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Insecta: Ephemeroptera) De La Cuenca Del Río Alvarado (Tolima, Colombia)

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Insecta: Ephemeroptera) De La Cuenca Del Río Alvarado (Tolima, Colombia) ASPECTOS ECOLÓGICOS DE LA FAMILIA LEPTOHYPHIDAE (INSECTA: EPHEMEROPTERA) DE LA CUENCA DEL RÍO ALVARADO (TOLIMA, COLOMBIA). DIANA MARCELA JIMENÉZ CAMPIÑO Trabajo de grado presentado como requisito parcial para optar al título de Biólogo Directora: M.Sc. GLADYS REINOSO FLÓREZ Docente Departamento de Biología Facultad de Ciencias Co-director: M.Sc. ADRIANA MARCELA FORERO UNIVERSIDAD DEL TOLIMA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BÁSICAS PROGRAMA DE BIOLOGÍA IBAGUÉ 2014 1 2 3 AGRADECIMIENTOS Le agradezco a Dios por culminar esta etapa tan importante de mi vida, a mi familia y a mis amigos por su compañía y por su apoyo en este proceso. A la profesora Gladys Reinoso Flórez, directora del Grupo de Investigación en Zoología, la cual me ayudó y brindó su colaboración y su gran experiencia en la realización de este proyecto. A Adriana Marcela Forero, por su asesoría y colaboración en este proyecto. A mis compañeros Leonardo Lozano y Edison Duarte, los cuales me asesoraron y acompañaron en el desarrollo de este trabajo. A mis compañeros y Equipo de trabajo GIZ, Diana Montoya, Gabriel Albornoz, Cristian Conde, Jonathan Gordillo, Andrea Tarquino, Tatiana Parra, Cristian Gaitán, Gustavo Pacheco. Al Comité Central de Investigaciones de la universidad del Tolima, por su aporte económico en la realización de este trabajo. 4 CONTENIDO INTRODUCCIÓN ....................................................................................................................... 12 1. OBJETIVOS ..................................................................................................................... 14 1.1 OBJETIVO GENERAL ............................................................................................... 14 1.2 OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS ..................................................................................... 14 2. MARCO REFERENCIAL ............................................................................................... 15 2.1 ANTECEDENTES ....................................................................................................... 15 2.2 MARCO TEÓRICO .......................................................................................................... 18 2.2.1 Ecosistemas acuáticos.………………………………………………………………...19 2.2.3 Macroinvertebrados acuáticos.………………………………………………………...19 2.2.4 Orden Ephemeroptera.…………………………………………………………………20 2.2.5 Familia Leptohyphidae………………………………………………………………….20 MATERIALES Y METODOS ........................................................................................ 24 3.1 DISEÑO METODOLÓGICO ............................................................................. 24 3.1.1 Área de estudio.…………………………………………………………………………24 3.1.2 Metodología de campo.………………………………………………………………...26 3.1.3 Metodología en Laboratorio.…………………………………………………………...26 3.1.4 Análisis de Datos.……………………………………………………………………….27 4 RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN ..................................................................................... 28 4.1 COMPOSICION GENERAL ....................................................................................... 28 4.2 DISTRIBUCIÓN TEMPORAL. ................................................................................... 29 5 4.3 DISTRIBUCIÓN ESPACIAL. ..................................................................................... 30 4.4 ABUNDANCIA POR MICROHABITAT. ................................................................... 33 4.5 ÍNDICES ECOLÓGICOS. .......................................................................................... 35 4.5.1 Diversidad en los distintos sustratos …………………………………….………….. 36 4.6 ANÁLISIS DE AGRUPAMIENTO BRAY CURTIS.................................................. 37 4.7 PRUEBA DE ORDENAMIENTO NMDS .................................................................. 39 4.8 VARIABLES FISICOQUÍMICAS. .............................................................................. 41 4.8.1 Variable fisicoquímica en el mes de septiembre.…………………………………...41 4.8.2 Variable fisicoquímica en el mes de diciembre.…………………………………….43 ANÁLISIS MULTIVARIADO....................................................................................... 45 5.1 Análisis de correspondencia canónica.…………………………………………………45 CONCLUSIONES ........................................................................................................... 47 RECOMENDACIONES ............................................................................................................. 48 BIBLIOGRAFÍA .......................................................................................................................... 49 LISTA DE TABLAS Tabla 1 Estaciones de muestreó en la cuenca del río Alvarado…………………………24 Tabla 2 Abundancias de los géneros de la familia Leptohyphidae………………………27 Tabla 3 Variables fisicoquímicas analizadas para la cuenca del río Alvarado septiembre 6 2012…………………………………………………………………………….......................40 Tabla 4 Variables fisicoquímicas analizadas para la cuenca del río Alvarado diciembre 2012..……………………………………………………………………………………………42 LISTA DE FIGURAS Figura 1 Mapa de la cuenca del río Alvarado-Tolima.…………………………………….24 Figura 2 Abundancias de la familia Leptohyphidae en nueve estaciones de muestreo en el río Alvarado. Septiembre-Diciembre 2012. .............................................................. ………………………………………………29 Figura 3 Abundancia espacial de la familia Leptohyphidae en 9 estaciones de muestreo en el río Alvarado. Septiembre-Diciembre 2012. ................................................................... …………………………………………..31 Figura 4 Abundancia por Microhábitat de la familia Leptohyphidae en 9 estaciones de muestreo en el río Alvarado. Septiembre-Diciembre 2012.……………………………….33 Figura 5 Índice de Shannon-Wiener - índice de riqueza de Margalef para los macroinvertebrados de la familia Leptohyphidae encontrados en las 9 estaciones de muestreo. Septiembre - Diciembre del 2012 en el río Alvarado.…………………………34 Figura 6 Diversidad de los distintos sustratos encontrados en las (9) estaciones de muestreo en el río Alvarado en septiembre y diciembre de 2012.……………………….35 Figura 7 Índice de similitud de Bray curtis para las 9 estaciones en la cuenca del río Alvarado en mes de septiembre y diciembre 2012.…………………………………….....36 Figura 8 basado en las abundancias en las especies de la familia Leptohyphidae registradas en dos muestreos. A) Ordenación a escala de muestreo, B) sustrato, C) estaciones.……………………………………………………..………………………………38 7 Figura 9 Diagrama de ordenación de ACC entre las variables fisicoquímicas y la fauna de Leptohyphidae en las estaciones muestreadas en la cuenca del río Alvarado (septiembre y diciembre 2012)……………………………………………………………….44 LISTA DE ANEXOS Anexo A Abreviaturas de estaciones de muestreo.……………………………………..61 Anexo B Abreviaturas de sustratos.………………………………………………………61 Anexo C Familia Leptohyphidae registrada en la cuenca del río Alvarado en septiembre y diciembre, 2012 .................... ……………………………………………………………………………...62 Anexo D Nombre piezas bucales para los géneros de la Familia Leptohyphidae.…….64 Anexo E Micropreparado con glicerina del género Leptohyphes…………..……..…......64 Anexo F Micropreparado con glicerina de piezas bucales del género Leptohyphes. …………………………………………………………………………………………………...65 Anexo G Micropreparado con glicerina del género Tricorythodes .……………………..66 Anexo H Micropreparado con glicerina de piezas bucales del género Tricorythodes. …………………………………………………………………………………………………...67 Anexo I Micropreparado con glicerina del género Vacupernius…………………………68 8 Anexo J Micropreparado con glicerina del género Vacupernius.………………………..69 RESUMEN Los macroinvertebrados acuáticos han sido ampliamente utilizados como bioindicadores de la calidad de agua debido a su sensibilidad a la contaminación y a las alteraciones de su hábitat. Con base a lo anterior, se desarrolló el presente estudio orientado a determinar las posibles relaciones entre la fauna de efemerópteros (Leptohyphidae) y la calidad del agua en diferentes tramos en la cuenca del río Alvarado. Se evaluó la estructura de la comunidad de Leptohyphidae asociada a diferentes sustratos (roca, hojarasca, arena, grava), en diferentes niveles altitudinales de los (1057m a 551m).Se desarrollaron dos muestreos durante dos períodos climáticos contrastantes, en altas (diciembre) y bajas lluvias (septiembre) en nueve estaciones de muestreo (5 a lo largo del río Alvarado y 4 en quebradas tributarias de esta cuenca). Paralelo a la colecta del material biológico se tomaron muestras de agua para la evaluación in situ y ex situ de fosfatos, turbidez, entre otras variables fisicoquímicas. Se recolectaron 1275 organismos de la familia Leptohyphidae distribuidos en 3 géneros, de los cuales, Tricorythodes presentó la mayor abundancia relativa (47,37%), seguido de Leptohyphes (46,12%) y de Vacupernius (6,51%). A nivel temporal la diversidad y riqueza mostraron variabilidad relacionada con los parámetros ambientales y la precipitación presentada para esos meses de muestreo. Con relación a los sustratos se encontró que grava y hojarasca fueron los que presentaron mayor abundancia de organismos en las dos épocas de muestreo, y la afinidad de estos géneros por estos hábitats fue determinante para la distribución de éstos en toda la cuenca. Los resultados de los análisis fisicoquímicos evidenciaron un nivel de mineralización en algunos tramos de la cuenca. La familia Leptohyphidae se relaciona con variables que indican intervención antrópica como son la demanda bioquímica de oxígeno (DBO) y coliformes totales.
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