1 Total = 15 Necrophila americana 1 1---1---0---0 2 2 6---1---0---1 8 4 1---4--11---1 17 5 0—0---2---2 4 6 0---9---3---3 15 7 0---1---1---0 2 8 0---3---2---2 7 9a 2---1---0---1 4 9b *---*---1---0 1 10 0---1---0---0 1 11 0---1---1---0 2 Total = 63

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TRIP 2009-8 (continued)

Species Location No. Collected Sum 25th-26th-27st -28nd Necrodes surinamensis 1 0---0----0---1 1 2 1---0----1---4 6 3 0---0----4---4 8 4 1---8---21---2 32 5 1--14--18---8 41 6 0---0----1--11 12 7 0---1--171--4 178 9a 0---0----0--15 15 9b *---*----2---3 5 10 0---0----2--12 14 11 2---0----1--14 17 12 2---1----5---2 10 Total = 352 The asterisk * indicates traps were not in place on that day.

TRIP 2009-9. Carrion Beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae) collected in Montgomery and Elk counties on Trip 9 on 2-5 September 2009. A total of 880 carrion beetles belonging to six species was collected during this survey.

Species Location No. Collected Sum 1st-2nd-3rd-4th Nicrophorus marginatus 5 2---2---0---0 4 7 0---0---0---1 1 12 *---0---1---0 1 Total = 6

Nicrophorus orbicollis 2 2---2---2---0 6 3 0---1---3---2 6 4 0---2---1---1 4 5 0---1---6---2 9 6 18---5---4---10 37 8 0---0---0---1 1 9 *----5---4---1 10 9extra *----*---*---3 3 10 *---0---1---1 2 12 *---7---4---1 12 Total = 92

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TRIP 2009-9 (continued)

Species Location No. Collected Sum 25th-26th-27st -28nd

Nicrophorus tomentosus 3 0---0---1---0 1 6 0---0---1---2 3 9extra *---*---*---1 1 12 *---0---1---0 1 Total = 6

Nicrophorus pustulatus 6 1---1---1---0 3 11 *---0---2---0 2 Total = 5

Necrophila americana 4 0---0---0---2 2 5 0—1---4---1 6 6 0---0---5---0 5 9 *---1---2---1 4 9extra *---*---*---2 2 12 *---0---1---0 1 Total = 20

Necrodes surinamensis 5 0---0----0----8 8 6 23--101--281--15 420 7 0---0----0----6 6 8 0---0----0----7 7 9 *---0---24--15 39 9extra *---*----*---42 42 10 *---0----0----1 1 12 *---0--182--46 228 Total = 751 The asterisk * indicates traps were not in place on that day.

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TRIP 2009-10. Carrion Beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae) Collected in Cherokee County, Kansas on Trip 10 on 9-12 September 2009. A total of 458 carrion beetles belonging to six species was collected during this survey.

Species Location No. Collected Sum 1st-2nd-3rd-4th Nicrophorus marginatus 1 0---0---1---0 1 4 0---4---4---3 11 7 *---0---1---0 1 8 *---0---1---1 2 9 *---1---6---19 26 10 *---0---7---10 17 12 *---0---0---1 1 14 *---*---*---1 1 Total = 60 Nicrophorus orbicollis 4 1---0---0---1 2 5 *---2---1---0 3 8 *---4---8---0 12 9 *---6---1---4 11 Total = 28

Nicrophorus tomentosus 12 *---0---0---1 1 Total = 1

Nicrophorus pustulatus 8 *---0---1---0 1 Total = 1

Necrophila americana 3 0---0---4---0 4 5 *—3---1---0 4 8 *---3---3---10 16 9 *---0---1---1 2 10 *---0---3---2 5 12 *---0---1---1 2 13 *---*---*---1 1 Total = 34 Necrodes surinamensis 1 0---2---2---1 5 2 1---4---5---0 10 3 0---2---5---5 12 4 3---3---4--145 155 5 *--36--11--5 52 8 *---2---2---29 33 9 *---22--3---6 31 10 *---7---8--18 33 11 *---0---0---1 1 12 *---0---0---2 2 Total = 334 The asterisk * indicates traps were not in place on that day.

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