Co AL AGE Esłablished 191 I— Mcgraw-Hill Publishing Company, Inc

Co AL AGE Esłablished 191 I— McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, Inc.

DEVOTED TO THE OPERATING, TECHNICAL AND BUSINESS PROBLEMS OF THE COAL-MINING INDUSTRY

SYDNEY A. HALE, Editor

M ay 1938

♦

Why Cincinnati? of this diminution in buying power far overbalances any smali saving the aver- E v e r y y e a r the Cincinnati convention age manufacturer may make in unit-pro- and exposition of the American Mining duction costs by changing over to some Congress serves as a post-graduate course other form of energy. Unfortunately, in mining methods and eąuipment. Every it is not always easy to impress this trutli year it offers an opportunity to get abreast upon the individual business man. Too with tlie progress of the industry. At Cin often he prides his own independence so cinnati the coal men can see not only the highly tliat he is indifferent to the inter- most recent innovations in machinery but dependence of all industry. As a result, he also the improvements which have been acknowledges the soundness of the argu made in standard types of eąuipment to ment but remains unconvinced. better performance, increase output per That unwillingness to recognize the im- man and lower production costs. With pact of seemingly remote causes upon indi- inter-fuel competition so pressing, 110 op vidual business prosperity, liowever, should erator touched with a progressive spirit not discourage those who are trying to dare .rest content with last year’s tech- dramatize inter-industry relationsliips. The niąue. The Cincinnati convention which country can hardly hope to achieve a more starts May 2 presents an ideał forum for stable national economy unless this lesson the discussion and study of what is newest is driven liome. But the process of educa- and best. Be tliere! tion would be swifter if raił rates and coal prices could be lowered to a point where Self-lnterest even an immediate trifling reduction in manufacturing costs with competitive fuels Isr campaigning to recapture tonnage lost to oil in New England markets, the could be wiped out. National Coal Association is on firm economic ground when it appeals to the self interest of the manufacturers who have Not Knowing How shifted to competitive fuels. The coal and D e s p i t e a common language and a long railroad industries rank unusually high in mining background, Britisli shotfirers are the percentages of tlieir revenue dollar said to be none too efficient. The Scottisli which promptly flow back into the generał divisional inspector recently gathered sev- buying stream as payments for wages and eral of tliem together in a safety-lamp mine supplies. Any substantial depletion in and, after warning them of his intentions, mining or railroad income is ąuickly re- asked each of them to demonstrate esactly flected in decreased purchasing power with the aid of full-sized replicas of a shot- which directly or indireetly affects all hole and dummy explosives just how he classes of manufacturers and merchants. would proceed to fire a shot in a coal face. Since this is so, it should not be difficult Although the men entered into the spirit to demonstrate that the over-all effects of the test, not one succeeded in scoring 65 per cent of the total marks and one fell the basis upon which prices shall be ini- below 32 per cent. “ Ali the firemen tiated and coordinated. That, in the ab- tested,” the inspector declares, “ were in- stract at least, is true. Yet even in this telligent and capable men.” statute-ridden land laws liave been modi- Such tests are worthy of imitation at fied when experience bas demonstrated our own coal mines. Witli tlie medley of that changes are essential to their success- languages in American mining communi- ful operation. Suspension of the price ties, the sometimes inadeąuate training of sehedules promulgated last winter makes supervisory forces and the fact tliat many any comment on what their ultimate revi- of the miners, botli natiye and foreign, sions might have been higlily speculative. were originally farmers, it is not unthink- If some of the ineąuities in those sehedules, able that the rating they would receive however, mirrored inescapable mandates miglit be even lower than at this Scottish of the law, then modification is in order. mine and the need for training even more For its own futurę salvation the industry mandatory. Why is nearly all our training must never lose sight of tlie disagreeable lavished on first-aid men, who, after all, fact that, while Uncle Sam can fis prices, only “ pick np the pieces” which others, for he cannot deliver customers or protect vol- lack of training, have scattered? Job ume. That lias been painfully established analysis and job training are as essential in the case of the railroads, wlio have to as first-aid training and more fundamental. appeal to the Interstate Commerce Com- mission for higher rates when it is generally admitted that the root of their trou- Umbrella or Sword? bles is loss of traffic to other forms of transportation. The rate umbrella is raised, Federal regulation of bituminous but it is a poor shield against rivals who coal prices won widespread acceptance cut away raił Dusiness with the sword of from a harassed industry on the theory lower costs. Must coal regulation follow that such control would make mining a the same path and repeat the same mis- more profitable and stable enterprise. The takes ? theory is a wliolly commendable one. But now that the Coal Commission and the producers’ boards again are in the throes of attempting to work out an official mini- Prone-Pressure Violence mum-price structure, it miglit be well to G e n t l e i x d e e d are the natural pres- inąuire just how it is proposed to give sures on the human thorax which cause practical application to this theory. air to be drawn into and expelled from the Such an inąuiry inevitably raises sharp lungs. They never cause bones to be ąuestions of fundamental definitions and broken. In view of this fact, what occasion specific procedure. Is profit to be a purely is there for violence in operating them by per-ton figurę completely dissociated from the prone-pressure metliod? To use esces- volume? Is the protection afforded the sive force shocks the patient and may break mines with mean costs to deprive the con- his ribs. J. D. Hall, Atlantic City Electric sumer and the producer of the benefits of Co., believes that the pressure should not more efficient opera tions? Are mines in this exceed a ąuarter of the weight of the group to exact prices which jeopardize patient and that the inclination of the arms their chances of increasing the volume of which will impose such a weight can be coal sold? And are consumers close to determined by indications 011 a bathroom mines to be penalized so that those mines scalę. It is always necessary to remember may shrink their prices in more distant that the patient may be deficient in calcium markets? and tbat his bones may be unduly weak Of course, the facile answer to all these and brittle. Pressures should not be im- ąuestions is that the law itself prescribes posed with more zeal than knowledge.

44 COAL AGE — Yol.43, No.5 COOPERATION IN SAFETY + Reduces Monas General Injury Rate

And Limits Fatalities to One in 7Vk Years

O PERATI0N from June 27, and horse gathering only to finish against the gob. These stumps are 1930, to Dec. 27, 1937, without the old working territory. shot when a cut is completed, thus out a single fatality is one Each loading machinę is accom- allowing the roof to cave up against measure of the safety work carried panied by a Sullivan 7AU track cut- the end of the pillar. When the on at the Mona mine of the Ark- ter and a Jeffrey 56A track-mounted loading machinę cleans up a place, wright Coal Co., on the Monongahela drill. The drills have been modified, the timbers are extended and the River three miles from Morgantown, however, to operate with only a track is laid up. Holes then are drilled W. Va. In this period, the produc- single instead of the norrnal two and the place is top cut to maintain tion totaled 2,226,576 tons. That this spindles. Each loading machinę is the coal roof. Finally, the shotfirer record is not a freak is indicated by semced by a 6-ton Jeffrey cable-reel loads and shoots the holes. Cleaning the fact that in the past four years, locomotive, and these two locomotives up after the loader seldom is neees- lost-time injuries per year have in tum are served by a relay locomo- sary, and when reąuired is done by ranged in number from 17 to 22, tive, also of the cable-reel type. Nor the timber- or track-men.. with production running from 294,- ma 1 crews consist of fifteen men. Operation of the first loading ma 896 to 338,501 tons. Neither has this Ali places, whether rooms or head- chinę started Aug. 18, 1937, and, in record reąuired setting up an elab- ings, are driven 11 ft. wide. Normal addition to the installation of eąuip- orate safety organization, as up until room depth is 300 ft.; centers, 60 ft. ment new to the men at the mine, the adoption of mechanical loading Pillars are brought back on a line reąuired a materiał readjustment in last year the mine was operated by a of about 50 deg. with the butts, and thinking and working habits, as well superintendent, a mine foreman and in extracting pillars the practice is as the employment of additional crew a night boss. Another measure of to take successive cuts across the end, foremen to oversee the operation of the value of the work is the fact that leaving smali stumps as protection the maehines. As compared with the operation has paid no more than the minimum compensation rate for Loading machinę starting a cut across the end of a chain pillar. While mechani- a long period of years. zation involved a major change in operating practices and thinking at Mona mine, A drift operation, the Mona mine injuries have been few. Men on the machinę, in accordance with standard prac recovers the Pittsburgh seam by tice, wear electric lamps and safety head and footgear. room-and-pillar methods. In common with other mines in the region, the practice at Mona is to leave 18 to 24 in. of coal in place in the top and bottom, making the net recovery about 7 ft. Over the roof.eoal left in place is 3 in. to 7 ft. of drawslate, followed by the Pittsburgh “Rider” seam, averaging 12 in. in thickness. Beneath the seam is a hard fireclay. While considerable support is derived from the top coal, the roof in the mine is classed as none too good, with the result that careful and systematic timbering is a necessity. Present production from the Mona mine is around 1,400 tons per day, of which 1,000 tons is derived from two Jeffrey L-400 traek-mounted loading maehines working two shifts each. In fact, the operation is now in the transition stage from hand to me chanical loading, with hand loading

May, 1938 — COAL AGE 45 From the standpoint of safe physieal conditions, the program starts with good housekeeping, which includes regular cleaning of tracks and traveling\vays, keeping materiał as far as possible out of the roads which men must use, etc. Complete inclosure of all moving parts on machinery in tij>ple, headhouse, otlier surfaee plants and elsewhere is the rule. Underground, the trolley wire is set at least 6% ft. above the raił and is protected by guardboards at all crossings, including every eross- over track along butt entries. Plat- forms with insulator legs and rubber- mat surfaees are preseribed for every eleetric switching and telephone station. Cut-out switches are installed in the circuits to every butt entry, with sectionalizing switches else-' where as required. Explosives are hauled in an insulated powder car, further protected by the use of insu- Butt heading In the machinę secłion, Mona minę, showing parallel throw on the lating liitchings. All trailing cables, switch, quardboards on the trolley wire over a turnout into łhe parallel heading with the exception of those on loco- and rock dust on the ribs, top and floor. Ali places with track are rock-dusted every week end. motives, are equipped with fused nips. Loeks are used on all cutter hand-loading practice, the major vious fatality 7Ą years before chains while moving maeliines. changes revolved around the intro- oceurred under almost identical con- Ample Clearances Provided duction of locomotives for gathering ditions in the eorresponding room and the continuous operation of sev- about 300 ft. distant across the bar- In complianee with State regula eral pieces of machinery at a time rier pillars along the 5th Left entry tions, clearances of at least 30 in. in a working seetion, together with oif the 3d South. From the stand- from tlie car are carried on one side the neeessity for a number of eleetric point of changes in the naturę of the of all openings, with manholes at eircuits in the form of trailing cables. hazards with the change to mechani- least 6% ft. deep from the raił on Raił size was inereased from 20 to 40 cal loading, one of the most fre- each side of every door and at every lb. laid 0 1 1 steel ties, including West quentlv eneountered types of injuries switch. As many doors as possible Virgiuia steel-tie turnouts. Antici- in the meelianicized seetion is are being eliminated, and those pating the possibility of futurę regu- mashed fingers, which in almost all remaining are being equipped with lations to that effeet, permissible cases are not severe enougli to result glass windows, another recent sug- equipment was chosen for the mech- in loss of time. gestion of the State mining depart anized working territory, and per The keynote of the safety work at ment. All switches in the meehanized missible explosives (Duobel C) with the Mona minę is the principle that workings are equipped with parallel eleetric shotfiring are the practice. the safety of the individual in the throws, and throws on otlier earlier Considering that both management last analysis rests upon himself, as it tracks, particularly niain lines, are and men started from scratch, the is impossible to oversee constantly being changed to the parallel type. fact that only four lost-time injuries the activities of each and every man. Cinder-block stoppings are the have oceurred in the meehanized ter Consequentlv, the management has standard practice along all perma- ritory in the eourse of producing taken upon itself the responsibility nent or semi-permanent airways, both 101,113 tons to March 15, 1938, of developing this safety philosophy for their fireproof qualities and speaks well for the thorough ground- along with the accompanying respon- resistance to air leakage. ing in safety principles gained by sibilities of backing up reeommenda- Examples of measures taken to the operating personnel over a period tions for the elimination of hazardous improve pliysical conditions might be of years, and shows that the training practices and keeping mine workings, multiplied at length, but the above period in mechanization need not be surfaee plants and equipment in both give an indication of the extent to a period of high injury frequency. safe and efficient eondition. Men are which they are employed at Mona One of the four injuries in question given a voice in the establishment of mine. In the working places, great resulted fatally, but under circum- special regulations in addition to stress is laid on proper timbering stances whicli indicate that it was not eertain generał rules and the prin and ample supplies of props are directly a result of the operation of ciples laid down by the State mine made avilable at all times. In the the loading machinę or auxiliary law. Close co-operation with the loading-machine seetions, the loader equipment. In fact, the loader was State inspection department in the is followed, as indicated above, by back from the face and was idle institution of safety practices is the tiniberman, with the provision, of at the time the man, who was engaged another Arkwright principle, and, eourse, that he will accompany the in picking down coal, was killed by a furthermore, sufficient flexibility is machinę at any time his presence is fali of roof, which apparently was ineorporated in the safety system deemed necessary. But to make sure in as good eondition as could be ex- to permit adoption of new safeguards that top conditions are properly pected in the normal working place. as fast as they are deyeloped or the taken care of, both drilling and cut- As a matter of coincidenee, the pre- need of them appears. ting crews are supplied with the axe

46 COAL ASE — Vol.43, No.5 and saw, and are espected to set any reduce the possibility of injury. All were first trained in eooperation with additional props which may be neces- locomotives and other track-mounted representatives of the U. S. Bureau sary when they eomplete examination equipment are eąuipped with lifting of Mines and the West Virginia of the place. jacks for rerailing purposes, and Department of Mines, these key men Rock-dusting is a regular week-end jumpers, ties, etc., are banned. then instructing the rest of the event at Mona mine, and all plaees Interest in the safety idea is kept employees. The second 100-per-cent with track in them are dusted to the alive and men are provided with an eampaign was started Sept. 29, 1933, face with an M-S-A machinę each opportunity to have their say—an and plans cali for another eampaign and every week. This dustińg is to important element in maintaining later this year. In the meantime, be supplemented with barriers in all interest—primarily through a chap- special classes have been held for airways or lieadings without track. ter of the Joseph A. Holmes Safety employees without previous training. As in the case of physical safe- Association. This chapter was or- Two major first-aid stations are guards, a lengthy list of working ganized on March 8, 1934, and, maintained at the mine, eomplete rules, including both those reąuired while not the earliest in the region, with stretchers, splints and other by the mine law and the State inspec- is one of the four still active out matcrials necessary for handling tion department, as well as those of a total of fourteen at one time. severe injuries. In addition, the placed in effect by the company to In fact, the Mona chapter has never company adopted some years ago the meet special conditions, might be missed a meeting, held once a month, practice of issuing a smali first-aid cited. One rule on wliich major sińce it was organizcd. Once eacli kit to every employee, replenishing stress is laid, however, is careful 3’ear the generał public is admitted the supplies as fast as they were inspection of working places. This and, if possible, some outside safety used. Two major reasons dictated is made necessary by the character topic, such as highway or home this move. One was that employees of the top and other conditions, safety, is discussed by an outside were scattered under the liand-load- which in tum is reflected in the fact speaker. At the other regular eleven ing system, and the plan made ma- that miners and other men whose meetings, injuries, if any, in the pre- tierial available to all. The other work takes them into these plaees ceding month are analyzed and meas was that fitting each man with a kit suffer the greatest number of ures to prevent a recurrence are made it more likely that smali cuts, injuries, as indicated in Table I. adopted, along with any other recom- lacerations, etc., would receive imme- These injuries, liowever, are not mendations for improving safety diate treatment. This, together with primarily those growing out of falls conditions. Then, if possible, a the practice of reporting all injuries, of top, face or sides, but also result safety picture is shown or a talk is no matter how smali, was designed from lifting, pushing, shoveling, fall- made by an outside speaker, or, if to prevent infections, which in a few ing, etc., whieli have led to the insti- one is not arailable, by a foreman instances have made what would tution of educational measures and or mine employee. Some form of have been only minor injuries into operating regulations designed to entertainment winds up the pro- major lost-time cases. With the instruct men in the proper methods ceedings. advent of meclianization and the con- of handling materiał, keeping places Another method of stimulating centration of the working force in a elean, and the like. safety is first-aid training. The first smali area, the need for the original 100-per-cent first-aid training pro system of supplying first-aid kits is Regulations Promote Safeły gram was put on at Mona mine not so pressing and therefore the starting Feb. 22, 1929. In accordance management has under consideration Aside from miners, cutters stand with the usual practice, key men the adoption of locomotive kits or about third in the list of employees subject to injury, but in many cases these injuries arise from causes Table I— Lost-Time Injuries by Causes and Occupałions Since 1933, Mona Mine J a n . 1 - which also predominate in the miner M a r. 15, group, rather than from causes Injuries by Causes: 1934 193 5 1936 1937 1938 ’ peculiar to the operation of mining F a l ls o f t o p ...... 2 2 2* F a l ls o f sicie o r f a c e ...... 2 2 3 1 machines. Transportation men, Pushing, lifting- or shoveling. 2 4 2 3 ’ i Mine cars and locomotives. . 5 2 1 2 primarily drivers and snappers, A n im a ls ...... 1 1 1 follow miners in the number of lost- 1 ’ i Cutting machines ...... 2 2 "3 ‘ i * i time injuries, and in their cases the Loading m achines ...... 1 Slipping or falls of persons.. ‘3 * 2 1 injuries are largely due to their Flying coal or objects ...... 1 3 special duties of handling cars and T im b e r ...... 1 'i i Electricity ...... 1 locomotives and animals. Conse- Repairing machinery ...... 1 ' i quently, a number of special regula Miscellaneous underground-. ‘ i 3 ‘ i tions are directed toward transporta- Ali surface causes...... 2 1 3 ‘ 3 tion men, in addition to provisions T o t a l ...... 18 22 21 17 3 Injuries by Occupations: contained in the mine law or pre- 8 13 13 5 1 scribed by the inspection department. C u t t e r s ...... 2 3 3 1 1 S n a p p e rs ...... 4 2 1 1 For example, coupling cars on the fly D r iv e r s ...... 2 1 * 9 2 R e p a ir m e n ...... 1 is prohibited, along with dragging M o to rm en ...... 'i cars on the ground until they rerail. T r a c k m e n ...... 1 Mechanical mining: Both measures, incidentally, make 1* F a c e m e n ...... i for greater efficieney in operation. '2 *2 *3 4 Getting on and off trips, coupling on All surface employees ...... curves or in close places, riding on T o t a l ...... 18 22 21 17 3 Tonnage per Injury: locomotives, bumpers or in cars, T o t a l t o n n a g e ...... 294,896 345,313 3 3 2 ,7 4 6 3 3 8 ,5 0 1 49,474 backpoling, etc., are strictly governed Tonnage per injury ...... 16 ,3 8 3 1 5 ,6 9 5 1 5 ,8 4 5 1 9 ,9 1 2 1 6 ,4 9 1 or prohibited, as the case may be, to * Includes one fatality.

May, 1938 — COALAGE 47 some similar system of keeping a goggles was started some time ago Practically all employees at pres- supply of first-aid materials in the and today they are worn by a sub- ent wear safety footgear, primarily working section. stantial number of men at times Lehigh leather and rubber shoes, with Protectire clothing, of course, is an when their work reąuires. Spectacle- 100 per cent as the goal in the near integral part of the Mona safety type American Optical Co. goggles, futurę. Safety headgear (“Cool- program, and has been supplemented with prescription - ground lenses Caps” or M-S-A “Skullgards” or sińce the advent of mechanical load ■\vhen reąuired, are the principal type “ComfO-Caps” primarily) is wom ing by the use of Model K Edison used underground, with special types by all men at the mine working cap lamps—as much for efficiency as as reąuired for shop men and other underground and a majority of those for their safety features. The use of surface employees. on the surface.

WITH ENERGY USE UP + Superior Mines A dd But Little

To D.C. Electrical Capacity

P ASSING through the yarious ing copper, whicherer seems the in underground facilities at the Su stages of hand loading, semi- most feasible and cheaper. perior mines in comparativelv recent mechanieal loading with con- All four of the Superior mines times has been the installation of veyors (pit-car loaders), and fuli recoTer the Illinois No. 6 coal, rang- power-operated coal drills and the mechanization with mobile loading ing from about 7 to 9 ft. in thiek- replacement of the earlier breast and maehines, the Superior Coal Co., oper- ness. All are shaft operations under shortwall cutters with arcwall or ating four mines at Gillespie, Ul., around 325 ft. of cover. Nos. 1 and slabbing maehines. Track-mounted also has espcrieneed an increase in 2 mines were opened in 1902 and cutters were adopted because of their both demand for electrical current 1903 and No. 3 in 1904-5, with No. inherently higher productive capac and energy consumption per ton of 4 mine coming into production in ity, and the results may be gaged by output. But despite the faet that 191S. Present capacity ratings are comparing the number of imits in energy consumption has doubled to as foliowa: No. 1, 2,700 tons per serrice in January, 193S (Table I), more than tripled, as compared with day; No. 2, 3,100 tons; No. 3, 3,000 with the number in use in the year hand-loading days, aceompanied by a tons; No. 4. 3,300 tons. Hoisting 1927. At present, while some short fair increase in demand, additions shafts are located at about the cen wall maehines are on hand if re to d.c. capacity—actual or contem- ter of the territory worked out to ąuired, all cutting is handled by the plated in the immediate futurę—have date, and at Nos. 1, 2 and 3, the arcwall or slabbing units, some few been limited to approximateIy 20 per distance from the shaft bottom to of which are double shifted. cent of the eapacity already in the working sections is close to two Each of the four Superior mines serviee. miles. At No. 4, the working sections is eąuipped with a boiler room and Handling the inereased demand are from 5-000 to 12,000 ft. from the generating plant, and conseąuently and energy reąuirements has been bottom. demand is not a vital factor escept made posible primarily by an under Hand loading directly into mine from the standpoint of the ability ground distribution system which in- cars was the rule until 192S, when a of the generating eąuipment on hand sares that each d. c. machinę will start was made on eąuipping all to take care of it. So far, no ad operate on the average at as near mines with conreyors. This process ditions to the primary generating capacity as possible. Furthermore, was practically completed in 1932. units have been necessary. Hoists the system is designed to balanee The last step toward complete mecha and rentilating fans are steam the load between the d. e. units in nization was taken in 1936, when in- operated, and all major electrical serrice, so that none will be either stallation of traek-mounted mobile eąuipment, including tipples, operate over- or under-loaded. Using a mini loading maehines was started in No. on d. c. current. The load repre- mum of what might be termed “spe 3 mine. No. 1 was the neit opera- sented by the tipple and other sur cial" eąuipment, the system also as- tion to be meehanized. in 1937, fol- face motors has shown but eom- sures, as a rule, a roltage of 230 to lowea in the same year by Ńo. 2. paratirely little ehange— in the up- 250 at the working face, as compared No. 4 still is on ihe conveyor basis. ward direction—over a period of with 265 at the switehboard. Yolt- Aside from the installation of load years. ages of much less than this are not ing maehines or conveyors and the Generating eąuipment and d.c. tolerated for long, and a drop to 210 elimination of the mules used for eonrersion units are listed by mines or at the most 200 is the signal for part of the gathering serrice in Nos. in Table II. It will be noted that moving conrersion eąuipment or add- 1 and 2 piines, the only major ehange both a.c. and d.c. units are in ser-

43 COAL AGE — Vo!.43. No.5 vice at all four operations. The a.e. eąuipment, however, serves only the conversion units in or near the working sections. As a generał rule, the d .c . generators or eonverters in the power plants take care o£ the d.c. loads on the surfaee, the major portion of the haulage load and any peaks which the motor-generator sets at the face are unable to handle. In Nos. 1, 2 and 3 mines, the under ground distribution systems are arranged so that the peaks are split approziraately 50-50 between the face units and the d.c. generators. In the ncar futurę, however, it is expected that the load will over- balance toward the face units. Except for some extra cutting at night, all work is done on the day shift under the Superior operating plan. The working-shift load under ground conseąuently consists of the cutting, drilling and loading machines, main-line locomotives, of wliich the largest in use is 15 tons, and, at two of the mines, of the gathering and relay locomotives. At mines in question. Major under- type). The turbo-generaiors each Nos. 1 and 3 mines, however, part ground eąuipment in 1927, 1932 and serve three 150-kw. 275-volt d.c. of the gathering is done by storage- January, 1938, is listcd in Table I. motor-generator sets underground battery eąuipment—five suchunits Primary generating eąuipment is near the working sections. One set at No. 1 and nine at No. 3, compared identical at Nos. 1 and 2 mines, at No. 1 is eąuipped with automatic- with four and fifteen, respectively, consisting in each case of two 200- eontrol eąuipment, and automatic in 1927. Naturally, batteries are kw. 275-volt engine-driven d.c. gene- Controls probably also will be in- charged at night, thus reducing the rators and one 500-kw. 2,300-Yolt stalled on an additional 150-kw. set day load to that extent at the two a.c. turbo-generator (mixed-pressure scheduled for No. 2 mine in the fairly near futurę. Eyentually, it is expected that all face sets in all Table I— Comparative Energy Consumption and Equipmenł in Service mines will be eąuipped with auto- Underground, Superior Coal Co. Mines matic Controls, inasmuch as it is not January' M ine No. 1 1927 1932 1938 always posible to secure reliable at- Total energy consumption. kw.-hr...... 594.040 520,100 128.800 tendants. Production, tons...... 401,181 280.255 42.087 Kw.-hr. per to n ...... 1.481 1.816 3.05 Primary generating eąuipment at D aya worked...... 110 H 90 21 No. 3 mine consists of two 200-kw. Number of locomotives, regular...... 19 E i t r a ...... 23 16 | 1 275-volt engine-driven generators in N um ber of m ules...... 7 Number of mining machines...... 26 5 4 the power house at the top of the Number of drills...... 23 24 hoisting shaft. The mine originally Number of conyeyors...... 102 Number traek-mounted loading machines.. was eąuipped with two 150-kw. M ine No. £ motor-generator sets, which have Total energy consumption, kw.-hr...... 4 6 0 ,4 3 0 557,000 221.200 been fitted with automatic Controls. Production, tons...... 478,717 334,248 52.395 Kw.-hr. per ton. 0.962 1.686 4.22 With the change to mobile loaders Days worked...... 112 100 24 in 1936, an additional 200-kw. Number of locomotives...... 10 18 18 Number of mules...... 37 manuał set was added. All three sets 3 Number of mining machines, regular. 13 are loeated in the Main West ter- E it r a ...... 30 2 Number of drills...... 15 23 ritory, to which the two smaller N um ber of conyeyors...... 111 Number loading machines...... sets were moved in 1937, when terri- M in e N o. 3 tory on the south of the mine was T o ta l en erg y consum ption, k w .-h r...... 576,900 621,450 158,700 transferred to No. 4. At the other P ro d u ctio n , to n s...... 585,855 360.042 62,158 mines, one set at No. 1 was moved K w .-h r. p er to n ...... 0.985 1.726 2.55 D ay a w o rk ed ...... 118Ji 101 22 in February, 1938, while a move at N u m b e r of locom otives...... 36 18 23 N u m b e r of m in in g m & chines...... 23 4 3 No. 2 has been scheduled for Later N u m b er of d rills...... 24 27 this year. N u m b e r of co n v ey o rs...... 110 ...... N u m b e r of lo ading m achines, re g u la r...... j A-c. at 2,300 volts to opera te the E i t r a ...... / ...... { f No. 3 m.g. sets is reeeired from the M in e N o . U power plant at No. 4 mine via a T o ta l energy consum ption, k w .-h r...... 622, 100 417,200 m, 400 Production, tons...... 522,970 246,121 73. 12,000-ft. pole linę (three 4/0 wires) K w .-h r. p er to n ...... 1 - ISO 1.095 1.85 and borehole. Primary generating D a y s w orked...... f ; ''* 60 21 Number locomotiyes...... , 24 20 22 eąuipment at No. 4 mine consists of 3 Number of mining machines...... > 37 5 / two 750- and one 300-kw. high- pres- E i t r a — ...... > 12 30 30 sure turbo-generators. D.c. conrer- N u m b er of d rills...... 152 Number of conyeyors, regular...... ■ ...... 142 E i t r a ...... - ...... 1 18 sion eąuipment includes two 300-kw.

May, 1938 — COAL AGE 49 the year 1921. Originally, steel- steel-terminal bonds, as the manage- band-armored cables were installed. ment considers that a better joint is In 1926, non-metallic cable wa3 secured, in addition to the fact that it adopted beeause of its lesser cost is easier to removc copperweld bonds and has proved entirely satisfactory. for reuse in room territories. The 1926 cable still is in service, and Bonds are inspected at least every only one blowout has. been ex- three months, using both the eye perieneed with non-metallic cable and instruments. Yoltage conditions sińce it was adopted for underground in the working sections are cliecked seryice. This blowout was the result by the electrical engiueer or his as- of an extremelv heavy fali of rock. sistant at least eyery six months, Cables are laid along the bottom in while substations get a going over the aircourses as a generał nile, and eyery month or oftener. old ties and props are placed along- Amriliary retunis are used along side them for protection. all trolley circuits, even in the panel By mines, the underground 2,300- entries. Along the main lines, these volt circuits are as follows: No. 1, auxiliary returns eonsist of 500,000- one main circuit with two branches, circ.mil stranded feeder—one or two longest distance slightly over two lines, as reąuired; usually the miles; No. 2, one main circuit with fornier—tied into the track at about one branch in operation and another 1,000-ft. interyals. On panel en being installed; No. 3, main circuit tries the 4/0 trolley wires are paral- from bottom of borehole to 200-kw. leled by 4/0 returns, and No. 1 wires substation with two branches, the are taken off into each working place. Top of boreHole near the shaft at No. 2 longest about 6,500 ft. As indieated All machinę cables are hooked to mine. This 8-in. hole carries a 2,300-volt a.c. cable; two 1,000,000-circ.mil d.c. posi- above, conrersion sets at No. 4 are these wires, ratlier than the ustial tive circuits, three 500,000-circ.mil rełurn serred by pole lines. No. 1 conduc- practice of liooking the positive to lines (all held by one clamp), and tele- tors are used in the underground the trolley and the return to the phone and light circuits. cables at No. 1 mine, with 3/0 con- track. This practice resulted from duetors in the main circuits at Nos. experienee showing that a track re rotary converters in tlio power house 2 and 3, and No. 1 wires in the turn could not always be relied upon, and two 150-kw. automatic and one branches. Non-metallic cables are in although it is ayailable to supple- 150-kw. manuał m.g. sets on the sur- stalled in 500-ft. lengths, which have ment the auxiliary return. All cables face over tho various working sec been found the most conrenient. and wires are kept off the entry tions. An additional 150-kw. set with Joints are soldered and wrapped and shorter trailing cables may be automatic eontrol is sehedulcd for with self-vulcanizing tape, followed used, reducing cable resistanee and No. 4, and eventually it is espeeted by friction tape and yamisli. inereasing efficiency. Loading ma- that all four sets will be moved un chines haye only 150-ft. cables, and derground. At present, the sets are Copper Keeps Voltage High it has been found that the macliines served with a.e. by pole lines. the D.c. distribution practice at the can make better time in moving, and longest of which is about 4,000 ft. Superior mines is distinguished by Two of the pole lines eonsist of No. the use of suflicient copper to assure T a b le II— Generating and Substałion 1 wires, while the third is made up adequate roltage conditions at the Equipmenł, Superior Mines of 4/0 eonduetors with ihe thought face. Return circuits are made as R a tin g that it will be extended to serve an large as the largest positive circuits— Number por of U n it, additional station or stations in the a necessary prereąuisite for efficient U n its K w . futurę. D.c. circuits are earried down operation—with the result that M ine No, 1 ausiliary retums are used in prac- Sur face power plant: borelioles to the working sections. Mixed-pressure turbo-genera- As a matter of fact, all circuits tically all cases. Substations and tors, 2,300 rolts, a,c ...... 1 500 Engine-driven generators, going down into the Superior mines d.c. generators are tied togetlier into 275 voits, d.c...... 2 200 are placed in borelioles, evon tliough a continuous circuit and consequently Underground substations: M a n u a ł...... 2 150 the d.c. units may be at tlie top of operate in parallel, balance being A u to m a tic ...... 1 150 tho shaft, Installation is simplified, secured by adjusting the copper M ine No, £ it is felt. A.c. borehole cables are area in the tie lines as reąuired. Surface power plant: M ised-pressure turbo-genera- standard No. 6 steel-wire-armored ProYision usually is made for isolat- tors, 2,300 rolts, a.c ...... 1 5 00 units supported by clamps at the ing sections of the d.c. distribution Enginc-driven generators, 275 ro lts , d .c ...... 2 200 tops of the holes. D.c. positive cir system in case of trouble and for Underground substations: cuits have the same arinor with bare eutting out substations when they M a n u a ł...... 3 150 return cables, both supported by go down and throwing the load on M ine No. S Surface power plant: separate clamps in the same holes. At the other operating units. Separate Engine-driven generators, Nos. 1 and 2 mines, single S-in. circuits usually are prorided for face 275 volts, d.c...... 2 2 00 Underground substations: boreholes are used for the 2,300-volt eąuipment and main-haulage units. M a n u a ł...... 1 200 Circuit, the d.c, positive and return Most of the trolley wire in serrice A u to m a tic ...... 2 150 circuits, and the rubber-eovered tele- is 4/0 Fig. S. but renewals on main M ine No. 4 Surface power plant: phone circuits. The top of one of lines are being made with 6/0 wire. High-pressure turbo-genera- these borelioles is shown in an ac- Primary raił returns eonsist of 30- tors, 2,300 Yolts, a.c ...... 2 750 High-pressure turbo-genera- companying illustration. and 32-in. copperweld bonds, applied ters, 2,300 volts, a.c ...... 1 300 Rotar>* converters, 275 volts, Three-conductor cables are used with resistanee welders. Both rails d .c ...... 2 300 for the 2,300-volt a.c. circuits under- of main lines generally are double Surface substations: M a n u a ł...... 1 150 ground, this practice going back to bonded. The copperweld replaced A u to m a tic ...... 2 150

50 COAL A SE — Vo!.43, No.5 cable wear and tear is less. To make 1,000-ft. intervals to bring the re ample, eighteen telephones were at sure that the track return is kept in turn capacities up to the capacity one time in seracc. With steel wire, the most serviceable condition, it is of the lai-gest positiye circuit. ringing was poor. The eircuits were the custom to bond around all room Positive eircuits naturally are sus- changed so that each now consists switches. pended on insulators, but this prac- of two No. 14 rubber-covered copper Machinę and haulage eircuits, as tice also lias been extended to return wires twisted together. No trouble noted above, usually are kept sep- lines at the Superior mines. Origi- has been eneountered sińce. The arate, although provision naturally nally, the auxiliary returns were loeation of each phone is indicated is made for eutting them together in hung in a hook on the end of an iron by a colored lamp and the instru- most eases, if desired. All main pin in a wooden pług in the roof. ments are mounted in white-painted machinę eircuits eonsist of at least Corrosion of the return line and wood boxes, each fitted with two 500,000 circ.mils of stranded feeder, rusting out of the hook was en- colored lamps to serve as supple- and in some eases as much as 1,500,- countered, however, with the result mentary loeation signals in addition 000 circ.mils is used. Generally, if that spool-type insulators on elevis- to keeping the phones dry. more than 500,000 circ.mils is to be type hangers were adopted. Clevis Superior No. 3 mine furnishes an installed, two lines are put up, al hangers are employed also in positive cxample of the results of eloctrical though some 1,000,000 cire-mil feeder feeder systems, as this type hanger practices at the company’s mines as is employed. The 500,000-mil type, lends itself to being lengthened to reflected in voltage maintenance. In however, is almost standard because aeeommodate any number of insulat- the 1 N.E. section of No. 3, the volt- it is easier to handle and lends itself ing spools and thus any number of age has never been less than 230, to use in multiple. Haulage eircuits wires or eircuits which it may be except for negligible intervals, even eonsist of the trolley paralleled by desirable to hang—all from a single one to three 4/0 wires tied in at hole in the roof. 1,000-ft. intervals. One return serves From the standpoint of tclephone botli the machinę and haulage cir- service, incidentally, steel-wire eir- 500,000-c. m. posiłi ve euits have been replaeed with rubber- machinę circu it\ c— '------. euits, except in the ease of certain \ tie lines, where only single positives, eovered copper. At No. 3, for ex- aecompanied by equal-sized returns, 4/o łrol/ey *2 are necessary. "With these exeep- ^ 4/o wires \ /fT/J tions, returns eonsist of both rails of the 40-lb. track and sufficient 500,- 000-cire.mil feeder lines tied in at

Fig. I— Plan of working sections in Su perior No. 3 mine, showing locałion of d.c. generators and substations and łhe principal power eircuits. Equip- menf in service underground is listed in Table I.

^ Switches_ 1 2,300- v. a.c. circui ts______— - rumu ve» iiiacnineęircuns__” Returns are not shown)

1----, (------'— — «-» | Z.IATKW- “ Switches and Of] our iiio rj breaker J tfne from N o 4 >i I_____ llll

May, 1938 — COAL AGE 5! though this section is two miles from Breakers with a capacity of 2,000 also may be tested individually. the generators on the surface and amp. protect the two generators on Separation of the haulage and ma over a mile from the nearest un the surface. Provision is made on chinę circuits also has the added derground substation. Ali the d.c. the bottom, however, for switching advantage that in case a.c. supply units at the mine are tied togetlier, all circuits to the 1 N.E. and the from No. 4 fails or the machinę cir in accordance with the usual prac Main West onto one generator, if cuit goes out, the haulage may be tice—in this case through the machinę desired, in which case the necessary continued to elear the roads to the circuits—and provision is made for protection is provided by an auxili- working sections. isolating either half of the system ary 900-amp. breaker on the bottom, Automatic reclosing breakers origi- for checking in case of trouble. Also which automatically is cut into the nally were used to sectionalize work separate machinę and haulage cir circuit. ing territories in the Superior mines, cuits are employed, which permits As indicated in Fig. 1, the tie be- and this still is the practice at cer- testing haulage circuits separately, tween the three motor generator sets tain operations. With the advent in addition to other advantages (see and the surface generators is com- of meehanization, however, the ten- below). Individual underground sub- pleted by 500,000-circ.mil positive and dency has been toward the use of stations may be cut out of the sys return lines to the end of the machinę this type of eąuipment in tie lines tem when desired; this, of course, circuit in 1 N.E. territory. Automatic only, as outlined above. In addition, only when a station goes down, in reclosing circuit breakers in each every substation is eąuipped with a which case its load is taken over by end of the tie serve the purpose of breaker of this type, regardless of the others. isolating the tie line in case of whether automatic or manuał Con trouble. These breakers are arranged trols are employed. In this capacity, Copper Used Generously to close from one side only as long the automatic breakers serve to back as power is on that side alone, with up the regular station breakers and Location of the d.c. generating closing on the tie line side only when in the case of manuał stations have units and the substations at No. 3 power is on and the contacts have the effect of rendering them prac- are indicated in Fig. 1, which also closed on the opposite sides of both tically automatic on the d.c. side. shows the major d.c. circuits. As breakers. This arrangement facili- noted above, a.c. power to operate tates checking the condition of the Breakers Cut Out Substations the three substations is brought in machinę circuits when starting opera by pole line and borehole from No. tion in the morning. The machinę Automatic breakers plus switches 4 mine. From the d.c. generators on system always is cut in two at the also are employed to cut substations the surface at the hoisting shaft the end of the shift. Next morning, a out of the circuit in case tliey go maili haulage to the 1 N.E. section switch on the shaft bottom is closed down. At No. 3 mine, for example, is served by a 4/0 or 6/0 trolley line to energize one side of the system 500,000-circ.mil positive and return paralleled by three 4/0 round wires and see if the breaker will kick out. lines are run north and east from to 19E, giving a total of approsi- Then, a second switch is closed to Station A (Fig. 1) to connect with mately 850,000 cire.mils of copper in energize the other side, and if tlie the 1,000,000-circ.mil machinę line the positiye circuit. From 19E in- breaker stays in, the system is elear. and return to Station B. A switch at side, the circuit consists of the trolley As the main-haulage circuits are the junction permits power to be and two 4/0 wires. Face equipment separate, or can be made so, these brought around from Station B to in 1 N.E. is served by a separate help out the Main West machinę circuit 1,000,000 eirc.mils in size to circuit in case it is necessary to shut 19E, with 500,0 00-circ.mil lines from Top of borehole in surface substation at down Station A. that point on in to the inside. The N o. 4 mine, showing method of suspend- A 4/0 tie line between Stations B common track return is supple- ing the cables. At the left is the auto- and C (see Fig. 1) is eąuipped with matic reclosing breaker, installation of mented to 19E by a 500,000-cir.mil which is standard practice in all Superior an automatic breaker at the junction stranded feeder line. substations. end and a switch at the other end From the surface generators to the at Station B.- The switch can be Main West, the main-haulage posi- opened in case Station B must be tive circuit consists of the trolley taken out of service, tlius isolating and three 4/0 wires to the 5 and 6 B while at the same time permitting N.W., with the trolley and either two continuance of operations in the or one wires from that point to the working territory between with power inside. The machinę circuit on the from Station C, protection being af- Main West is 1,500,000 cire.mils in forded in case of a short or other size and extends to near the 200-kw. trouble by the breaker at the junc substation near the bottom of the tion. If Station C must be shut borehole. Branch circuits have a down, power can be brought around capacity of 1,000,000 circ.mils. from both Station B and 1 N.E. Switches at the substations allow the This system assures maximum ilesi- motor-generator set to be tied into bility in serving the working terri either the machinę circuit, the trolley tories and enables a territory to circuit or both. Contrariwise, the operate at at least partial capacity two circuits may be isolated from even though the substation is out of each other and either or both from service. This, of course, is not a new the substation. The common track principle in d.c. distribution, but at return on the Main West is sup- the Superior mines the circuits are plemented at present by a 500,000- arranged so that power brought in circ.mil stranded line, with a second from outside territories takes the line scheduled for immediate instal- shortest possible route to the point lation. of application.

52 COAL AGE — Vol.43, No.5 PROPELLER FANS + Promote Safety and Cut Ventilating Cost

When Installed on Shaft Bottoms

By RAYMOND MANCHA Manager, Ventilation Ditńsion Jeffrey Manufacturing Co. A DDITIONAL safety, reduced for discharged return air to reenter Columbus, Ohio f \ power, ąuietncss of operation, the mine will be no greater with the and economy and ease of in shaft-bottom fan than with the sur stallation are reasons why shaft-bot- face fan. tom propeller-type mine fans are Considering safety first, it is ob- Should a severe mine explosion oc- desirable at mines already eąuipped yious that the shaft-bottom fan will cur in the vicinity of the air shaft, with an independent surface fan. actually be an independent, addi- the shaft-bottom fan probably would Under this condition, the shaft-bot- tional means of ventilating the mine, be wrecked. However, there is little tom fan, or fans, furnish the daily installed so as to leave the original likelihood of damage to the surface mine ventilation, leaving the surface fan, which would be practically iso- fan idle but ready for emergency lated from the mine because of the operation. open explosion doors or rear fan The shaft-bottom propeller fan doors. Conseąuently, the surface should be aeeessibly located on the fan would be ready for immediate aireourse, preferably at a point be- operation. On the other hand, an tween the air-shaft bottom and the operating surface fan relies com- first crosscut. This eliminates all pletely for protection upon explosion possibility of the presence of reeir- doors that may fail because of in- culated air resulting from leaky ertia, rusty hinges, etc., resulting in stoppings. Provision should be made fan destruction at a time when the to insure ventilating the electric mo fan is most needed. tor with fresh intake air, as is done Secondly, considering power re- in the case of motors driving under duction, it will be seen that the shaft- ground pumps, motor-generator sets, bottom propeller fan offers economies etc. Fig. 1 illustrates practical out of all proportion to the in- methods of installation. Electrically creased mechanical efficiency of this actuated signals can be located in improved-type fan. the engine room on the surface to When a mine is ventilated by a show the operation of the shaft- surface fan at a multi-compartment bottom fan. Similar methods are air shaft, there is likely to be a large employed to show the operation of amount of leakage air passing surface fans. through the curtain wali separating If the surface fan is located at a the return air from the intake air. single-compartment downcast or up- Raymond Mancha Varying temperature differences be- cast air shaft, the explosion doors tween the two sides of the curtain over the air shaft should be propped surface fan and drive intact and wali together with excessive porosity open so as to afford the air the easiest ready for immediate operation if de- of certain common construction ma- possible access to or from the air sired. Two independent systems are terials, make leakage excessive, sińce shaft. If the air shaft is of the more reliable than one. A surface the entire curtain wali is subjected multi-eompartment type eąuipped fan can be disabled by various to a pressure differential practically with a curtain wali separating the means. In the case of an electrical eąual to the mine pressure. Conse intake air from return air, the ex- storm there is the possibility of ąuently, a surface fan usually must plosion doors should be left closed, lightning striking the fan motor, handle an air ąuantity considerably and, if the surface fan is of the motor house or power line. How- in excess of the underground air centrifugal type, the doors at the ever, with the fan located at the actually yentilating the mine. This rear of the fan should be propped shaft bottom, only the surface power excess is sometimes as much as 30 open instead. Thus, the tendency line is vulnerable. per cent of the underground return

May, 1938 — COAL AGE 53 air, but to repair a curtain wali is nated and the indiyidual fan speed When the air shaft is so located both costly and temporary. selected so as to meet the natural that quiet fan operation is essential Operation of the shaft-bottom fan pressure reąuirements for each split. and the mine ventilating pressure is autornatically makes it possible for Conseąuently, the air required by high, the noise made by the quietest the mine fan to ventilate the mine each split can be passed against the available propeller fan may prove while handling the underground mine natural resistance of the split with objectionable if the fan is installed air yolume only. The pressure dif- out also liaying to overcome artificial on the surface. IIowever, with the ferential across the curtain wali is resistance in the form of regulation. shaft-bottom propeller fan this ob- greatly redueed, resulting in reduced Here again the shaft-bottom fan jection is eliminated. Operation of curtain-wall leakage and conse- makes possible large power reduc- the noisiest shaft-bottom propeller ąuently a reduction of shaft-pressure tions which are not ayailable with fan is barely audiblc either at the losses. Since the power reąuired for a surface fan. surface or on the haulage road below mine ventilation varies directly as the At a well-known 3,000-ton mine ground. product of the air yolume at the fan with two-compartment air shaft and Economy and ease of installation and ventilating pressure across tlie underground regulation, the surface are important attributes of the shaft- mine, it follows that a very consider- centrifugal fan formerly yentilated bottom propeller mine fan. By vir- able reduction in power may be ex- the mine with an underground air tue of the fan’s location all cus- pected with the shaft-bottom fan yolume of 117,300 c.f.m., reąuiring a tomary auxiliary steel work is elim installed at a mine with a multi- motor power input of 111.8 kw. Fol- inated such as the air-shaft hood, compartment air shaft. lowing the installation of two inex- duet work, motor house, etc. pensiye shaft-bottom propeller fans, Haying to handle the underground Recirculation Is Slighł with fan efficiency about equal to mine air only, at a mine with a that of the surface fan, the under multi-compartment air shaft the It is truo that operating a shaft- ground air yolume was increased to shaft-bottom fan, or fans, can be of bottom fan at a multi-compartment 123,600 c.f.m., reąuiring a total less eapacity than a surface fan air shaft results in slight recircula- power input of but 68.3 kw. to both which also must handle curtain-wall tion due to remaining curtain-wall motors. This entire saving was the leakage air. This results in less ex- leakage. That this is smali and can result of the elimination of curtain- pensiye fans being required for be disregarded is best illustrated by wall leakage and underground regu shaft-bottom installation than are re- considering an actual example. Con- lation. quired for surface installation, un- sider the case of a mine ventilated less additional money is spent to re by a surface fan at a two-compart- Fig. I— Alternative mełhods of installing pair the leaky curtain wali. ment air shaft with curtain wali propeller fans underground. leakage amounting to 30 per cent of -•Air locK No Interruptlon of Operation the return air as measured at the foot of the upcast air shaft. The Shaft-bottom fans are installed normal methane content of this re without interrupting operation of the turn air is 0.50 per cent by volume. mine. To install a replacement sur The curtain wali is subjected to static face fan it usually is neccssary first pressure differentials of a 5.00-in. to remove the old fan to provide water gage at the top and a 4.50-in. room for the new. This is expensive water gage at the bottom. In this and necessitates tlie suspension of case without attempting any curtain- mine operation for seyeral days. wall repair, and when duplieating Such suspension results in lost ton- the original underground return air nage and is not desirable in gassy yolume, operation of a shaft-bottom mines because of the explosion Installation on Return Air Course fan will result in a return-air me wfth Motorin Cross Cut hazard. In this respect shaft-bottom thane content of but 0.53 per cent, fans are not only cheaper and more which is substantially the same as ^A/rlocK convenient to install but may be tlie the original 0.50 per cent. The ex- only type of installation possible at ample selected is more severe than a gassy mine. is usually encountered, so one can An additional safety feature of the safely disregard curtain-wall recircu shaft-bottom propeller fan results lation. from merits already discussed, such In the case of a mine with major Installation on Return Air Course as reduced power, quietness of opera splits branching otf at the bottom with Rib Motor Room tion, and economy and ease of opera of the air shaft, it usually is neces- tion. Any or all of tliese merits sary to regulate all splits except the may make installation of an efficient “free” split to prevent excessive ven- shaft-bottom propeller fan feasible, tilation of the remaining splits with even when a new surface installa accompanymg power waste. With a tion is too costly or is impractical. surface fan ventilating the mine, the The lower power reąuirements of entire yolume of mine air must be the shaft-bottom fan will encourage passed against the pressure required the use of an increased air yolume to yentilate the “free” split, thereby in yentilating the mine, sinee a yen- resulting in an unnecessary waste of tilation inerease is possible for the power. same power preyiously required by By placing shaft-bottom propeller the surface fan. Such encourage- fans on each major split, the above ment is a step in the direction of mentioned regulation can be elimi- Installation on IntaKe Air Course greater safety.

54 COAL AGE — Vol.43, No.5 Squared forms and long rows of window lights give łhe new Senfry preparation planf a distinctive outward appearance

100-PER-CENT FLEXIBILITY + Attained With Extremely Simple Flowsheet At Sentry s Modernistic Preparation Plant

By IVAN A. GIVEN Associałe Editor, Coal Age F OR THE FIRST major strip- 3x2-in. stove, 2xl|-in. nut, lix|-in. ping operation in Kentucky in pea and f-in. screenings. Combina- lato years, the Sentry Coal tions of these sizes, including 2- and Mining Co., a member of the Sinclair lj-in. stoker, and crushed eoal are in tric shovel with 12-J-cu.yd. aluminum stripping group, chose wliat is de- frequent demancl, however, so that a dipper, and the coal is loaded by a seribed as “America’s flrst modern washed coal crusher and a mixing Bucyrus-Erie 50B shovel with 3^-cu. istic preparation plant” to clean, conveyor often are in seryiće. Scrap- yd. “Man-Ten” bucket. A 3S1 drag- size and otherwise prepare its outer-type rescreening loading booms are line also is used for extra loading, put. With a rated capacity of 500 used to load the three larger sizes, if desired. Coal is hauled from the tons per hour and including two au- with two-way chutes to pennit car pit to the. preparation plant in five tomatic washers with a total capae- changing without stopping the plant 15-ton Sanford-Day drop-bottom ity of 400 tons of 6x2£ and 2£x0-in. for the other three. Provision is made semi-trailers pulled by TF “Autocar” eoal per liour, the Sentry plant, seven for treating all sizes to render them tractors. miles west of Madisonville, Ky., has dustless by the “WaxoIizing” process. A leading exponent of the washing loaded as much as 12,543 tons in The Sentry operation is the out- method of preparing coal, the Sin three consecutive shifts, of which 80 growtli of the acquisition of the clair organization replaced the orig- per cent was washed and the re- former Leslie Lai^sen & Co. stripping inal Larsen tipple, using such ma mainder represented 6-in. lump. Re- by the Sinclair interests in 1937. teriał as would fit into the new, with ject percentage at Sentry runs about The seam reeovered is the Kentucky the plant herein described, whieh was 10 per cent, excluding slurry. No. 14, areraging 84^ in. in thick- designed and built by the McNally- Six primary sizes and combina- ness, exeluding a layer of bottom Pittsburg Manufaeturing Corpora tions, as well as crushed eoal, are coal which is left in place. Over- tion. From the standpoint of out shipped under the “Sentry 14” and burden thickness ranges from 15 to ward aspects, simplicity together “Stray Seam” trade names. These 55 ft., and averages 33.44 ft. Strip with distinctive appearance were the usually are: 6-in. lump 6x3-in egg, ping is done by a Marion 5320 elec- keynotes, obtained by the use of

May, 1938 — COAL AGE 55 Large lumps are reduced before they enter łhe preparation plant in this yertical pick breaker

Washing floor at Sentry, with the mine-run shakers in the background. Drop chutes and launders bring the coal to the washers. This view also shows a typical installation of handrails.

Six-inch lump is cleaned on this two-section shaking picking table. At the riqht are the reject elevators of the 6x2ł/2-in. washer.

One of the two heating units used in heating the coal-treating fluid prior to application at Sentry.

Part of the washed-coal classifying screen. When this photo was taken, the screen had been fitted with special piates for special screening.

56 COAL AGE — Vol.43, No.5 sąuared forms and long rows of windows along the yarious floor levels. From the construction standpoint, the goals were convenience and ef- fieieney in eąuipment arrangement, adeąuate spaee around units for good lighting and easy aecess, and up-to- date guarding and other methods of making the plant as safe and as fireproof as possible. From the stand point of flow of coal through the plant, arrangements were made for gravity to do the work wherever possible, thus reducing the number of conveyors and elevators. In faet, escluding loading booms, the plant has only seven conveyors and one elevator in service. The result is an extremely simple flowsheet, although the plant can perform all of the functions normally asked of a mod em preparation unit. Coal from the pit is dumped into a 75-ton electric-welded hopper, from which it is moved out onto the main conveyor feeding the plant by a reciprocating feeder suspended The feeder is followed by a 60-in. is arranged so that additional picks from the bottom of the hopper. The Type B MeNally-Norton yertical pick may be installed to break the coal feeder (Table I) is eąuipped with breaker for breaking plus 6-in. coal to 3 in. The screen section is pro- both a variable-stroke eccentric and to 6 or 7 in. before passing it to the vided with bar grizzlies at the upper a Reeves variable-speed gear for ad- main chain-and-flight conveyor feed end for bypassing minus 6-in. ma justing the feeding rate. To accom- ing the preparation plant. This teriał, with arrangements for adding plish this purpose a tachometer in- conreyor is inclined 35 deg., and extra bars for bypassing minus 3-in. dieator calibrated in tons per hour the chain-and-flight type was chosen materiał. Bypassed coal joins the is placed on the washing floor so so that it could be placed on a broken materiał on the main con- that the operator ean make any greater inclination and thus avoid a yeyor. changes warranted by the naturę of much greater horizontal distance Raw coal at Sentry is separated the raw feed or other conditions. from hopper to plant. The breaker into plus 6-, 6x2^- and 2^x0-in. fractions on two 6-ft.-wide all-steel shakers suspended by forged-steel brass- Table I— Motor and Drive Dełails, Sentry Preparation Plant bushed hangers. Pitman arms are -M o to rs— Eąuipment Numberr T y p e R.P.M. H p . D rive made of 4-in. extra-heavy pipe. The Reciprocating feeder, 5x8 ft., 6- to 10- same construction is followed in the in. stroke, 48.2 to 12 r.p.m ...... 1 K* 1,7 5 0 10 V-beltł to variable-speed gear* to gears case of the washed-coal classifying Pick breaker...... 1 K T * 1,1 6 0 25 V -bel ta * screens, except tbat shorter hangers Main raw-coal conv., 48x12 in., 400 t.p .h . a t 100 f.p .m ...... 1 KT* 1,1 7 5 75 Roli er chain and spur are employed. The 6-in. lump off the gears end of the lower mine-run sbaker Raw-coal shakers, 6 ft. w ide, one screening deck: upper, 20 ft. long: lower, 30 discharges into a shaking picking ft. long, 100 r.p .m ...... 1 ** 870 15 V-belta 1 Two-section shaking picking table, 17 table made in two balanced sections, and 18 ft. long, 54 in. wide, 150 r.p.m. 1 ** 1,1 6 0 5 V -b eIts1 each with single pitman. The sec Lump-lowering conv., 30-in., 2-in. sq. tubing fiightś, 60 t.p.h. at 70 f.p.m... 1 ...... ** 1,160 7 K V -belt* 1 and spur gears tions are supported on ash-board W a sh e rs...... 2 K -gear* 114 5 Roller chains legs. FTom the table, hand-picked "Washer blower...... 1 KF* 3.5S 0 50 D irect W ash er olow er...... 1 KF* 3 ,5 4 0 40 D irect lump coal drops into a lump lowering M iddlings c ru sh er...... 1 K* 1,1 7 0 25 S p u r gears Middlings cross conv., 24-in. belt...... 1 ** 1,1 6 0 3 V -b e lts 1 and spur gears convcyor of the chain-and-flight type, Middlings elevating conv. to main which carries it to the lump loading conv., 24-in. belt, 250 f.p.m ...... 1 ** 1,160 5 V-belta 1 and spur gears R efuse belt, 24-in., 250 f.p.m ...... 1 ** 1,160 5 V -belts 1 and spur gears boom. Auxiliary gates in the con- Washed-coal classifying screen, 26- and 31-ft. sections, 4-in. stroke, 150 r.p.m. veyor permit diyerting the lump to (see also te x t) ...... 1 ** 880 15 V -b e lts1 either the mixing conveyor or to the Dewatering screens, 6x20 ft., 350 r.p.m. 1 K* 1 ,1 6 0 10 V 4>elts1 &»-in. collecting conv., 125 f.p .m ...... 1 K-gear* 150 5 Roller chain stove loading boom, as desired. 1 H x *ł-in. conv., 24-in. belt, 200 f.p.m. 1 K -gear* 68 5 Roller chain The lower ran of the lowering con- Loading booms, 48 in. wide...... 1 K* 1,1 6 0 20 V -belts 1 to sh a ft 3 C -3 2 f 1,530 5 veyor is arranged to receiye degra- Mixing conv„ 500 t.p.h. at 100 f.p.m ... 1 1,160 50 V -belts 1 and spur gears 4- Washed-coal crusher...... 1 1,155 60 V -belta * dation from the three 48-in.-wide Grushed-coal elev., 30x12-in. buckets, scraper-type loading booms for the 100 f.p .m ...... 1 ** 1,155 25 V-belts * and spur gears 1 ** 1,155 5 V -b e lts 1 lmnp, egg and stoye sizes. This 1 ^ 1T * ’ 695 50 D irect degradation is retumed to the main Gate valve, fresh-water line. 1 K -gear* 2 S p u r gears 2 KT* i ',i ś ó 75 D irect raw-coal conyeyor via the middling3 2 K* 1,170 25 V -belts * Unit heaters. 6 P§ 1,140 1.6 D irect belt system, as indicated in the flow 1 K* 1,725 Direct sheet. Hot-oil pump ...... 1 K* 1.140 2 D irect * General Electric. ** Weatinghouse. X Robbina & Myers. t Shep&rdOiu**. Materiał picked off the table § Emmerson. drops into a 24-in. Jeffrey single-roll 1 G a te s “ V u lc o 1 and Goodyear “ Emerald Cord.’ * Reeves.

May, 1938 — COAL AGE 57 ceding the screens is fitted with |-mm. bronze wedge wire at the delivery end to unload part of the water and slurry before the coal goes onto the screens. Each screen provides approximately 120 sq.ft. of i-min. bronze wedge-wire screening surfaee. Dewatered coal goes to a collecting conyeyor discharging either to the screenings track or the mixing conveyor. Water and minus fmm. slurry run to a sump eąuipped with two conical bottoms to serve two McNally-Pitts- burg 10xl0-in. eentrifugal pumps with wearing parts of “Ni-Hard” iron. One or both pumps may be used, as desired, to lift the slurry and water to a 40-ft.-diameter settling cone. Clarified water from the eone flows by gravity to the washers. Extra water is returned to the Loading and inspection at Sentry, showing the type of treating hoods used on the ends of the loading booms for lump, egg and stove pump sump, the overflow from the sump in tum going to waste. Fresh water is introdueed crusher, where it is reduced to 3£ to ted with pre-wetting nozzles and also into tho plant through sprays 4 in., or 2 in., depending upon are eąuipped with Norton start-stop over the classifying and dewatering soreenings demand, and is discharged Controls actuated by vanes in the screens, and is supplied by two tri- to the middlings belt convevor system launders for stopping the washing plex pumps with a capacity of 500 for return to the preparation cireuit units when the coal ceases to ilow g.p.m. each. Either one or both may for re-treatment to recover coal and starting tliem when it resumes, be operated, as necessary, depending yalues. The middlings-belt system thus insuring the best bed condi on plant reąuirements. tions in the washers. gets its name from the fact that it Scraper Mixing Conveyor Used originally was designed to handle Refuse from the primary washing only this produet, with pure refuse compartment of the 6x2ł-in. washing Combinations of sizes are made at from the table going to a refuse belt unit and from both compartments of Sentry in a scraper-type mixing con (24 in. wide, 4-ply 28-oz. duck U. S. the 2£x0-in. washer is discharged di- yeyor with ^xl2x36-in. flights on 36- Rubber belt earried on McNally- rectly into the refuse eonveyor, which in. centers. The lower run is fitted Pittsburg rolls fitted with New De- deposits it in a 30-ton steel bin, from with rack-and-pinion gates over three parture “N-D-Seal” bali bearings). which it is hauled away to the pit tracks, while the top run is arranged Eflicieney considerations, however, or other disposal site in trueks. to receiye any or all of the sizes dictated running all materiał picked Refuse from the secondary washing under 3 in., making it possible to load off the table to the crusher. compartment of the 6x2J-in. washer mine-run on tho stove-coal track or drops into the middlings crusher and minus 6-in. on this track and lump Two Washers Clean Coal from tliere is returned to the prepa on the regular track. Also, 3-in. Coal 6x2i-in. size from the raw- ration circuit, as outlined above. • minus may be loaded on the nut track coal shakers is washed in a McNally- Two electric-welded launders carry and 2-in. minus on the pea track. As Norton automatic washer with three the washed coal and water from both all sizes from 2 in. down may be run compartments. One compartment is washers to the washed-coal classify- into either the top or bottom strand the primary and the other two are ing screen, made in two balanced of the mixing conyeyor, which is re- the secondaries. Separately adjust- sections. The upper deck of the yersible, it is possible to erush all able automatic reject Controls regu- upper seetion, .6 ft. wide and about or a part of the coal from 3 down to late the dischaige of primary and 30 ft. long, normally is fitted with 4 in. while continuing to load the secondary refuse, respectively. A ft. of +-in. round perforated plate smaller sizes. Furthermore, any size second similar washer, but with two and 16 ft. of 1^-in. round plate, with may be robbed out and loaded while primary and three secondary com 16 ft. of |-in. round on the lower making mine-run mixtures. partments, cleans 2£x0-in. coal. deck. Water and fine coal through All coal over 1-J-in., or any size in Carrying out the gravity-flow prin the lower deck fali onto a carrying that rangę, may be crushed in a ciple, the washers receive coal from deck. The lower seetion of the classi- McNaUy-Pittsburg 24x48-in. “Multi- the shakers via drop chutes and fying seree u comprises a single plex” single-roll unit. Coal is deliv- laiuiders, as shown in an accom- screening deck with 12 ft. of 2-in. ered to the crusher on either the top panying illustration. round and S-ft. of 3-in. round per- or the bottom run of the mixing con Two launders, each with drop forations. With this set-up, the yeyor, and tlie crushed produet is chute, serve each washer. One drop classifying screen produees 6x3-in. discharged into an elevator which chute in each case takes coal from egg, 3x2-in. stove, 2xli-in. nut, deliyers the coal to a 4x8-ft. Link- one side of the shaker, while the l-Jsl-J-in. pea and a minus |-in. re- Belt yibrating screen. This screen other, placed far enough below to sultant. separates the feed into plus and allow positioning the launders side The minus |-in. coal flows with the minus f-in. fractions, the smaller by side, takes coal from the other water to two high-speed (350-r.p.m.) going to the collecting conyeyor fol- lialf of the shaker. Launders are fit dewatering screens. The launder pre- lowing the dewatering screens. The

58 COAL AGE— Vol.43, No.5 larger fraction originally was run to windows, illumination is provided by preparation plant can be “WaxoI- the washed-coal classifying screen, 60 drops with vapor-proof sockets. ized” to allay dust. Lump, egg and and still can be handled in that way. I)roj)s are suspended from shock- stove are treated in hoods on the ends However, it was found that this prac absorber self-aligning fittings, using of the loading booms, as shown in an tice builds up a large circulating load i-in. conduit. accompanying photograph, while the of coal, and eonśeąuently a Williams Above ground level, the main con- other three sizes are treated in chutes pulverizer lms been installed to break veyor gallery is provided with a at convenient points. In any event, down the oversize from the yibrating wooden stairway on both sides of however, the coal is sprayed while screen. the conyeyor. In the main building, it is in the air to insure a better and Lump, egg and stove, as indicated the flrst floor above the track is more even coating, even in the case above, are loaded over 48-in.-wide made of eoncrete, with all the upper of 6-in. lump. A Yiking dual hcat- scraper-type booms with degradation floors of subway grating, with the ing system raises the temperature of screens in the upper runs of the hori- exception of the picker’s stations the “Waxol” treating fluid prior to zontal sections. Three-ton Shepard- and one or two other points. All spraying. Average consumption of Niles hoists raise and lower the stairwayś, areaways and other dan- treating fluid at Sentry is 3 qt. per booms in loading. The other three gerous points are proteeted with 1|- ton, and ranges from 2 qt. per ton sizes made at Sentry are loaded in. steel-tubing handrails, installed of lump to 5 qt. per ton of stoker through two-way chutes with flop by electric welding. Y-belts, chains coal. gates for use when changing cars. A and other drive pai'ts are inclosed In addition to being free from two-way ehute also is provided for in sheet-metal guards. Eccentrics are dust, “\Vaxolized Sentry 14” coal loading over the stove track, if de- lubricated through “Alemite Zerk” also is less subject to degradation, sired—primarily in the case of mix- fittings. handles easier, is less likely to lose or tures. The structure is covered with 24- absorb moisture in transit and is Including the fresh-water pumps, gage siding. All roof lines are flat, slightly better from the standpoint the Sentry preparation plant is oper- and roofs are built up on a base of of buming qualities due to slower ated by 40 motors ranging from i one ply of 1-in. shiplap on steel pur- release of volatile matter because to 75 hp. in size. All motors oper lins, followed three plies of felt and a drying out is checked. Other clairns ate on 440 volts a.c., and linestarters coverng of asphalt and gravel. Six for “Waxolizing” are reduced dis- are used exclusively. All circuits are unit Łeaters supplied with steam eoloration, less tendency to depart proteeted either by fuses or air- from a Keewanee hand-fired boiler from the original mixture of coarse break switches. Rigid conduit, with in the settling-cone housing keep the and fine coal in stoker sizes and elim- some Bx conduit, is used throughout. structure warm during cold periods. ination of clogging, binding or arch- In addition to 1,125 linear ft. of All sizes shipped from the Sentry ing of stoker coal in hoppers.

VALIER SUPPLIES SYSTEM + Keeps Materials at Points of Need

With Minimum Labor and Record Keeping

ONSIDERING degree of far as possible, parts frequently practically all repairmen are old meehanization and production needed in repairing equipment, par- timers trained to diseharge auto- C per day, a relatively simple ticularly loading maehines, are kept matieally tlieir function of keeping system of requisitioning, ordering, near or in the working section so parts and materials on hand. receiving, storing and issuing sup- that delays chargeable to waiting for Under the Yalier system, the plies and materials, including repair parts are cut to a minimum. To maintenance of equipment is separ- parts, is employed at the Yalier assure that these parts always will ated roughly into three divisions, (111.) mine of the Valier Coal Co. be available, repairmen are trained which also determine in the main In fact, all ordering is done and all to ask for a new piece when the the routes followed by parts and records in connection with the above supply on hand is exhausted and to supplies to the point of consump aetivities are kept by one man, with keep on asking until it is reeeived. tion. Repairs of a minor to a semi- oceasional assistance from time to By introducing the element of major naturę which do not require time during the year. personal responsibility, paper work extensive dismantling of equipment One smali form is all that is used and record keeping are reduced and are made in the working section. to secure parts or other materials buek-passing is eliminated. How- On loading maehines, for example, or supplies from stock, and supply ever, one element in making this guide bars, eurve bars crank disks, Jisbursement is arranged so that, as system a suecess is the fact that Caterpillar drive shafts, hydraulie

May, 1938 — COAL AGE 59 jncks, eto., aro ohnngod in Hio aeo- tivo armaturos, ono motor for both A start toward meclianization at tion, wliioh mcniis that these parts, loading and cutting machines, etc., Yalier was made with the installa- with tlio osooptiou of tho largo and also aro kopt in the underground tion of pit-car loaders, or convey- oxponsdvo disks, aro kopt in tho stororoom or shop. If robnilt, tho ors, in 1928. By the middle of 1929, oootion or at tho noarost parting. parta and supplies likowiso are mechanization with mobile loaders On oufcting machines, about tho only eharged out when issued to the sur- hnd been completed. From the lavgo soalo work dono at tho taco faco shop. Tlms, all parts and standpoint of the supplies problem, is olmngiug bit olutohes. Yory littlo supplios in the underground store- mechanization resulted in the addi hoavy work is dono on locoiuotives room roprosont elmrges against tion of about 700 items to the parts haok in tho mino, tho oustom boing coal. and supplies list. This includes all to sond in a sparo from tho bottom Tho ropair parts and supplies in tools which, under the hand-loading or borrow ono from tho uoarost tho undoiground storeroom are under system, were supplied by the miner. loador boing sorwd by two. the jurisdiotiou of the machino boss, The number of loeomotives was in- Uoavy ropairs othor than those who has the duty of seoing that ma creased as another outgrowth of listod abovo aro mado in an under teriał used is replaeed inunediately mechanization, with the result that ground shop on tho bottom, atthowgh so that ho will never find himself while only a few items were added work in this shop in most cases is short at a eritioal moment. The to the list the ąuantity rose con- moro proporly assombling. as aotual machinę boss also supplies the needs siderably. rcpair work, such as rowinding an of tho seetion ropairmen, who apply armaturo or robuilding a loading- to him for materiał to keep their machino hoad, along with all generał own supplios up, althougli, of Carry 25 Materiał Classes owrhauling of underground machin- courso, somo materials for repair The present system of ordering, ery. is dono in tho surfa eo shops. work may bo sent to a working sec- receiving and disbursing supplies Cons&ąuently. tho underground shop tion direetly from stock. Normally, was put in in 1922 by the store- is eoncernod primarily with taking keeper now in charge, who has jur- out broken or worn parts and ro- isdiction over a parts storeroom, two placing tho (u with robnilt or ovor- large materiał buildings, an oil hauled parts from tho snrfaco shops house, a gasoline filling station, a or with now parts from stoek. yard for timber and other ma Howowr, this is not to be takon as terials. and explosives and detonator indicating shat what might bo ealled magazines. To facilitate storage and truo repa i r work is not dono in tho disbursement of supplies, and also underground shop. Sttoh as. for e\- so that an eye can be kept on the ampU\ wldmg a craekod frsune. trend of use of the variouś types, all parts. materials and supplies Storeroem Builł en Bottom are divided into 25 elasses- as follows t In v w of tho abew, i: ;nay be 1. Building materiał. sec" that a substautiał ąwantity ot 2. Traek materiał. rew patts and materials for ititder- o. Trolloy-line materiał and parts. grcnr.d <\}ttipi-.ur,t gv> direetly from 4. Props and lumber. t ho watYhottse te the surts<.v shops. 5. Mining and other maelunery "here the\ jNr.erally atv us*\ł ir.-.r.-.c- parts. \V.ateJy. Tuse ts r.ct so gwat a 0. Electrie-motor and power parts. iaeter in "ork on the sr.riaee. Ir. 7. Telephone and signal parts. the ur.c.ergrour.d sJtop. hewewr. the w;ro and electrie lighting. miners’ tir,te ete«te«: begins te rsow tr.to tho T>* r*s»r«>» j of larnps. icregrvcrd. as here the caesticr. is sMęłtait** j..\ r — —a ojrł- S. Eleetrie-loeotuotive parts. p^hsati^jr oko of ttttrsg tre a aa- 9. Mine-car parts. eh.ir.e so that i: v*an go h.-tek ir.to 10. Steel eables. bloeks, wire ropes s-erv,ee as s».vr. as pcsslhle. C\"ese» ar.d sheaYifS. ^■aewtly, this shcp is jwes:?ar»ł by u; eatergett^es- :c‘.vevvr. ::>e seettoa 11. Pipcs and tittings. a siereroe-'" w here a suppiy of the reyairrter. lock. te the "•.aehtr.e hess- 12. Hardware. rctess^ry parts is Ssy: ck harc se» £er their iiatertais. lo, Irea ar.e. Steel. that they are av*va» itssfeetĄr 14. Beltiag ar.d elaaips aud belt tSws ssnwwbł V*tv«r, h.ardly V£t<*. ••vh:\‘h ?wć"*is *..Vv tetts rivets. CCiile. he ea.ec, a s^yrly he;;se i” -.r "tere yer silit, wiup-ses eieetrtc 15. Tools — har.d ar.d tsiaeHr.et the ttóita'. serse ci :><* K ?a Swstase har.e.les. i? sKC>ns the harf tttir.uEtŁta ■ -t.-rs. ltv F5rat;:ce aztd rob eteth and 5 «t« soi tttateclahs ca. h.etc seces- Icaćag ~xu-h.‘_'-eA. traea- *a<2 pest- paAing. saty ie~ the tvrr.-a! r.“- ci asssciKy t».'-ur..t;-ć ecal dtrCs, t=.:tre «cs v>tth 17. O. f ga.s» v,-sste ar.d grease. ec.-a.i... ,g "e-v as. sciii- er taycrv'l--'her er ball- ltv Sar.c,. these are tssed uy trere the rvg-.ih*r heartic ^*heeh>- ar.c certili azlseel- 13. Aeetykse ar.e. cxygvr„ sstyęiy hc«se. w> the taaia ;o«g- hiaecas ecu.iyz:e”:. s s ć as ycrtahle 10. ExpIctK\~es. • - c r-^se“--v ts Alsc. all alr ce-.’rtvsscrf. •••te. All eleetrieal 11. Fali are rs£er Karit cs. jv«S the ii^>.'ergrec~.i sfcsrscww ecslratcc: is »..\ vlth ó* fxspacc -H $rvvta'. itecss. e<&v*ę ha^ hev-». tasfc, b*saiwa .•i rie '.•:ev»:r.v'»s. l\star.e« irsaa 23. Se rap. .ts :Vv '5v.'c -'et: iijsfśfc ec :he tasia.' :he hcrte.~ re tle ~verstl~.j: ssstcoss 24. Mlsoel' iecii. aac ~c cęccaS.M 25. Rerarrahle raaterlal. - - . jjceartTę fcxr sseci^g fsvt»c.Ky \TV r. tssssed. yarts. r.aterlal ar.d Vvi-.'s ass^-t-hhess savh as all iw n is »f'l ~e-ir tie ii-- carsset

COAL — V^.4S Sc.5 VALIER COAL COMPANY

MATERIAŁ RECE1VED

STOREKTTPEHf COA.K CO.M PA.VY UL, ___ Fig. I— Aboye, a porłion of the ifoeŁ- Cr«!« A. F. E. No. Q * r n A- F. R. ledgsr form used at Valier; right, the form used to obtain materials and supplies for use in the mine. »f i* J WfL

accounts,” which gives an aceurate ąuantity, price, diseount and trans- cally all materiał*, part# and >;up- cheek as to where they are being portation eharges, show the ąuantity plies, with Kime timber a>. the used and to what extent. This is of materiał on hand and the arerage eiception, are reeeired by raiL supplemented in the case of trailing monthly eonsumption, and a ko hare Twice a month, timber psreha^e* cables and certain other items with spaces for the amoant, dale and are re«apitulated and entered in the notations as to the maehines on number of the inroiee, the amonnt proper ledger*, after wideh reqaki- which they are to be installed, so of the payment roacher and the tiora an d inroiee? (tim b er &eiler« that a check may be made on the month issaed, and the initials and seldom hare inroiee forr/i? of taeir use of these items. The operating number of the freigirt car in whith own) are madę oot and seat to tbe aceounts are: tbe materia! was receired. andhor for tbe issBaaee of roacber*. 251. Mining and loading maehines All forms, as well as tbe suppEers Ob ra:J shij/Ełentss, when tbe ma and drills, eiplosires. inroiee, earry the ecal-eompany order teriał i* reeetred and ebeeŁed, tbe 252. Timbering. number. Xnmbers eaeh year start freigfct-MIl, in tripłieate, i* rtamped 253. Track. with one and are preeeded by, for with tbe ćate and eŁa>ę of materiał 254. Yentilation. 1938, the łetters VL, tbe L indi- r**erred—tbe latter to indieate to 255. Haulage and hoisting: eating the year. ■sióeŁ dąs* of isaterial tbe traas- A. Loeomotires. portatioa ebaiges are to be added. B. iline cars. One Form for Receiph Or«e eopr i? nSaiaŹ, w ille tbe ot ber C. Other eipenses. The reęaiation form rebuned at two go bsek to tbe raśjroad agest lor 256. Preparation and loading. the rcine dłfJers from tbe ctber two erettoa: jm estd eo by tbe e&rrier 257. General. in that it is desigred as botb a re- for paynKŁt Tbes tbe way-bL” eopy 25S. Safety. eeiring and ńsroiee r&Eorf wita eo!- of frel^t re*eśpt i* sssed to «ster 259. Speciał work. omn* to show also tracspoTtatkrn o= tbe reqtdć.taaa ibeei retab^ed by 104. Renta! hooses. ebargts, wbisb are added to tbe 33- tbe EŚae, wbieŁ k 'vj~zA ixźo a Orders for materials and supplies roiee aztsonn: to get tbe eost .‘eiger for Beeórw," tbe are madę out by the storekeeper. of tbe materiał* reeeśred. Tbe ~'Be- d*ie of re%ćpt, oisaJiJjr, tićpper, In this procedure, four sheets with cejrirg Beeord^ seetios of tbis tfjzl~*fxspzzsj ob tbe way- earbons are inserted in the type- form sbowi tbe date, rasrśty, ssp- bE3 a*d tbe ssayazd of tbe freśgfct writer. In order, these are: (1) the płier, freigbt htU r.™V.r asd tbe •ebar^Ł if ary, io be puśi 7 k* 2 fy, order proper; (2) a “ReąamtioD on azuooni of tbe freigbt, etpuese or źe tbe p ro p er fctodk A 2?«r— Purc-hasing Agent,” which goe= to pareeJ post, as tbe «Ł*e zsay be, are mabitaśaed for or? tbe 2 S the generał manager; (3) a topy of wiile tbe ahnsŚR He*sr£^ łbvwł »£aesei: o f tiA itsaal— 1 > etterer; tbe the “Reąuhńtwn” for the auditu tbe parebase auflwiBlłW snssber, trb er r ~ -ib er , -iate o f r%serpt, łb śp - after tbe neeessary signatnres are aaoiiEt o£ istnee zsc ćaie of affiied; and (4) a third “Reqtii*£- approrab 4=7 - psaea. tion” eopy, glightly different in type Wber. tbe astma! ś at UpKa s ■yf Kie i-y/ił o t entries, which stays at the mine tbe car*, it ś tabss śsto flbe s tbere a-re t f,;i -'jpe^ fbeł.. and serres a* a r/seans of ebedring" or yari. opeoed ar-i *be*ź»5 Tbec. w ieś tbe >b£pperrs śrłwase śt in materiał when it is reeeśre*Ł agaiias *be rsassfMtererł pfctsEbag re*ei-'*ć. śt ś Łtaii-pert to tbtTr ćtóe Reąnirition eopies to the generał list or, if co Est je seŁt, tbe v s £ e s & t. o-f <£*3ł sVwe- manager and a ud i tor, in addition to of tbe pa*Ł2 gs are HseL Fz&Kś- ie^psr* iv p r m £ , a j -S*

M*y. 1735 — COAL ASE Ł-’ ot' tlie superintencienc and generał data noted above, the ledger sheets and the company also follows the manager, after which it goes to the (Fig. 1) also carry, among other practice of yaluing this scrap and auditor for payment. Before pass- things, the section and bin numbers crediting it once a month to tlie ing to the superintendent and gen where the materiał is stored, and proper accounts, rather than waiting erał manager, howeyer, tlie order serve as an up-to-the-minute run- until it is sold and then apportion- number and amount of the inyoice ning record of tlie issuance, money ing the lump sum of the proceeds. are entered in tlie "Materiał Re- cost and reserres of parts and ma For eonvenience in keeping fre- ceived” ledger, while the amount terials. Except for the actual labor quently required parts and materials of tłie invoice and the freight of handling supplies and the neces- near the face and also to havc a charges, together with the inyoice sity for a periodic inventory, the suitable place in which to kcep date, are entered in tłie stock ledger. supply system, for all practical pur- them and thus prevent scattering Tlie materiał tlien is in stoek, and poses, can be operated by the use and possible loss, the Valier man- when the inyoice and freight bill of these ledgers only, as they auto- agement has adopted the plan of are paid the total is charged to tłie matically show, when a withdrawal installing auxiliary supply bins and materiał classi These charges, less is made, the amount of that particu cabinets at convenient points in or disbursements to the proper operat- lar materiał left 0 1 1 band and tlius near the working sections. The cabi ing or capital accounts, constitute whcther a reorder is necessary. nets are designed for installation the auditor’s stock balance, against Also, as in tlie case of cable, it is 0 1 1 partings serving a number of which a physical inventorv, made at siniple to note the machinę to which sections, and herc, under the eye of convenient times, bałances. each is sent and thus by looking the parting tender, is kept a supply back through the sheets to see what of the heayier or more costly items, Issues Recapiłulated Daily the life has been. Furtliermore, or the smaller items not so fre- when the amount expended for a quently in demand. These cabinets Requests for supplies are signed eertain item is wanted, such as a serve a number of sections and, as by the foremen or otlier authorized certain machinę bolt, all that is sliown in the accompanying illustra- persons, who specify only the use, necessary is to run back through the tion, are built so that the top sec quantity of materiał desired and the ledger sheets for tlie period in question, in which the lighter items are type (Fig. 1) and send the form tion and add up the money cost of placed, can be elosed. Heavy items, to tłie storekeeper, who fills in the those issued. And if it Lecomes such as curve bars, guide bars, gath account or A.F.E. number, price, necessary to order an item for which ering arms, Caterpillar shafts, hy- etc., and issues the supplies. The the order amount is smali, the ledger draulic jacks, pumps, ropes, etc.— issue then is charged otf in tłie sheets for similar materiał may be usually one and sometimes more of stock ledger, which then shows tłie consulted so that in case it is about each—are kept in separate compart- ąuantity and money value of these time to reorder others they may be ments in the bottom. particular parts or supply items łeft added in to build up the order total. on band. At tlie end of the day, All materials, parts and supplies Fewer Parts Required the parts and supplies issued are re- are charged to the production for capitulated and distributed among the day they are issued, regardless When the cabinet idea originally tlie various materials classes and of the amount of money they repre- was adopted, a rangę of items, in- operating accounts. With this data, sent. Provision also is made for cluding a few assemblies, were kept daily and cumulative costs per ton handling returned materiał, as indi- in each. Time showed, howeyer, that are ealculated. cated in Item 25 of the materials many of these either were smali and From the standpoint of contro], classes (see above). From this item thus eould be moved up into the the stock ledger is the most im- the materials are returned to their section or were so infrequently used portant factor in the Yalier supply proper materials classes. The Valier that it was unnecessary to liave them system. In addition to tlie other system also includes a scrap class, always on the ground. Consequently, the content of each cabinet has been Typical parts reserve carried by a section repairman in the boss' shanty. substantially reduced. In addition to the items kept in the cabinets, other bins for smaller and more frequently used items are kept in the yarious working sections, usually in the face boss’ shanty. Such a bin is shown in one of the accompanying illustrations. Some- times, especially if the parting is somewhat far away or if the sections are close together so that the repairmen can work jointly 0 1 1 stocks of items, some of the parts kept in the parting cabinet may be moved up to the section station. In any event, the rule is to have all the necessary parts for the usual repairs not farther away than the partings, and when a part is used, regardless of whether it is obtained from a parting cabinet or a bin on the sec tion, the rule is that a new one must be ordered immediately and followed up until it is receiyed.

62 COAL AGE — Vol.43, No.5 So far as possible, all functions of the New River Co. are now centralized at Mount Hope: A, new mine-rescue station; B, bit-sharpening building; C, new building for foundry worlc, welding and blaclc- smithing; D, main building of central shop; E, main and operating office; F, warehouse for mine supplies and storę stock; G, building recently remodeled for a retail storę.

IMPROVED MAINTENANCE + Plus Better Storę and Rescue Station

Follow Changes at New River Headquarters

By J. H. EDWARDS I N ADDITION to eentral-shop im- Co. group of mines in Fayette and Associatc Editor, Coal Age provements and new methods Raleigh counties. All are served by which have redueed maintenancc hard-surfaced roads and the farth- costs, the Mount Hope, W. Va., ope est is 10 miles from Mount Hope, chines, and 182 mine pumping units. rating headquarters of the New River which means approximately 30 min- Centralization of maintenance at Co. has undergone other changes in- utes’ travel for the shop and store- Mount Hope began in 1921, when a cluding the construction of a mine delivery trucks. In 1937 the com three-bay 90xl20-ft. brick-and-steel rescue station and the remodeling pany shipped close to 3,250,000 tons main-shop building was erected. This and fitting of a large building to of prepared coal from the Sewell building, with its excellent natural serve as a new retail storę. Central- seam, which averages 3 ft. 6 in. in lighting, 10-ton floor-controlled shop changes include new welding thickness. Three of the preparation bridge crane in the center bay, and facilities, centralized bit sharpening plants ]iave washing eąuipment. manually operated bridge cranes in for both mining machines and rock Fivc of the mines are shaft opera- each side baj', stands today as a drills, and an enlarged brass foundry. tions, two are slope and three are strictly modern housing for shop ac- The recent changes and improve- drift. Generally speaking, the seam tiyities. In 1927, the original group ments leave no apparent gaps in a is nearly horizontal but contains nu- drives of the shop machines were dis- complete centralization of functions merous rolls which present difficult earded in favor of individual motor at Mount Hope, where the main exec- conditions for locomotive gathering drives. Adjacent to the shop and utive and operating office is located. and haulage. The list of under connected thereto by a covered mono- Geographically, Mount Hope is ground machinery includes 141 loco- rail crane track stands a 100x200-ft. elose to the center of the New Kiver motives, 70 shortwall mining ma- central warehouse of which a par-

May, 1938 — COAL AGE 63 This corner of the warehouse is used by the shop as st space for repaired equipment

fh^ugh built 17 years ago, this main building provides ercellent housing for the shop work

This new building pr vides space for the i creasing demands for bri castings and welding.

Brass and brorce castings aggregating 7,500 Ib. per month are new made In the foundry

Building up a worn locomotive axle using coated electrode ai current supplied by a new doal-unrt machinę standing in ti background titioned room 100x140 ft. at the front Table I — Arcwelding Elecłrodei Bcaring bushings nrc made from end is the warehouse for the com and Gas-Welding Rodi Uied half new metal and half scrap bronze pany retail stores. The remainder, by łhe New River Co. and their composition is proportioned excepting a floor space 18x48 ft., is -D ia m e te r, I n c h e s - 80 per cent copper, 10 per cent tin, C la s s A % ii A 14 A % the warehou.se for mine supplies. Fleetweld o and 10 per cent lead. Pump plung The latter reserved space is under (Lincoln) .. XX XX XX Fleetweld 7 ers are made from new metal mixed control of the shop superintendent (Lincoln) .. X XX XXX 90 per cent copper and 10 per cent and contains repaired armatures, re- L o w -c a r b o n (Roebling) X XXX X XX tin. Pole heads and harps contain paired controllers and other electrical H i- T e s t 70 per cent copper, 28 per cent zinc, (Linde) .. X X XX parts, and a few items such as pumps N o . 25 and 2 per cent aluminnrn. Tin, zinc and motors. At present, the stock of b r o n z e .... X XX and lead are purchased as new spare and repaired armatures totals C a a t Iron .... X No. 7 iron .. X X X •• rnetals. Scrap aluminum, principally 116. Most of these are for 550-volt Aluminum . .. X X L in a w e ld . . . X X engine crankcraaes, is purchased to d.c. eąuipment, which is the standard C u p ro a ...... S t e llite ...... fili the aluminum reąnirement. at the older mines in the field. Power T u be H a y - The old foundry building, a 20x40 is purchased for all of the mines, and s te llit e .... X ft. steel-framed, metal-sheathed strue- motor-generator sets constitute the tnre, was conrerted to a sharpening substation conyersion eąuipment. winding department in the main shop and treating shop for mining-ma- In 1927, a brass fonndry was is used for making brass and bronze chine bits. Beginning of this een- added to the shop facilities and in castings. After the insulation is tralization of bit sharpening dates two years the ąuantity of brass cast burned from the copper wire the back two years. In January o£ this ing had reached 5,000 lb. per month. latter is baled into 20-lb. “cabbages,” year, 57,408 bits were sharpened, and No w it amounts to 7,500 lb. per which is a convenient size for charg- in February the nnmber was 42,681. month and is done in a 30x50-ft. sec- ing the crucibles. The practice consists of repointing tion of a new brick-and-steel building in a Diamond sharpener followed by which also houses welding generators, air cooling, reheating the point and five welding booths, a pattem and Forms used in łhe contro! of mainte- dropping the whole bit into Hough- woodworking shop, and a blacksmith nance work at New River mines; /, ton’s No. 2 ąnenching oil. The heat- shop. daily report of mine electrician; B, double-faced perpetual card main- ing is done in a Diamond ftrrnace All reąuirements for brass parts tained in the Mount Hope ofnce for asing natura! gas. and articles such as bushings, pump each mining machinę and !ocomotive; Dimensions of Łhe new brick-and- plungers, j>ole heads, harps and C, shortage report prepared at the steel btnlding whieh shelters the weld headlight cases are being met by the end of each mor.tfc by the c!erk at ing shop and fonndry are 50x20 ft. foundry. Eąuipment consists of a Mount Hope; D, form for reccrding Along one side and faeing the center natural-gas furnace and 70- and 100- maintenance cost on mining maehines —accumufałed daily for one month; aisle are five welding booths eaeh lb. graphite crucibles. All the scrap B, similar form for accumuUting 9x16 ft. Partitions 5 ft. high and copper from the mines and from the maintenance cost on loccmotwes. made of corrugated galvanized metal

THE NEW RIVER COMPANY

COMPANY the t*zN „wnet*** c*r-

i*rr»

thenew WER COMPANY iiiwiiiimnr ęgsr— tuana-

THE NEW RWSł COMPANY i**iXTrN»*

May, 1938 — COAL ASS NaS cir I"conduit ander- \-No. 6 cir fconduit under ble. As an example, instead of fur- nishing to the machinists dimensional — qięs— drawings showing the proper finish- 7/oSdr^y00vt Bx cable/i) ! overr,' l / Office and ing of brass eastings, a standard | / PcrneS sample of each of the eommon types i / box is kept in the tool room to serve as a model. This reduces the ehance S h o w e r | of errors and saves the cost of mak ccbine t [ ing drawings. Smoke* Room W ork i Room geow. " Three truek drivers reporting to \>Y Hcillwgy[B5g3 the shop superintendent make all deliveries of new materiał from the warehouse to the mines and also transport eąuipment and parts to § V crfoow. V- '' O* and from the shop and mines. It is ■|| j L aboratory the duty of the driver to attaeh ę; ; Enomely to each piece of eąuipment unloaded at the shop a brass tag indicating the mine from which it came. Also, Floor plon of the new mine-rescue station built near the central shop. he leaves with the shop clerk a list of the items unloaded. The clerk separate the individual booths and account of breakage, was discarded then assigns a number to each job also separate the foundry seetion in favor of turning to the lower limit and attaches two clotli tags bearing from the rcmainder of the floor and then scrapping the tires. the number. When the job is com- space. Draw curtains of the same Practically all of the gathering pleted the workman removes one tag height form the aisle ends of the locomotives operated by the company and turns it in to the shop office booths to protect other workmen have been completely rebuilt and with his time card. from the arcs. modernized in the Mount Hope shop. In addition to C. R. Heermans, Electric welding eąuipment con Armaturę winding, which normally who has been superintendent of the sists of a Lincoln 300-amp. machinę, engages six men, is done in a corner shop sińce 1921, the force consists of which was moved from the welding of the main shop adjacent to the 57 men. These are: two mechanics, department formerly located in the shop office. Coils are purchased and who regularly go out to the mines main shop, and one new Westing- all of the rewound and repaired ar- when needed; twelve machinists; six house “Flesarc” dual unit drivcn by matures are dipped and then baked armaturę winders; three electricians, a 50-hp. Type CS induction motor. at 212 deg. F. in a natural-gas oven. who orerhaul stationary motors, lo- Each generator of this dual unit is Tests on all armatures are made comotives, mining machines and so rated at 300 amp. with a bug (a.c. magnet) and the on; two blacksmiths, and two helpers, Gas welding and cutting are done insulation to ground is checked by who rebuild cages and do generał in the same booths and the acetylene applying 1,000 volts more than the smithing work; five welders; two supply is piped from a separate rated voltage. The 500-volt arma foundry molders and two molder building which contains a generating tures are tested at 2,200 volts. helpers; two bit sharpeners; three outfit. Tłie gas also is piped to the Although the shop is operated on truck drivers; two resistance build- main shop, where certain heavy cut- a system whereby each man must ers; one pattern maker and wood ting and welding are done. Thirty- charge his time to indmdual jobs worker; one janitor; eleven shop seven items of electrode materials worked upon each day, complicated helpers, and one clerk. and gas welding rods (see Table I) methods are avoided so far as possi- Adoption of jackbits and the in- are stocked in the warehouse. Tire stallation of an Ingersoll-Rand filling by arc welding was given a This 55x140-ft. building was remodeled sharpener in the main shop central- brief trial some yeare ago, but, on and fitted as a new storę and the old ized another item of maintenance storę across the street maintained as a showroom for furniture and applances.

Raster ceiling (o/d) Stamped-steel coiling

Two ceiling Coolers

\ Pa rtii i on | fr o m top W a re ■ o f cooler Room ! to ceiling Wood f/oor- Concrete floor (new) J o ld )

M anager‘5 O ffice Room ^Tlpffice Boiler Wood floors Room teldoor

66 COAL A SE — Vol.43, No.5 are stored ło one side,

■

Centralization of bił sharpening at Mount Hope leaves 01 mine-car repair work ał the mines

These buildings are (left to right): welding shop and foundry, bit-sharpening shop and mine-rescue station

Left to right: retail storę; front end of building housing mine supplies and retail stores stock; and the main office

115 dual welding unit was purchased for the new ing shop. Each aenerator is rated 300 amp. A ll rock drilling is now done with jack- work at Mount Hope. The lf-in. original to the Mount Hope ware years. However, it is of interest that bits with Type O thread are resharp- house office via the main operating present maintenance costs are ap- cned two or three tira es or until the office. Each day the clerk prices the proximately twice what they were in gage is reduced to 1£ in., after which repair items and transfers the infor- 1922. For the year 1937 the labor- they are junked. mation to the individual cards for and-material maintenance cost of the Maintenance men working in and the respective mining machinę or lo- main-haulage locomotives was 2.17c. about the mines report to division comotive. Central-shop items and per ton; gathering locomotives, maintenance superintendents, wliose their charges are entered in red on 1.12c.; and mining maehines, 1.97c. rolls include mine electricians, bond the card and so are easily distin- In February this year there was men, pump operators, hoisting engi- guislied from the mine-repair items. completed a 25x40-ft. single-stoiy neers and substation operators. An accumulated cost-to-date report brick building which now houses a C. C. Ballard supervises one division of total locomotive and mining-ma- mine-rescue station. This is back of and K. F. Humpliries the other. chine maintenance cost for each mine the main shop and not over 500 ft. They use a system of reporting and is posted each day. Then at the from the company office building. It checking maintenance items and costs end of the month a shortage report is partitioned into flye rooms: (1) a which was developed by Mr. Ballard is made to show the total cost of the laboratory for analyzing mine gases and which involves a minimum of items which were sent from the cen and dusts, (2) an office intended for clerical work. Executives of the tral warehouse to the respective both desk and storage space, (3) a company estimate that this reporting mines but through oversight were not workroom in which the mine-rescue system lias been worth l^c. per ton. included on the daily reports made apparatus and gas masks are stored The cost of operating the system con out by the electricians. The amount and which serves also as a training sists of the cost of the stationery— of shortage then is charged pro rata and lecture room, (4) a smoke room, i. e., the printed forms used—and to the individual maehines. which is the gas chamber for appa of the salary of an operating-depart- Equipment operators watch mine- ratus drills, and (5) a toilet and ment clerk, who works in the central posted copies of the reports to com- shower batli. The office equipment warehouse office, where the material- pare their costs with those of the consists only of a desk for miscel- cost records are conveniently avail- other operators and often cali the laneous use because the office of the able. Large card records of main- electrieian’s or maintenance superin- director of safety (E. H. Graff) is tennnee currently posted for each in- tendent’s attention to an erroneous in the main office building. dividual locoinotive and mining ma charge. The card records of accurnu- chinę, togetlier with the names of lated costs kept in the central ware Rescue Station Weil Built the motormen or machinę operators, house office are esamined by the di- are kept on file in that office for in- vision maintenance superintendents Ceiling height in the rescue station spection by the maintenance superin to locate offending maehines or opei-- is 10 ft. and the roof structure and tendents and other operating officials. ators when maintenance costs mount. ceiling are supported by Consteel The accounting originates with a Prior to 1930, the date when the Type SJ-123 joists set on 20-in. cen- “Daily Report of Materiał and Labor individual machinę accounting was ters. Posts, braces, rafters and Used on Locomotivcs and Mining started, there was no convenient way sheathing of wood support a hip roof Maehines,” which is one of four of putting a finger on the exact having a slope of 2 in. in 12 in. and forms used in this maintenance ac souree of a high maintenance cost at consistihg of Johns-Manville “Super- counting. The mine eleetrician fills a certain mine. Class A” asbestos construction. Tłie out the first mentioned form, keeps a Changes in materiał and labor floor is conerete which was first var- copy himself, hands a copy to the costs mitigate against the value of nished and then painted a medium mine superintendent and sonds the comparisons over long periods of green. Heating is by steam radiators supplied from the boiler of the shop- Wide aisles, adequate lighting and modern metal showcases characteriie the heating system and the temperature new retail storę. in cold weather is maintained at 65 deg. F. Equipment of the station is as fol- łows: six McCaa self-contained 2- hour oxygen breathing apparatus, one motor-driven high-pressure pump for eharging apparatus cylinders with osygen at 1,980 lb. pressure, fifteen “All-Seryice” gas masks, one H-H inhalator, twelve M.S.A. self- reseuers, two M.S.A. carbon-mon- oxide detectors, one U.C.C. methane indicating detector, one M.S.A. methane detector, one M.S.A. Yolu- meter (for determining percentages of rock and coal-dust mixtures), and one Burrell portable gas-analysis ap paratus. The supplies kept on hand in the station include one 125-cu.ft. cylinder of “Carbogen” (93 per cent oxvgen and 7 per cent carbon-diox- ide) for use with the inhalator, three 200- and three 125-cu.ft. cylinders of osygen, sis smali estra oiygen

63 COAL AGE — Vol.43, No.5 cylinders for breathing apparatus and remodeling a 55xl40-ft. brick and heating room are all provided (each holds 270 liters of oxygen at building which stands just across a with modern eąuipment. Delivery 135 atmospheres pressure), 200 lb. of railroad from the warehouse build trucks back directly into the ware- “Cardoxide” for breathing apparatus ing, the front section of which con- room for loading, tlius saving steps (4 lb. per 2-hour charge), and 40 tains the generał stock for the thir- and nullifying the ełfects of stormy extra canisters for tlie “All-Service” teen retail stores operated by the weather. C. II. Dunean, storę man masks. company. The former Mount Hope ager, is justly proud of the new lay- Two to three mine-rescue teams of retail storeroom, which is across the out and does not slight the furnace six men eaeh aro maintained at each street and somewhat closer to the room when showing a visitor around mine. All training is done in co- main offlce building, is maintained his “plant.” Heat is supplied by a operation with the U. S. Bureau of as a showroom for furniture and No. 3 “Ideał Redflash” boiler fired Mines and with the West Yirginia electrical apparatus. by an Iron Fireman stoker using the State mine department. Only the ground floor of the re- special smokeless stoker fuel which is Need for a larger and more at- modeled building is delegated to the a featured product of the White Oak tractive room for the generał storę new storę. It is fltted with Lyon Fuel Co., selling agent for coals conducted by the New River Co. in Metal Products metal showcases. produeed at the New River Co. Mount Hope was met by acąuiring Meat shop, coolers, offices, flour room mines.

STRIPPING EFFICIENCY + Raised by Measuring Effective Work

By Time-Study Methods

By GENE H. UTTERBACK Production Engineer T he enos coal mining study method used at Enos, in the Enos Coal Mining Co. CO., operating a strip mine main, was an adaptation of the Oakland. City, Ind. near Oakland City, Ind., has Bedaux method to our operations employed time-study principles in and purposes. Some of the produc jobs and methods analysis for tion standards were established on plishments of labor to a piane of approximately ten years. When the basis of 60 Bedaux units per dignity that cannot be touched by a strip mining first began, the average hour, while other departments and mere eommodity index. Nevertheless, operation presented a pieture of operations were set up without laboris compensation and its effect overburden being moved by construe- regard to the Bedaux method of on the cost of the thing it produces tion eąuipment and methods to make measurement. are so vitally intermingled with the way for the coal to be taken out Labor is not like an ordinary com- ebb and flow of economic tides that the same way. The present pieture modity, to be bought and sold on the it is becoming more and more essen- is ąuite different. Strip mining is an open market. The personal element tial to know something about the industry in its own riglit and now of skill, ingenuity, fatigue, coopera- productivity of labor. The pur- bears slight relationship to con- tion and ambition raise the accom- chaser of labor is entitled to know struction work. Highly specialized eąuipment and methods prepare and Fig. I— Showing graphically production during one drill shift at Enot mine move the overburden, followed by eąually specialized eąuipment and 120 methods for removing the coal and r k / \ preparing it for market. While time cl00 ^— — — i— V 7 - TS V - r M v 7 ' r- study for job and methods analysis 4 v = 95.5 r 7 f \ \-- V \ V \7 has had a part in this development, ! 80 l / / f it now has a much wider use for l / i ° 60 1 D n l l m a production and cost control. c 1 Ol 1 Fir-st S h . rt It is not the intention of this \ 1 No.2 article to discuss the merits of differ L 40 ent time-study methods, therefore 20 the techniąue of making time studies 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 23 30 will not be gone into. The field- J a n u a r y 1938

May, 1938 — COAL AGE 69 what he can expect for his money chaser may operate at a profit and not an end in itself but a means to an and the seller is entitled to know so justify his esistencc in that end, and while the mere making what he can give lionestly. Time capacity. of a study may have a temporary study for setting production stand- The purpose of time study is to salutary eflect, if any permanent ards establishes this value. Labor measure effective work. It seeks benefits are to accrue the results should have 1 1 0 ąuarrel with time to eliminate waste effort, lost time must bo correlated to record a meas- study. No company has the right and inefficient management, and urement of human energies, machinę to waste the labor of this country in when properly applied to produc- activitieś and management effici- a non-profit-making entćrprise, and tion-standard setting keeps before ency. Education can be defined as labor should welcome time study as workers and supervisórs the output a whetting of the faculties of per- a means of establishing a fair value that can reasonably be expected from ception by which we are enabled on its services in order that the pur- any production unit. Time study is to discern realities; and similarly,

Fig. 2— Strosses developed in 750-B stripping shovel in two digging positions

SCALĘ 0I__ I—

FRONT £KQ QF DIPPER i !**!? 205,000* C.

_< SHIPPER ł^YYł SHAFT Position 1

JSSUMED BAILPULL, 200,000*

Front-End Reacłions

P o sitio n 1 Position 2 Position 2-A

W eight, A rm , M o m en t, W eight, Arm , M o m en t, W eight, A rm , M o m en t, Digging Force: L b. F t. F t.-L b . Lb. F t. F t.-L b . L b. F t. F t.-L b . Pipper and dirt ...... 115,000 57 6 .5 5 5 .0 0 0 115,000 3 6 .5 4 ,1 9 7 ,5 0 0 115,000 3 6 .5 4 ,1 9 7 ,5 0 0 Bail puli (vert. coraponent)...... -1 7 5 ,0 0 0 5 6 .5 - 9 ,8 8 7 ,5 0 0 - 2 0 8 ,0 0 0 36.7 - 7 ,6 3 3 ,6 0 0 - 1 5 9 ,2 0 0 3 6 .7 —5 ,8 4 5 ,2 0 0 D ip p er t n p ...... 600 43 25.S 00 600 23 13,800 ' 600 2li 13,800 D ip p er h a n d le ...... 62 ,7 5 0 28 1 .7 5 7 .0 0 0 62,750 9 564,700 62,750 9 564,700 Available digging force ...... - 2 4 ,3 0 0 64 - 1 ,5 4 9 ,7 0 0 - 6 4 ,9 0 0 44 - 2 ,8 5 7 ,5 0 0 - 2 4 ,3 0 0 44 - 1 ,0 6 9 ,2 0 0 Shipper-Shaft Reaction: Dipper handle ...... 62 ,7 5 0 36 2 ,2 5 9 ,0 0 0 62,750 35 2 ,1 9 6 ,2 0 0 62 ,7 5 0 35 2 , 196,200 D ip p er tr i p ...... 600 21 12,600 600 21 12,600 600 21 12,600 Bail puli (vert. component)...... - 1 7 5 ,0 0 0 7 .5 - 1 ,3 1 2 ,5 0 0 - 2 0 8 ,0 0 0 7 .3 - 1 ,5 1 8 ,4 0 0 - 1 5 9 ,2 0 0 7 .3 - 1 ,1 6 2 ,2 0 0 D ip p er a n d d i r t ...... 115,000 7 .0 80 5 ,0 0 0 115,000 7 .5 S 62.500 115,000 7 .5 862,500 S h ip p er-sh ałt reac tio n ...... 27 ,6 0 0 6 4 .0 1 ,7 6 4 ,1 0 0 35,300 44 1 ,5 5 2 ,9 0 0 4 3 ,4 0 0 44 1,9 0 8 ,6 0 0 Stispension-Tackle Puli: Boom and maęhinery ...... 145,400 3 5 .0 5 ,5 2 5 ,2 0 0 145,400 3 8 .0 5 ,5 2 5 ,2 0 0 145,400 3 8 .0 5 ,5 2 5 ,2 0 0 Shipper-shaft reaction ...... 113.000 3 4 .0 3 ,8 4 2 ,0 0 0 113.000 3 5 .4 4 ,0 0 0 ,2 0 0 113.000 3 5 .4 4 ,0 0 0 ,2 0 0 Shipper-shaft reaction ...... 2 7 ,6 0 0 2 2 .5 6 622,700 3 5,300 2 2 .5 6 796,400 3 5,300 2 2 .5 6 796,400 Hoist-rope p u li ...... - 2 0 3 ,0 0 0 10 . ó -2,131,500 -2 0 3 ,0 0 0 1 0 .5 - 2 ,1 3 1 ,5 0 0 - 1 7 8 ,0 0 0 1 0 .5 -1,869,000 B ail p u li (to ta l)...... 200.000 7 6 .6 15,360,000 200.000 5 2 .0 1 0 .4 0 0 ,0 0 0 175.000 5 2 .0 9 ,1 0 0 ,0 0 0 Suspension cables and sheaves...... 11,000 5 6 .5 621,500 11,000 5 6 .5 6 21.500 11,000 5 8 .5 621,500 S heave fric tio n ...... - 1 5 ,0 0 0 - 1 5 ,0 0 0 - 1 5 ,0 0 0 Suspcnsion-tackle puli...... 610,900 3 9 .0 2 3 ,8 2 4 ,9 0 0 492,200 39.019 ,1 9 6 ,8 0 0 465,600 39.0 1 8 ,1 5 9 ,3 0 0

COAL AGE — Vol.43, No.5 we can say that time study is a tool calculating yardages. When it is standard was eąualled or excelled in for whetting tho perception by which known that as much as 1,000,000 cu. a inajority of the shifts for January. we diseern the facts, or rcalities, yd. of overburden has been drilled This same shift consistently drilled about the work going on around us. and shot in one month’s time it is 20 to 40 per cent below the standard Time study is not an exaet science not difficult to visualize the amount before any systematic effort was and its success depcnds largely 0 1 1 of work involved in the engineering made to get the production where it tlie accuracy, experience and, above control. belonged. Before the standard was all, honesty of the time-study engi- In connection with the • investiga- established the number of opinions neer and his ability to judge human tion of this work, time studies as to what constitutcd a normal day’s efforts. Yct it is surprising how brought out the amount of drilling drilling was exactly equal to the close will bo the results obtained that eould be expected as standard number of persons submitting the by two expericneed time-study men performance. Quitc rccently another opinions. Time studies uncovered analyzing the same operation series of studies was made and the the weaknesses in the operation; the independently. results checked tlie original set-up results are obvious. Coal-stripping operations may be within 1 per cent, showing that the The blasting operation was con- diyided into the following classifica- drilling operation had not undergone siderably more difficult to study and tions: drilling the overburden, blast- any great change in four years. Fig. set up tlian the drilling. Blasting ing, stripping, loading the coal, liaul- work is essentially a group perform age (which in tlie operation under ance and the best results were ob discussion is divided between truck 1 1 1 tained from group performance haulage in the pit and electric-train ? +• sTr9-+d60 \ M , , studies. Individual studies also were haulage from pit to tipple) and N - — I made in order to measure the preparation. Eacli branch of the L k effective work performed by each work will be described in sufficient operator, but the ultimate set-up had detail to show how and why the to cover a group performance. The standard was so established; what standard capacity of the blasting changes in supervision were neces- 0 I 25456789 10 II II crew, the size of which varies, was sary, if any; and how control is Number of Trucks (N) determined in production per nian- accomplished by the use of daily hour, and the graphic record of that graphic records. For the purpose Fig. 3— Typical graph derived from equa- operation shows the daily perform of this article 1 1 0 actual production łion for łhe number of trucks required fo ance relative to 100 per cent as figures will be used, but where it is keep a loader busy standard. necessary to illustrate, production figures have been plotted in percent- ^ 50 Blast With Liquid Oxygen ages relative to 100 per cent as T 60 J24.0 Ł sL42 standard. ±10 The blasting medium is liquid Cl oxygen manufactured at the com £ 2.0 Study lmproves Drilling pany^ plant about seven miles from clO the pits. It is hauled to the field Drilling and Blasting—When hori- £§ 0o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 by truck in soaking boxes containing zontal drilling first replaced the Minułes perTrip ( Tt) 72 4%x20-in. cartridges. Two crews eonventional well drill, the savings of three men each comprise the regu- Fig. A— Graph derived from equation 1 1 0 were so pronounced that one gave showing time required for a truck to make lar shooting force, one crew working much thought to ways and means of a trip behind each stripping unit. The improving the new method. In fact, change from vertical to horizontal everyone was very happy about the drilling reduced the work of shoot whole thing for some time. When 1 is a graphic representation of the ing to such an extent that seldom the drilling operation was finally production of one drill shift during does a crew work at more than 75 analyzed by time study, it was found the month of January, 1938. (Since per cent of capacity, even with the that a numbcr of unnecessary holes the production charts for the other stripping unit operating fuli time. were being drilled and that the varia- departments are similar to this one The shooting standard was estab tion in direetion was sufficient some- in construction it can be taken as lished on the basis of the number of times to cause improper breaking of typieal.) L.O.X. cartridges shot per man-hour the bank. As a result of this inves- Drilling conditions are generally worked. Because of the many and tigation an engineer was put in good. While the bank formations variable conditions incidental to the charge of the work and it becamc are ąuite yariable it usually is possi- blasting work, a great many time his duty to lay out each drillhole ble to drill in one of the beds of gray studies were necessary before the from a transit base line in the pit; shale nearly always present over the standard could be determined. carry the information day by day No. 5 coal. Where the bank is high Weather conditions affect this type on a 20-ft.-to-l-in.-scale map and cal- (over 50 ft.), the holes are drilled of work to a great extent also, and, eulate the yardage of the bank to at two levels, the upper-level holes as a result, the studies were extended be broken before it was shot. In being staggered with respect to those over a considerable period of time otlier words, each drillhole was to on the lower level and also sloped in order to record the work accom be treated as an individual problem upward to give access to the upper plished under all conditions. both as to drilling and shooting. As part of the bank. All of these usual The importance of blasting work a later development, when another and unusual conditions were studied should not be underestimated. The stripping unit began operating, it and taken into account when the bank to be shot at the Enos mine sel was deemed advisable to put a full- standard was established, and subse- dom is easy and often is unusually time supervisor in charge of the field quent records have shown the studies difficult. A uniformly well-shot bank work, as the engineeris time was to be quite accurate. A casual ex- should be, and is, the aim of every taken up in laying out holes and amination of Fig. 1 will show that shooting crew, shooting boss, pit

May, 1938 — COAL AGE 71 boss and superintendent, sińce it af- ging effort with the least amount of are made before the loading shift to fects the stripper production to such power. prevent delays short of complete a gTeat extent. The best shovel Standard production for a strip breakdown. Production is easily fig- operator in the strip field cannot ping shovel depends chiefly on the ured in number of trips loaded per move yardage if it has to be chiseled following factors: a well-sbot bank, shift and the standard is set up on out with the dipper. Prepare the getting the dipper as fuli as possible that basis. Numerous time studies bank properly and even a poor ope each pass, the over-all cycle time, and have established the time reąuired to rator can make a fair showing. In keeping shovel delays at a minimum. load any size truck with any loader stallation of engineering eontrol over Time studies are made to determine under all conditions, and the number the drilling and blasting resulted in accurately the digging-cycle time of trucks needed to keep a loader a cost reduction of about 25 per cent. under all conditions, as well as all busy can be determined from the Stripping—If it has not already other repetitive elements that enter formuła been suspected by those readers with into the operation. Time studies sufficient fortitude to bring them made in aceordance with Bedaux this far, let it be said now that the practice not only measure the time term “time study” may be some- required to perform a given opera L thing of a misnomer for all of the tion but also the effort expended study work that is carried on at the by the operator, his skill, and the where N — the number of trucks; Enos mine. Time study is used to consistency with which lie performs iSe=empty speed in miles per hour; establish time values, production his work. All stripping-shovel de S i=loaded speed in miles per hour; standards and cost standards but, in lays are recorded automatically on il/=round trip distance in miles; order properly to study a stripping clock vibrator charts and the reason dumping time in minutes; and operation, time study must be supple- for each delay is explained by the L=loading time in minutes. Since mented by a coniplete methods operator on a special card provided the above equation is linear, two as- analysis. for that purpose. In calculating sumed values for M establish the The cost of stripping can make or production, which is done daily, de- curve from which values for N can break a strip operation, hence the ductions are made for all delays be read direet for any given distance. importance of introducing efficiency other than so-called operating delays; Yalues for S e, S i, d and L must be methods into that phase of the work. i. e., oiling, cabling rocks, move ups, established by time study. Fig. 3 is There is a best way to dig a* given allowing trucks to pass, etc. Allowed typical grapli of the foregoing equa- type of bank, and there also is a best delays are classified as follows: dead- tion. way to spoił or waste the excavated heading, generał repairs, mechanical Truck Haulage—-If a 20-ton truck materiał. There is a best position ti-ouble, electrical trouble, power is expected to haul not less than 500 for the shovel to be in with respect trouble and other delays. These de tons per shift it must take 25 trips to the digging face in order that lays are recorded daily and summar- in the given time and therefore it the stresses developed throughout the ized inonthly to show the per cent becomes necessary to know the maxi- shovel are kept at a minimum and of total time active. The production mum distance over which the given the available digging effort at a standard is set to include all neces- tonnage can be hauled. The same

Fig. 6— Sample of production chart (Jan uary, 1938} used in fhe main-haulage de- AM. partment. The double line indicates that Fig. 5 — Graphic comparison of acłual two shifts were worked that day. time of travel of one main-haulage frain with standard time established by fime study

maximum. The accompanying dia sary operating delays and the daily time-study data uśed in deriving the gram (Fig. 2) shows the stresses de- "raphic record is plotted on the formuła for the number of trucks veloped in different members of one basis of cubic yards dug per hour needed for a loader also can be used type of sliovel in two different opera ted. to calculate the time reąuired for a digging positions. A careful exami- Loading—Determining standard truck to make any givcn trip. The nation of this diagram will show production for the loaders is a eom- formuła is that it is highly adrantageous to paratively simple matter—in fact, one work the machinę as close to the of the easiest of all prodnction units digging face as possible in order to in strip mining. The loaders work make the most of the available dig- only seven hours and all preparations where Ti=trip time in minutes;

72 COAL AGE — Vol.43, No.5 On to Cincinnati, Says Mr. Ireland

“ Why one should attend the Cincinnati convention-exposition of the American Min ing Congress the week of May 2 needs no long-winded statement. If a coal man has been to the Cincinnati coal convention he doesn’t need to be told; if he hasn’t been it is time he went and found out. ’ ’—R. L. Ire land, Jr., National Chairman, Program Committee, American Mining Congress.

Cincinnati Musie Hall— Coal-Trade Center, May 2-6

Se^empty speed in miles per hour; Fig. 5 shows, graphically the actual points on the record command his at-

May, 1938 — COAL AGE 73 NEW CLEANING PROCESS- + Heavy Organie Liąuids Used for Separation f?. In Sink-and-Float Process

By W. B. FOULKE

Director, Minerals Separalion Division li. <6 U. Chemicals Department E. I. du Pont de Nemours £ Co., Inc. T HE ADVANTAGES of straight mercial use continued until the World gravity separation long havc War, when work was eurtailed. been recognized by all familiar Continuance of tho program in with the art of coal beneficiation. 1919 was sponsored by Francis I. and duce the liąuid loss—provided that Authentie reeords show that ferric William du Pont, and Mr. Moxham the liąuid was not miscible with chloride and sulphuric acid were constructed a pilot plant. Preyailing water. Major Nagelvoort discov- suggested as “parting liąuids” as Iow prices for concentrates and the ered that the application to the solid of a film of any liąuid not miscible early as the raiddle of the nineteenth operating costs of the proeess, liow- with the parting liąuid considerably century. In fact, about that time ever, militated against the develop- altered the etfective gravity of the English experimenters tried unsue- nient and Mr. Moxham’s death 111 eessfully to run the ferric-chloride 1922 brought this phase of the re solid and made possible the use of proeess in competition with jigs. search program to a standstill. Early cheaper parting liąuids. Sinec then efforts to use parting in 1927, Major Adriaan Nagelvoort, liąuids for both coal and ore elean- who had been associated with Mr. Par+ing-Liquid Standards ing have been made by many in- Moxham, persuaded the Delaware dńiduals and eorporations. Chemical Engineering Co. (the lab- Halogenated hydrocarbons, as Application of these principles to oratories of Francis and Alfred I. represented by tetrabromethane a new process of cleaning now has du Pont) to resume research along (CjHjBi-ł), specific gi'avity 2.964; been thoroughly demonstrated at a the lines previouslv followed. pentachlorethane (CJICU), specific plant erected in the anthracite re By that time the art had been so grayity 1.678; and trichlorethylene gion. Back of this success, however, far developed that it was appareiit (C.HĆIj), specific gravitv 1.462 at was more than thirty years’ inves- any heavy-gravity liąuids to be suit 20Ć. — 4C., the investigators dę tigation and experiment. Research able for the “parting liąuid1 ” ci ded, should be considered the stand into the possibilities of a process should have these generał characteris- ard parting liąuids. Low miscibility using high-grayity liąuids as a sep- tics: speeifle gravities of at least 1.3 with water is a property shared by arating medium for minerals was to 3; Iow yapor pressure at working all these compounds." As it was sponsored early in the preśent cen temperatures; Iow melting point; probable that the gravities at which tury by T. Coleman, Pierrc S., Wil minimum miscibility with water; sta- these liąuids were manufactured liam, and Francis I. du Pont. ’ Work bility toward water, air, light and would not be those reąuired in actual was started 0 1 1 Virginia limonite at heat; freedom from any tendency to practice, it was decided to secure the the du Pont Co. Esperimental Sta emulsify with water; approximately desired gravity by mixing any two tion about 1904 under the supervision the same viscosity as water; good of the liąuids named in proper proof A. J. Mosham. mobility at working temperatures, portion or by diluting them with a and Iow cost. suitable petroleum distillate. Molten Liquids First Used Minimum miscibility with water in Early efforts to deveiop a commer- both phases was believed to be the eial process using these halogenated Because suitable parting liąuids most important reąuirement, as any hydrocarbons as parting liąuids were were not then available in commer- parting liąuid in which water is unsuccessful because of process and cial ąuantities, this work was lim- soluble would decrease in specific eąuipment difficulties. Several types ited to developing a process using gravity with use, making it necessary of apparatus were constructed, and, molten bromide of antimony or tin. to expel the water from the liąuid although satisfactory separations Though successful in producińg a and return the latter to its proper from the standpoint of the finał con high-grade concentrate. difficulties of density; any parting liąuid soluble in centrate were made, liąuid losses were procuring materials for making the water would result in inereased still excessive and the eąuipment was molten parting liąuids and the high liąuid loss. Mr. Moxham had be- unsuitabłe mechanically. Mechanical cost of the process ended this par- liered that wetting the minerals with 2 Although classed by the handbooks water prior to immersion in the as insoluble in water, these liąuids do ticular development. But research have a measurable solubility in water. to develop parting liąuids with the parting liąuid would materially re- Pentachlorethane, for example, has a solubility of approximately 5 parts per proper speeifle grarities and Iow 10,000 _at ordinary temperatures. The enougli in cost for large-scale com- solubility of water in pentachlorethane 1 Registered trade name. is negligible.— W . B. P. 74 COAL AGE — Vol.43, No.5 operation of the pilot plants was for their cooperation during the of the building houses the plant (Fig. perfected by Charles W. Lotz, assist- evaluation of the process. 1). Close by is the completely ant consulting engineer, M. A. Hanna Arrangements were made to carry eąuipped sample-preparation labora Co., wlio became associated with the the feed from the Weston breaker’s tory. Regular samples are taken of Delaware Chemical Engineering Co. preliminary sizing screens to the ad- the feed, the cleaned product and the in 1930—the same year the autlior jacent sink-and-float (Shenandoah) refuse. Seven mining engineers, six joined that organization. plant so that the feed to the plant chemists and one chemical engineer On the basis of the work done by could be any size or mixture of sizes make up the technical staff at the Mr. Lotz, the Hanna interests in reąuired for test. Refuse, run-of- Shenandoah plant; attaclied to the stalled a commereial unit at the Penn- mine or prepared coal from other staff are a master mechanic, a pipę sylvania colliery of the Susąuelianna collieries can be delivered in railroad fitter, two plant operators and one Collieries Co. The meehanical engi- cars to the breaker’s condenmed-coal clerk. neering on this unit was done by E. elevator boot, carried into the Fig. 2 is an isometric drawing of B. Wortliington, meehanical engineer breaker, over the preliminary sizing the eąuipment and its location in the for Susąuelianna, in collaboration screens if desired, and thence to the plant. The ąuantity of feed delivered with Mr. Lotz and R. S. Walker, sink-and-float plant. to the wetting-out section (numbered chief consulting engineer, M. A. The finished product from this 1 in the illustration) is controlled by Hanna Co. While this unit func- plant is conveyed back to the breaker, a sliding gate. After passing the gate tioned perfectly from the meehanical where it is sized on the usual sliaker the feed runs onto a steel shaking standpoint and turned out a pre- screens. Loading pockets in the trough approximately 12 ft. long, 3 mium-quality product eąual to that breakers are divided so that the ft. high and 12 in. deep. This trough, made in a laboratory sink-and-float product from the sink-and-float plant suspended on wooden slats, is given a apparatus, parting-liąuid loss was so is not mixed with that from the jigs reciprocating motion by the usual exccssive and the vapors escaping used in the regular colliery operation. eccentries and wooden drive arms. into the plant so hazardous for the Refuse from the sink-and-float plant It has a downward slope of about f workers that operation was discon- is eonveyed to the breaker refuse in. to the foot. Above the deck are tinued and the eąuipment removed pocket, picked up by a lorry and sent three banks of flshtail sprays with from the breaker. to the refuse bank with the regular ten fishtails to the bank. These Studies to eliminate imperfections colliery refuse. sprays drive into feed passing down in the process were continued in the A building approximately 48 ft. the trough, the materiał piling up in laboratory of the Delaware company, long, 40 ft. wide and 30 ft. high, front of each bank. The horizontal where H. Lloyd Alexander, a staff with a lean-to for the office and lab motion of the trough pushes the ehemist, in collaboration with Hubert oratory running the length of one end materiał under each set of sprays, I. du Pont and the autlior, discovered a fact which is chemically new and which turned an otherwise complete failure into a suecessful process. This Fig. I— Ground plan of sint-and-float plant discovery, in two words, is “active agents1” — surfaee-active substances which immunize the solids against the parting liąuid. A yapor-tight test machinę to handle approximately 10 tons of buckwheat anthracite feed per hour was constructed. Extended test runs using active agents sliowed that the liąuid loss was reduced far below the reąuirements for commercial operation. Francis I. and Hubert I. du Pont were responsible for the chemical engineering design of the unit. Commereial Plant Built After the demonstration of this unit, exclusive rights for the process were aeąuired by E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc., who immediately proceeded to carry the development to aetual commereial operation in a plant designed and installed adjacent to the Weston breaker of tlie Weston Coal Co. at Shenandoah, Pa. This plant, ereeted for the du Pont company by the Connery Construc- tion Co., was started April 6, 193G, and by mid-May was ready to handle approximately 100 tons per hour on a cóntinuous operating basis. Before discussing results, the autlior wishes to thank T. M. Dodson and B. Heim Stockett, Weston Dodson & Co., Inc.,

May, 1938 — COAL AGE 75 allowing the water to tear off tlie probably is due to the active agent- the other. It contains a layer of downstream side of the dam. water film completely surrounding parting liąuid superimposed by a Thus each particie is scrubbed each individual particie in tlie feed. layer of water, each approximately tlioroughly by the sprayed solution This aąueous film apparently remains 2 ft. in depth. The feed chutes from of active agent after submersion in intact on the surface of the particles the dewatering screen into the sepa the solution of the same agent. The throughout the process. rator protrude into tlie water to spray bank nearest the feed end of Actiye-agent solution removed with form a vapor seal. Chutes are ar the deck operates at approximately the silt and make-up water through ranged to distribute the feed evenly 5 lb. pressure> the next downstream the dewatering-screen perforations across the end of the machinę in the at 3 lb. and the third bank at 1 lb. passes to a conical settling tank. water layer. As the materiał drops pressure. Approsimately 180 g.p.m. Hero the silt is settled out of the through the water it fans out onto of aetive-agent solution is sprayed solution, which then is brought to the surface of the parting liąuid. over and into the feed and the mate the proper strength by the addition Heavy particles immediately plunge riał remains on the dcek approxi- of fresh active agent and is recircu- through the interface of the parting mately 13 seeonds. As a result, the lated to the wetting-out deck. liąuid and water and sink to the feed is immersed three times in a Even though the mine-run product bottom of the tank, where they settle solution of active agent and is was scrubbed tlioroughly in the on the outside, or sink, conyeyor. scrubbed three times with a driying breaker with fresh water, 10 to 15 lb. The floats eitlier remain at the inter- spray of active-agent solution. of silt and clay per ton are removed face or, after plunging into the part A 4x6-ft. dewatering screen (2) from the feed to the sink-and-lłoat ing liąuid a short distance, return to suspended on wood slats is driven by plant by the action of the wetting- the interface, where they are engaged eccentrics with wooden arms from the out deck assisted by the active agent. by the inside, or float, conyeyor. same shaft driving the wetting-out No attempt is made to reduce the Middlings are trapped in the parting deck. This dewatering screen acts as proportion of solids recirculated liąuid. a counterbalance for the wetting from the cone below 2 per cent, as deck. On it the liberated silt and these solids are exceedingly fine and Handling Sinks and Floats most of the undersize is removed are removed from the separator feed The outside conyeyor removes tlie from the feed. The screen has a by the fresh-water spray on the de sinks upward over a wedge-wire jacket with -}-in. round openings. watering screen deck. A slight ąuan- screen extending into the water Fresh water for the system, ap- tity of water is added in excess of layer; the inside conyeyor carries the proximately 12 g.p.m., is added that actually reąuired to wet tlie floats in like manner over a similar through a bank of sprays half way coal; this excess carries off a portion screen. These screens have 3-mm. down the screen. This water assists of tlie suspended solids—about 3 lb. openings. A Y-shaped baffle plate to in removing the dirt, clay or silt lib per ton of coal—so that the actiye- keep floats and middlings from pass erated from the feed by the action of agent solution never becomes a mud. ing onto the sink conyeyor is placed the active-agent solution. Tests show A concentration of 0.01 per cent of between the conyeyor lines with the that, with the usual method of wet starch acetate or tannie acid has point of the V pointing against the ting—i.e., to spray or submerge in proved a satisfactory active agent. direction of flow of the parting water and then de water—the surface The separating chamber (3) is a liąuid. The apex of the V can be moisture on pea coal approximates 5 Steel box, approximately 18} ft. long, raised or lowered to control the per- per cent. Treatment in a solution of 3§ ft. wide and lis ft. high, in which centage of middlings in the floats or active agent raises this moisture to two flight conveyors running in the sinks. about 6.5 per cent. This inerease same dir ction are placed one inside Liąuid pumped over and under this device by the conyeyor flights passes through the wedge-wire Fig. 2— Isometric view of equipment and location in Shenandoah screens and then is circulated around sink-and-float plant. the outside of the separating chamber and returned to the chamber at the rear. The separated sinks and floats are moyed continuously by the parting liąuid from the portion of the chamber where the incoming feed enters the parting liąuid. This eliminates rafting. Due to the rapidity of separation, the separating area re- ąuired per ton of coai is exceedingly smali. The Shenandoah installation has handled up to 100 tons of feed per hour with an effective separat ing area of only 2 są.ft. of parting liąuid. Parting-liąuid level is maintained by pumping used liąuid from the used-liąuid storage tank into the sep arator. This makes up for the 5 to 10 lb. of liąuid carried out of the separator per ton of coal treated. The yolume filled by parting liąuid in the bottom of the separator is ap- proximatelv 45 cu.ft. The water level is maintained by pumping a

76 COAL AGE — Vol.43, No.5 continuous stream into the separator screen so that a Yariety of coals and thus keep the percentage of solids from the settling tank, the exeess minerals miglit be tested, operating in the recirculated water to the passing over a weir overflow and esperience on anthracite demon- washer from the tank so Iow that it baek to the tank. strated that never moro than five sets can be considcred only a tracę. Due The washer (4) receives the sinks would be required to secure a mini to this self-cleaning action and the and floats after the sorting has been mum liquid loss with coal. These freedom from emulsification of the made and they are withdrawn from five sets are operated at a prcssure parting liquid when beaten into the parting liquid in the separator of approximately 8 lb. per square water, the settling tank can be made by the conveyors through the water incli and wash the sinks and floats relatively smali and operated con- layer. This tends to remoye a large with a combined total of 1,100 to tinuously without building up a high quantity of the entrained parting 1,200 g.p.m. of recirculated water. percentage of mud or slime. liquid. The two fractions are passed The water-seal comeyors (5) on to two shaking eonveyors which which receive the materiał after it Capacity More Than Ample are an integral part of the washer has been thoroughly dewatered on screen. This screen, approximately the end of the washer screen are Water for the washer is pumped 20x8 ft., is suspended on wooden ordinary flight conveyors running in from the settling-tank overflow by slats through a specially designed a boot so arranged that the feed from a centrifugal pump with a capacity water seal and is driven by ecccn- the washer screen is discharged into of 3,000 g.p.m. at a 52-ft. liead. As trics. It is counterbalanced by two thcm through water, thereby form before stated, it was not found weights supported on wooden slats ing an eflective vapor seal. The sinks necessary to use this quantity of also driven by eccentrics. The screen and floats are then conveyed to the water nor as high a spray pressure. is dressed with a perforated (tV-in. refuse hopper and the finał sizing In fact, the whole washing system openings) steel plate which operates screens in the breaker. was more than twice as large from at approximately 132 r.p.m. and has The settling tank (6) outside the the standpoint of pumping equip- a 4-in. stroke. As this screen is really building, is approximately 25 ft. in ment, settling tank, number of a dewatering conveyor, the high diameter, 12 ft. high, and has a coni- sprays, etc., as was required. The speeds required in normal screening screen deck also proyed of ample operations are unnecessary. A full- size for the tonnages handled. length partition in the middle of the A centrifugal pump moves the screen keeps the floats from becoming underflow misture of parting liquid, contaminated with the sinks. silt and water from the settling tank through ordinary pipę lines to the How Fishtail Sprays Act slulge trap (7). This trap is a straight-sided tank 4 ft. in diameter Extending across each side of the and 6 ft. high with a conical bot screen are multiple, individually con- tom. It has a smali overflow weir trolled sets of fishtail sprays. Each around the top and is fitted with set has twelve nozzles pointing fresh-water stingers at the bottom almost vertically downward so that cal bottom with approximately a 10- to break up bridging of the settled the water sprayed tends to dam up deg. slope. In the bottom of the tank solids when they are discharged. The the coal and refuse as they are con- is the usual form of rake for mov- pump is so operated that the settling veyed along their respectiye sidcs of ing solids into the center of the cone. time in the trap is longer than in the the screen. The horizontal motion The weir box at the top runs com- main tank; this assures settling of the of the screen puslies the coal and pletely around the tank. Concentric parting liquids and solids to the refuse under each set of sprays and with this weir box is a scum gutter bottom of the trap. The entrained allows the water to tear off the down- which keeps smali droplets of part water flows over the weir and re- stream side of the dam. Thus each ing liquid from passing over the turns to the settling tank. When individual particie is thoroughly weir. At intervals along the bottom the trap is about half fuli of solids, scrubbed so that the entrained parting of the gutter, pipes are led to a point the pump is stopped and, after five liquid, which has been kept away near the tank bottom so that part or ten minutes, the water remaining from the surface of the materiał by ing liquid caught in the gutter can on top of the settled solids and part the action of the water placed on it run to the bottom of the tank and ing liquid is decanted to the settling by the active agent, can be recovered. be kept out of the weir overflow. tank. Parting ]iquids and solids There is sufflcient space between Since the parting liąuid itself has then are dropped through the bottom each set of sprays to permit a tlior- a high grayity, large droplets natur- of the trap into a steam still im ough dewatering from the previous ally settle to the bottom. The up- mediately below. The pump con- wash. Immediately ahead of eacli ward current in the tank carries nected with the underflow of the set of sprays and hanging from the some smali droplets to the surface, tank is subseąuently started and the top of the washer housing is a baffle where they immediately break and trap receives a new charge. plate with a trough at its bottom to form a surface “slick” similar to The steam still (8), which has the catch the splash from the upstream that made by oil. This film finally same dimensions as the trap, also spray and carry the splash water becomes so thick that it contracts has a conical bottom and is fitted and parting liquid oif to the side of and breaks into droplets sufficiently with water stingers. Bottom and the housing. This is done so that the large to settle to the tank bottom. sides are steam-jacketed. The still parting liquid which may be driyen Degraded materiał is removed from has five steam nozzles in the bot off the materiał being waslied will the finished product through the tom adjacent to the outlet. After not be splashed the fuli length of the washer screen and passes to the set sufflcient charge has been dropped washer housing and contaminate the tling tank with the wash water. from the sludge trap to fili the still washed product. Droplets of parting liquid falling approximately three-fourths fuli While ten sets of sprays were in through the water in the tank carry of solids and parting liquid, the dis- stalled on each side of the washer down the smali solid particles and tillation is made. Steam consump-

May, 1938 — COAL AGE 77 tion yaried from 1.1 to 5.S lb. per Table I—Breakdown of Losses per are provided to prevent the escape pound of parting liquid recovered. Ton of Cleaned Coal of vapors from the eąuipment. To Steam consumption varies with the Feed and Production T o n s eliminate the potential hazard in- Feed (run-of-mine pea coal)... 3,090 composition of the charge to the C o a l p ro d u c e d ...... 2,445 volved if workers enter the eąuip still and the time reąuired for strip R e fu s e ...... 6 11 ment for inspection or repairs, means Silt removed in wetting section. 18 ping the last traccs of parting liquid Silt discharged from still ...... 16 are provided to replace with fresh air the air in the macliinery, which, from the solids present. When dis- Operating Losses tillation is completed, the solids dis- O u n ces of course, has become nearly satur per ton Per Cent charged from the still contain 0.01 to Cleaned of Over- ated with the heavy parting-liąuid 0.02 per cent parting liquid by Pounds Coal all Loss vapors. It is extremely dangerous Loss on coal.. 706 5.2 44.5 weight. Loss on slate. 120 0.S 6.7 to enter the macliinery unless this Distillation loss 286 1.0 15.0 precaution is taken. Distillate from the still is passed S a t u r a t e d through the usual form of atmos- water, vapor plieric drip-type condenser (9), lo- lo ss, e tc ...... 53 0.3 2.9 Safeiy Precautions Employed cated on the roof of the plant. About Total operating lo s s ...... 1,255 S .2 7 0 .0 All pockets, sumps or Iow places 2.7 gal. of water is used for eaeli are yentilated to preyent the acumu- pound of steam added to the still. Clean-up Losses S e t tlin g tank lation of the heavier-than-air part- The eondensate is passed through a fuli of satu ing-liquid yapors in such places. To eooler and water separator. The re- rated water. 220 1.4 12.2 Additional loss preyent possible absorption of these corcred parting liquid is sent to the i n puniping out settling toxie materials into the system used-liquid storage tank and the t a n k ...... 197 1 .3 11.0 Yapor losses.. 14 0.1 0 .S llirough contact of the skin with water to tho settling tank. parting liquid, all surfaces are When running the plant at rnasi- Total clean-up waslied with water and kerosene to mura capacity for the usual S-hour lo s s e s ...... 4 31 2 .S 2 4 .0 remoye eyen minutę traces before shift, it was unnecessary to make Unaeeountcd-for Loss Total u n a c - any repair work is done. This same more than one distillation, sińce, counted for. 107 0.7 6.0 due to the action of the active agent, precaution also is taken before a Over-aTl Loss torch or welding are is applied to desilting was so complete and the Over-all loss..1,793 11.7 100.0 quantity of parting liquid removed any surface to preyent subjecting from the separator so smali that the liquid to high temperatures. The only a yery smali quantity of ma smali ąuantity of parting liąuid teriał was collected in the settling point; (2) the toxicity of the part which may be on the materiał leaving tank. At no time did the silt dis- ing liąuids. They, like all halo- the plant introduees no health haz tilled exceed 0.5 per cent of the genated hydrocarbons, are toxic if ards because it does not remain on clean coal produced. As the size of taken into the humari system by in- tlie materiał. Fire hazards are nil, the materiał increased, the ąuantity halation, absorption through the as the halogenated hydrocarbons are of silt was substantially reduced. skin or otherwise. At high tempera- non-flammable. tures they tend to decompose with Parting-liąuid loss per ton of feed Standard Construction Used the forniation of toxie compounds. was determined by making several Potential health hazards involved ąuantitatiye runs. The plant was The generał construction of the in the operation and maintenance first completely emptied of all sat equipment used in the process is of the eąuipment can be eliminated urated water, parting liquid and standard. All joints must be welded if proprr precautions are taken to actiye-agent solution. On recharg- liquid- and vapor-tight. The ma preyent exposure of humans to part ing, aetual weights were kept of the teriał used is ordinary structural ing liquids or tlieir vapors, and ex- parting liquid charged into the sep- steel and plate with bronze-screen posure of these materials in eitlier arators and used-Iiquid storage tank. dressings in the separator and liąuid or yapor form to high tem- At the end of each run all the avail- washer. All pieces of inclosed ap- peratures, such as occur in open able free liąuid was remoyed from paratus are yented to eacli other flames and electrie-welding ares. the eąuipment and weighed. A typi and there is a common vent for the Principal safety precautions taken cal breakdown of the losses is given whole plant. Yapor sealing is done at the Shenandoah plant are: Con in Table I. The clean-up loss of 2.8 with water seals on all equipment in struction of the entire system is oz. per ton would be non-recurring in which parting liąuid is used. Water liąuid- and gas-tight. Water seals regulator operation, sińce it would be seals (see Fig. 3) eonsist of a U- shaped member not less than 6 in. deep filled with water; the lid is so Tobie II— Condemned Coal, May 20, 1936, to April 12, 1937 constructed that its edge sits in Kumbcr the water, thereby forming the seal. l>ate of Cars Suze 2 Reason This construction eliminates the 5/20/36 P e a O v e r s iz e 6/1S/36 1 N u t Fiat coal (appearance) 6/23/36 N u t necessity for bolts, toggles and other Oi U n d e r s iz e 6/26/36 N u t Slate and bone * eonmion methods for holding lids and 6/29/36 1 N u t Light bone and flats * covers on eąuipment to keep them 6/30/36 1 N u t Fiat coal (appearance) 7/14/36 2 N u t 2 Flats and rock * yapor-tight. 7/24/36 P e a R o c k There are two reasons for the 7/31/36 1 Pea and nut Bone (appearance)* S /17/3 6 1 P e a Yellow, light-gravity rock* water seal: (1) The necessity of pre- 8/29/36 1 No. 1 Buck. Too-high ash venting the escape of the parting- 9/1/36 1 R ic e Too-high ash 10/22/36 1 P e a Light round stones * liąuid vapor, as all sueli liąuids are 10/24/36 1 P e a 12-per cent slnks 11/2 7 /3 6 1 P e a Wood and rusty coal more or less yolatile and the losses 4/S/37 1 P e a Light stones * resulting if the apparatus is not 4/12 /3 7 l P e a Dirt and light stones * sealed would make the process in- 192

operable from a commercial stand- • M a in ly floats on 1.75 sp. grr. z in c ch lo rid e .

78 COAL AGE — Vo!.43, No.5 CHESTNUT AND PEA-COAL REFUSE

Fig. 4— Recovery of merchantable coal from nut-and-pea refuse

unnecessary to remove the saturated Very careful cheek was kept on tained with a size ratio of 4:1 pro- water from the settling tank, the the refuse delivered from the plant vided tłiere is not a large number vapor losses through yenting of the from the standpoint of floats which of flat pieces of the upper size in eąuipment would be unnecessary, and should have been in the merchant- the feed. the loss due to pumping out the able or finished produet, but only settling tank would be eliminated. onee during tlie operation did these Practical Scope of Proeess floats exceed 1 per cent of the sinks Operating Loss Only 8.9 Oz. In practice, a mixture of chestnut, when separated on a zinc-chloride pea and buekwheat were satisfac- Actual operating loss for the run solution set at the speeific gravity torily separated provided the ash of Table I was 8.9 oz. (11.7 oz. at which the parting liąuid was cut- limit for the eleaned buekwheat was minus 2.8 oz.) per ton of eleaned ting in the separator. higher than that for chestnut, as the pea coal. Parting-liąuid loss in- A series of tests were run on the water film lowers the apparent den- creases as the size of the particles mixed chestnut-and-pea refuse from sity of the buekwheat in the parting sorted deereases, and decreases as the another breaker. This refuse had liąuid more than the density of the particie size increases. No set for been eleaned twiee—once in the orig- chestnut. Furthermore, egg, stove muła has been derived to calculate inal operation and once in a rock jig and chestnut were eleaned at one this variation in loss. The highest prior to being forwarded to tlie time. There are, however, certain loss experienced in the operation of Shenandoah plant. Fig. 4 shows the practical limitations to the eommer- the Shenandoah plant was for rice results obtained when the materiał cial proeess. The machinery re- —12.4 oz. per ton of eleaned coal. was put through the sink-and-float ąuired to handle plus 6-in. materiał Approximately 20,000 tons of ma system. The recovery of merehant- probably would be so large that it teriał yielding 14,754.91 tons of able materiał from this refuse by would be uneconomical. There is eleaned coal has been passed through first cutting at 1.67 sp. gr., then nothing, howeyer, to prohibit treat- the Shenandoah plant. Out of 295 cutting the sinks at this gravity on ing plus 6-in. materiał if there is any railroad cars (50-ton capaeity) a 1.887 sp. gr. to remove all łiigh- real advantage in so doing. loaded with produets of the plant, ash materiał, and, after this, crush- Both the possibilities and the limi only 19f cars (see Table II) were ing the low-ash middlings and re- tations of the sink-and-float proeess condemned and only five cars were treating them on a 1.67 sp. gr. deseribed must be carefully con- condemned for materiał which speaks for itself. sidered when eontemplating its com- should have been extraeted by the The rangę of sizes which can be mercial applications. In brief, the proeess. Two of these—the cars handled in one separation depends proeess is applicable to eoal and to condemned Aug. 29 and Sept. 1— on the ąuality of concentrate de- all other minerals which can be freed were separated on parting liquid sired and the shape of the particie from their gangue or from each having a speeific gravity too high, treated. As previously expłained, other in sizes plus 8-mesh Tyler due to the effect of the water film thorough scrubbing of all partieles standard screen scalę. The proeess placed on them by the active agent. was necessary to remove the parting may be used on run-of-mine feed This materiał should not have been liąuid after separation. Obriously, or for recovering the values in tail- put through the plant without chang- parting-liąuid loss would be exces- ings or refuse delivered from exist- ing the gravity from the previous sive if 4-in. flats were separated ing plants. It also may be used run. The other three cars were with ^-in. round particles, as a large as a preliminary concentrator or loaded while making capacity tests flat could easily cover a ^-in. par rougher-out ahead of other pro- for the separator. ticie. Satisfaetory washing is ob cesses.

May, 1938—-COAL AGE 79 Program . . . 15th Annual AMERICAN MINING CONGRESS Musie Hall, Cincinnafi, Ohio . . May 2-6

CrusWng and Screening for Sioker and Fuel Uses JL F. Hebley, eoal preparation engineer, Commercial Testing & Engineering Co. Diseussion Leader: W. J. Borries, generał manager, Dawson Dayłight Coal Co. Play Tinie: The evening vńU be Jamboree Night, ■when informal fesiiviłies will include group sing- ing, balloon dances, prize dances, “shag" and ‘'big opple” demonstrations in which all may partici- patej also the Merriel Abbott dancers.

TUESDAY • MAY 3 • MORNING

New Features in Haulage Equipment (a) Automatic Mine-Car Couplers MOHDAY * MAY 2 • MORNING Peter F. Loftus, consulting engineer, Pittsburgh, Pa, (b) Hydraulic Brakes on Mine Cars <:itutruu>u: 4 ulinu i). Otuiyisiw, Paul Weir, mining engineer, Chicago. Jf. 1,, J a-Jb/kJ, pi esidenł, JI a di) a. Coal Co., and nulionul ebflirnnin pro/rum minutitlec, New Equipment and Mełhods in Strip Mining William JO. Goodman yicc-pri-sident, Goodman Mfg. Co,, Jra Clemens, president, Commereial Fuel Co. and ahnirmu-R, HanufneUirer^ Divisdon, Diseussion Leader, T. G. Gerow, chief engineer, Truax- Methods of BreaMng Down Coal ot Face Traer Coał Co. F, Conncliy, genem! manager, Kemmwcr Gem Coal Underground Water in Northern Anthraciłe Field < .'o. ■J. F. K. Brown, assistant generał manager, and H. H. Choice of Cufting Bifs and Chain Lacing Otto, mining engineer, Hudson Coal Co. Discussion Leader, Paul F. Brown, manager, Splash Dam W. II. inglc, ,Jr., generał tsuperintende/it, Jnglo Coal Co, Coal Corporation. Mine Haulage Road Construction and Maintenance II. Jtiiikd, Ę. mi ni ng cngljicer, Jlo<*lieet«r & Pittsburgli TUESDAY • MAY 3 • AFTERNOON Cottl Go, Problems to Be Considered Before Installing Conveyors MONDAY • MAY 2 • AFTERNOON R. G. Pfahler, mining engineer, Berwind-White Coal Mining Co. Coal Washing, Crushing and Blending Discuseion Leader, IL L. Wilhelm, superintendent, New I'!. r. Ciiitia, in rhargu ul' preparation artm9nt| lwlitnd Jellico Coal Co. Cpook Coal Co, Problems in Gathering, Loading and Moving Conyeyor Practjcd! Llmits of Slale Removal Equipmont |), It. Hninl, elijoi! ingpęiitor, ItiilndalpJiia & Reading Al. A. Sharp, mining engineer, Union Pacific Coal Co. Cmii iV; lnm ('o. Discussion Leader, F, G. Smith, assistant generał super- intondent, Sunday Croek Coal Co. Mełhods of Drying Washed Coal K, H. KWby, giMimal nmniigor, Midlnnd Electriu Coal Power Distribution for Conyeyor Installałion Corporation. L. C. Sclmerr, division manager, Consolidation Coal Co. |ti.i(nif->ion l ,i!i*di'v, T, W, Głjj’, uonHulting ąnginoor, Discussion Leader, H. P. Musser, West Virginia Engi- OlmrltiBtnu, W. Va. neering Co. Convention of Practical Coal Operating Men and National Mining Equipment Exposition

Mining Methods in 24-ln. Seams Modern Ventilating Installations W. C. Chase, generał superintendeut, Alabama By-Prod- William Norris, Jr., safety director, Carter Coal Co. ucts Corporation. Play Time: Gucsts will forget their cares and THURSDAY • MAY 5 • AFTERNOON troubles in tlić Pavillon Caprice of the Netlierland Plaża as “Waikiki Night” is featured. Successful Adjustment Between Management and Em ployees WEDNESDAY • MAY 4 • MORNING J. R. Sharp, director of public relations, Philadelphia & Reading Coal & Iron Co. Problems to Be Considered Before Installing Loaders Diseussion Leader, M. M. Moser, viee-president, United D. D. Wilcox, generał superintendeut, Superior Coal Co. Electric Coal Cos. Diseussion Leader: George Schultz, Liberty Fuel Co. Personnel Training Cleaning and Degradation Problems With Mechanical A. D. Sisk, safety director, Big Sandy-Elkhorn Coal Loading Operators’ Association. Charles B. Baton, vice-president, Baton Coal Co. Diseussion Leader, C. R. Garrett, generał superintendent, American Smelting & Refining Co. Transportation Problems With Mechanical Loading Mine-Official Responsibility in Personnel Management J. W. Woomer, chief mining engineer, Hanna Coal Co. Speaker to be announced. Problems in Mining Thin Seams With Mechanical Loading General floor diseussion. William Cunninghain, superintendent, Linton-Summit Play Time: In the evening the annual speecliless Coal Co. bunąuet will be held; also acts by radio and stage artists and the Merriel Abbott dancers. WEDNESDAY • MAY 4 • AFTERNOON FRIDAY • MAY 6 • MORNING Use of Motion Pictures in a Safety Program C. R. Stalli, division superintendent, Koppers Coal Co. Exhibitors’ day—no eonvention sessions—list of exhibitors on p. 97. Safety Training for Employees John Lyons, safety engineer, Bell & Zoller Coal & Min ing Co. Reducing Haulage and Machinę Accidents David W. Jones, superintendent, Princeton Mining Co.

Safety Contests (intra-company) C. E. Young, personnel manager, Wheeling Townsliip Coal Mining Co. Play Time: This will be “Jack Dempsey Night,-’ featuring two-fisted boxing and wrestling bouts, with the former champion as referee.

THURSDAY • MAY 5 • MORNING

Equipment Repairs and Shop Practice V. D. Pickleshimer, master mechanic, South-East Coal Co. Diseussion Leader, R. S. Adams, generał superintendent, Clinchfield Coal Corporation. Underground Power Distribution C. C. Ballard, master mechanic, New River Co. Diseussion Leader, Andrew Hyslop, Jr., electrieal engi neer, Snow Hill Coal Corporation.

Shaft-Sinlcing Methods Percy G. Cowin, Salmon & Cowin, Inc. Diseussion Leader, Fred Nesbit, viee-president, Boułder Yalley Coal Co. TRACTOR-TYPE DIESELS + Selected for Driving D.C. Generator

In Modernization of Ohio Truck Mine

T WO traetor-type diesel engines other if the former is wara. Crank- water-cooling systems of the two en were selected for tlie generator shafts and shaft extensions are tied gines are entirely separate and self- drive of a new power plant put together by flexible couplings. contained. In cold weather the into service Feb. 23 to replace the Engines complete with the ex- water is mixed with Super-Pyro anti- antiąuated steam unit at the truck tension shafts are mounted on welded freeze. mine of the Irish Rock Coal Co. in steel bases which in turn are bolted The lSx24-ft. floor of the power- the Crooksville field of Muskingum to slide rails cast into the concrete plant building constitutes the only County, Ohio. The mine was opened foundations. This provides for ad- foundation for the units, which fifteen years ago, but the present justment to maintain correct belt weigli approximately three tons each. owner, C. B. Aston, of McConnels- tension. Because the generator is This floor is a reinforced concrete ville, Ohio, has modernized the plant positioned between the two engines mat IS in. tliick set on the loose during his two years of proprietor- and belt tensions are kept as nearly gravel found in that locality. This ship and now has efiicient eąuipment eąual as possible no outboard bear- low-cost foundation, compared to to produce 175 tons in scven hours ing is reąuired even though the that which was considered necessary when the market demands that ąuan- pulley to accommodate the two for a single heayy-type diesel built tity. Elimination of the steam plant driyes of seven belts each neces- for stationary duty, was one of the cut the job of fireman and engineer sarily has a wide face. The genera factors influencing the selection of from the mine payroll. tor is a General Electric Type RO-38 the tractor-type engine. However, The engines, made by the Cater and was purchased second-hand. The the lower first cost of the two diesels, pillar Tractor Co., are sis-cylinder as compared to one stationary-type vertical in-line units and are rated engine, was the principal reason for 125 hp. masimum. Each is complete Irish Rock truck mine is a slope operation installing the tractor type. Total with its two-cylinder starting gaso- on the bank of the Muskingum River but investment to construct the new line engine and fan-cooled radiator. is not eguipped for barge loading. plant, including concrete floor and The gasoline engine is attached to the metal-clad wood building, was ap- side of the diesel in a position so proximately $8,000. that the erankshaft is direct connected to the starting pinion, which Seam Reached by Slope is meshed to the diesel flywheel by hand and also is engaged by a lever- Although the mine tipple is witliin actuated elutch. The gasoline en 200 ft. of the Muskingum River and gine is cranked by band and has only 6J miles soutli of the Philo magneto ignition. Thus, no battery power plant, which gets most or all is reąuired. of its fuel by river barge, the eąuip ment is designed for truck loading Two Engines Drive Generator only. The tipple stands beside conerete-surfaced State Highway No. 77 Through Y-belts, both engines and is IS miles south of Zanesyille. drive one 150-kw. 275-volt generator. The coal—No. 7 seam—is 4S in. Engine speed is 800 r.p.ru. and gen thick and lies 50 ft. below the level erator speed is 1,100 r.p.m. V-belt of the highway. It is reached by a drive-shaft estensions from the en slope the portal of which is 12 ft. gines are supported in Dodge-Tim- above the highway and thus not vul- ken bearings and are eąuipped with nerable to floods of moderate propor- Dodge friction elutches. Thus one tions. or both engines can be operated to The tipple consists of four 110- driye the generator and one engine ton truek-loading bins aboye which can be started by power fi-om the are the track scalę, cross-oyer dump,

82 COAL AGE — Vol.43, No.5 slope lioist, a 3x7-ft. double-deck screen, a 3x30-ft. belt-type conveyor boom reaching from screen to lump bin and a 17-ft. drag conveyor from screen to egg bin. The function of tlie belt boom is to carry the lump coal down to the bottom of the bin or to the coal level. Sizes made are 3-in. lump, 3xl|-in. egg, l^x|-in. stoker and |-x0-in. slack. The screen, which is a motor-driven vibrating or high-speed shaking unit, was made by the Nelsonville Electric Co. The slope hoist handles 500 ft. of 3-in. rope and is driven by a 20- hp. motor. Approacli trestle, tipple and bins are built from resawed lumber salvaged from trestles of a dis- continued branch line of the New York Central R. R. Corrugated galvanized metal is used for roof and sides except that the bin sides are not thus clad. Two 125-hp. tractor-type diesels driving one 150-kv/. generator replaced an anti- Mine Advanced a Half Mile quated steam plant. C. B. Aston, mine owner, stands at the right. Mining eąuipment consists of 70 plain-bearing wooden cars averaging 2,780 lb. of coal each, one Goodman 12A shortwall cutter, one Jeffrey 35B sliortwall and one 5-ton trolley locomotive. Three ponieś do the gathering. Development has progressed to a point one-half mile distant from the slope bottom. Neither top nor bottom is taken on lieadings and the mining is by the błock system with retreat-pillar recovery. Under- cutting is done on the loading shift and pellet powder is used for shooting. Ventilation is supplied by a centrifugal fan driven by a 10-lip. d.c. motor. Steel rails of 25-lb. and 16-lb. sizes are used on mains and lieadings, respectirely, with wood rails in rooms. Territory available to the mine. Below the tipple, which has a shaker screen, are four 110-ton bins. Slack in the consists of 125 acres held in fee and right foreground was thus stored because it would not sell at the minimum prices 125 acres under lease. Although the set by the code. mine is eąuipped with a 10-ton truck scalę 24 ft. long, the largest semi- trailer trucks which come for coal must be double-weighed—that is, the tractor first and then the rear wheels of the trailer. This past winter, there were times when for several days in succession the truek load ing from the bins exceeded 200 tons per day.

Engines are complete units with gasoline-engine starters and fan-cooled radiators.

May, 1938 — COAL AGE 83 INCLINE ROPE STRESSES + How They May Be Computed

Based on an Assumed Condition

By FRANKLIN P. CLARK Bu/falo Distńct Sales Manager R KOAKOINO the method ot' eision as to the eoustntetiou of the Wickicire Spencer Steel Co. wmputiagr rope stressee ou in- rope. The tangent of this angle = cli tied slopes and piane#, help (half width of drum) -r- (distance, msy be found in testbooks. but to center line of drum to center line of one complete lap would be 6 ft. x what is found then? additional reason- head sheave) — 2.25 -r- 149 = 0.0151. 3.1416, or 1S.S5 ft. As there are 45 iug must W sppiied. which iuforma- Thus. the fleet angle is only 52 laps of rope aeross the face of the tiołi and exsmpłes in this article •will minutes. drum, the number of feet of rope on supply. Not only the msgnitade of Xo angle less than 1»- de;, would the drum is 45 x 1S.S5, or S4S.25 ft. the indrndual stresses but also the make a change in the type of ropo The total footage of rope is, there- direetio.u o£ the various forces should necessary. A greater angle would re- fore, length on drum -4- length from be ascertained. The folłowing prob tjitire that a eonstraetion be chosen dnun to head sheave 4* length down lem is suggestiw, as sewrai eozapata- that would withstand the abrasion borehole -f- inclined length of piane tions must be made to determine the which deve!ops when the section of (see Table I) = S4S.25 4- 149 + 190 point of maximum total stress and the rope being laid on the drum rnbs — 7.344. or S.531.25. its vaiue. In the illustration will be against the adjacent rope in the same touttd a cwes-sectiou o.f the indlce. layer. Provide Lengfh for Repairs which is Ioeated underground. The The dram is 6 ft. in diameter and This rope has to be soeketed on rope ts attaehed to the front end of suiootlt-facełl. t:ot grooved. and in the trip end and, beeause the vibra- the load-ed trip or the rear end o.f the snch cases the bes: and nsual prac- tion ia a rope, soeketed at one end, empty trtp. It passe# under a. sheave tice is to keep a complete layer of eventually canses fatigne breaks near at the head of the indine and up a rope oa the dram at ali times to form that end. it is advisable from time t90 that the necessary repairs « n t e r Usm of d rim u? center cwase the load. 'If it caa be dece line ot iwud 3Q«3AVQi. 8t...... 149 can be made without splieing the wishouś ostng: »* sarall a facter of Teriśoii: depth. o f borsfwfe, ft ...... ISO rope. for even a good splice is only Sfceed o€ in. p«c- m inuw___ _ S40 safety. The weight of the rope is that taêrs oc rope oa drain __ 4 aboat 90 per eent efficient. The to- of fixl6xł§ś 6xiL er fcc25 ropes. as F en ctl o f aeceii?r%cion, se c -...... - 20 tal length. therefore. is SJS1.25 -f- Ffedott o f decereRiCion. seo...... tie sheave dfiariećers are too> smaE to Diamecer, bieycie^r^pa ft. - _ 36S.75. or S.900 ft. of rope. Dnuntjwr, wocii roliers, inv -______5 permit of the use of a c^r roce suc- ESamater^ steel; roITecs at in . .. _. IZ -t. During Accelernticn cessfuUy. this "oebg pw «c by the IioSer apacin^, ft ------Xop*mX 50t Period at Foot of Indine When tf fact that a rop*, whea preńousły SiJiIur diamecar aa bortom, in ...... IQ Hoiótinij Loaded Trip—Normaliy the ■ysed oa this mclias;,. early deveioęed Uiamocetr of rope 'Iimited by- eîstens trip is made up at the foot of the :ęrr3ovea. in siieaês;, tn — ...... n faś^gKe breaSs. The weigh5 of a 1s-łx. T otal Lentęćł: o f rope,. f t . : ...... Si.300 iacliae aad is accelerated quite W eignćot cope pec& iotof lenęrdi, lb. .. ^ 2.0® rope o: tie-scraadias:gwc » 2..03 Hk W«i^«s of ampty car,,Hi...... ^.roł? Łagely hefore the iacliae is reaehed. per Łeot. Capaciby ot car, ------3>0CC ba: sometimes a car Ieaves the rai! F&wf J, ■<;/«?— Btefbru scidyirg the Tirtzu; weig&ć, Iba*£od aais.Ib— .. r.T oc or. for some reasoa, it is necessary ccher scrsssw. the *feec aagie sheaM to stop the hoist. after which the Xumbor of cars ia teip... ------IS be eaaostiaed co see whecher i:; wonie T otai weighc >smptv-Krar trip, I b ,...... ■ł&JSW trip has- to be accełerated on the briag a strass ca the rope oc whether Tacai weięhc Loadfiti^nir cćp .Jb...... E3&..8CO iacliae and not on the IeveL Henee. Hength; o f car., about, f t ...... oi! i . s magni/rude would tajfttentfiłt the

3* COAL A SE — Vcr.43, Nc.5 fe'-’...... ^ ...... H S h e n w cfiam.=6* Thercfore, Drum diam~72,r Drum fotce ~54n i ^ Cross-section of (weight ot' trip + weight o incline and _ of rope) X 0.7 hoist drum 32.2 (138,000 -f- 15.383) X 0.7 32.2 1_ = 3,348 Ib. 3heave c/iamr* 6f That is, stress due to acceleration — 3,348 lb...... (3) d. Stress due to rope friction. Authorities declare that rope friction 65ri 467. 7jy eąual s 5 per cent of the horizontal komponent of the rope, which is eąual traveled until all haye entered the to weight of rope multiplied by incline; thus the rope extends tlie is the acceleration of the trip in the cosine of inclination. On such in- fuli length of the incline less the same units. The entire rope, includ- elinations as are found on this in length of the trip, which is 105 ft. == ing that wound on the drum, has to cline the cosine is so near unity 7,344 — 105 = 7,239 ft. Speed on be aceelerated as well as the head that, for simplieity, unity will be incline after acceleration is 840 ft. sheaves, rollers and drum, but the assumed as the value. The error per minutę, or 14 ft, per second. rope on the drum is carried around resulting from this assumption will Thus, mean speed, during accelera by it and the drum is aceelerated by be smali and will leave a margin tion period, will be 7 ft. per second. the driving forces and, hence, the favorable to safe operation. Thus. As the entire acceleration period is acceleration of drum and rope on the friction will eąual length of 20 seconds, the distance over which drum does not bring a strain on the rope X weight of rope per foot X the acceleration will occur will be hoisting rope. irictional factor = 7,239 X 2,03 X 140 ft. Hence, the cars maj- still be However, the needed acceleration 0.05 = 34,695 X 0.05 = 735 lb. (4) accelerating after all of them are on of sheares and rollers adds to the the incline. acceleration stresses on the rope. As Car Friction Allowance these last two items are not large, e. Stress due to car friction. Car Computation of Stresses they will be disregarded, Howerer, friction is assumed as 50 lb. per ton it will not be safe to disregard tbe in this case, beeause the cars bave a. As the stress due to the weight weight of the rope of which 7,239 ft., sleeve bearings, a ąuantity of loose of the loaded cars on the incline = as stated, hang? down the incline. coal is found on the traeks and other the load X sine of the inclination, 190 ft. hangs rerticalły for the conditions are found unfarorabłe t/> which in Table II is listed as 0.0709, depth of the borehole, and 149 ft haulage. This figurę is large enough this stress will eąual 138,600 X ertends from center linę of head to keep the computation on tbe safe 0.0709 = 9,841 lb...... (1) sheare to center line of drum. This side. In other eases, 20 or 30 lb. per b. Table II shows sines of inclina- length is 7.578 ft.. and the weight i? ton may be regarded as a better esti- tion of the sections of the incline 7,578 X 2.03 = 35,383 lb. mate when tbe eąuipment in use and from the foot up. The stress due to its condition is considered. Hence. the weight of the rope = sine of in- Acceleration Adds Stress stress due to car friction = 338.000 clination multiplied bj weight of In the equation F = Ma; a, as X 50 2,000 = 3,465 lb, . . . (5) rope for each seetion, and the gro-.? stated, = acceleration in feet per f. Weight of rope in borebole — stress eąuals the sum of these -sev- second in one second = (finał velo- 3.90 ft of rope X 2,03 lb. per ft. = eral items as listed at the foot of city in feet per seeond) -r- (aeeelera- 3S6 lb...... (6) column (6), whicb is 1,168.12 lb. tion time in seconds). The -reloei.ty Thus, the magnitude of the vari- Howerer. at the instant under con- is 840 per minutę, or 14 ft. per set- ous stresses, all of which are needed sideration, the rope eztends only to ond, and the acceleration time is 20 to puli tbe trip with tbe needed ac a point 105 ft. from the bottom of seconds. Then o = 14 -f- 20 = 0.7 celeration on the first seetion of the the incline. As 105 ft is on an in- ft. per seeond in one second. incline, will be as in "the following clmation having a sine of 0.0709 and as 105 ft. of rope weighs 105 X 2.03, or 213.15 Ib., the figurę 1,168.12 Table li— Grodienti o f Incline, Rope Weight and Stress Due to Weight of lb. will be too large by 213.15 X Seetion of Rope by Sections 0.0709 = 15.11 Ib. Conseąuently, Di stance at Gradient Inclination Bine of W e ig h t of the stress due to the weight of rope Gradient <2) oł Seetion of "Seetion Inclination R ope, L b . P ro ó uct, h will be about 1,153 lb...... (2) I t . P e r C en t Deg. and Min. of Seetion of Seetion c. The foree necessary to aeeeler- ci) (2) (3) (4) m (6) F o o t 386 7 .3 4 °.0 4 ' 0.0709 784 5 5 .5 9 ate the load from a state of rest 545 4 .6 2°. 38' 0-0459 1,106 50.77 613 6.3 3 ° . 29' 0.0608 1.244 7 5 .6 4 to a relocity of 840 ft per minutę— 300 6 .9 3 °.5 7 ' 0.0689 3,137 7 8 .3 4 the speed of the trip—is eomputed 512 8 .9 5°. 05' 0.0886 1,039 9 2 .0 6 500 5 .4 3 °.0 5 ' 0.0 5 3 8 1,015 54.63 by the formuła F = Ma, where F ~ 545 6 .47 3°. 42' 0.0645 1,106 7 1 .3 4 the force in pounds and M — total 738 9 .1 SM 2' 0.0 9 0 6 1 .4 9 8 135.72 538 9 .1 5°. 12' 0.0906 3 ,092 98.94 weight of cars, coal and rope, from 690 6 .7 3°.50' 0.0668 1,403 9 3 .5 9 680 1 0.9 6° . 13 ' 0.1083 1,380 1 4 9 .4 5 the end of the cars to the drum. di- 645 8-8 5 °. 02' O.0577 1,309 134.80 vided by 32.2, which is the accelera T o p 392 1 2 ,3 7 ^ .0 1 ' 0.1222 796 9 7 .2 7 tion at Bea Ievel, due to grarity, in 7.3 4 4 1 ,1 6 8 .1 2 feet per Beeond in one second, and « The last column SC) ubowe the stres: cm rope due to weigbt of cuci; areetkrn on inclm*-.

M*y. 1938 — COAL ASE 85. tabulation. As all tlie forces oppose C. Stresses Whe?i llie Bear Car trarel, the fact that the figurę is too the pulling of the trip and rope up of an Empty Trip Is Just 35 Ft. high wńll not ehange the factor of the incline, the stresses must be Clear of the Head of the Incline and safety from which is derived the cor added. the Cars Are at Point of Ceasing to rect diameter and grade of the rope. Accelerate—As the rope accelerates d. Deerease of stress due to rope in 20 seconds and the arerage speed friction on incline = 35 X 2.03 X Rope Stresies in Trip Which Has Juit Complctely Arrived on Bottom Sec- during the aeceleration period is 7 ft. 0.05 = 0.4 lb...... (4) tion of Incline but Is Słill Being per seeond, the aeceleration does not e. Deerease of stress due to car Accelerated end until the front car is 140 ft. friction = 4S,600 X 50 -i- 2,000 = a. SLress due to weight of loaded over the top of the incline. As the 1.215 lb...... '...(5) cars on incline...... 9 ,S i l lb. trip is 105 ft. long, the rear car will b. Stress due to weight of rope on f. Stress due to weight of rope in in c lin e ...... 1,353 lb. be just 35 ft elear of tlie head of borehole — 190 X 2.03 = 3S6 lb. (6) c. Stress due to acceleration ...... o , 34S lb. d. Stress due to rope friction on incline. Onc-e again, the direction of the incline...... 735 lb. a. Stress due to weight of empty several forces must be considered. e. Stress due to car friction ...... 3,465 lb. f. Stress due to weight of rope in cars on incline = 4S,600 X sine 7 Stresses (1), (2) and (6) help to borehole...... 3S6 lb. deg. 1 min. = 4S,60Ó X 0.1222 = accelerate the load, and stresses (3), 18,928 lb. 5,939 lb...... (1) (4) and (5) retard it. The algebraic = 9.464 tons b. Stress due to weight of rope on sum 5,939 + 9 -j- 3S6 — 1,449 — incline = 35 X 2.03 X 0.1222 = 1.215 = 3,670 lb. = 1.835 tons. li. Stresses When the First Car 9 lb...... (2) Ut aches Top of Incline— At the top e. Deerease of stress due to ae Deceleration at Bottom of the ineline, the load is deeelerated celeration F — Ma = D. Stresses When the Front Car in 15 seconds. As the maximum speed 48,600 + (S,900 X 2.03) w 14 of the Empty Trip Has Reached the is 14 ft. per seeond, and, after de- Foot of Incline— The cars are being celeration, 0 ft. per seeond, the aver- 32.2 X 20 decelerated prior to landing, but the age speed is 7 ft. per seeond, and in = 1,449 lb...... (3) entire trip is on the incline. 15 seconds the trip -will travel 105 ft., a. Stress due to weight of empty which happens to be the length of the It will be noted the entire length of the rope (8,900 ft.; see Table I) cars on incline = 48,600 X sine 4 trip. is included in this eomputation be deg. 4 min. = 48,600 X 0.0709 = a. Stress due to weight of loaded cause the length of rope whicli is al- 3,446 lb...... (1) cars on ineline = 13S.600 X sine ways kept on the drum has to be ae- b. Stress due to weight of rope on 7 desr. 1 min. celerated as well as the length that incline: 1,168 — (105 X 2.03 X = 13S,600 X 0.1222 = 16,937 lb. (1) is pulled down the ineline by the 0.0709) = 1,153 lb...... (2) b. Stress due to weight of rope on dropping of cars. Most of the rope c. Stress due to deceleration, where incline == 0 lb...... (2) is on the drum, but it has to be deceleration takes 15 seconds: Rope c. Decrease of stress due to de aceelerated and has to puli the drum length = length of ineline — length celeration. Here, the rope length be- around with it and perhaps maj- have of trip + 190 -+- 149 = 7,57S ft. tween top of incline and center line also to aetuate the driving meehanism F = Ma of drum is all that has to be eon- in the case of steam-driven eąuip sidered, namely, 149 f t -j- 190 ft 4S,600 + (7,578 X 2.03) w 14 Tertical length, or 339 ft. ment. In conseąuence, the weight of the drum, as well as the weight of _ 32.2 X 15 Deceleration Lightens Load the head and foot sheaves, and of all parts mored by the trarel of cars = 1,855 lb...... (3) This is a deerease in stress, be- should be considered in figuring this d. Deerease in stress due to rope eause the cars are being helped np aeceleration stress, but, for reasons friction on incline = 7,239 X 2.03 the incline by their own inertia and, now to be esplained, they are ex- X 0.05 = 735 lb...... '...... (4) in that degree, do not haye to cali on cluded from the caleulation. e. Deerease in stress due to car the rope to help them up. In fact if friction = 1,215 lb...... (5) the deceleration were speedy enongh, Drum Weight Immateria! f. Stress due to weight of rope in the cars would actually push the rope Though large, these items are borehole = 3S6 lb...... (6) up the ineline. omitted as immaterial, for these Stresses which eause a puli on the _ 13S,600 -f 339 (2.03) stresses due to aeceleration cannot be rope are (1), (2), (3) and (6), and 32.2 as great as the sum of the stresses by those that reduee the puli are (4) and which they are set in operation; in (5). The algebraic sum of the stresses = 4.326 lb. other words, the stress due to weight is 4.S90 lb = 2.45 tons. a — 14 15 = 0.9333 of empty cars and rope cannot ex- So far we have computed the masi- F = deerease of stress due to eeed the reduetion in stress due to mum stress on the rope to be 9.46 deceleration, 4,037 lb...... (3) aeceleration, no matter how much the tons, which occurs during the time d. Stress dne to rope friction on weight of the aecelerated parts may that the loaded cars are being hauled ineline, 0 lb...... (4) be. The fignre obtained for accelera- withont aeceleration up the bot e. Stress due to car friction, tion stress, which is 1.449 lb.. is too tom of the incline. Now we must 3,465 lb...... (5) low, for reasons hitherto ’explained. eonsider whether there are any points i'. Stress due to weight of Tope in but, as it is to be deducted from the on the ineline where the stresses on borehole, 190 f t of rope X -2.03 lb. stresses on the rope, which are larger, the rope, while the load is being per ft =386 lb...... (6) the total of the stresses obtained by hauled at constant velocity, are In this case (1) (2) (4) (5) and this caleulation will be greater than it greater than the stresses during the (6) are added and (3) subtraeted. should be. As ultŁmately it will be aeceleration period. The stresses due givine; an alcebraieal total = 16,937 shown that it is not the maximum to loaded trip on ineline and to car 4- 3.465 -f- 3S6 (or 20.77S) — 4.037total stress that the rope will have friction are constant, so the pro- = 16,751 lb. = S.376 tons. to withstand at other points in its cedure is simple and by using the

86 COAL AGE — Vol.43, No.5 following rule the point of maximum Granted that a IJ-in. 6x21 improved maximum stress in this incline were stress can readily be located and com- plow-steel rope will carry 53 tons, the loward the bottom of the incline, a puted. factor of safety using such a rope distance greater than 3,000 ft. from will bc 53 -ł- 10.44 = 5.08. I£ the sine of any angle in the incline the drum, it would be safe to Ioad is Kreator than tension, due to weight of Engineers usually like to know this rope with 22 cars. IIowever, that ioad at point of inaximum acceieration, what the factor of safety will be if is not so on this incline, because the plus acceieration stresses divided by more cars be added. Computations point of maximum stress is near the total weight of ioad, then the stresses on follow, therefore, for factors of top of the slope—only 626 ft. from the rope usually will be greater at this p o in t. safety with 20, 22 and 24 loaded cars the drum. Therefore, we must limit at the location of maximttm total our Ioad to 18 cars, which will op- This might not be so where the sine stress, designated in E. erate with a factor of safety of 5.05, is only slightly greater than in the Stresses and safety factors for 20, a figurę in line with safe operation. inclination calculated because there 22 and 24 cars: The following may be helpful in is not so much rope on the incline solving such a problem in the field. when the trip is at the top of the For 20 Cars The percentage gradient is the tan- slope as there is when it is further a. Stress due to weight of loaded cars on incline. gent of the angle, thus a 10-per-cent down, and a section near the foot of = 7 ,7 0 0 x 20 x 0.1222...... 18,819 Ib. gradient is the angle whose tangent the incline that would give an ap- b. Stress due to weight of rope on is 0.10. The value of the angle the proximation to that figurę might ex- incline =275 x 2.03 x 0.1222...... 68 Ib. tangent of which is equal to a given ceed it when consideration is given c. Stress due to acceieration or gradient is obtained from the C scalę to the weight of rope and its frie- d ecelera tio n ...... o Ib. of the ordinary polyphase slide rule. tional resistance. d. Stress duc to rope friction on The sine of this is read from the Ti incline The sine of the section of the in =275 x 2.03 x 0.05 ...... 28 Ib. scalę. cline in this case must not be greater e. S tress d u e to c a r friction Where the angle is less than 6 deg. than (1 + (3) of section A — =7,700 x 20 x 50 -5- 2,000.. 3.850 lb. —the smallest angle on the slide rule total weight of loaded car trip (9,841 f. Stress due to weight of rope in b o reh o le...... 386 Ib. —it is safe to consider that the sine + 3,348) -f- 138,600 = 0.09516. is the same as the tangent. In other There are two inclinations on this 23.151 lb. words, move the decimal point two slope which have larger sine values = 11.58 tons places to the left when given the per- tlian 0.09516, one being 0.1083 and Factor of safety = 53 -i- 11.58 = 4.58 c-entage grade, and that will give the other 0.1222. The masimum stress For 22 Cars either the sine or the tangent to three would occur on the steeper of these a. Stress due to weight of loaded decimal places. This is not true of two gradients. Though the Ioad e3rs on incline larger angles because of the differ- travels 105 ft. on this gradient during = 7,700 x 22 x 0.1222 ...... 20, 701 lb. ence in length between the hypotenuse b. Stress^due to weight of rope on the deceleration period, it must bc incline and the adjacent side of a right tri- hauled up 392 — 105 = 287 ft. under = 264 x 2.03 x 0.1222 ...... 65 lb. angle. In angles below 6 deg., how- maximum rope stress without the re- c. Stress due to acceieration or eTer, this ditlerence is negligible. d ec elera tio n ...... 0 Ib. duction of stress that occurs with de d. Stress due to rope friction on celeration. incline Big Wires Resist Abrasion = r264 x 2.03 x 0.05 ...... 27 lb. W here Stress Is S re a te st e. Stress due to car friction. So far, we have computed the = 7,700 x 22 x 50 2,000. 4,235 lb. stresses and from them the size and E. Stresses When Loaded Cars f. Stress due to weight of rope in grade of rope. It now remains to Have Just Completelij Entered the b o reh o le...... 386 Ib. i-elect the proper construction of the Top Section of the Incline—The sec 25,414 lb. rope. Slope-haulage ropes are sub- tion being 392 ft. long and the cars = 12.71 tons jeet always to severe abrasion. There occupying the lower 105 ft. of it, the F acto r of safety = 53 -5- 12.71 = 4.17 fore it Ls necessary to select a rope length of the rope on the incline will For 2Ą Cars the outer wires of which are of maxi- bc 392 — 105 = 287 ft., which, at a. Stress due to weight of loaded mum size yet are such as will ade- 2.03 lb. per foot, will weigh 583 lb. cars on incline. quately resist bending fatigue on the On an incline having a sine = 0.1222, 7.700 X 24 x 0.1222...... 22,583 lb. sheaves over which it operates. The b. Stress due to weight of rope on this will give stress due to weight of incline. sheaves in this case are of 72 in. rope on the incline of 585 X 0.1222 252 x 2.03 x 0.1222 ...... 63 lb. diameter, or 64 tirnes the diameter = 71 lb. and stress due to rope fric- c. Stress due to acceieration or of a l|-in. rope. deceleration. O Ib. tion 0.05 X 583 = 29 lb. d. Stress due to rope friction on Inasmuch as the expected life of a incline. rope of this eharacter Ls rather long, a. Stress due to loaded cars on in 252 x 2.03 x 0 .05...... 26 Ib. the fatigue stresses must be reduced cline a s in B (1 )...... 10,037 lb. e. Stress due to car friction. b. Stress due to weight of rope on 7.700 x 24 x 50 -i- 2,000.... 4,620 lb. to a minimum by installing large in c lin e ...... 71 lb. f. Stress due to weight of rope in sheaves. If a point is reaehed, how- c. Stress duc to acceieration ...... O lb. b orehole...... 3-86 Ib. d. Stress due to rope friction ...... 29 ib. ever, where the user already has e. Stress due to car friction as in B 27,675 Ib. sheares as large as headroom will (5)...... 3,465 It>. - 13.84 tona permit, and these sheaves are not f. Stres3 due to weight of rope in Factor of safety — 53 -i* 13-84 =* 3.83 b o re h o le ...... 380 lb. large enongh for a 6x7 rope—one which has the rnaiimum resistance to 20,888 lb. abrasion—then a construction must = 10.444 tons In selecting a wire rope for in- c-lines, it is generally agreed that a be selected that will offer sufficient This is the greatest total stress factor of safety of 5 should be used resistanee to the bending fatigue en- where the rope is 3,000 ft long or eonntered and yet will have outer obtained, so on it must be based the wires so large as to give, under the diameter and grade of the rope. less; where the rope is longer than 3,000 ft., a factor of safety of 4 wili c-ireumstances, sufficient resistance to Using a factor of safety of 5, a rope abrasion. that will carry 52.22 tons is needed. suffice. Therefore, if the location of 87 May, 1938 — COALAGE OPERATING IDEAS

From Production, Electrical and Mechanical Men

Welded Cases Siraightened diminisliing eflect, tlius indicating that the to bring its diametrically opposite clamp reason for shrinkage lay in the heating to ing fit surfaees to conformation to a By Use of Wheel Press fusion point and subseąuent cooling rather straight edge placed across the two. Then Motor cases distorted by arc welding aro than in the building up of the surface. its clamping bolt-liole-centers distance is forced back to sliape in a 200-ton wlieel As is the usual practice at other shops, carefully measured and the second opera press in the central sliops of the New the frame halves are tightly bolted to- tion is to press the other half of the frame River Co., Mount Hope, W. Va. It has gether and tucked by arc weld before the until its hole-centers distance is inćreased been determined that maximum shortening building up of the axle box and bearing to equal that of the bottom half. Seyenty- of distance between diametrically opposite head fits is begun. The diflferences in five tons was the maximum pressure re- frame bolt holes amounts to } in. on the metliod as practiced in some other shops is quired to straighten tlie halves of the field field frames of the MH-110 motors of that the welding is done more rapidly and frame which is shown set up for machining. without the expense of liand peening of 13-ton locomotives. Before adopting the ♦ wheel-press practice about a year ago the each smali section of weld after it is applied. Furthermore, tlie frames are not frames were forced back to approximate Taking Machines Through Belt shape by pulling the clamping bolts tight. clamped onto mandrels during the welding but even tlien the frame pole pieces had nor during machining. The accompanying Done in Twenty-One Minutes to be machined to an unsatisfactory de- illustration shows an MH-110 frame set As cost is now the chief issue in mining, gree to restore them to a true cirele. up 011 the table of a horizontal boring mili and as steady machinę operation lowers The shortening of a surface by shrinkage ready for remachining the filled axle bear cost, the supervisor’s job in a mechanical after applying a fili or build-up by aro ing and housing fits. mine is playing clieckers with “Mr. Time,” welding is now common knowledge. Many When two lialves of a frame are unbolted writes Ben Sweazy, Crooksville, Ohio, in years ago this principle was ntilized at and cut apart after filling they spring to describing a metliod of moving mining and times in this same shop to straighten bent a distorted position, indicated by the fact loading equipment through a belt line locomotive axles. A bead or series of beads that the fit surfaees are no longer parallel without interrupting coal production. were arc welded along the high side to but instead gap at the inside. Procedure And the supervisor must take the first slirink that side and bring the axle back in the wheel press is to force the ram inove and every move thereafter to win. to straight. Turning off the bead to restore against the fiat outside corner of the lower With only four men, it is possible to the finish to the axle had 110 appreciabte half of the frame with sufficient pressure take a Joy 8BU loader, Jeffrey 35B cutter, two Jeftrey 61 AM pan units and other By separate treałment each half of the frame has been pressed back to normal tools through a belt line in 21 minutes before rebolting for machining in cases where it is impossible or too far to go around. In fact, this operation, when performed during a lunch period at the Jones all-mechanical mine, Zanesville, Ohio (Coal Age, May, 1937, p. 187), required just that time, reports Mr. Sweazy, who also asknowledges his in- debtedness to E. M. Rife, whose views on the supervisor’s task are expressed in the first paragraph, for cooperation in the development and application of the metliod. Tools and eąuipment reąuired in the operation eonsist of two Crescent wrenches, hammer, dr if t pin, eight pan bolts with nuts, two 1-in. boards 10 ft. long, lifting jack, two 3 x 5s just long enough to reach from the top of the belt pan to the roof, and two 1-in. boards 30 in. in length. All these materials should be in place at the point where the belt line is to be broken. When the conveyor is stopped, two men lift the belt high enough to elear the Joy loader and then prop it with the 3 X 5s, which are topped by the 30-in.-long boards. If the belt is too heavy or too tight, the

83 COAL AGE — Yol.43, No.5 At Cincinnati, be sure to V l S l T BOOTH 806 Hazard Wires and Cables for the Min ing Industry will include, among others, Bore Hole Cable, Armortite Power Cable, Mining Machinę Cable and

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May, 1938 — COAL AGE 89 OPERATING IDEAS from PRODUCTION, ELECTRICAL and MECHANICAL MEN

lifting jack is used. With the belt raised the borehole. Adding 51.11 11). for the at both cuds of the pan to be rcmoved, vcrtical colunm of 118 ft., a total pressure tlie nuts on the pan bolts aro removed and On to Cincy! of 110.95 lb. against the pump was esti- the bolts are tapped out with the hammer mated. Using tlie same figurę per 100 and drift pin. The pan then is removed May 2 marks the beginning of the ft. of line, it was estimated that friction to one side to elear the road. annual American Mining Congress in pumping 2,200 ft. to tlie d rift was 170.72 convention and exhibit of coal-mining lb. Adding 6 lb. for a rise of 14 ft. gave The two lO-ft.-long boards then are equipment at łhe Musie Hall in Cin placed across the belt on the same gage cinnati, Ohio. No operating, electri- a total of 176.72 lb. per sąuare inch. By as the Caterpillar treads on the loader, cal, mechanical or safety man should subtraction, the difTerence in favor of the which is taken through. The loader is miss it, as there are few occasions borehole is scen to be 65.77 lb. Thus, followed by the cutting machinę with one when as many ideas for efficient mine it would have cost nearly 60 per cent more pan unit on the cutter bar and the other operation are available in one place. to pitmp the same volumc to tlie drift, as dragged by the cutter by mcans of a But when you get back to the mine, compared with up the borehole. The esti piece of old crab ropo attaclied to the the Operating Ideas department of mated saving in power alone was $5.40 per bar. The blower fan, drill and all tools C o al A g e still will be on the job sift- day, or $1,994 per year. Conseąuently, the can be loaded in the pan units, along ing the experience of men throughout borehole was drilled and it is estimated with the tailstocks for the pan line. As the country for your benefit. Perhaps (bat it paid back its cost several times soon as the eąuipment is past the belt you, yourself, have worked out some- 111 tlie first year. line, the pan is replaeed and coupled up thing that has saved you time, trouble with the eight pan bolts. Then the belt or money or has made your mine a V is dropped to complete the job. safer place to work. If you have, here is the place to pass it on so that others Cable Splice lmprovised may profit by your experience. So send in this idea, along with a sketch With Brass Tubing Bulletin Boards Promote Safety or photograph if it will help to make it clearer. If acceptable, it will bring “There are times when it is not possible At Alabama Fuel & Iron you $5 or more from Coal Age, as well to find the right man at the right time as our sincere appreciation. to splice a wire rope, as it is a task that Bulletin boards such as the one rcąuires a background of esperience if a illustrated are a materiał help in the good, serviceable job is to result,” points safety work carricd on by the Alabama out Charles H. Willey, Penacook, N. H. Fuel & Iron Co., Birmingham, at its vari- “But if tlie cable is one which does not ous operations. When an injury oecurs, a Pumping Cost Cut 60 Per Cent have to run over a slieave or through a red light is placed beside the namc of the By Drilling Borehole .błock, all th a t is necessary is a mecliani- foreman as well as beside the namc of the cal mcans of joining the two ends. There man in his force directly responsible. A Drilling a borehole a number of years are many ways of doing this, in addition white light is carried beside tlie naines of ago at tlie No. 6 mine of the Central to clamps ready made for the task, but foremen who have had no injuries in their Elkhorn Coal Co., Estill, Ky., cut pumping in the accompanying skctches I cali at- mines or departments over a six-months’ cost nearly 60 per cent, reports E. A. period. Smith, chief engineer. The problem was Under the Alabama Fuel & Iron system, cither to put down a borehole from the a reward of one day’s pay is given each surface at a point 900 ft. from the pump worker in a mine which operates 180 days or force the water to a drift 2,200 ft. [fn Lonq without a lost-timc injury. The number away. Froduction was to be 250 g.p.m., Steel of injuries has dropped materially sińce and 3-in. lines were to be considered in u Pług tlie reward and bulletin-board system was the prcliminary calculations in both Uli installed. Children in the schools are cascs, with the borehole to be fitted with Sir ike heavy bfow on p łu g reąuired to answer one ąuestion on safety such a large casing as to give very little to bulge rub daily and, as they usually have to consult friction with the smali volume of flow. b e r a n d iube their fatliers for the correct answers, crea- Friction head on tlie 3-in. line a t 250 tion of a safety consciousness is facilitatcd. g.p.m. was estim ated a t 7.7(5 lb. per 100 ft. S h o r t 111 Women also study classes sponsored by of length, or a total of 69.84 lb. per sąuare Steel the U. S. Bnreau of Mines. incli for the distance from the pump to Pług

Attractive bulletin boards help make safety-minded men.

Arwil

so ld e r

Method of using brass tubing to splice wire ropes LOST TIME ACCIDENTS tcntioii to a different method of making a strong, useful and neat splice. “As the first step, select a short piece of brass tubing that will fit the rope. Then make a rubber pług about 1 111. in length and two steel plugs—one long and

COAL AGE — Vol.43, No.5 STANDARD OIL COMPANY’S

N e w ST.WOII Solves gununing troubles on a compressor

S tanOIL, one of the greatest recent de- velopments in industrial lubricants, has already demonstrated its trouble-saving, cost-reducing qualities on hundreds of applications. At one refrigerator manufacturing plant gummy deposits were sticking the unloader on a compressor. After numerous other lubricants had failed to give relief, Stanoil No. 25 completely eliminated the trouble. Again, Stanoil No. 18 on an elevating conveyor improved operation in cold weather and materially reduced power m h m m ł consumption. Crank bearings on a smali steam engine in the power plant of a milling company were being replaced every two weeks. Stanoil No. 25 was placed in this engine over a year ago and no bearings have needed replacing sińce then. Made in seven grades for a wide rangę of applications, Stanoils make good lubrication possible on the most difficult jobs and proyide low-cost lubrication wherever highly refined and highly stable oils are needed. y. Ask a Standard Lubrication Engineer to point out operations in your plant which could be better lubricated, at less cost, with Stanoils. Cali him at your Iocal Standard Oil (Indiana) office or write 910 So. Michigan Avenue, Chicago, 111. Copr. 1938. Standard Oli Co.

C 0 M P J Ł N Y * ? i * i & jrtrff * * C W C X C > ł a n t w £"

%l. -la**' vl*3}£~ . ijssMrtrtT- -.Usk mf. saiKtaa'. -n a sta Z-beast- êaśaiię W'. -&*#&'■ £gg$i :j*a£ :Ł*ks5- w -j».. :tj(!W.- J,., 3rik •:»-■ '*ł 'tłarHffr w«r * ^llii 'iifSi&e&fŚZ. ■cłsz- -r a w « r crrrru::.----o tsa. Traifc "ia: U& jStt£ :■**&&: 3ii»t -*Ht‘ ii. w jraiioŁ. SSrec •śsgferaatai: ii - iis&ę^rr ••swBłję-; -toktis: 2Sifc- srossocr xłłl ■». f- rź 5t- ?§Wftt .:&£ aia-rw;: .rÓKK ttie Ta»e iłifiltoea: x snai- of sar.- ! :t'„- cfPrret arnSBaaig tn nfee~ ~ttku r^yw .trriii. '3Ć. TUmditrL CĘ unci: ii: - j l . n i rn_ •ttsfc Btumt^L. TEc -eKOTf :fc 'ir-tiiK -s-iaipiea: i-'>?■■;: m-:» atragrc-a:?- tr —~_ -n.. ** "'' l^&^5 " is ,v i-ss&z r ® * „ HA. -sittó: -t fń. U «ę. -*n& x. ^Qn. ^smsces ałośk .m im : tn. . oi.-tif -ińmyr- 'wro^h ir^ triłi ’ •’■• — ń. ' 1 7 ' " , ' i J ' ^ Ł ' ' > iiiwa: tm nnt ‘tia =smal. -ast.. tti^^ttih-l je :&e 7łv^n.' UJ^: enŁ in. rTie. TimułeT1 wa* niai^t m _nnfnva; iihras- aitl ouiiisKt! e jnrlii -lite si^ćric^sSgs înas yieżiszźiy lisnaE. is- iktermineC itr ai artiiiiur;. airjtanef'-? ś-t^’ ■ 'StstóTOwe ttc ;«vśL Tira ł -fiki: tkih- aaiifet; ai> n iti ~f.miigr *4&>ę:- -#rilp J*Xij&l ftif Ttutuz ttin.^ iua: siu*- “imuni n 'Jis enii •»• -i« 7nifc -iu t rtrrujfcCigC- itw ii •słiv cuiti' TrmSf tQiśsłc-tokTitejat irp^f Ui Miid tiiif* in: liit -raiiKrr :r ri"ir auri& iiu- i.: liiaęe ;i» t jn iiu e S a r s b e -suw .«m n o 5 i difi f>i|l -ł4^ ^HUUk^ą^ itttil iii:, mi lk . TTJtii! E.veru2L- ans, anafnnc r#; :.fey “Ki 11 tli> tfe; >rii »?: jiiruUin*.^ i*ad tlo *i^ .iif^sshi&eF cirrtmr r£3J T.rniiKrr T y m i— m a s . Cf*zixr *ic- ■;><# uirUłP tii il»iłp &H4& -aiii. łtuu itEŁii; 5 nr xiie saict isiiini, 2i Xł**i< Ht*H.f rjtf%ł j t j l l ' «»*?' ' *«»!i* ifi ii imd&toiuliiife v.-i«- Tetj-uirut! tiim sriHo linnm n Ite ~euiatf.£ •îi>«v w 'W^r ^3nt(m>v .mir is*i ;'VV^ usSorę -śiif leapiŁ -iwiwiiwinnin -skiss -aiaau. i. - k'-l»i.i'. '■‘Kl\Uc<.i :Hi tfill Tii^P~ru'i vuf jjrcślsC in- 3mB -toiete t 2«' v«r * "iilił- oiot i'~:u"'r-y xue jiiiri. ai 3 iv**' AHIfSiilkĄŁfp i<$> f iy mhi*j/l' ai"® raTtisn :us niif lins;- irniE TB-jach £ feraii ■$wy># } * * * <'4** '4 -\H«- *Vi*v ■Ktruiión-eaHE v.-uf e s is n o s c ran iroar l i s jk t '?-h* ,t: »Ui-^'iU‘! -rMcs Sidte TinS i h t fleprii fr o m -ibs Itnrtm ii ri~ tS,riLięir,-"Qii» -r-us m eu farrs5 TridL ji :nif- ■Ki,i /|x,kv <*i‘- $1*4’ y f -tW' /Jj** ^ddiur tłit rsgińrHd (6 5x. -to meesirr^ >w ?> 4'r*.^MĄsir. ** k v :lfeb*jK#(ł '•■'<% U=-iHrW>VrJ «Włłń*C V? KMJ^KiJ m ai. jilus i. in . iur sandemsin- Eti-^s li i r H t^j * 4/4. i \litjr ił_i" ', • tił ł I :-ŁTJ-lił;a£ Ipt-ij’ TegiLŻre? S-ft. jpjs- iD jirn- ił>/ :fa*>y. '&&& :ww*ww$ tiw luae u miirrin 5 t>r a o im z in r ŁTid Łsscm - U- *i),t.y $, -jtĄfi, -$,yf -tiki- iAHiiHW' *&*?& ,/JJ 4,144 jC*'Ytlyl** luoSttiny tfihe pitEŁ. l i sam? '«ł«s. TK$ere fłie Ł w ? i:iid l»Ken .remfaferElilŁ. we Łsfi 4 -- s i l i m er Z ft. -undsr i ł e tra.dk to in a su5i- V,4‘* |>U*/>4 ,.»*• jtjjił- < * o,-.V}<- iiŁse oi i ł f Aft.) #’l) JJ>.*Łi' /*‘4«łV>*M V' Mi-'M'-s mllfi. tmlesf £ ł r u ł in 4ł e acSfi i 5b cns3 ą4 ł-ęM&w&jf :!:>HłW*ł> lia* io ctri_ *J :;;i*»*-J- yltiM i;-d >>♦.*'.i y >*-i*v»viż "h^:/4,-*i^ ~One 'i. i/i- ûU>iV' *‘-'^ W f ^ otber. ,W ł-vK<^/ 4v»'#» i* u^ i -U-i» Ui>- ^t » v 4^ y i “When tiie leg? Łare iieen piaced •where » V V ^ 1 ‘ U- K i j $ Ą : + j ł Ą ł . A/ii hi-Ąt. th«T belocg ther sBoiild be cleated '«riti & w 4 ł ii^f ii:Wfi ■^*Vł> SOd iiaDs to the adjacent timberi aiier jij ju, Ui id fiic a*u4 •«av‘ plumbing. -sritł] ihe cieats a trifle higier />! i Mit -i-Wkli' ( r\/-v -W/I.li U j)ii.‘ Ą.‘jrA')Mif1.\‘ than the troller. Wire and cleats are a definite help as a means o i temporarily "'} |U ^1/ ii I ,v WV‘J i jif <;vvj r«rsting the I-beam while it is being placed yv,Vf? ^ Ww-1-^ yt&)0w. Uwy m in position. As most of the work was done iwh*# hj i ;i, i,« 1)0 ii in .-.jr, ^; i a #i ♦ '!&£&? while the mine was in operation, the hot- ~km4**-' % ki i Hj )>) 4iitm*.'U>i 4JAUj4 wire dar:ger was eliminated by nsing a 4 ii c M/|y >j itĄ &i4##ł f4 >* trolley-wire sleere made out of three piecem ^ ty H Uh vy a«* rjf pine board about 4 ft. long. as indicate<1 łMtiy iw* iM^k vmi t li in Fig. 2. A 4-in.-wide board beiween and 1} >4)* *V/1‘ lli/>/*iy)i at one edge of two 10-in.-wide boards ,h ot ih±k of shoek. Eren all-safetr shoes reąuire an lyifty hwiwiitw, U) * i##w 4* ti.^, ( I W » m S#t, ihowing place- additional safeguard. yftM} 1 )k' l i . 4 ^ jyy^ tmU )* ^ =<*<>«• 0 •••“'•♦ v< ł«*jW» tg «'JV«tłf»ct iij« pretiure “Each beam should be, and was. side-

n COAL AGE — Vol.43, No.5 Built For Coal Prodwcttosi

SPECIAL D. C. The Louis Allis S P L A S H -P R O O F motor has been designed and MINE MOTOR built from the ground up in every detail to deliver absolutely This direct current motor has been especially de- dependable performance on your very toughest coal mine jobs. signed for generał all- around mine use. The drip-proof end bracket and covered commutator Protected from every angle against the most severe operating perm its proper ventilation conditions by its smooth heayy solid cast-iron housing special and also protects against dripping water or falling bearing chamber guard— scientifically designed water baffles pa rticles.Ask for eomplete and traps in the air passa ges— and a protective composition • details of special mine motor (Type G N A ) and coating on the windings— THIS motor unquestionably assures the theywillbe sentpromptly.

coal mine operator of uninterrupted motor operation under.jnost EXFLOSION-PROOF seyere conditions. These motors are ayailable in both D.C and A.C. For gaseous mines, write lor eomplete Information - a SIZE and TYPEfor every job— from the coal face to the tipple. on our A .C. and D.C. explosion-proof motors, that are available in a wide Writefor copy of our 60 page illustrated catalog No. 700 which fully dcscribcs rangę ofelectrical charac- eomplete line of motors for coal mine operation also contains Yaluable teristics to meet every mine operating condition. ensineering and maintenance data, on practically every type motor. OPERATING IDEAS from PRODUCTION, ELECTRICAL and MECHANICAL MEN

driven 12 ft. wide about ten years ago, Guard Rails Fastened was encountered. I-beams were set on 5-ft. eenters and the space between legs was By Special Clamp walled up with binders to the tops of As keeping guard rails on switches the beams on either side. A solid floor of where motors are operated on 25-lb. rails 0-ft.-long props was laid on top of the proved a difficult matter with the ordinary 1-beams, with a second layer of props 011 method of fastęning the guard rails 111 top to break the seams. Platforms then place, due to tlieflanges on the loeomotive were ereeted and much of the fali and dirt resulting from subsequent grading was packed ove'r the beams. I t wasn’t praeticable to fili the entire area over the beams with this dirt, but a surprisingly large space was packed and served a triple purpose: sared cribbing and lngging tim ber, furnished a stowage space for dirt which otherwise would have had to be hoisted, and providcd a cusliion for any futurę falls. “One to two days, as a rule, was required to complete an ordinary I-beam set, depending upon the difliculties en countered, with a cost of about $12 to $15 per set for labor alone. This ćost might seem high, but when spread over fifteen years. with aecompanying freedom Fig. <1— Typieal example of walling between from haulage interruptions and almost legs and installing auxiliary binders eertain safety at all times, there is ample reason to believe that the results amply justify the investmerit.” braced at the ends as soon as the installa- H ! tion was completed. Any kind of solid ■”%*.. .■h"x2"x sfrap mon 11 i timber as wide as the web of the I-beam Springs Prevent Transmission i s effective. The bark first sliould be re- 6" Of Sharp Yibrations moved and then the ends of the braces Details of guard-rait clamp should be cut on a slight pitch so that they To protect from yibration the vacuum can be driven tightly into place. tubes of five Syntron controllers which “In parts of the mine the roof was so wheels shearing off the bolts, A. M. -Ka- supply the same number of Traylor vibrat- lasky, foreman, Warwick No. 1 mine, badly disintegrated that a place the size ing screens in the mechanical cleaning of one’s head yielded a seemingly .inter- Harwick Coal & Coke Co., Greensboro, Pa., and screening plant at Zeigler No. 2 mine, devised the guard-rail clamp shown in minable flow which would fili the entire Bell & Zoller Coal & Mining Co., Zeigler, heading before it could be ohecked. In the aceompanying illustration. Two such 111., these eontrollers are hung on coil elamps are used 011 each guard raił. siieh places, the I-beams were set on 3-ft. springs. This arrangement, with flexible centers. Seven-foot white-oak props were wiring-connection loops at the bottom, is cut exactly in two and were flattened on shown in the aceompanying illustration. two sides to make what were locally The method has proved effeetive in elim- Replacement Facilitated termed runners. As the old timbers or inating vibration damage to the tubes, By Split Bushings debris were removed, starting on one side which supply the current to the/clectro- of the place, for example, these runners magnets and give a screen vibration To facilitate changing two of the bush were extended forward from the last I- equivalent to direct operation on 30-cvcle ings on the intermediate shaft of a Good beam to the place wliere the next was pow7er. man 12AA cutting machinę and eliminate to be installed, with the inner ends of the looseness and noisiness of the gears the runners resting on temporary jack props. ! Allowing space for installing the Springs prevent transmission of sharp vibrations. next. series of runners ahead, oak boards just long enough to reach crosswise from the center of one runner to the next then were laid on top of the runners like a floor as soon as enough space was made to place tliem. This process was continued across the heading until it was readied for another I-beam. “Side pressure was counteracted by bolting a short angle to the bearn immediately in front of the top of the leg, Diagramnałic sletch showing points where as sliown in Fig. 3. This work was done split bushings were installed by the electrical department after the set was iii place. Loose side was ehecked and pinion formerly encountered as a by walling between the legs and binding result of removing them to install new the walls with split props at 2-ft. inter- bushings, John Gross, Ohio Błock Coal valś, as indicated in Fig. 4. Co., New Philadelphia, Ohio, hit upon the “In some places, a new wrinkle was idea of using split bushings. These split adopted instead of placing the large quan- bushings were made to replace Bushings tity of timbering usu&lly employed in Nos. 54,570 and 54,580. The latter had cribbing up to the top of high eaves. As to be sliortened to 1 29/32 in. on account an example, in driving through soine old of the shape of the bevel pinion. As a workings to develop a new territory, a result of the adoption of the new' type cave about 300 ft. long, nearly 30 ft. high of bushing, both can be changed in no and bellying out IS ft. wide over the time without removing any gear or pinion, coal lilie in a heading that had been Mr. Gross states.

94 COAL AGE — Vol,43, No.5 CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS A complete new line of single-stage side-suction ball- bearing centrifugal pumpa is WHATS announced by Goulda Pumpa, Inc., Seneca Falls, N. V. Eightcen sizes witli capacities of 5 to 1,800 g.p.m. against lieads up to 110 ft. are available NEW for fiat- or V-belt or direct- In CodL-Mining EquLpment

SAFETY AIDS combining lightness'*4 with strength, and the unit alao is Ajnew m odel1 of the McDon- said to incorporate smooth and motor drive. Construction fea ald rsafety b at (Type T) said?ęó quiet operation with Iow main- tures citedj-by the company in combine maximum strength tenance. clude : latejt^hydraulic design with ;:cool light-weiąht comfórt Testa and service results, it of casings, impellers and stufl- features is announced by;','the is stated, show th a t more ac- Mine Safety Appliaiices Co. The curate aizing than with the ing bojc.es; sjructural strength bat, includes a duralumiń sliell usual two-roll crusher is pos and amply. proportioned parts ior-protection against flying or sible. Also, smaller flywheels withoutr-cxceas., weight; higli- and higher-speed inotors. can be quality,-mate.rials, ingenious de sign and- fine workmansliip for employed. Aa much as 39 in. in outstanding trouble-free per formance and long life; and Iow cost.

most severe working conditions. , D R ILL R IG Features are: fuli vision in any --.Sullivan Machinery Co., dircction; no interference with lieadroom has been saved in the Claremont,' N. II., offers the goggles, spectacles, welding new Class UW-161 “Feather- ease of the 36-in. unit, and in helmets or liead coyerings of weight” drill rig using the Sul- any kind; quickly replaccd comparison with an older 36-in. unit with 48-in.-long rolls, the livan L-12 hand-held drill as metal parts of alum inum ; the drilling medium, with the adaptability of all parta, in- saving in length waa 76 in. and in width was 20 in. ' L-12 in tu rn operated by the falling objccts. The sliell is cluding the easy-fitting soft- new Sulliwan J-5 automatic •eorrugated to provide maximum rubber face cusliion, to stcril- chain feed. With the automatic resistance to blows, and is fit- ization at any time; low-cost, feed, according to the com ted with a leather headband ąuickly rcplaceable cellulose pany, maximum drilling speed ■whicli, with the cradle straps, filters; and ability to eliminate POWER PUMPS and efficiency can be obtained dust particles as smali aa one is said to be easily and quickly Fairbanks, Morse & Co., Chi day after day. Less time is adjusted or changed. micron with maximum efficiency spent in changing steels or pull- and Iow breathing resistance. cago, has introduced a new line Complete respiratory protcc- of duplex power pumpa with ing atuck steela, resulting in tion in any atmosphere for at eight-cover side-pot-type fluid more aćfcual drilling and lower least one hour under the most ends and incloaed self-oiling costs. Specific features pointed severe working conditions is power ends fitted with herring- out by the company include: stated to be aflorded by the CRUSHER bone gears and large roller double the daily footage of a new M-S-A light-weight onc- bearings. Capacities rangę up hand-held drill; less air con- hour oxygen-breatliing appa A new two-roll spring-relief sumption than the two drill3 ratus, bearing U. S. Bureau of coal crusher (Type C, chain whicl^ can bc replaced; smaller Mines Approval No. 1300. drive) has been placed on the gasoline consumption; handling market by the Link-Belt Co., by- one m an ; and lower labor Chicago. Standard aizes include cost, vas one man can do tlie rolls 20, 30 and 36 in. in work-._of two. diameter. The high capacity with limited degradation in- herent in two-roll crushers and the ease of adjustability for re^ulating the size of the prod uct alwaya claimed for single- to 187 g.p.m. and pressurea up roll crushers are said to be to 1,000 lb. per square inch. Weighing only 18 lb., the ap The units are available as,'basie paratus is described as com comhined in one strong, well- constructed, compact unit. pumps, with pulleys for belt pact, comfortable to carry and drives or as complete, compact fully automatic in supplying “Silverlink” roller chain is used as driving connection to both motor-driven pumps coverćd by the reąuired ąuantity of a single manufacturer’s guar- oxygen. rolls, which are of the seg- mental type (cast-iron spiders antee. The pumps bear the des- M-S-A also ofTers the newly ignation Figs. 6184 and 6185 developed “Dustfoc” respirator to which are bolted heavy heat- treated alloy-iron segments re- and the same fluid end also is (Approval No. 2115) weighing available on the Fig. 6285 du- less than 3J oz. and stated to moved readily without taking ofT the side housing). An all- plex steam pumps of the com provide fuli protection with a pany. maximum of comfort under the welded ateel frame is provided, 95 'May, 1938 — COAL AGE WHEN TO USE PRE-FORMED ROPE

Underground Hoist Insfal- HOJST LINES ON Ution, for Hosting Ore Betwcen Levels

-in . M IN IN G -ę&casduaL E C O N O M Y

• Pre-fcrtned rcpes ccst more. Thus they are admittedły EXPENSIVE :cr serrices where their special advantages are not needed. In sersrices. howe-rer. where these advaatages ARE needed, their use represents a PRONOONCED ECONOMY. In mining, we recommend UNION-formed iour pre-fcrmed,' Rcpe. cs a proveL money-screr, in these sersie es: 1. SKAFT-HOIST RCPES: As these must withstand extraordinarY bending stresses. 2- HOIST LINES en Stripping, Digging and Loading Machines: As these must withstand extrc-severe bending. 3. MINING NLACHJNE LINES: As these must withstand bending and prVprrg:f>n. 3rcken wires will not stick out jagging men. Broken strands will not wbip out causing injuries. 4. SCRAPER LOADEH LINES: For sam e reasons as Mining Machinę Lfrsps. 5. CONYEYCE BOPES: As subjected to heavy abrasion. S. HAUUNG LINES, SLUSHES AND MUCSER LINES, CAR PULLERS. HOIST LINES cn derricks. cranes and other construction maehines.

The reccmmendcdcns ci our e n g in e e rs are mede without cbligcticn end will ałmost cer- tcinTy reduce ycur rope expense. Write fully.

UNION WIBE SOPE CORPORATION

Union WIRE ROPES

COAL \ S t — YoU3. N-'-5 WORD FROM THE FIELD

State Control Recommended Cincinnati Equipment Show For Anthracite Taxes Facilities State control of the anthracite indus- Eiposition features of the Fifteenth try was recommended by Governor Earle’s Annual Coal Conrention and Exposition commission in its finał report, presented to be held under the auspices of the Coal on April 6 after more than a year’s Dmsion of the American Mining Congrese study. The commisaion, headed by W. at Mosic Hall, Cineinnati, Ohio, May 2-6, Jett Lauck, economist, and including will tax the erhibiting facilities, as more Morris L. Ernst, New York attorney; than 143 eihibitors have contracted for Joseph Agor, Shamokin (Pa.) newspaper- all of the arailable space. The list of man, and James W. Angell, of Columbia exhibitors as of April 7 included: University, proposed that a permanent Acme Compressor Co. body similar to the Public Utilities Com employment on W.P.A. projects be imme- Advertising Displays, Inc. mission be established to regulate the Aerovent Fan Co. (liately and uniformly amended “so that Air Reduction Sales Co. industry by fbring prices. workers at present suhsisting on part- Louis Allis Co. That a marketing Corporation be set Allis-Chalmers Mf?. Co. time employment in the coal industry may Amerlcan Brattiee Cloth Corporation up which would eventually eliminate be transferred or certified to W.P.A. em American Bridge Co. present wholesalerg and retailers also was ployment w ithout delay, and may receiTe American Car Foundry Co. suggested. This Corporation would not American Chain & Cable Co. part-time or full-time employment on such American Cyanamid & Chemical Corpora only handle the sale of hard coal but projects to the extent that the sum of tio n , In c . would promote its use through advertis- American Mine Door Co. their monthly earnings from both sources American Steel & Wire Co. ing and the further introduction of auto- of employment shall a t least e

H a r d y -B u r l i n g h a m M i n i n g Co., Hard- • Illinois Mining Institute: twentieth an Fairbanks, Morse & Co. burly, Ky.: contract closed with Morrow nual boat trip and summer meeting', June Flood City Brass & Electric Co. Mfg. Co. for four-track tipple, including 10-12, aboard Str. “Golden Ea^Ie” learing General Electric Co. S t Louis June 10 and returaing June 12. Gibraltar Eąuipment & M Iz. Co. shaking screens, shaking picking table?, Goodman Mannfacturing Co. loading booms and conveyors; capacity, • Mining Society of Kora Scotla: annual Gulf OU Corporation 500 tons per hcur; to be completed about meeting, June 21 and 22, Sydney, K. S., Halliburton Oil W eil Cementing Co. July 1. Harnischfeg-er Corporation Canada. — Hazard Insulated W ire Work3. Diyision ot The Okonite Co. • Rockv Mountain Coal Mining Institute: Hendrick Mfg. Co. 36th annual meeting, June 23-25. SŁirley- Hercules Powder Co. Seek W.P.A. Work for Miners Hockensmith Wheel <Ł Mine Car Co. Savoy Hotel, Denrer, Colo. Hnlburt Oil i Grease Co. A resolution requesting Works Progress • American Society for Testing Materials: Imperial Bronze M fe Co. annual meeting, Jane 27 to July, 1. At Irwin Foundry & Mine Car Co. Administration employment for part-time I-T-E Circoit Breaker Co. lantic City, K. J. employees of the Illinois coal-mining in JefTrey M anufactartng Co. dustry was submitted by the Illinois Re- • Greenbrier Smokeless Coal Operator - Joy Mannfactoring Co. ciprocal Trade Association on March 24 Association: annual meeting, July 12, Joyce-Cridland Co. to the Administrator of W.P.A., the Gov- Pioneer Hotel, Eainelle, W. Va. Koppers Co. ernor of Illinois and the executive secre- LsBour Co.. Inc. tary of the Illinois Emergency Relief • Pocahontas Electrical and Mechanical La-Deł Comreyor & Mfg. Co. Institute: annual meeting, Aug. 18-20, Leschen. A.. & Sons Rope Co. Commission. The resolution asked that LinJc-Belt Co. the regulations goyerning certifieation for Bluefield, W. Va. Lincoln Engineering Co.

May, 1938 — COAL AGE 97 Macrwiiyte Go. Maneha Storage Battery Locomotiy^ Co. Marian Steam Shovel Co. National Coal Association Starts Campaign McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.. Inc. M c L a n a h a n & Stone Corporation M cNally-Pittsburg M ig. Co. Mechanization, Inc. To Recover Tonnage Lost to Oil Metal Thermit Corporation Minerał States Exlribits cent aboye the 1932 lerel; but with Min*; Safety Appliances Co. C ITING tremendous losses by bitumi- Mining Congress Journal iious eoa) to fue! uil ajid hydro-elet-- working opportunities decreasing there is Morrow Mtg. Co. tric power in New England Industries, little eifect on purehasing power. Mosebach Electric & Supply Co. M y ers-W haley Co. the National Coal Association assert? On the other hand. with the production of fuel oil and the generation of elec- N a c h o d & U. S. Signal Co., Inc. that when iuauufaeturers replaee coal National Carbide Co. •with fuel oil or other substitutr they are tricity involving comparatively little National Electric Coli Co. labor, it is argued. there is little likeli- National MaJieable .& Steel Casting* Co. pursuing a eourse ealcuiated to impair the National Tube Co. market for their own products, as they hood that much of the money spent by a Nordberg Mig. Co. are directly diininishing consomer pur- manufacturer foT oil or hydro-electrie Ohio Brass Co. ehasiug power. In press releases on power will ramp back to him through Pemi Machinę Co. March 30 and A pril 4. N.C.A. pointed the medium of labor? purchase of his Pennsy]varua Electric Coli Corporation out thaT in a reeent ieariug before the manufactured produet. Piuicu Kadio & Teievision Corporation Portable Lamp & Eguipment Co. Interstate Commeree Commission involv- On the score of economy, too, attention Post-Glover Electric Co. iag eoa] ratę- to Yirginia tidewater it is called tay Iron W orks, Inc. far from eomplete. etc., improremenj in produet has not re- Seul i y Steel Products Co. Shell Petroleum Co. While disdaiming any attempt to die- sulted in any actual advanee in cost for Simplex W ire & C a b le .C o . tate to any consumer what kind of fuel eoal even though the unit cost per ton Socony "Yacuum Oil Co. Standard Oil Co. (Indiąna) or energy he should use in his plant, tbe has inereased slightlr from the Iow lerel Stephena -Adam s o i i M fg. Co. association stresses the; fact that this loss of 1932. Sterling Pump Corporation To its bulleiin of April 2 the associa SL X»ouis Power Sbovel Co. to ihe coal induetry—as well as to the Streeter-Amet Co. railroads—contributes direeth- to tmern- tion also attached a pink slip whereon Sullivan Machinery Co. ployinent, sinee every ton of coal dis- was printed: ^Why inerease unemploy- S u n O il Co.. placed by fuel oil, natura! gas or hrdro- ment burdensl Bum eoal for economy Talcott, W . O. & M. W., Inc. and reduce unemployment in mines, in Tamping Bag Co. electric power results in the ]>enaanem Tempie ton Keniy & Co. displaeement of one day’s work and factories, on railroads. on farms. The Tennessee Coal, Iron Hailroad Co. mining, transportation and distribution Tide W ater -'Associated Oil Co. wages for one man in the mines, rail Timken Koller Bearing Co. roads and other agencies concerned with of coal is the major lahor-employing in Tool Steel Gear & Pinion Co. the production, transportation. distribu- dustry, directly afTeeting millions of our Tyier, W . S.. Co. Tyson Koller Bearing Co. tion and delivery of coal. If men doirt population." Union Carbide & Carbon Corporation work, it is emphasized, they don't earn. United Enjerineers & Constructors, Inc. and if they don’t earn thej- cannot buy. United States Bureau of Mines Out of every doliar received by coal Alta Coal Co. Modernizes United States Steel Corporation Universal Atlas Cement Co. operators for their produet, says the as- UniYensal Laibrieating Co. soeiation, 60 to 70c. goes to the miners Complete electrification and mechaniza- UtUity Mine Eąuipment Co. in wages; out of every doliar receired tion is under way at the Summit mine of Wiking Manufacturing Co. by the railroads for transporting coal. the Alta Coal Co.. Summiton, Ala. A W att Car & Wheel Co. about 43c. goes to raił employees in new and much larger eleetric hoist has W ebster Manuf acturing Co. been installed and transmission lines have W eir Kilby Corporation wages. Ineidentally, it is pointed out West Virginia Bail Co. that the soft-coal industry was the first been eoustructed to bore holes to reach the Wrestern Cartridge Co. inside operations. where additional power Wrestinghouse EJec. & M fg. Co. major industry in the country to put into White, II* Kirk, & Co. eifect the 7-hour day and 35-hour week. is required for the operation of eleetric Wilson W elder & Metals Co.. Inc. wages haring been raised about 100 per locomotives. coal-eutting maehines and Wood Preserving Corporation additional pumps. A motor-generator set The program for the iechnieal se&gious also is being installed. as well as prepara- appears on pp. 80 a n d 81. Mechanical Sroker Sales tion eąuipment to take o.-ire of a much larger output when needed. and the vexr.i- Conłinue Decline lating system is being extended and im- SALIiS of mechanical stokers in proved. Permissibie Pia+e Issued February last totaled 2,495 units, according to statisties furnished the One approval of permissibie equipment U. S. Bureau of the Census by 112 Congress TVA Probers Named was issued by th e U. S. Bureau of Mine* manufacturers (Class 1, 00; Class 2, in Mareh, as follows: Myers-Whaley Co.— 33: Class 3, 27: Class 4, 23; Class 5. Ouickly moving following the action of No. 3 size Automat loader; 30-hp. motor, 11). This eompares with sales of President Roosevelt in removing Dr. A. K. 220 volts, a.c.; Approval 284; Mareli 11). 1,423 units in the preceding inontli !Morgan as chairman of the Tennessee and 3,277 in February, 1937. Sales Valley Authority when he refused to be by eiasses in February last were: specific in his charges against his asso- residential (under G1 lb. of coal eiate directors, H. A. Morgan and David Lesser Speaks on Physics per hour),2,101 (bituminous, 1.G40: E. Lilienthal. both houses of Congress anthracite, 401); smali apartment- passed a resolution calling for a joint A paper on phySies iii eoal mining, read liouse and smali commercial heating investigation of the government power by W. H. Lesser, electrical and mechanical job? (61 to 100 lb. per hour), 169: project, and the President signed the engineer, Pierce Management, was a fea- apartment-house and generał smali measure on April 4. ture of a meeting of tbe Association of commercial lieating jobs (101 to Speaker Bankhead named these House College of Physics Teachers lield April 1 300 lb. per hour), 110; large com members to the qiiiz group: James M. and 2 at Scranton, Pa. The meeting, mercial and smali high-pressure Mead, New York; William J. Driver, which was sponsored by the University steani plants (301 to 1.200 lb. per Arkansas: Ewing Thomason, Texas: of Scranton, was held at the uaiveridty. hour), 72; high-pressure industrial Thomas A. Jenkins. Ohio, and Charles About 150 pereons were in attendanee steam plants (over 1.200 lb. per A. Wolverton. New Jersey. Designees by from Eastern colleges and scliools. hour), 37. Yice-President Garnęr from the upper

98 COAL A S E — Vol.43, No.5 ti-ECONOMIES in coal handling that lead to

Sbaking Convtyor Drłtres and Accessories in parious Typ es and capacities for any mining te- q u ire m e n t. Standard, e.x fil osion-proof and Go*'- PROFITS ernnient Approved permissibłe mołors can be supplied for rarious current cbaracteristict.

M ORE and more, successful coal operators are looking towards operating economies for profit opportunities. Eighty-Nine Years of successful experience in the manufacture of mining equipment has taught us how to build an extra margin of strength and efficiency into every VULCAN product—an extra value that assures greater freedom from shutdowns, lower power costs, re- Electric Mining and Industrial Locnrnotivei arc duced maintenance costs, longer useful life, that result in built in sizcs and typ es to tuit any mine reąuire• profit opportunities which otherwise might be lost or m en t. absorbed through less efficient equipment. That VULCAN QUALITY IS ALWAYS A GOOD INVESTMENT is indicated by the following partial list of VULCAN products—many of which are used throughout the entire mining world:

Heavy Duty Electric Shaft Alinę Ventilating Fans Hoists Coal Preparation Equipment Steam Hoisting Engine: Platę Metal Work, rireted and Selj-Contained Hoists welded Scraper Hoists Steam Locomotines Car Spotting Hoists Electric Locomotives Room Hoists Shaking Chute Conteyors Gasoline locomotires geared Sheaves, Pt/lleys, etc. and electric drive Iron and Steel Castings Diesel Locomotives, geared and electric drive V ul can Scraper lloistl are huilt in standard tiiet, Cages, Skips, Gunboats are compact and ruggedly conitructed. Write us regarding any requirement which involves coal handling, coal preparation, or mine ventilation. Our long experience has given us a vast fund of ideas and resources, which may easily help you to achieve important savings.

VULCAN IRON WORKS Mine Dieset Locomotiies 4 to 12 toni weight, 30 to 100 HP. Built to tuit ttfecial mine operating W1LKES-BARRE PENNA. and haulage conditiom.

May, 1938 — COAL AGE 99 houso were: Vic Donahey, Ohio; H. 11. State ot Washington Studies Schwartz, Wyouiing; Fred II. Brown, Its Minerał Resources New Ilampshire; William E. Borah. Idaho, and Charles McNary, Oregon. Sponsored by the University of Wash Senators Borah and McNary, however, ington and the U. S. Bureau of Mines, declined to serye, whereupon Senators two WPA “white collar” projects designed Frazier, North Dakota, and Capper, to establish new payrolls and aid the coal Kansas, were named. Senator Capper also mining and minerał industries in the asked to be excused on the plea of being State of Washington are now in operation “too busy.” Two other Senators aro said at the university, according to WPA Ad to have declined to serve beeause of re- ministrator Don C. Abel. The work is election campaigns. being eondueted at the Northwest Experi- ment Station under the supervision of H. F. Yaneey, of the Bureau of Mines. Washington has larger coal deposits in Hudson Suił Dismissed well-known, easily accessible locations near the State’s centers of population; A petition fited ou Mareh 4 by six boud- the present projects were designed to holders of the Hudson Coal Co. asking supply accurate knowledge in order to that the company be reorganized under stimulate the use of these supplies. A See. 77B of the Federał bankruptey laws Leonor F. Lor«e 65-page report gives details on a series of and that a trustee be appointed to mauage experimcnts eondueted by WPA workers its affairs was dismissed at Scrauton, Pa., on the burning qualities of rarious kinds on Mareh 24 by United States Judge of coal by both the continuous and inter- Albert W. Johnson. The court upheld the mittent methods of utilizing overfeed coatentiou of counsel for the company came generał superintendent of the United stokers for domestic use. This report, that the eourt aetiou was not taken in States Coal & Coke Co. Mr. Maher be- which may soon be made available to the good faith, saying: “As it was admitted came associated with the company first public, emphasizes the efflciencies of vari- at the hearing that the six creditor pe- in May, 1905, and, following a six-year ous types of coal-stoking fnrnaces at titioaers purehased their bonds for the period in private business, returned to “medium and maximum” firing rates as purpose of iustituting this proceeding, the company in 1920. Since 1921 he had compared with oil-burning furnaces of the such aetiou shows the laek of good faith been superintendent at the Filbert mine. intermittent type. requirt\l by See. 77B of the Bankruptey near Uniontown. The second W PA project being con- Acfc for which the petition must be dis- Robert V. W hite. of the fiuancial firm ducted at the Universitv College of Mines inissed.’' of Jackson & Curtis, Philadelphia. Pa., is the study of Washington’s non-metallic The petitioners alleged that the com and W . Deeresg H owe, member of the law minerals. pany had assets of only $31,052,000 and firm of Sherman ‘ J". J o h n s o n , direetor of the A n - Battelle Host to Salesmen be employed. thracite Industries Laboratory, at Primos, Pa., has been appointed a member of the About 130 members of the Cineinnati eommittee on research of the Coal Divi- domestic coal and stoker salesmen’* school sioa of the American Institute of Mining journeyed to the research laboratory of and Metallurgieal Engineers, Bituminous Coal Research. Inc., at Bat- Indusfrial Nołes telle Memoriał Institute. Columbus. Ohio. tosjN O R F, L o r e k , president for the last Sim plks W ire & Cable Co., Cambridge. on Mareh 29. where they inspected stokers 31 years of the Delaware & Hudson Co., Mass., has promoted William S. Davis and test equipmeut. Preeeding the inspee- holding company tor the Delaware i to a vice-presidencv: he had been sales Hudson R.R. and the Hudson Coal Co., and tion. the group heard a discussion by R- manager sinee 1919, baving joined the or- C. Cross, fuel engineer a t Battelle, com- tho oldest railroad chief exeeutive in the ganizatiou in 1S96. George L. Roberts, paring stokers, gas buraers and oil country, resigned that. post on Mareh 30. assistant sales manager sitice 1927. suc- buruers. Kntering the service of the Pennsvłvania ceeds Mr. Davis, and George A. Grauer, The trip was the eonełoding session of a R.R. in .''77. Ile 'ias had a long and former executive secretary of the wire course eondueted under tlie auspices of the yicturesque oareer. having at vartous and cable section under NRA, beeomes as times heanted tlie Baltimore i Ohio: Chi Coal & Coke Merehants' Credit Assoeia- tion. Inc. (Cineinnati). the Cineinnati sistant sales manager. cago. Kock Island >Ł Pacific-. Sr. Louis i Coal Exchange. Appalachian Coals, Inc.. P almek-B ess Co., Detroit, Mich., an- San Francisco, and Kansas City Southern roads. and the G reater Cineinnati Stoker Asso- nounces th at W illiam E. Bee. president of eiation. Much credit for the suceess of the company sińce its foundtng, in 1905, Charles J. Mahbs has been apoointed the eourse was given to the efforts of J. E. has been made chairman of the board; assistanś geueral superintendent by the Tobey. manager, fuel engineering division. George A. Bee has been named president H. C. '' k Coke Co., with aeauquarters and T. A. Day. assistant seeretaiy. Appa- and generał m anager; D. X. Sweeney as- as Cniontowu, Pa., effeetive ApriI I. He laehian Coals, Ine. The latter presided at sumes the otBee of secretary. J. E. s-ueeeeds W. C. Hood, w ho on Jan. 13 be- the seven weekly meetings. MeBride remains as vice-president; A. J.

100 COAL A

A C M C D CONVEYOR• u K C U L C K EŁEHATORS

Therc’s only one reason operators of these SOME OF THE TIPPLES USING important tipples selected REDLER Con- REDLER CONVEYOR-ELEVATORS veyor-Elevators: Capable engineers found the REDLER the most efficient and eco- Allegheny River Mining Co. nomical solution for conveying and elevating Atlas Coal Co. Ltd. fines and smali sized coal. Bell & Zoller Coal & Mining Co. Blackhawk Mining Corp. Why? Because: Blakley Coal Co.

1. The REDLER conveys in any direction. Buffalo Rock Coal Co. 2. REDLERS are dust-tight. Chicago Wilmington & Franklin C oal Co. 3. They convey and elevate en masse, with- Ciinchfield Coal Corp. out degradation. Columbus Mining Co. 4. They are compact, requiring only to 3^ Enos Coal Mining Co. the space other units need. Gay Coal and Coke Company 5. REDLERS are Iow in first cost and oper Grccnville Coal Co. ate with minimum power. Greenwood Coal Company Hcislcy Coal Co. Island Creek Coal Co.

/t C o sts LESS To Be I110DERI1 Jones Collicries, Inc. Kentucky Jellico Coal Co. Keystone Coal & C o k e Co. Kingston-Pocahontas Coal Co. Knox Consolidated Coal Co.

Lake Erie Mining Co. New River Company Northern Illinois Coal Corp. Peabody Coal Co. Pittsburgh Coal Co.

Pittsburgh and Midway Coal M in in g Co. Sahara Coal Company Snow Ilill Coal Co. Sunlight Coal Co. Sunshine Coal Co.

ONE REDLER BOTH CON- Tennessee Coal, Iron & R R Co. VEYS AND ELEVATES COAL Union Coal Co.

Three of five R E D L E R S at Southern Illinois cleaning plant convey and elevate sized, dedusted bituminous INVESTIGATE AIR-SAND DRY COAL CLEANING AND REDLER CONVEY- coal en masse. R E D L E R at ORS AT THE C1NCINNATI COAL right conveys to dust load SHOW — BOOTHS 216 AND 218 in g tra ck .

ASK FOR REDLER CATALOG 42

AIR SAND DRY COAL CLEANING SYSTEM . . . COMPLETE COAL TIPPLES C O N Y EY IN G . . . E L E Y A T IN G . . . SCREENING . . . TRAN SM ISSIO N EOUIPM EN T Leckie is treasurer; C. F. McLaren is assistant treasurer; L. F. Miller is assist- Reestablishment of Prices on the Way; ant secretary. H arnischfeger Co rporation, Milwau kee, Wis., has appointed H. S. Strouse as Holt Takes Fling at Commission vice-president. He will continuc to direct tlie activities of the treasurer’s department ASHINGTON, D. C., April 11— regulation we have known, all' parties of the company, with which he has been With liearings planned to deter- liave benefited and made progress.” connected sińce 1920. W mine the weighted average cost ofThat no court has pronounced prices coal, upon minimum prices proposcd by established by tlie Commission jnvalid, the district producers’ boards, and upon and that the Commission’s order revoking prices proposed by the Commission itself Alabama Ra+e Cut Allowed minimums did not declare price sęlied- the National Bituminous Coal Commis- ulps and orders invalid was pointed out Alabama railroads were authori/.ed by sion is well advanced with preparations by Robert W. Knox, generał) counsel of the State Public Service Commission on for the reestablishment of sehedules. A the Commission, 011 March 26. Order No. March 24 to reduce rates 011 coal shipped hearing on the question of reasonable dis- 230, he explained, “revoked eertain prior irom mines to Mobile from $1.90 to $1.40 counts or price allowances for distributors orders of the Commission for the reason and $1.50 per ton. The Alabama Great has been set for April 25. Rcpresentatives that they had become inoperative due to Southern, Louisville & Nashville, Northern of the 22 district boards met with the causes beyond the control of the Com Alabama and Southern Ry. were given Commission on March 30 to discuss new mission, and the express intention of authority to cstablish the lower rate, and proeedure for again setting minimums, Congress, as provided in Sec. 4, P art II the Illinois Central to set the $1.50. The with John Carson, Consumers’ Counsel, (a) and (b) of the Coal Act of 1937', ■carriers contended th a t the reductions participating in the interest of the con- cannot be effectuated by the minimum ■were necessary “hecause of unregulated suming public, upon the suggestion of prices' remaining in effect, and the con- barge-linc competition.” Perey Tetlow, temporary chairman. In dition thereby created is detrimental to opening the ineeting, Mr. Tetlow said the interest of code members.” Finał de- tlie Commission intended to proceed with termination of the issues, declared Mr. dispatcli but with caution to establish Knox, was expressly reserved until. sucli Train-Limit Bill Killed new prices at the earliest possible date time as the Commission could certify to in fuli accordanee with the law. “By 110 the courts eomplete records for review. The Interstate Commerce Committee of other plan can the marketing of bitumi- Several days later, the Commision issued the House of Representatives at Washing nous coal be 011 a successful basis than a ruling construing the 1937 act to per- ton 011 March 31 killed a bill approved by the application of the law itself,” Mr. m it the introduction in eridence at a last summer by the Senate which would Tetlow declared. hearing before it or in a court of tlie limit the length of freight trains to 70 Miss Josepliine Roclie, president and 1930 cost data of individual coal produc cars. The committee voted 14 to 7 generał manager of the Rocky Mountain ers obtaincd under authority of the act against reporting the bill. The action of Fuel Co., told the Commissioners that in for the establishment of minimum prices. the committee followed two months of her opinion Federal legislation and regu- Altliough it was announced several liearings during which representatives of lation are essential to the industry. “All weeks ago that the resignation of Chair the railroads contended that the addi- groups concerned in its welfare and man Charles F. Hosford, Jr., from the tional cost that would result from enact- progress—the investors, management, Commisison would take effect on April ment of the measure would further weaken labor and the public—liave a vital stake 30, President Roosevelt accepted it as of their financial position. Reprcsentatives in sound and constructive regulation,” she last Wednesday. Taking occasion to of the railroad unions urged, however, arerred. “For years it has been demon- exeoriate the Commission in the Senate that a limit on the size of trains would strated that witliout government regula the same day, Senator Rush D. Holt, of reduce accidents and increase employment. tion, chaos has prevailed in the industry, West Yirginia, declared that Mr. Hos with labor, the people, and management ford’s resignation was because of a “figlit all paying a lieavy and tragic penalty. between Mr. Tetlow and »Mr. Hosford During even the brief periods of Federal and the desire of John L. 1 Lewis, U.M.W. To Survey Marketing Laws A project to survey State marketing laws tliroughout this country has been approved, according to an announcement on April 3 by. Corrington Gili, assistant ad ministrator of the Works Progress Ad- ministration. The survey is dcsigned to -obtain legał and economie data concerning laws on State statute books and make it available in convenient form to all Fed eral and State governmental agencies, trade associations, businessmen and others. It is expected also to supply data for evaluating conilicting claims on these laws. Mr. Gili, who will supervise the work, has appointed A. II. Martin as direetor, and Dr. John H. Cover and Mark Merrell as associate direetors. Cooperation and advice for both plan- ■uing and execution of the survey will be sought from trade and professional asso ciations and individuals affected by the State marketing laws, and a Federal ad- ■Tisory committee will be established, 011 which representatives from the following bureaus will be asked to serve: Depart- ments of Commerce, Justice and the Treas- ury, Federal Trade Commission, Bureau of Rubber made from coal stands up Agricultural Economics, Consumers Coun- A prelimlnary step in a test of the tenslle strenth of neoprene— a chloroprene rubber made sel of AAA, Consumers’ Counsel of the from a coal base-—in comparison with natural rubber after immersion in hot oil at 140 Coal Commission, Business Advisory Coun- (leg. F. for tliree days shows that the neoprene ring retains Its orlginal strength, breaking ■cil. Bureau of Labor Statisties, and Na at approsiniately 7S lb., whereas the naturai rubber ring has so deteriorated that it breaks at about 20 lb. Demonstration giren at the Du Pont eshibition, Museum of Science and tional Resources Board. industry, Rockefeller Center, New York City.

102 COAL A S E — Vol.43, No.5 YOUR COAL . . determines the"lK-R-E-E M-żSP f f-D o f the r o b T

1^1 AT U RALLY, columnar shaped coal re- Engineers when supplying a Gyrex Screen. quires a greater speed than cubical coal to The speed of the screen, łhe amplitudę of dislodgei it from the screen openings. The stroke in relation ło the required size of user's coal is carefully studied by Robins openings, are considered to give the greatest efficiency and capacity with the mini mum of breakage. Robins Gyrex Screens are being used more and more for primary screening. With their speed, greater than older types of primary screens, they handle greater tonnage, requlre less floor space and use less power . . . and best of all, they screen more accurately with less breakage.

Yisit our booths 211 and 213 ał łhe Coal Conven- łion in Cincinnati, May 2 ło 6

Belt, Chain and Pivoted Bucket ROBINS CONYEYING BELT COMPANY, 15 Park Row, New York, N. Y. Conveyors, Bucket Elevators, Please send me bulletin describing...... Hoists, Grab Buckets, Mine Conveyors, Screens, Crushers, N a m e ...... Sates, Feeders, Chutes, and Complete Preparation Plants. Firm ...... ■Send for bulletins describing producłs of interest to you. A d d re ss......

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103 May, 1938 — COAL AGE president, to be boss of the Commission. aptitude for scientific research in their He has gotten the official head of one industrial experience or by graduate study man,” addcd Senator Holt, “and I under- in chemistry, pliysics, m etallurgy or cera- stand that he is after the head of sonie X mics. Though appointm ents will be for of the others who would not take liis one year’s duration, including yacation, orders.” they may be extended for a second year. The oceasion for the West Virginia Application should be made to Clyde E. Senator's remarks was the vote which Williams, director. increased the Commission’s share of the W est V irginia University, in coopera- Interior Department appropriation bill tion with the Calcium Chloride Associa from $2,700,000 to $3,000,000. This in- tion, oflers a fellowship in coal prepara crease was characterized by him as neces- tion for the sehool year 1938-9, beginning sary “to put a few more hungry poli- July 1. The applicant will be required to tieians on the payroll in order to help register as a student for graduate work carry the States of Pennsylyania, Ohi.> i 11 tlie uniyersity, leading to an adyanced and Kentucky.” degree, eligbles being graduates or students who will complete their college work in the coming June, who have had tliorough training in the physieal sciences and who Financial Reports are espccially qualified to do research work. The work will be on the use of Island Creek Coal Co. and subsidiaries calcium chloride in the treatment and —N et profit for 1937, $1,527,776, com- preparation of bituminous coal, the stu pared w ith $1,238,421 profit in 193G. Malcolm Macfarlane dent being granted a stipend of $1,000 and Philadelphia & Reading Coal & Iron Co. free tuition for twTelve months. (anthracite aetivities)—Net loss for 1937, after surtax, $6,353,848, compared with present Alabama ByProducts Corporation, $3,508,756 loss in 1936. the largest commercial coal producer in Westmoreland Coal Co.—N et profit for tlie Alabama field. Alberta Blast Kills Five 1937, $155,469, compared with $6S,294 profit in 1936. M a l c o l m M a c f a r l a n e , coal inspector Five men were killed and six seriously for the New York Central R.R., lost his injured in an explosion on March 30 at life by drowning on March 20 when a the Hinton Collieries, Hinton, Alberta. log ra ft on which lic was making a trip The blast, which occurred a t the 800-ft. Fourseam Tipple Destroyed down the Susąuehanna Riyer was cap- level, apparently killed four of tlie men sized. He had been with the company instantly, and the fiftli died shortly after- The tipple of the Fourseam Coal Co., at for a number of years before leaving to ward. Diablock, Ky., was destroyed by fire on become associated with the Bird C o a f Co. March 23, entailing a loss estimated bv for a time. He returned to the Central, Frank King, manager, in excess of $75,000. however. His body was recoyered 011 Link-Belt Expands Stoker Line More than 200 miners will be idle about March 28. six months, said Mr. King, pending re- Further expansion of its stoker line is construction. announced by LTnk-Belt Co., Philadelphia, Purchasing Agents to Convene Pa., through the acąuisition of patent and sales rights to the Super-Stoker. The new The 23d ainiual convention of the Na owner assumes complete responsibility for engineering, research and design on this Volpe Takes Butler Colliery tional Association of Purchasing Agents and Inform-a-Show will be lield May 23-26 anthracite burner, hitherto manufactured Operation of the Butler colliery of the a t St. Louis, Mo. As evidence of the in- by the John Wood Manufacturing Co. A P ittston Co., a t Dupont, Pa., has been tere~t and enthusiasm in this year’s get- new model anthracite stoker also is to be taken over by the Volpe Coal Co., of together prospective exhibitors had taken announced in the near futurę by Link-Belt, Pittston, a lease having been signed on all the available space within 24 hours to embody modern improvements with the March 31. The lessee plans to work the of the opening for reservations. same basie principles heretofore employed. mine with a fuli force of 800 men. This makes the fourth Pittston operation turned over to the Yolpe company, the others starting in 1934, being the Ńo. 6, a t Inker- More Bootleg Miners Quit Work New Kingston-Pocahontas Office man; Sibley, at Old Forge; and the Forest New ofliees for some of the management City colliery, at Forest City. ł1 ifteen liundred independent miners 011 April 2 haltcd deliveries to breakers han personnel have been established a t Blue- dling coal taken from abandoned shafts field, W. Va., in the P erry Building by and holes in Schuylkill and Northumber- tlie Kingston-Pocahontas Coal Co., which land counties, Pennsylyania, demanding h as large operations in Southern West Obituary Nofes higher prices. The free lancers voted to V irginia and eastern Kentucky. Among hołd out for 6*c. per cubic foot a t the those who will occupy the new ąuarters Kmvix F. S a x m a n , 72, president of the mines and S|c. delivered to the breakers, are: C. N. Scott, generał manager of w_axman Coal Coke Co., with operations as compared with the prevailing rates of mines, whose offices heretofore have bccn in Somerset County, Pennsylyania, and 5ł and 7c., respectively. P. J. Brennan, in New' York; J. S. Replogle, generał storę Nicholas County, West Virginia, died president of the Independent Miners’ Asso superintendent, of Ashland, Ky., and his April 5 at his home in Villanova, Pa. ciation of the two counties, said that un- assistant, E. M. Moore, also of Ashland. The son of coal operator, he founded the less the inereases were granted the free company bearing his name about 30 years lancers would lease breakers of their own ago. Trade Liłerature _ A l b e r t P . B u s h . vice-president and a director of the Alabama By-Products Cor More Fellowships Offered A u t o m a t i c C o n t r o l s —Mercoid Corpo poration, died April S at his home in Mo ration, Chicago (Catalog No. 200, 36 pp-> bile, Ala., after about a year of failing Four appointments as research asso- illustrated). Details characteristics and health. In collaboration with his brother! ciates at $1,800 per year are being made special features of Mercoid automatic Con the late Morris W. Bush, and the late available at Battelle Memoriał Institute trols for heating, air conditioning, refrig- Horace Hammond, he organized the Bir Columbus, Ohio. The appointments are eration and various types of industrial mingham Coke & By-Products Corpora open to graduates of any accredited col- applications. tion, which was later merged with the lcges or univ ersities, preference boin,r given Pratt Consolidated Coal Co. to form the C en t r if u g a l P u m p s —DeLaval Steam to tliose who have demonstrated marked Turbinę Co., Trenton, N. J. ( 16-pp. book- 104 COAL A G E — Vol.43, No.5 let, illustrated). Sliows the special features of single-stage and inulti-stage units for smali and large capacities and for all heads.

Coal-Cu t t in g E q u ip Mkn t — Goodman M anufacturing Co., Chicago. Hulletin ±fl£ AMAW£\ M-374 (12 pp.) describes the Type 824 traek-mounted slabber, a eombination top-, center- and bottom-eutting machinę with ttrik. (Mlljmilwą a roll-over head for inrcrting the cutter arm; the adjustment of the cutter ann for cutting lieight, and all tramming and psi(Mim. jjjkćAE. cutting movements are accomplished by power which is controlled by convenicntly placed levers. Bulletin M-375 (10 pp.) J^Ol/lMAAKUtiOn. features tlirce top- and center-cutting slabbing machines: Type 124, with staml- ard-lieight top and center cutter, and Ą AęxLC& Types 224 and 1124, with low-vein top and center cutters. Bulletin M-370 (12 pp.) xa hlgMy. prcsents the Type 724 gobber, designed e8peeially to cut out a band of rock, slate or other impurity from the seam, convey m ptń ioM k'.'.. it from the face and deposit into mine car or gob pile; a double cutter-arm arrangement permits the cutting of a kerf of any thickness up to 20 in.

C o n t r o l s — General Electric Co., Sche- nectady, N. Y. GEA-2473 (12 pp.) de EMIL DEISTER, SR. scribes pushbutton stations and other President Deisłer Machinę Co. CR2940 manuał electric units for use in the control cireuits of magnetie controllers. GEA-2728 covers Type AL-2 air- breaker equipments for low-voltage a.c. circuits. THE NEW DEISTER PLAT-O

D i e s e l -E l e c t r i c P o w e r U n i T s —Cater pillar Tractor Co., Peoria, III. (12-pp. COAL WASHING TABLE . .. booklet, illustrated). Cites a wide rangę of uses for these units with illustrations Cleans much larger tonnages, effecting a marked saving in łhe space showing actual installations and the type now required for fhis work. of work being done; also gives listed ratings of the eight sizes now available. New contour of fhe deck surface; new system cf riffling; more effective

D i r e c t -C u r r e n t M o t o r s — Fairbanks, differential acfion of the Plat-O Headmofion enable this table to handle Morse & Co., Chicago (8 pp., illustrated). much larger tonnages per unit of occupied floor space. Details the construction features of smali, intermcdiate and large motors with a variety of mechanical modifications for both high- and low-voltage operation de DJ j k V signed to meet a wide rangę of require- i ments. K 1

E l a s t i c S t o p N u t s —E lastic Stop Nut Corporation, Elizabeth, N. J. (48-pp. catalog, illustrated). Portrays the salient COAL WASHING characteristics of self-loeking nuts, giving a variety of applications under severe service conditions. TABLE

E n g i n e e r i n g S e r y t c e —Stuart, James & Cooke, Inc., New York City (20 pp.). To twenty-six years of constant ex- Gives a brief outline of industrial prin- perimentation and engineering de- ciples applied to mining which have proved velopment goes the credit for such AT THE SHOW of benefit to many mining companies. The subject matter is based on the re- an amaiing improvement in operating Plan now to invesłigate the efficiency. The Deister Machinę Com sults and observations of the firm and Plat-O Coal Washlng Table its associates accumulated over a quarter pany, specialists in the field sińce of a century by men experienced in serv- 1912, invites your inquiries with the at ice to the mining industry in this and firm conviction that under your own other countries. particular operating conditions an in- Booth 8 3 2 E y e P b o t e c t i v e E q t j ip m e n t — Mine stallation of one or more units will Safety Appliances Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. prove an extremely profitable invest- Con.ven.tion Floor (Bulletin CE-4, 8 pp., illustrated). Fully ment. describes and illustrates appliances for eve protection, including goggles, spectacles, lenses, helmets, etc., of every type and design used by workers in mining, wełding, construction, automotive, steel, DEISTER MACHINĘ COMPANY Petroleum, machinery, glass, quarry and 1533 i. WAYNE STREET % £ £ % £ £ ■ ■ ™ T " « ™ ! - IND“ HA other industrial fields. EMIL DEISTER, SR.. Pres. • I. F. DEISTER. V.Pres. • EMIL DEISTER. JR.. Secy-Treos. Monufocturers of PLAT-O Coal W ashing Tobles. PLAT-O Ore Concentroting Tables, Heavy Duły H e a v y D u T r P usiibuttons —Westing- PLAT-O Vibra»ing Screens. Deister Compound Funnel Classiłiers. house Electric & Mfg. Co., East Pitts-

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