Human Anatomy - Wikipedia

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Human Anatomy - Wikipedia Outline of human anatomy - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_human_anatomy From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to human anatomy: Human anatomy – scientific study of the morphology of the adult human. It is subdivided into gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy. Gross anatomy (also called topographical anatomy, regional anatomy, or anthropotomy) is the study of anatomical structures that can be seen by unaided vision. Microscopic anatomy is the study of minute anatomical structures assisted with microscopes, and includes histology (the study of the organization of tissues), and cytology (the study of cells). 1 Essence of human anatomy 2 Branches of human anatomy 3 Anatomy of the human body 3.1 General anatomy 3.2 Bones 3.3 Joints 3.4 Muscles 3.5 Alimentary system 3.6 Respiratory system 3.7 Thoracic cavity 3.8 Urinary system 3.9 Genital systems 3.10 Abdominopelvic cavity 3.11 Endocrine glands The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp, by Rembrandt; depicts an 3.12 Cardiovascular system anatomy demonstration using a cadaver. 3.13 Lymphoid system 3.14 Nervous system 3.15 Sense organs 3.16 The integument 4 History of human anatomy 5 Organizations 6 Anatomists 7 See also 8 External links Main article: Human anatomy Human body 1 of 43 1/7/2017 11:26 AM Outline of human anatomy - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_human_anatomy Gross anatomy Microscopic anatomy Cytology Histology The following list of human anatomical structures is based on the Terminologia Anatomica, the international standard for anatomical nomenclature. While the order is standardized, the hierarchical relationships in the TA are somewhat vague, and thus are open to interpretation. General anatomy Parts of human body Head Ear Face Leonardo da Vinci's Vitruvian Man (1492) Eye Cheek Nose Mouth Chin Neck Trunk Thorax Abdomen Pelvis Back Upper limb Pectoral girdle Axilla Arm Elbow Forearm Hand Lower limb Pelvic girdle Buttocks Hip Thigh Knee Leg 2 of 43 1/7/2017 11:26 AM Outline of human anatomy - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_human_anatomy Foot Cavities Cranial cavity Spinal cavity Thoracic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity Planes, lines, and regions Regions of head Regions of neck Anterior and lateral thoracic regions Abdominal regions Regions of back Perineal regions Regions of upper limb Regions of lower limb Bones General terms Bony part Cortical bone Compact bone Spongy bone Cartilaginous part Membranous part Periosteum Perichondrium Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton Long bone Short bone Flat bone Irregular bone Pneumatized bone Sesamoid bone Diaphysis Epiphysis Epiphysial plate (Growth plate) Metaphysis Apophysis Tuber Tubercle Tuberosity Eminence 3 of 43 1/7/2017 11:26 AM Outline of human anatomy - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_human_anatomy Process Condyle Epicondyle Fossa Medullary cavity Endosteum Yellow bone marrow Red bone marrow Nutrient foramen Nutrient canal Ossification center Cranium Neurocranium Viscerocranium Cranial cavity Forehead Occiput Nasion Bregma Lambda Inion Pterion Asterion Gonion Temporal fossa Zygomatic arch Infratemporal fossa Pterygopalatine fossa Pterygomaxillary fissure Fontanelles Anterior fontanelle Posterior fontanelle Sphenoidal fontanelle Mastoid fontanelle Calvaria Vertex Front view of an adult human skeleton Diploe Cranial base Internal surface of cranial base Petrosphenoidal fissure Petro-occipital fissure Anterior cranial fossa Middle cranial fossa Posterior cranial fossa Clivus External surface of cranial base Jugular foramen 4 of 43 1/7/2017 11:26 AM Outline of human anatomy - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_human_anatomy Foramen lacerum Bony palate Greater palatine canal Greater palatine foramen Lesser palatine foramina Incisive fossa Incisive canals Incisive foramina Orbit Orbital cavity Medial wall Anterior ethmoidal foramen Posterior ethmoidal foramen Superior orbital fissure Inferior orbital fissure Nasolacrimal canal Bony nasal cavity Piriform aperture Superior nasal meatus Middle nasal meatus Inferior nasal meatus Spheno-ethmoidal recess Choana Sphenopalatine foramen Bones of cranium Parietal bone Frontal bone Squamous part External surface Glabella Frontal suture Supra-orbital margin Supra- Rear view of an adult human skeleton orbital notch (Supra-orbital foramen) Internal surface Foramen cecum Frontal sinus Occipital bone Foramen magnum Occipital condyle Condylar canal Hypoglossal canal Condylar fossa 5 of 43 1/7/2017 11:26 AM Outline of human anatomy - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_human_anatomy Jugular tubercle Jugular notch Jugular process External occipital protuberance Superior nuchal line Inferior nuchal line Internal occipital protuberance Sphenoid Body Sella turcica Tuberculum sellae Hypophysial fossa Dorsum sellae Posterior clinoid process Sphenoidal sinus Lesser wing Optic canal Anterior clinoid process Superior orbital fissure Greater wing Foramen rotundum Foramen ovale Sphenoidal emissary foramen Foramen spinosum Foramen petrosum Pterygoid process Pterygoid notch Pterygoid fossa Scaphoid fossa Pterygoid hamulus Pterygoid canal Temporal bone Petrous part Mastoid process Occipital groove Mastoid foramen Facial canal Inferior surface of petrous part Styloid process Stylomastoid foramen Tympanic cavity Mandibular fossa Articular tubercle Petrotympanic fissure Petrosquamous fissure Ethmoid Cribriform plate 6 of 43 1/7/2017 11:26 AM Outline of human anatomy - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_human_anatomy Cribriform foramina Crista galli Ethmoidal labyrinth Ethmoidal bulla Inferior nasal concha Lacrimal bone Nasal bone Vomer Maxilla Body of maxilla Orbital surface Infra-orbital canal Infra-orbital groove Anterior surface Infra-orbital foramen Maxillary sinus Palatine process Incisive canals Alveolar process Dental alveoli Incisive foramina Palatine bone Zygomatic bone Zygomatico-orbital foramen Zygomaticofacial foramen Zygomaticotemporal foramen Mandible Body of mandible Mental protuberance Mental tubercle Mental foramen Oblique line Superior mental spine Inferior mental spine Mylohyoid line Sublingual fossa Submandibular fossa Alveolar part Dental alveoli Ramus of mandible Angle of mandible Mandibular foramen Mandibular canal Mylohyoid groove Coronoid process Mandibular notch Condylar process 7 of 43 1/7/2017 11:26 AM Outline of human anatomy - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_human_anatomy Pterygoid fovea Hyoid bone (Auditory ossicles - see sense organs) Vertebral column Vertebral canal Vertebra (this category contains parts of a vertebra) Vertebral body Vertebral arch Pedicle Lamina Intervertebral foramen Superior vertebral notch Inferior vertebral notch Vertebral foramen Spinous process Transverse process Cervical vertebrae Uncus of body Foramen transversarium Carotid tubercle Atlas (anatomy) Axis (anatomy) Dens Vertebra prominens (C7) Thoracic vertebrae Lumbar vertebrae Sacrum Dorsal surface Sacral cornu Sacral canal Sacral hiatus Coccyx Thoracic skeleton Ribs True ribs False ribs Floating ribs Costal cartilage Rib Body Costal groove Cervical rib First rib Scalene tubercle Lumbar rib Sternum Manubrium of sternum 8 of 43 1/7/2017 11:26 AM Outline of human anatomy - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_human_anatomy Clavicular notch Jugular notch Sternal angle Xiphoid process Thoracic cage Thoracic cavity Superior thoracic aperture (thoracic inlet) Inferior thoracic aperture Intercostal space Infrasternal angle Bones of upper limb Pectoral girdle Scapula Acromion Superior border Suprascapular notch Glenoid cavity Supraglenoid tubercle Infraglenoid tubercle Coracoid process Clavicle Acromial end Tuberosity for coracoclavicular ligament Conoid tubercle Trapezoid line Free part of upper limb Humerus Greater tubercle Lesser tubercle Intertubercular sulcus Shaft of humerus Posterior surface Radial groove Deltoid tuberosity Condyle of humerus Capitulum Trochlea Olecranon fossa Coronoid fossa Radial fossa Medial epicondyle Lateral epicondyle Radius Radial styloid process Ulna Olecranon Coronoid process 9 of 43 1/7/2017 11:26 AM Outline of human anatomy - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_human_anatomy Head Ulnar styloid process Bones of hand Carpal bones Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrum Pisiform Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Hamate Metacarpals Phalanges (hand) Sesamoid bones (hand) Bones of lower limb Pelvic girdle [Sacrum - see vertebrae section] Hip bone Acetabulum Obturator foramen Greater sciatic notch Ilium Arcuate line Iliac crest Anterior superior iliac spine Anterior inferior iliac spine Posterior superior iliac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine Ischium Lesser sciatic notch Pubis Body Pubic tubercle Superior pubic ramus Pecten pubis Pelvis (category contains general terms) Pelvic cavity Pubic arch Subpubic angle Greater pelvis Lesser pelvis Linea terminalis Pelvic inlet Pelvic outlet Free part of lower limb Femur 10 of 43 1/7/2017 11:26 AM Outline of human anatomy - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_human_anatomy Greater trochanter Lesser trochanter Intertrochanteric line Intertrochanteric crest Shaft of femur Linea aspera Pectineal line Intercondylar fossa Patella Tibia Medial malleolus Fibula Lateral malleolus Bones of foot Tarsal bones Talus Calcaneus Sustentaculum tali Navicular Medial cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform Lateral cuneiform Cuboid Metatarsals Phalanges (foot) Sesamoid bones (foot) Joints General
Recommended publications
  • A Topographical Study of Nutrient Foramen in Dry Human Long Bones of the Superior Extremity
    Original Article ERA’S JOURNAL OF MEDICAL RESEARCH VOL.6 NO.2 A TOPOGRAPHICAL STUDY OF NUTRIENT FORAMEN IN DRY HUMAN LONG BONES OF THE SUPERIOR EXTREMITY Anand kumar Mishra, Sonia Jaiswal, R.K Verma, Gyanprakash Mishra, Navneet Kumar Department of Anatomy Autonomous State Medical College, Basti, U.P., India-272002 Received on : 23-10-2019 Accepted on : 11-11-2019 ABSTRACT Address for correspondence Nutrient artery is the principal source of nutrition to the long bones and a sound knowledge of its topography will help surgeons and oncologists in Dr. Sonia Jaiswal certain operative procedures to preserve the circulation. The aim of our Department of Anatomy study was to determine the direction and position of nutrient foramina Era’s Lucknow Medical College & with help of foramen index. The study was conducted in total 114 long Hospital, Lucknow-226003 bones of arm and forearm and the material collected for our study was Email: [email protected] from the department of Anatomy, ELMC&H, Lucknow and Department Contact no: +91-9839020777 of Anatomy, King George's Medical University, Lucknow. Deformed and Damaged bones or bones with callus formation were excluded from the study. Direction of nutrient foramen was observed in all humerus (38 bones) downward. In case of radius (38 bones) and ulna (38 bones) the direction was found towards the upper end. In our study 92.10% humerus bones show the location of nutrient foramen in anteromedial surface. The anatomical data collected from this study elucidates the importance of nutrient arteries in microvascular bone transfer since it has become a very popular procedure.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comprehensive Study of Nutrient Foramina in Human Lower Limb Long Bones of Indian Population in Rajasthan State
    Galore International Journal of Health Sciences and Research Vol.3; Issue: 3; July-Sept. 2018 Website: www.gijhsr.com Original Research Article P-ISSN: 2456-9321 A Comprehensive Study of Nutrient Foramina in Human Lower Limb Long Bones of Indian Population in Rajasthan State Puneet Joshi1, Sakshi Mathur2 1,2 Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Anatomy, S.M.S. Medical College, Jaipur Corresponding Author: Puneet Joshi ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Nutrient foramen is an opening into Introduction: Nutrient foramen is a natural the bone shaft which gives passage to the opening into the shaft of a bone, allowing for blood vessels of the medullary cavity of a passage of blood vessels into the medullary bone, for its nourishment and growth. [11] cavity. This supply is essential during the The role of nutrient foramen in nutrition and growing period, during the early phases of growth of the bones is evident from term ossification, and in procedures such as bone [4] grafts, tumor resections, traumas, congenital “Nutrient” itself. pseudoarthrosis, and in transplant techniques in Nutrient foramen was derived from orthopedics. those that took part in the initial invasion of This study aims to determine the number, the ossifying cartilage, so that the nutrient location and direction of nutrient foramina in foramen was at the site of original centre of human lower limb long bones of Indian ossification. The external opening of population in Rajasthan state. nutrient canal, usually referred to as the Material and Method: The present study was nutrient foramen, has a particular position conducted on 150 lower limb long bones and the canal has a certain direction, const (50femorii, 50 tibiae and 50 fibulae).
    [Show full text]
  • Using Nutrient Foramina to Differentiate Human from Non-Human Long Bone Fragments in Bioarchaeology and Forensic Anthropology
    Using nutrient foramina to differentiate human from non-human long bone fragments in bioarchaeology and forensic anthropology Brigida Corrieria and Nicholas Márquez-Granta* Cranfield Forensic Institute, Cranfield University, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Shrivenham SN6 8LA, United Kingdom Abbreviated title: Human/nonhuman bone differentiation using nutrient foramina Corresponding author: Nicholas Márquez-Grant, PhD, [email protected], tel. +44 (0) 1793 314466 ABSTRACT Long bone shaft fragments can be found isolated in archaeological and forensic contexts, such as in mass fatality incidents. When diagnostic morphological landmarks are not visible, the assessment of a human or non-human origin of a bone fragment can be challenging. Further methods need to be developed. In long bones, the presence of a nutrient foramen on fragments that do not show any diagnostic landmarks can make the assessment of the origin of the bone still possible. In this paper, human long bones were compared to those of the following species: chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus), duck (Cairina moschata), sheep (Ovis aries), pig (Sus scrofa domesticus), and deer (fallow deer, Dama dama, and roe deer, Capreolus capreolus). Macroscopic evaluation of location, direction and appearance, and micro-CT scanning in order to measure angle and shape of canal entrance, were applied in this study to differentiate human from non-human nutrient foramina on long bone shafts. Observations regarding the location and direction of nutrient foramina were proven to be different between human and non-human bones; however, these two features might not be exploitable in cases of highly fragmented bones. The foramina appearance was the most reliable for the origin identification, although the shape of the canal entrance and its angle at the cortical bone, obtained 1 from micro-CT scans, were also useful parameters.
    [Show full text]
  • Ta2, Part Iii
    TERMINOLOGIA ANATOMICA Second Edition (2.06) International Anatomical Terminology FIPAT The Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology A programme of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA) TA2, PART III Contents: Systemata visceralia Visceral systems Caput V: Systema digestorium Chapter 5: Digestive system Caput VI: Systema respiratorium Chapter 6: Respiratory system Caput VII: Cavitas thoracis Chapter 7: Thoracic cavity Caput VIII: Systema urinarium Chapter 8: Urinary system Caput IX: Systemata genitalia Chapter 9: Genital systems Caput X: Cavitas abdominopelvica Chapter 10: Abdominopelvic cavity Bibliographic Reference Citation: FIPAT. Terminologia Anatomica. 2nd ed. FIPAT.library.dal.ca. Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology, 2019 Published pending approval by the General Assembly at the next Congress of IFAA (2019) Creative Commons License: The publication of Terminologia Anatomica is under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) license The individual terms in this terminology are within the public domain. Statements about terms being part of this international standard terminology should use the above bibliographic reference to cite this terminology. The unaltered PDF files of this terminology may be freely copied and distributed by users. IFAA member societies are authorized to publish translations of this terminology. Authors of other works that might be considered derivative should write to the Chair of FIPAT for permission to publish a derivative work. Caput V: SYSTEMA DIGESTORIUM Chapter 5: DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Latin term Latin synonym UK English US English English synonym Other 2772 Systemata visceralia Visceral systems Visceral systems Splanchnologia 2773 Systema digestorium Systema alimentarium Digestive system Digestive system Alimentary system Apparatus digestorius; Gastrointestinal system 2774 Stoma Ostium orale; Os Mouth Mouth 2775 Labia oris Lips Lips See Anatomia generalis (Ch.
    [Show full text]
  • An Osteological Study of Nutrient Foramina in Radius and Ulna with Its Embryological and Clinical Significance
    International Journal of Anatomy and Research, Int J Anat Res 2017, Vol 5(2.3):3891-95. ISSN 2321-4287 Original Research Article DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2017.197 AN OSTEOLOGICAL STUDY OF NUTRIENT FORAMINA IN RADIUS AND ULNA WITH ITS EMBRYOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Spatika Ashwini 1, Prathap Kumar.J *2, Shailaja Shetty 3. 1 Intern, Ramaiah Medical College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. *2 Assistant Professor, Department of Anatomy, Ramaiah Medical College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. 3 Professor & HOD, Department of Anatomy, Ramaiah Medical College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. ABSTRACT Background: The knowledge of variations of the position nutrient foramina and hence nutrient arteries is important for the orthopedicians and radiologists for various procedures. The incidence of normal position of nutrient foramina and nutrient artery in the shaft of long bone is 99%. Aims and Objectives: Nutrient artery provides the main source of blood supply to the long bones in the human body. The nutrient artery enters the shaft of the long bones, through a foramen termed ‘nutrient foramen’. The nutrient artery passing through the nutrient foramen plays a pivotal role in the growth and development of the long bones. The presence, position, number, direction and distances from the various landmarks on the bone have clinical significance. The present study was done on the radius and ulna of South Indian population to know the number, position of nutrient foramina and to discuss the embryological basis and clinical significance of the variations. Materials and Methods: The present study consists of forearm bones: 69 radii and 84 ulnae which were taken from Department of Anatomy, Ramaiah Medical College, Bangalore, India and studied keenly for the number, position, direction and distance of nutrient foramina in relation to length and from the proximal epiphysis of the long bones were noted with osteometric board and digital vernier calipers and also the direction of nutrient foramina were noted with a probe.
    [Show full text]
  • FIPAT-TA2-Part-2.Pdf
    TERMINOLOGIA ANATOMICA Second Edition (2.06) International Anatomical Terminology FIPAT The Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology A programme of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA) TA2, PART II Contents: Systemata musculoskeletalia Musculoskeletal systems Caput II: Ossa Chapter 2: Bones Caput III: Juncturae Chapter 3: Joints Caput IV: Systema musculare Chapter 4: Muscular system Bibliographic Reference Citation: FIPAT. Terminologia Anatomica. 2nd ed. FIPAT.library.dal.ca. Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology, 2019 Published pending approval by the General Assembly at the next Congress of IFAA (2019) Creative Commons License: The publication of Terminologia Anatomica is under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) license The individual terms in this terminology are within the public domain. Statements about terms being part of this international standard terminology should use the above bibliographic reference to cite this terminology. The unaltered PDF files of this terminology may be freely copied and distributed by users. IFAA member societies are authorized to publish translations of this terminology. Authors of other works that might be considered derivative should write to the Chair of FIPAT for permission to publish a derivative work. Caput II: OSSA Chapter 2: BONES Latin term Latin synonym UK English US English English synonym Other 351 Systemata Musculoskeletal Musculoskeletal musculoskeletalia systems systems
    [Show full text]
  • 3. Abdominal Visceral Procedures
    BWH ANATOMICAL BASIS OF SURGERY COURSE 3. ABDOMINAL VISCERAL PROCEDURES CONTENTS 1. EXPLORATORY LAPAROTOMY, LYSIS OF ADHESIONS (LOA) ................................................................... 15 2. SMALL BOWEL RESECTION ...................................................................................................................... 29 3. COLON MOBILIZATION AND RESECTION ................................................................................................ 33 4. LEFT VISCERAL MEDIAL ROTATION (MATTOX MANEUVER) .................................................................. 25 5. OPEN CHOLECYSTECTOMY ...................................................................................................................... 39 6. MOBILIZATION OF THE LIVER .................................................................................................................. 45 7. LIVER “WEDGE” RESECTION (PARTIAL HEPATECTOMY, NONANATOMIC) ........................................... 47 8. HEPATECTOMY, ANATOMIC .................................................................................................................... 49 9. PANCREATIC AND SPLENIC RESECTIONS ................................................................................................ 57 10. OPEN SPLENECTOMY ............................................................................................................................... 75 11. OPEN NEPHRECTOMY .............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • A Study on the Anatomical Variations in Diaphyseal Nutrient Foramina of IJCRR Section: Healthcare Sci
    International Journal of Current Research and Review Research Article DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.31782/IJCRR.2019.11154 A Study on the Anatomical Variations in Diaphyseal Nutrient Foramina of IJCRR Section: Healthcare Sci. Journal Impact Humerus and its Clinical Implications Factor: 5.385 (2017) ICV: 71.54 (2015) Chintala Durga Sukumar Associate Professor, Department of Anatomy, Nimra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ibrahimpatnam, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India. ABSTRACT Aim: The study is aimed to determine number, location and direction of nutrient foramen, to assess whether nutrient foramen obeys rule of ossification, that is directed away from the growing end of the bone or not. Methodology: The study constituted n = 122 (68 right, 54 left) humeri collected from the Department of Anatomy, Nimra Insti- tute of Medical Sciences, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India. All the measurements were taken using standard anthropometric techniques. Results: Number, direction and location of nutrient foramen in relation with surfaces and zones of humeri were determined. Majority 79.51% of the humeri had single nutrient foramen, 13.93% double, 3.28% triple, whereas 3.28% humeri no nutrient foramina. Majority 85.24% of the nutrient foramina were located on antero-medial surface, followed by 10.65% on posterior surface and 6.56% on anterolateral surface of shaft of the humerus. In majority 85.24% of bones foramina were present in zone II, followed by zone I (9.02%), then zone III (5.74%). All foramina were found to be directed towards the lower end of humeri. Conclusion: The results confirm that the knowledge of the number and position of the nutrient foramina in humerus would be very useful in providing clinical information in preventing intra-operative injury of nutrient artery during orthopedic surgeries and will be relevant as reference for surgical procedures.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study on Variations of Nutrient Foramen of Humerus in Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India, and Its Clinical Relevance
    Jemds.com Original Research Article A Study on Variations of Nutrient Foramen of Humerus in Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India, and Its Clinical Relevance Govula Subramanyam1, Kategari Chittinarasamma2, Chaluvadi Jayamma3, R. Somasekhar4 1, 2, 3, 4 Department of Anatomy, Kurnool Medical College, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India. ABSTRACT BACKGROUND Nutrient foramen of humerus is an opening in the shaft of humerus which conducts Corresponding Author: nutrient vessels for medullary cavity. Major source of blood supply to long bone is the Dr. K. Chittinarasamma, MS Professor and Head of the Department, nutrient artery. Knowledge regarding nutrient foramen is important for orthopaedic Department of Anatomy Kurnool Medical surgeons while doing any procedure on humerus like bone grafting, plating and also College, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India. plays an important role in fracture healing. We wanted to determine the location, E-mail: [email protected] number, and direction of nutrient foramen of humerus. DOI: 10.14260/jemds/2021/366 METHODS The observational study was conducted on 72 adult humeri (36 of right side and 36 How to Cite This Article: of left side) collected from Department of Anatomy, Kurnool Medical College, Subramanyam G, Chittinarasamma K, Jayamma C, et al. A study on variations of Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh from 15th September to 31st October 2020. Each humerus nutrient foramen of humerus in Kurnool, was observed for location, number, and direction of nutrient foramen in relation Andhra Pradesh, India, and Its clinical with surface, border and zone. relevance. J Evolution Med Dent Sci 2021;10(23):1772-1776, DOI: RESULTS 10.14260/jemds/2021/366 In the present study it has been observed that 61 % of humeri had a single foramen, 31 % had two foramina and 8 % had 3 foramina.
    [Show full text]
  • Original Article Morphological Variations of Nutrient Foramina in Lower Limb Long Bones Sharma M1, Prashar R2, Sharma T3 Wadhwa A4, Kaur J5
    Shrrma et al: Nutrient foramina variations Original Article Morphological variations of nutrient foramina in lower limb long bones Sharma M1, Prashar R2, Sharma T3 Wadhwa A4, Kaur J5 ABSTRACT 1Dr Mamta Sharma MS, Associate Professor Background: The major blood supply to long bone is from the nutrient 2 Dr Rajeev Prashar arteries, which enter through nutrient foramina. Nutrient foramen is an MS, PCMS, Dep. of Surgery Civil Hospital Kapurthala, Punjab, opening into the bone shaft which give passage to the blood vessels of India the medullary cavity of a bone The direction of the nutrient foramen of all [email protected] bones is away from growing end and has a particular position for each 3 Dr Tripta Sharma bone. MS, Professor [email protected] Objective: The aim of the present study was to study the topographic 4Dr Ambica Wadhwa anatomy and morphology of the nutrient foramina in human adult lower MS, Professor limb long bones. [email protected] Material and Method: The study was performed on 150 lower limb long 5Dr Jasveen Kaur MS, Assistant Professor bones which included 50 femora, 50 tibiae and 50 fibulae. The bones [email protected] were obtained from department of anatomy, Punjab Institute of Medical 1,3,4,5Department of Anatomy Sciences, Jalandhar. Punjab Institute of Medical Results: The variations were found in number and location of nutrient Sciences Jalandhar, Punjab, India foramen in different lower limb long bones. In femur double and triple foramina were observed. Absence of nutrient foramen was observed in Received: 09-03-2014 femur and fibula. Revised: 04-04-2015 Conclusion: The topographical knowledge of these foramina is useful in Accepted: 20-04-2015 certain operative procedures, in orthopedics as well as in plastic and Correspondence to: reconstructive surgery, to avoid damage to the nutrient vessels.
    [Show full text]
  • Thoracoabdominal Radical Nephrectomy: 1 Splenic and Liver Injury
    THORACOABDOMINAL RADICAL NEPHRECTOMY: 1 SPLENIC AND LIVER INJURY LATERAL POSITION AND FLANK nal vein and the renal artery lies INCISION posterior and inferior to the renal FIG. 1-1. The lateral positioning vein, there have been reports of of the flank incision provides the experienced surgeons ligating and easiest access to the kidney in the dividing the superior mesenteric retroperitoneum. However, if a artery, mistaking it for the left re- large left hilar or upper pole renal nal artery, during a left radical mass exists, the surgeon may find nephrectomy.1,2 that the orientation of the midline In addition to the confusion of vasculature is obscured when the vascular orientation in large renal patient is in the lateral position. tumors, dissection of the renal Although the superior mesen- hilum for good vascular control is teric artery lies superior to the re- difficult. Flank Position Orientation of Vasculature in Flank Position Easy access Left Left from flank incision renal renal artery vein Superior mesenteric artery Aorta Vena Kidney cava Right Right renal renal artery vein 1-1 Peritoneum 1 2 Critical Operative Maneuvers in Urologic Surgery Supine Position SUPINE POSITION AND MIDLINE Specifically, for large left-sided INCISION tumors, a more exaggerated me- FIG. 1-2. The supine position with dial reflection of the left colon and a midline incision provides good transverse colon helps the sur- exposure and orientation of the geon to identify the superior mes- midline great vessels and major enteric artery from the renal branches. However, if the incision pedicle. The surgeon frees the pos- is not carried up to the xiphoid terior parietal peritoneum along process or higher, resection of the line of Toldt from the sigmoid Orientation of Vasculature large medial or superior pole re- colon all the way around the in Supine Position nal masses may be difficult.
    [Show full text]
  • A Morphological Study of Nutrient Foramina of Human Ulna and Their Clinical Importance
    International Journal of Research and Review www.ijrrjournal.com E-ISSN: 2349-9788; P-ISSN: 2454-2237 Original Research Article A Morphological Study of Nutrient Foramina of Human Ulna and Their Clinical Importance Dr. Dasari Chandi Priya1, Dr. Jakka Lakshmi Durga2, Dr. Mrudula Chandrupatla3 1Assistant Professor, Department of Anatomy, Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India, 500090. 2Assistant Professor, Department of Anatomy, Siddhartha Medical college, Vijayawada, India, Andhra Pradesh, India, 520008. 3Professor and HOD, Department of Anatomy, Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India, 500090 Corresponding Author: Dr. Jakka Lakshmi Durga ABSTRACT Background: Major part of a long bone derives nutrition from nutrient arteries, which pass through nutrient foramina seen on shaft of a long bone. Therefore, data regarding distribution of nutrient foramina is crucial to obtain a vascularized bone graft and to avoid damaging blood supply of a bone. Present study focuses on morphological details of nutrient foramina of ulna in South Indian population. Material and Methods: Present study was conducted on 200 dry, adult ulnae bones, irrespective of age and sex. Bones were obtained from department of Anatomy, Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Hyderabad. Laterality of bones was determined. Location and number of nutrient foramina on diaphysis was noted. Total length of the bone and distance of nutrient foramina from proximal end of bone were recorded. Foraminal index of all bones was calculated using Hughes formula. Statistical analysis of data was done applying descriptive statistics. Results: All bones had at least one nutrient foramen, directed to the proximal end of bone.
    [Show full text]