Women in Aviation Volume Two

Home , Buzz Aldrin, Charlie Hillard, Dick Rutan, Eileen Collins, Harmon Trophy, Jeana Yeager

WOMEN IN AVIATION VOLUME TWO

PRODUCED BY THE CIVIL AIR PATROL AEROSPACE EDUCATION DIRECTORATE

WOMEN IN AVIATION

VOLUME TWO

Project Manager National Standards Randy Carlson Sue Mercer

Project Editor Careers in Aviation Ginny Smith Susan Mallett

Editor Layout and Design Susan Mallett Kevin Van Hyning

Activities Editor Shayla Broadway CONTENTS

NASA Pictured, the first six women accepted into NASA’s astronaut program. INTRODUCTION

“We knew our performance would have a big influence on the prospects of the women who would come after us.” “ — Kathryn Sullivan ON THE FIRST SIX WOMEN TO BE SELECTED FOR A U.S. ASTRONAUT CLASS he purpose of Women in Aviation Volume II is to influence” on the prospects of the women who would come after provide both an introduction to and an awareness of us.” T the contributions women have made to the aviation Sullivan said she encountered what she called a “you’re and space fields since the early 1970s. This booklet is an ruining my clubhouse” kind of attitude from the men in the extension of Women in Aviation Volume I, which highlighted the male-dominated fields in which she thrived. Sally Ride, the contributions women have made in aviation and space fields first U.S. woman in space, was asked offensive questions by since the beginning of the 20th century. the reporters covering her historic space flight. Katherine Like the earliest women aviators who came before them, Johnson, an African-American mathematician for the space women have continued to break barriers since the 1970s, including the first woman to become a permanent pilot on a program, worked in a segregated office in the 1960s. These are U.S. passenger airline, the first woman Space Shuttle pilot, and just a few of the amazing women featured in this booklet. the first woman Space Shuttle commander. These women and Their stories are different, and their lives are separated by many others are featured in this booklet. distance and decades; but many have common threads of who The scope of their influence moved to the newest frontiers and what inspired them. Civil Air Patrol’s Aerospace Education of space. They flew on planes that reached thousands of feet. team hopes the youth, and especially young women – and They flew on spacecraft that reached hundreds of miles. And anyone who has ever been told he or she can’t achieve success they helped launch a space telescope that reached even farther – will become interested in science, technology, engineering, distances, continuing to provide views of space never before and mathematic (STEM) subjects that will open doors to career seen. opportunities in the aviation and space realm. Learners will see that accomplishing their dreams did not The women in the book were inspired by each other. And come easily for these women. all can be inspirations to the next generation of engineers, Three of the book’s subjects were part of the first set of women admitted into NASA’s astronaut program. astronauts, pilots, mathematicians, and STEM professionals. “All six of us in that first batch of women felt a self-imposed The book provides historical stories, along with air and space pressure,” Kathryn Sullivan told Time Magazine. “One of craft model building, a precursor to aeronautical engineering. us would be the first to fly, another would be the first to do There are also additional resources to help bring these stories a spacewalk – which only a small group of the Astronaut to life for youth in squadrons and classrooms. Corps gets to do. We knew our performance would have a big Discover their stories. Discover the possibilities.

Before beginning these activities, instructors should provide a thorough safety briefing. The Tips section provides safety reminders for building the activity airplanes, spacecraft and satellites.

— PAGE 1 — CONTENTS

NATIONAL ACADEMIC STANDARDS 3

CAREER ALIGNMENT 5

SAFETY TIPS 7

TECHNIQUES 9

CHAPTER 1 EMILY WARNER 13

CHAPTER 2 KATHERINE JOHNSON 25

CHAPTER 3 DEANNA BRASSEUR 39

CHAPTER 4 JEANA YEAGER 47

CHAPTER 5 PATTY WAGSTAFF 53

CHAPTER 6 SHEILA WIDNALL 59

CHAPTER 7 EILEEN COLLINS 69

CHAPTER 8 MAE JEMISON 77

CHAPTER 9 RHEA SEDDON 87

CHAPTER 10 SALLY RIDE 95

CHAPTER 11 KATHRYN SULLIVAN 103

CHAPTER 12 MARTA BOHN-MEYER 119

CHAPTER 13 NICOLE MALACHOWSKI 127 Before beginning these activities, instructors should provide a thorough safety briefing. The Tips section provides safety reminders for building the activity airplanes, spacecraft and satellites.

— PAGE 1 — — PAGE 2 — STANDARDS ELA/LITERACY SCIENCE Forces andInteractions MS-PS1 Motion andStability: WHST.6-8.7 RST.6-8.3 RST.6-8.1 MSPS2-5 MSPS2-4 MS-PS2-3 MS-PS2-2 MS-PS2-1 6.SP.B.4 MATHEMATICS MS-PS1 Matter andItsInteractions

ACADEMIC STANDARDS ALIGNMENT

contact. each othereventhoughtheobjectsarenotin fields existbetweenobjectsexertingforceson experimental designtoprovideevidencethat depend onthemassesofinteractingobjects. gravitational interactionsareattractiveand evidence tosupporttheclaimthat and magneticforces. factors thataffectthestrengthofelectric object andthemassofobject. depends onthesumofforces that thechangeinanobject’s motion to aprobleminvolvingthemotion plots. line, includingdotplots,histograms,andbox exploration. questions that allowformultipleavenuesof generating additional related,focused question), drawingonseveral sourcesand a question(includingself-generated tasks. measurements, orperformingtechnical when carryingoutexperiments,taking explanations ordescriptions. attending totheprecisedetailsof analysis ofscienceandtechnicaltexts, Conduct shortresearchprojects toanswer Follow preciselyamultistepprocedure Cite specifictextualevidencetosupport Conduct aninvestigationandevaluatethe Construct andpresentargumentsusing Ask questionsaboutdatatodeterminethe Plan aninvestigationtoprovideevidence of twocollidingobjects. Apply Newton’ Display numericaldatainplotsonanumber NEXT GENERATION SCIENCESTANDARDS (NGSS) s ThirdLawtodesignasolution —PAGE 3— MATHEMATICS MATHEMATICS ELA/LITERACY MS-PS3-1 SCIENCE MS-PS3 Energy MP.2 7.EE.B.3 8.EE.A.1 7.RP.A.2 6.RP.A.2 6.RP.A.1 SL.8.5 RST.6-8.3 MS-PS3-2

speed ofanobject. energy tothemassofanobjectand data todescribetherelationshipsofkinetic computation andestimationstrategies. the reasonablenessofanswersusingmental between formsasappropriateandassess calculate withnumbersinanyform;convert strategically. Applypropertiesofoperationsto rational numbersinanyform,usingtools problems posedwithpositiveandnegative expressions. exponents togenerate equivalentnumerical relationships betweenquantities. a ratiorelationship. to 0,anduseratelanguageinthecontextof associated witharatioa:bbnotequal between twoquantities. language todescribearatiorelationship interest. strengthen claimsandevidence,add into presentationstoclarifyinformation, measurements orperformingtechnicaltasks. when carryingoutexperiments,taking potential energyarestoredinthesystem. a distancechanges,differentamountsof the arrangementofobjectsinteractingat Construct andinterpretgraphicaldisplaysof Reason abstractlyandquantitatively Solve multistepreal-lifeandmathematical Know andapply thepropertiesofinteger Recognize andrepresentproportional Understand theconceptofaunitratea/b Understand theconceptofratioanduse Integrate multimediaandvisualdisplays Follow preciselyamultistepprocedure Develop amodeltodescribethatwhen . MS-ETS1 Engineering Design RST.6-8.9 Compare and contrast the information gained from experiments, simulations, SCIENCE videos, or multimedia sources with that MS-ETS1-1 Define the criteria and constraints of a gained from reading a text on the same design problem with sufficient precision topic. to ensure a successful solution, taking WHST.6-8.7 Conduct short research projects to answer into account relevant scientific principles a question (including a self-generated and potential impacts on people and the question), drawing on several sources and natural environment that may limit possible generating additional related, focused solutions. questions that allow for multiple avenues of MS-ETS1-2 Evaluate competing design solutions using exploration. a systematic process to determine how well WHST.6-8.8 Gather relevant information from multiple they meet the criteria and constraints of the print and digital sources; assess the problem. credibility of each source; and quote or MS-ETS1-3 Analyze data from tests to determine paraphrase the data and conclusions similarities and differences among of others while avoiding plagiarism and several design solutions to identify the providing basic bibliographic information best characteristics of each that can be for sources. combined into a new solution to better meet WHST.6-8.9 Draw evidence from informational texts to the criteria for success. support analysis, reflection, and research. MS-ETS1-4 Develop a model to generate data for interactive testing and modification of a MATHEMATICS proposed object, tool, or process such that 7.EE.3 Solve multistep real-life and mathematical an optimal design can be achieved. problems posed with positive and negative rational numbers in any form (whole ELA/LITERACY numbers, fractions, and decimals), using RST.6-8.1 Cite specific textual evidence to support tools strategically. Apply properties of analysis of science and technical texts. operations to calculate with numbers in any form; convert between forms as appropriate; RST.6-8.7 Integrate quantitative or technical and assess the reasonableness of answers information expressed in words in a text using mental computation and estimation with a version of that information expressed strategies. visually (e.g., in a flowchart, diagram, model, graph, or table).

NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR THE SOCIAL STUDIES (NCSS)

III People, Places Environments V.d. Identify and describe examples of tensions III.b. Interpret, use, and distinguish various between and among individuals, groups, representations of the Earth, such as maps, or institutions, and how belonging to more globes, and photographs. than one group can cause internal conflicts. X Civic Ideals and Practices IV Individual Development and Identity X.e. Explain actions citizens can take to IV.f. Explore factors that contribute to one’s influence public policy decisions. personal identity such as interests, capabilities, and perceptions. V Individuals, Groups and Institutions V.c. Identify examples of institutions and describe the interactions of people with institutions. — PAGE 3 — — PAGE 4 — CAREER ALIGNMENT T An all-encompassing WAI mottoisConnect, Engage, learn moreand bemoreasayoungwoman inaviation. applications andprovidingendless opportunitiesto young womenbymentoring, helpingwithscholarship avocation. Theywanttoshare thispassionwithother deep passionfortheiraviation-related vocationor The womeninthisinternationalorganizationhavea aviation educator. flight attendant,to traffic controller, to mechanic, toair- from pilot,to related career, type ofaviation- interested inANY for anyfemale is THEorganization International. WAI entering anyonlinesite,aswithothersearch. important information.Youth shouldbecautiouswhen for specializedpositions,andsalaryranges—all sample jobs,typesoftrainingrequired,specialschools for “aviationcareers.”Theseonlinesiteswillgive o beginaninvestigationaboutthewiderangeof aviation-related careers,simplydoanonlinesearch aptitudes andattitudes. search ofthebestaviation-relatedjobtofitindividual the informationgivenbelowwillonlybeastartto work insometypeofaviationcareer, itishopedthat and earningapilotlicense.Forthosewhodesireto thrill ofit,thatcanbeaccomplishedbyworkingtoward careers (vocations).Ifonedreamsofflyingforthe viation offersmanyexcitingandrewarding opportunities forlife-longhobbies(avocations)or career inaviationandspace. females mayrealizenewpathwaystowardafuture biographies ofthesedynamicwomen,manymore connected toaviation.Hopefully, byreadingthebrief Search online,specifically T A directly linkedtoaviation,andothersindirectly jobs andcareersthroughouttheirlives;some he womenfeaturedinthisbookletallhadvaried , forWomen inAviation AVIATION CAREERS IN —PAGE 5— about somethingofwhichtheyaretotallyunaware. to findoutmoreaboutsomethingofinterest,or, learn listed below, maygiveyoungfemalesanideaabouthow something meaningful.Someoftheirexperiences, of aviationmaygivehintstootherssearchingfor in thisbookletbecameinterestedherspecificarea Finding yourniche n n n n n www.wai.org. these chapterprogramsisaseasygoingto how girls,ages8-17,canbecomeinvolvedwithoneof chapters conducta“GirlsinAviation Day.” Findingout nation andworld.Eachyear, duringthefall,localWAI Inspire! ThereareWAI chaptersfoundallacrossthe aking a“shop”orengineeringclassinschool Reading abouthoweachexcitinganddaringwoman with dynamic female aviationrolemodels. Ninety-Nines, willbringexperiences andcontacts needed toflytheseaircraft. the differenttypesofaircraft andtheskills/training flights, on-the-jobtraining,etc. who maybecomeamentor;oropendoorstogetting industry work;givetheopportunitytomeetpersons various jobsthatarerequiredtomaketheaviation industries, bothlargeandsmall,couldintroducethe competitive intheworkforce. sports medicine,baggagehandling,and,evenbeing as ateam,becominginvolvedinspacetravel, international flights,high-altitudejetflying,working heavy workloadjobs,stuntflying,cross-country/ could helppreparethebodyforstrenuousand engines, fuelusageorevenairplane“body”work. avionics andmechanics,buildingormaintaining may leadtolearningaboutaerospaceengineering, Joining organizationssuchas CAP Attending airshowswillgiveawideperspectiveof Visiting andtouringairportsaerospace Participating inindividualand/orcompetitivesports T , WAI, orthe

Looking to the future What other aviation-related careers Examples of career paths in aviation can be explored? What new and technologically advanced aviation Look at some jobs/careers related to aviation/aerospace experienced by careers are emerging? What education some of our featured women in this booklet to identify some careers that and training are needed for each career? could be sought by young women today. What colleges, universities, airports, and organizations are working to train Writer/Educator Aviation the aviation/aerospace workforce? n Chronicler of flying experiences in n Aviation maintenance Many jobs are entry-level jobs media and movies to delight and n Aircraft fueler with no post-secondary educational inspire others n Flight dispatcher n requirements, so anyone interested in an Developer of comprehensive flight n Flight instructor training, flight safety, mechanical and aviation career can at least get started. n Schedule coordinator medical manuals For the higher-level jobs, specialized n General aviation pilot n College professor and academic dean education and training are required, but n Airport management and operations scholarships and additional support can n Youth science educator and book author n Airport safety and security be acquired with hard work, diligence, n n Mathematician Commercial airplane pilot and connections with the right people n Air taxi, ferry, or charter pilot and organizations. Aerospace Engineer n Co-pilot or first officer Civil Air Patrol is pleased to present n Civil Air Patrol pilot n Space systems analyst this booklet of historical perspectives, n Aviation fire fighter n Fluid dynamics test analyst pioneering spirits, and potential n Test pilot n Anechoic wind tunnel developer aviation career pursuits. As the official n Fighter pilot n Avionics integration software Auxiliary of the United States Air Force, developer n Bush pilot n Stunt pilot for movies CAP is THE premier youth organization n Aeronautical systems designer n USAF Thunderbirds pilot for any young person interested in any n Aircraft designer and builder aspect of aviation. CAP has squadrons n Computer programmer in every state in America. Any interested Government young person, age 12-20, can find a CAP Atmospheric/ n Air traffic control specialist squadron near them by going to www. Astrophysics n Aviation safety inspector n FAA examiner gocivilairpatrol.com and entering their n Meteorologist n Aircraft/spacecraft accident ZIP code at the “Find a Squadron Near n Space-based telescopic programmer investigator You” link. n Remote Sensing n National weather service Taking powered and non-powered n Oceanographer n Airspace system inspector airplane flights, working with a team n Satellite instrumentation specialist n U.S. military service aviation careers conducting search and rescue missions, n Climatologist learning about aerospace careers, n U.S. military civilian careers being mentored by aviation experts, Medical Field n Secretary of the United States Air Force and earning flight scholarships are just n Flight nurse n Peace Corps team some of the awesome things that can n Medical doctor n NASA astronaut be experienced as a CAP cadet. CAP’s n Medical curriculum developer female cadets tend to be leaders in their squadrons and they yearn to help other young females become a part of this dynamic youth organization. Hopefully, this book of amazing women in aviation will connect, engage, and inspire more young females to aim high in life!

— PAGE 5 — BEFORE ANY HANDS-ON ACTIVITIES ARE CONDUCTED, READING THIS SECTION FIRST SAFETY TIPS IS RECOMMENDED

This is a special section that contains materials that will be used in activities throughout this booklet. There is an explanation near each image, and it will make sense when used in the project. Take this list when shopping. With glue guns, super glue, and utility knives, adult supervision is always required (ASR).

1 4 7

HOT GLUE GUNS – Some projects FOAM PACKAGING TRAY – require safe, fast-setting glues. For many When looking for packaging trays, commonly INDEX CARDS – The paper used to applications, hot glues are best. It sets up known as meat trays, select trays that are make most index cards is usually sturdy. in about a minute, and it is safe. (Cordless between 1⁄8” and 1⁄4” thick and larger than Use these cards to make movable control glue guns are available also.) ASR a sheet of paper. Thicker foam trays can be surfaces for gliders and other flying models. sanded to make wing shapes. They can be taped or hot glued to foam surfaces. 2 5 8

COLD GLUE GUNS – These are glue guns that have a lower melting point than smaller hot glue guns. It is recommended that these be used when working with PAINT – Safety is the first consideration younger children and with soft material, with paint. It is recommended that only TEMPLATES – A template is the such as foam. Although they are advertised water-base paints are used for classroom outline of parts that make up a model. In as being safer, the tip can still burn a finger or squadron projects. For large groups, this booklet, there are several templates for or hand. ASR money can be saved by using common house projects. For classroom use, templates are paints. One quart will go a long way. copied and distributed to each student. 3 6 9

RUBBER BANDS/TANS – Tan UTILITY KNIVES – It has been found Sport, and its somewhat more powerful that these knives, usually found in wallpaper ACRYLIC PAINTS – These are found companion, Super Sport, are the brands or craft stores, are safe for cutting foam. The at hobby and craft stores and are recom- of rubber strips specifically formulated for blade can be retracted back into the handle, mended for classroom use. Use caution powering model airplanes. They are sold as and when the blade’s tip gets dull, small when buying any paint material. Most unac- long continuous strips of various widths. Its sections can be snapped off, revealing a ceptable paints will eat a hole in the bottom thickness is approximately .045”. Don’t use new, sharp tip. ASR of a cup. anything else.

— PAGE 7 — 10 13 16

MODELING CLAY – This item is found at hobby shops, art supply stores, QUALITY MASKING TAPE – There craft shops, and some department stores. It BALSA WOOD – Found at hobby is a difference in masking tape. By far, the comes in one-pound blocks, and a pound of shops and art supply stores, balsa wood best quality masking tape can be found it will last for years. This clay never hardens comes in sheets of various widths and thick- at automotive paint supply stores. School- and is easy to work with. It is specifically nesses. Scraps of balsa wood should never grade masking tape is usually “acceptable,” useful as a model airplane nose weight to be thrown away. It should be kept for future but if strong adhesive qualities are needed, get the center of balance correct. For gliders, uses and stored in a safe and dry location. automotive grade is best. Duct tape is ideal it is simply added to or stuck on the nose for heavy-duty projects. of the aircraft until the desired balance is achieved. 14 17 11

PLASTIC TEMPLATES – If an WOOD AND engraving company can cut out the airplane CYANOACRYLATE GLUE – figure, it makes a perfect template. Lines ® Either Elmer’s or WoodGlue will work can be made on the meat trays using a perfectly on model airplanes, as well as water-soluble pen. By pre-drawing with a using warm glue guns for the Styrofoam template, each foam tray can be ready to models. Cyanoacrylate, also known as CA cut the moment it is distributed to each or superglue, has a good side and a bad student or cadet. side. On the good side, it sets up in a very GLUE STICKS – Purple glue sticks can short time, as in seconds. On the bad side, be found at any office supply or craft store. it will join fingers together, as well. The only 18 This inexpensive compound is easy to use, way to unbond a finger from another finger goes on purple, dries clear, has no offensive is with either CA debonder or fingernail smells, and is user-friendly. polish remover. For this reason, always keep debonder at the work table.

SODA STRAWS – There are several 12 different diameters of soda straws. In fact, 15 some soda straws will fit nicely inside others.

SANDPAPER – Surprisingly, most people think that sandpaper is graded as “coarse, medium, and fine.” This is true in SPRAY MOUNT – This tool is general terms; however, if you look closely, a repositionable adhesive. It allows you’ll find that sandpaper is graded by ADHESIVES – Elmer’s™ Glue, plastic repositioning of paper much like a sticky NUMBERS. The “coarse,” or very rough model cement, super glue, and even note. This product can be found at any good grades, start around the number 16. As the some spray glues produce varying results office or art supply store. Spray Mount allows numbers go up, the papers get finer. For depending on the complexity of the project. tissue paper plans or decorations to be most hobby use, it is recommended that Remember, glues can be tricky and in some applied onto cardstock when building model instructors stick to the “medium range,” cases dangerous. Caution must be observed. airplanes. #100 to #240. — PAGE 7 — — PAGE 8 — TECHNIQUES

This is a special section that contains techniques that will be used in activities throughout this booklet. There is an explanation near each image, and it will make sense when used in the project. Please refer to associated safety tips found on Pages 7-8.

TECHNIQUE DELTA 1 TECHNIQUE ALFA 4 To keep hot glue guns from When using a snap knife, it is recommended that the damaging a tabletop, it is push button is used to run the blade out about 1”. The recommended that they be push button on most snap knives is made in two parts. placed in foam meat trays or on a If the bottom of the push button piece of cardboard when not in use. is pulled back, it will lock the Setting them on a meat tray or piece blade in position. This makes of cardboard protects the tabletop from it much safer for cutting. hot glue leakage. Safety tips are found at Tips #2, #3 and #7. 5 TECHNIQUE ECHO Do not apply hot glue to the pipe insulation foam. When bonding fins, 2 TECHNIQUE BRAVO wings, stabilizers, etc. to a piece of pipe foam, always put the hot glue When cutting with a on the meat tray piece and then snap knife, it should be press the piece onto the pipe foam. held in the hand, pointed away from self or others, and cut with the index finger, as shown. This 6 TECHNIQUE FOXTROT method gives the greatest To make sanding sticks for a class control. or squadron, pick up 12-14 stirring sticks from a local auto or house- hold paint store. Get a sheet of 3 TECHNIQUE CHARLIE #100 sandpaper (tan or gray) and a can of spray adhesive, When cutting foam such as 3M’s #77. Sandpa- packaging trays, the per sheets are usually 9” x best method is to 11”. Using a pair of old dull cut on the bottom scissors, or a snap knife, cut side. This keeps the sandpaper sheet to make students/cadets from two sheets, 4 1/2” by 9”. Spray cutting the table. To the backside of each sheet with make double sure a coating of glue. One at a time, that students/cadets don’t cut a tabletop, try using two lay the top of each stirring stick meat trays together. The tray on the underside virtually down on a section of sandpaper. eliminates the problem with damaged tops. Sometimes, Cut off just that portion of the paper cardboard squares also can be used for extra protection. that is bonded to the stick. This will make about 14 usable sanding sticks.

— PAGE 9 — 7 TECHNIQUE GOLF 9 TECHNIQUE INDIA This technique allows a model Hobby tools, like X-Acto™ builder to work on one step blades and snap knives, while another process is dry- can be considered weapons, ing. A clamp ensures a nice and it is up to the instructor tight fit between parts being to give safety briefings and glued together. The simplest ensure the knives are secure clamp is an old-fashioned before, during, and after wooden clothespin. Plastic class. It is recommended clamps can be found at hardware stores and are easy to use. that each knife be numbered Hemostats or surgical clamps are ideal for modeling purpos- and assigned to students es. They can be found at mail order hobby supply websites, as and collected before youth well as flea markets. depart. Adult supervision throughout knife usage is mandatory. 10 TECHNIQUE JULIET

Soda straws can be hot glued. In several activities, 8 TECHNIQUE HOTEL it is recommended that small sections (about 1/2” long) of This technique is used after applying the tissue paper to soda straws are glued to the a balsa wood airplane fuselage or wing to tighten up the top of the wings and tail. Hot tissue paper. The fine mist sprayer can be found at art supply glue is applied to the top of stores, craft and hobby shops, and some department stores the tail, and the soda straw is like Walmart and Target. When spraying a part, just a light pressed into the glue. mist of water is needed, and in a few hours the tissue will shrink enough to be nice and tight on the airframe.

11 TECHNIQUE KILO

To avoid a mess, when sanding either foam or plastic, water can be used to carry away sanding particles. Make sure, before this is done, that a block or paper that is made for water sanding is used. If there is a doubt, try it first. This is an excellent way to sand meat tray foam so that it has an airfoil shape.

— PAGE 9 — — PAGE 10 — CATAPULT LAUNCHED GLIDER (CLG) CATAPULTS:

A simple catapult needs to be rigid and can be made with a Popsicle stick, dowel, or a #2 pencil or stick about 4-5 inches long and 1/4-1/2 inch thick. #16 or #19 rubber bands that come with small newspapers work just fine. MATERIALS PROCEDURE STEP 1: Loop together two or three n A Popsicle stick, wooden rubber bands and secure to the dowel, or No. 2 pencil about catapult stick. Add a drop of glue 4-5 inches long (Gorilla or white glue) to keep the rubber bands secured. n Rubber bands

n Gorilla or white glue

STEP 2: Loop 3 rubber bands together and place on a notched stick.

STEP 3: Attach the catapult stick/ rubber band launcher to the “launch tooth” on the glider.

STEP 4: The standard configuration when launching a CLG is to launch it into the wind (a light breeze) at a 45-degree angle, and the glider will climb nicely.

DIAGRAM Rubber band catapult Use this simple diagram to Rubber band help construct the rubber band catapult.

Wood stick

— PAGE 11 — ACTIVITY FOR USE WITH ANY LAUNCHED GLIDER. Several of the models in this book can be launched with a catapult. This activity can be used with paper, foam, and balsa wood aircraft. Students should conduct a practice launch. Launch from a table or flat surface. Hook the rubber band onto the catapult notch. Keep the end of the wooden handle against the table. Launch the airplane across the room, or, if outdoors, the outdoor area. Be safe. Be sure everyone is behind the launch site.

Change the angle of the wooden stick by pulling it farther back — what are the results?

Now, determine the best deflection angle — how far the stick is pulled back — to launch the plane the farthest possible distance. Decide how much to deflect the stick, using a protractor to measure the angle between the stick and the table. Record the measurements of the deflection angle on a sheet of paper, then launch the airplane and measure the distance it travels. Repeat this two more times and compute the average of the three. Record results in the Catapult Chart.

Now, change the deflection angle of the catapult and repeat. Record the average distance for several different catapult angles. Record results. What angle between the launcher and table launches the airplane the farthest?

Flight No. Deflection angle Flight distance Average (with catapult)

NASA For more information and ideas on building a catapult: http://www.amaflightschool.org/diy/launching-handles-catapult-gliders.

— PAGE 11 — — PAGE 12 — CHAPTER ONE

©Smithsonian Institution Emily Howell Warner made aviation history multiple times throughout her career including being the first woman to pilot a scheduled U.S. carrier and being the first woman to be an airliner captain. EMILY HOWELL WARNER FIRST WOMAN PERMANENT PILOT OF A SCHEDULED OBJECTIVES U.S. PASSENGER AIRLINE n List three “firsts” Emily Warren achieved as a female mily Hanrahan Howell Warner had hit second officers, and Warner was named pilot. n Describe Warren’s a wall, or, rather, a glass ceiling. a co-pilot. In 1974, she became the first accomplishments before The year was 1973. For five woman to be a member of the Air Line becoming a pilot for Frontier E years, Warner, a flight instructor, had Airlines. Pilots Association (ALPA). In 1976, she n applied unsuccessfully to become a pilot Discuss Warren’s early life became the first woman to be a captain before becoming a flight at Frontier Airlines, a Denver-based U.S. instructor. on a U.S. scheduled airline, flying a Twin n Build the MU2. passenger airline, in a time when there were no U.S. women passenger airline Otter. In 1986, she commanded the first STANDARDS pilots. She had turned 30 in 1969 and all-female flight crew in the U.S. saw her own former flight school students, In addition to piloting for Frontier, NGSS who were all male, being hired. But in Continental Airlines, and United Parcel SCIENCE January 1973, Frontier made Warner the Service, Warner was a flight school n MS-PS2-1 n MS-ETS1-1 first woman to be named permanent pilot instructor and manager in Denver, n MS-PS2-2 n MS-ETS1-2 n MS-PS3-1 n MS-ETS1-3 for a scheduled U.S. passenger airline. Colorado. In 1991, she began working for Previously, in 1934, aviation pioneer the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) ELA/LITERACY Helen Richey had been the first woman to as a flight designated flight examiner n RST.6-8.1 n RST.6-8.9 pilot a commercial airline on a regularly n RST.6-8.3 n WHST.6-8.7 holding multiple ratings. scheduled run. n RST.6-8.7 n WHST.6-8.9 Her career has been recognized by On Feb. 6, 1973, Warner served for the MATHEMATICS the National Aviation Hall of Fame and n n first time as second officer on a Frontier 6.RP.A.1 8.EE.A.1 National Women’s Hall of Fame. Her n 6.RP.A.2 n MP.2 Airlines Boeing 737-300. The flight n 7.RP.A.2 departed from Denver and went to Las Frontier pilot’s uniform is on display at NCSS Vegas, St. Louis, and back. Within six the Smithsonian’s National Air and Space n IV.f. n X.e. months, Frontier discontinued its use of Museum. n V.c. — PAGE 13 — HER STORY

Emily Hanrahan was born October obtaining multiple pilot license ratings. 30, 1939, in Denver, Colorado. At 21, she was a full-time flight in- Her parents taught her and her sib- structor with her own airplane provided lings (four brothers and a twin sister) to by Clinton Aviation, a Cessna 150. believe they could achieve anything. But Warner had read about Turi Wideroe, her family could not afford to send her a Norwegian pilot who, in 1961, had to college. So, instead, after graduating become the first woman documented as from high school, she began working in an airline pilot outside the Soviet Union retail sales at the May Company store in with Scandinavian Airlines System. ©Smithsonian Institution Denver. Warner wanted to pursue a career as an As she worked, occasionally flight airline pilot. Achievements include attendants would come into the store, Her flight training business was n Was the first woman hired as a and she began considering a career thriving as returning troops sought pilot by a U.S. commercial airline as a flight attendant. As a teenager, flight training. Many of the men whom (1973) she did not meet the flight attendant she had trained accrued flying time and n Was the first woman to become minimum age requirement, put in place then left for commercial jet pilot jobs. a member of the Air Line Pilots because attendants served alcohol to In 1968, she began applying for a Association (ALPA) (1974) passengers. Still, she’d never flown position at Frontier Airlines, as well as n Was the first woman to be a U.S. before, and decided to take a flight to Continental Airlines and United Airlines. airline captain (1976) see if she liked it. By 1973, she had thrived in the aviation n Inducted into Colorado Aviation “I bought a ticket on Frontier industry for 15 years. She had accrued Hall of Fame (1983) Airlines in a DC-3,” she said of her first 7,000 flight hours and multiple FAA n Commanded the first all-female flight to Gunnison, Colorado, in 1958, certificates and ratings: private pilot, flight crew in the United States reports Airport Journals. During the commercial, instrument, multi-engine, (1986) flight, she was able to see the cockpit. instructor and Airline Transport pilot. n Inducted into the Women in “I looked out that front window, and Her resume also included chief pilot, Aviation International Pioneer it just hit me,” she recalled in a Denver air taxi and flight school manager, and Hall of Fame (1992) Post interview. “It’s so beautiful looking FAA pilot examiner. She was in charge n Name entered in the Internation- out that front window instead of looking of the United Airlines Contract Training al Forest of Friendship (1993) out of the sides.” Noticing how excited Program for Clinton Aviation. n Inducted into the National Warner was, one of the pilots suggested A friend who worked with Frontier Women’s Hall of Fame (2001) she take flying lessons. Warner remem- introduced her to the vice president n Inducted into the Colorado bered her response: “I said, ‘Gee, can a of flight operations there. She was not Women’s Hall of Fame (2002) girl take flying lessons?’” offered a job immediately, but Warner n Selected as one of the 100 It was not long before she began persisted until she was hired in January most influential women in the taking those flying lessons at Clinton of 1973. aviation and aerospace industry. Aviation, housed at Stapleton Airport in She had crashed the glass ceiling Nominated by Women in Aviation Denver. It cost her about $13 per lesson. for women commercial pilots. The term International (2003) She left the May Company to become a n Inducted into the National Avia- receptionist at Clinton and continued Continued on PAGE 15 tion Hall of Fame (2014)

I still love it (flying). You don’t lose that – looking out and seeing that “ world in a different way.” — Emily Howell Warren — PAGE 13 — ” — PAGE 14 — her Story (continued from Page 14) “glass ceiling” is in reference to an still was frustrated by inequities wom- fly, and you’ve got to build your flight intangible barrier that prevents women encounter in aviation. When women time,” she told the Post, “and if you en or minorities from obtaining upper are not given the same opportunities have a family, it’s tough.” level positions. This door-opening as men, Warner told the Denver Post, And still, when she was 74, she achievement is just one piece of the the U.S. and all countries are “only loved the view that had captivated her long flying career Warner experienced. using half of their manpower.” As she as a teenager. “I still love it (flying),” After flying for Frontier, Continental, put it, “If they only use men, they’re she said to the Post. “You don’t lose and United Parcel Service, she began losing a lot.” that – looking out and seeing that working for the FAA as an inspector. Additionally, at the time of her world in a different way.” What did the woman who opened 2014 induction into the National Avia- Warner died July 3, 2020, at doors for so many other women have tion Hall of Fame, Warner was aware the age of 80. When she was asked to say about the current climate for of the challenges women still faced once how she hoped to be known, as women in aviation? pursuing a career in aviation. “Not aviatrix or female pilot, she replied, Even as recently as 2014, Warner as many women are learning how to “Captain will be just fine.”

QUICK BOX

Overcoming Barriers On her second flight as a commercial airline pilot, the captain told her: “Don’t touch ANYTHING on the flight.” She recalls that it took about a year to feel acceptance from other pilots. The attitude change began with a high-ranking Frontier captain. “You get that acceptance, and it gets around, and everybody accepts you.” Source: Airport Journals and The Denver Post references 1. Bedell, P. A. (2011, May 5). Mitsubishi MU-2: Addictive perfor- 8. Lips, J. (2000). How Emily Hanrahan Howell Warner conquered mance best bang-for-the-buck turboprop. Retrieved from https:// the male-dominated airline Industry, Airport Journals. http:// www.aopa.org/news-and-media/all-news/2011/may/pilot/ airportjournals.com/how-emily-hanrahan-howell-warner-con- mitsubishi-mu-2-addictive-performance. quered-the-male-dominated-airline-industry/. 2. Cochrane, D. & Ramirez, P. (n.d.). Women in aviation and space 9. Potts, M. (2010, Feb. 1). The Mitsubishi MU-2 story. Retrieved history - Turi Wideroe. Retrieved from https://airandspace.si.edu/ from https://www.avbuyer.com/articles/jets-for-sale-review/the- explore-and-learn/topics/women-in-aviation/Wideroe.cfm. mitsubishi-mu-2-story-20455. 3. Cochrane, D. & Ramirez, P. (n.d.).Women in aviation and space 10. Roberts, Sam. ( 2020, July 17). Emily Howell Warner, who broke history – Emily Howell Warner https://airandspace.si.edu/explore- a sky-high glass ceiling, dies at 80, New York Times. Retrieved and-learn/topics/women-in-aviation/Warner.cfm. from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/17/us/emily-howell- 4. Emily Howell Warner, National Women’s Hall of Fame. (n.d). warner-dead.html. Retrieved from https://www.womenofthehall.org/women-of-the- 11. Mitsubishi Specification and Performance. (2011, May). Retrieved hall/?keyword=howell&view=photos. from http://www.mu2b.com/files/154/File/MU2_Specs_and_Per- 5. 100 Most Influential omenW in the Aviation and Aerospace formance.pdf. Industry, Women in Aviation International (n.d.). Retrieved from 12. U.S. Air Force Contract. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.air1st. https://www.wai.org/pioneers/100womenscript. com/around-the-word-n50et/2-general/12-us-air-forcecontract. 6. Helen Richey Pilot Log and Collection [Suskalo] 1933-1944. html. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/helen-richey-pilot-log-and-collection-suskalo-1933-1944. 7. Keeney, L. (2014, October 3). Female aviation pioneer Emily How- ell Warner inducted into hall of fame, Denver Post. https://www. denverpost.com/2014/10/03/female-aviation-pioneer-emily- howell-warner-inducted-into-hall-of-fame/.

— PAGE 15 — extension crossword puzzle

VIDEO LINKS: 1

➤ Emily Howell Warner — Legend of Aviation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p9swUJNOujw

➤ Emily Howell Warner, the first female U.S. Commercial airline pilot is from Colorado https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y0pcQvfT54c

➤ Barrier-Breaking Pilot Emily Howell Warner Dies At 80 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6214_Anw4kY 2

6 7

across 3. In 1958, Warner purchased a plane ticket for the first time and flew to this city in Denver. 4. In 1976, Warner became the first woman to be a captain on a U.S. scheduled airline, flying the Twin ______. 7. Airline that named Warner the first woman permanent pilot for a scheduled passenger airline. 8. Before Warner was a pilot, she worked retail for this company. 9. Emily Warner broke through a commercial pilot ______ceiling, the term for an intangible barrier that prevents women or minorities from obtaining upper level positions. down 1. Birthplace of Warner. 2. Her uniform is on display here. 5. Norwegian female pilot who was an inspiration to Warner. 6. Taught flying lessons with this plane at age 21. 7. Worked as a flight designated flight examiner for this organization.

ACROSS: 3. Gunnison 4. Otter 7. Frontier 8. May 9. Glass answer key: DOWN: 1. Denver 2. Smithsonian 5. Turi 6. Cessna 7. FAA

Created using the Crossword Maker on TheTeachersCorner.net.

— PAGE 15 — — PAGE 16 — extension speed activity — part one Airplanes were developed with a primary goal: to take their occupants across the skies at speeds never before imagined. For thousands of years, before the invention of the wheel, humans were limited by the speed of their legs.

In the following laboratory activity, students and cadets will determine their walking speed using an inquiry approach. Although some students might be familiar with the relationship speed = distance/time, most will not know where that relationship comes from. Instead of directly applying the equation, students will plot their distance at various waymarks, as well as the time it takes them to get to those points. Students will find that the slope of their graph has a meaning: namely, their speed. Students can compare their own graph to their classmates’ graphs. More advanced students can use the simple linear equation to derive the relationship between distance and time: distance = (speed) * time. In Activ- ity Part Two, students will use a web-based real-time flight viewer and maps to apply the equation derived in Activity

Part One, in order to estimate the current speed of an actual plane in the air. Source: NASA

1 Ask a few students to stand against a wall, and to walk – at Goal: Collect distance and a normal pace – to the other side of the classroom. Ask the time data to determine each remaining class what the difference is between each student’s motion. Students are likely to respond that some students walk student’s natural walking faster than others. speed.

Key Concepts: Distance, Discuss how speed could actually be quantified – what things 2 must someone know in order to fairly determine one’s speed? Time, Speed, Graphs, Linear (Guide students to recognize that both distance and time of Relationships travel must be known for each student.) Split students into pairs or small groups, and ask students to collect data on each Grade Level: 5-12 individual’s distance and the time it took them to get to that distance. Students should collect at least five different distance Subjects: Math, Physical and time data sets. In order to make a graph, teachers may provide students with a data table with required distances, or Science, Physics allow students to choose their own distances. (Caution: Some students might want to only do multiple trials of the same Materials: large classroom/ distance. To make a proper graph, students must have a wide gym/outdoor area, meter variety of distance and time values, although multiple trials stick or tape measure, tape of the same value are also encouraged to increase accuracy. or cones (to mark distances), Also, ensure that students have chosen wide enough distances to get reasonable time values. For example, it would be unrea- timer, graph paper, calculator sonable to measure the time it takes for a student to walk one (optional) meter. Students should aim for a range of data between five and twenty (or more) meters.)

— PAGE 17 — 3 Ask students to each create a dot plot of distance Apply the new equation to a variety of (y-axis) versus time (x- axis) for their own data. (Cau- 7 relevant questions such as: tion: Ensure that students use a dot plot. Many young students tend to make bar graphs, which are typically a) Convert speed (in m/s) to km/hr, then appropriate for data categories, not for quantitative use that speed to solve the following data on both axes.) problem. b) How much time would it take to walk Ask students to compare their graphs, and notice to a favorite distant destination (over 4 any differences. If necessary, either provide students 200 miles away) assuming no stops with axes values to ensure a fair comparison, or ask were made? students to plot their data on a single graph, using a particular color to denote their own data points and best-fit line. Students should notice that although the line goes upward to the right, that the angle (slope) at which it does this is different for some students. Students with significant differences in their slope should be asked to demonstrate their walk. Students should find that students with a steeper slope have a higher natural walking speed.

Ask students to quantify how fast each student walks. 5 As students see that the angle (slope) is equivalent to the speed of the walker, students can now determine the slope of their own graph.

For more advanced students, students can be asked 6 to determine the relationship – from the graph – between distance and time, using the following method (using C’s data from the graph):

a) General Equation of a Line: y = mx + b b) Substitute Axes Variable Names: Distance = (m) Time + b c) Substitute Slope (with Unit): Distance = (0.8 m/s) Time + b d) Substitute Y-Intercept (with Unit): Distance = (0.8 m/s) Time + 0. (Note: Some students might not get an intercept of 0! This is an important data analysis concept. Students can be asked to describe the meaning of the y-intercept, in this lab (it should represent the starting point). Because students likely assumed that they started at 0 m at 0 s, this value should be 0. If it is not, it is likely the result of experimental error. Leaders can help students discuss possible causes and sources of experimental error.) e) Generalize the equation for each student to a single equation for the whole class: Distance = (Speed) Time.

— PAGE 17 — — PAGE 18 — extension speed activity — part TWO Source: NASA

Direct students to go to the following website: Goal: Use the equation 1 https://planefinder.net derived from Activity Part One, Distance = (Speed) Time, to estimate the speed of an airplane as it travels between any two points across the globe.

Key: Distance, Time, Speed

Grade Level: 5-12

Subjects: Math, Physical Ask students to browse the page and to note the greatest Science, Physics 2 concentration of air flights around the world. Students may be provided a map and asked to mark the countries and areas Materials: computers or mobile where there is the most flight activity. devices with internet access (and possibly a map and Discuss potential reasons for air flight concentrations being marker), timer 3 where they are. Consider:

a) Economics b) Population density c) Geography (locations of deserts, mountain ranges, remote areas) d) Weather (locations of storm systems, hurricanes) e) Time of day (consider that it is night time on the other side of the world) f) Cultural holidays

Ask students to zoom in to a particular area where there is a 4 regular amount of air traffic. The goal at this point is to identify an aircraft that is moving from one notable location to another (such as a city, interstate intersection, lake, etc.), so that speed may be determined. (Note: If students zoom in very close to an aircraft, they can get the airline, flight number, origin and destination airports, as well as the speed in knots, or KTS: 1.15 miles per hour, or 1.85 kilometers per hour. However, most students will not recognize KTS. This value can be used to evaluate the calculated speed, but should not be used directly for this activity.)

— PAGE 19 — Choose one aircraft and time it as it goes from one Take a broader look at the flight path across the 5 point of interest to the other. Students should choose 8 United States. a range of time somewhere between 1 and 5 minutes to ensure that enough time is collected for accurate a) Are any patterns for eastward or westward calculations. (Caution: Students should not choose flights noticed? planes traveling in significantly curved paths, or near b) How do flight paths change upon entering or airports, where speeds change.) leaving airports?

Make sure that students choose recognizable points of 6 interest because students will next need to determine the distance crossed by relocating and measuring the distance between the two points using Google Maps.

To measure the distance between the points, follow 7 the example procedure below:

a) Go to www.google.com/maps to get to Google Maps. b) As an example, a student might have observed a plane go from Holtwood, Pa. to Whitehall, Md. in a period of 2.387 seconds. c) Students should find, on Google Maps, the initial point of the plane’s status. d) Right-click on the initial location to get a menu. Choose “Measure distance.” The second point of interest can be clicked, and an estimate given for the distance between the two points. (In the 7b example, the distance is 22.58 miles.) e) To make speeds more relevant, it is suggested that students convert time in seconds to hours. Using a simple conversion, students can find that 2.387 s is equivalent to 0.03978 hr. f) Using the equation derived from Activity Part One, Distance = (Speed) Time, and rearranging for speed, students can get Speed = Distance/ Time. In this example, Speed = 22.58 mi / 0.03978 hr, which is equal to 567.6 mi/hr. This is a very reasonable estimate! Most commercial airplanes cruise at about 550 mi/hr.

— PAGE 19 — — PAGE 20 — HANDS ON build the mitsubishi MU-2 Learners will build a paper model catapult-launched aircraft used by airlines and corporations. The MU-2 is a turbo-jet aircraft typical of those used all over the world for civil and military uses. Student pilots working on their commercial licenses like Emily Warner would have trained on a plane like the MU-2, Beech 1900, or an Embraer EMB-120 Brasilia before moving on to a Boeing 727 airliner. This model is a Mitsubishi MU-2 catapult-launched paper (cardstock) glider. Most catapult- launched paper gliders are designed with card stock or 3mm foam board in mind. All A.S. Paper Aircraft Laboratory model airplanes fly very well with a simple loose rubber band, hand-made Popsicle stick catapult launcher. See Page 11 for instructions. For these paper aircraft, lots of thrust is not needed.

ABOUT THE PLANE

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

n Crew: 1-2 pilots, up to 7 passengers n Length: 33 ft 2 in (11.95 m) n Wingspan: 39 ft 2 in (11.94 m) n Height: 13 ft 8 in (4.17 m) n Wing area: 178 ft² (16.55 m²) n Empty weight: 6,350 lb (2,880 kg) n Engines: AiResearch TPE-331-25A Turboprop (each 605 ehp) n Max Takeoff Weight : 9,920 lb (4,490 kg) PERFORMANCE U.S. Air Force/Airman 1st Class Bailee A. Darbasie n Cruise speed: 317 mph (510 km/h) n Range: 1,200 miles (1,900 km) background n Service ceiling: 26,500 ft (8,075 m) The Mitsubishi MU-2 is a high-wing, light Boeing 737 airliners. twin-engine turboprop transport aircraft. When the MU-2 was designed, it was de- It made its maiden flight on September 14, signed for speed and the result was a smaller search and rescue duties, as well as photo re- 1963, and was produced until 1986. In 2000, wing area and a very clean aircraft. With full- connaissance. These MU-2Es had an extended there were over 500 MU-2 aircraft still flying span double-slotted Fowler flaps, the aircraft “thimble” nose cone (radome), increased fuel as corporate transports. It is one of postwar increased the effective wing area by nearly capacity, bulged observation windows, and a Japan’s most successful aircraft, with 704 30 percent – giving the MU-2 the best of both sliding door for dropping rafts. All Japanese manufactured in Japan and the United States. worlds – high lift for low-altitude low-speed MU-2 aircraft were retired by 2016. This aircraft represents a twin-engine operations and a highly loaded low-drag There are eight MU-2s that have sup- turbo-prop commercial aircraft. While it is wing to optimize highspeed performance at ported the Air Battle Manager (ABM) training not a Boeing 737 like Emily Warner piloted, altitude. Although production ceased in 1986, at Tyndall AFB, FL since 2006. They are it does represent a typical small airliner that this airplane is still interesting to look at, and currently flown under government contract can be found worldwide flying commuter feed- is still carrying passengers and doing work at Tyndall AFB, Florida, by the Air1st Aviation er routes. These aircraft would include the worldwide. Company providing U.S. Air Force undergradu- MU-2, Embraer EMB-121, Let L-410 Turbolet, Between 1968 and 1991, a total of 61 ate ABM students with their initial experience and DHC-6 Twin Otter, to name a few. Com- MU-2 aircraft were delivered to the Japan Self controlling live aircraft. Students must control mercial airline pilots, after getting their basic Defense forces, of which four MU-2Cs (1971) eight MU-2 missions before they can progress and twin-engine certificates,usually begin and 16 MU-2Ks (1972-1974) were delivered to controlling high-performance aircraft such their airline careers flying these type aircraft to the Japanese Army as LR-1s for the liaison as F-15s or F-22s. for smaller commuter airlines before moving and reconnaissance role. Another 29 MU-2Es up to ATR 42, ATR 72, Air Bus A319/A320, or were delivered to the Japanese Air Force for — PAGE 21 — PROCEDURE — Building the MU-2 MATERIALS 8 Fold nose cover (Part No. 3) over nose of body and attach with glue. n Cardstock for templates n Flat, level, stable, and easily cleaned surface to work on 9 The tab on the wing (Part No. 4) n Binder clip or clothespin to hold glued should point to the tail. Fold the parts in place to dry frontal, smaller, portion of the wing n Sharp-pointed (“X-acto”-type) hobby underneath the main wing to work as knife; ALWAYS cap it when not in use a wing support. Glue the support to n Sharp, precision sewing-type scissors the main wing. n A ruler or any other (truly) straight edge Glue has a tendency to warp the parts n Toothpicks, round (and flat, if available) 5 Fold the long thin tabs (Tab G) inside 10 n Aleene’s Fast Grab Tacky Glue, Elmer’s along the top of the body/fuselage. glued together, and so it is a good glue, or super glue Fold the shorter tabs (Tab H) out to idea to use a book or something heavy n Eyebrow-type tweezers, having a support the horizontal stabilizer and flat to press the part(s) flat. straight edge of comfortable angle Glue the wing onto the supports on n Stylus of some kind, to make indented 11 the fuselage. lines for folds n Some old books or similar object to act as a weight/press to keep the airplane parts completely flat while drying n A trash can nearby to be neat

1 Print the Mitsubishi MU-2 plans onto cardstock. 6 Stick the vertical stabilizer, or tail fin 2 Set up work area with materials (Part No. 1), inside the body. Then and tools. Be sure to work on a craft spread the glue/adhesive inside the cutting board, or cardboard, or other body and refold. 12 Slide the horizontal stabilizer (Part scratch-resistant surface so as not to No. 5) into place and glue it onto the damage the tabletop. supporting tabs of the fuselage. Read all the instructions on the plan. 3 Cut out the launching notch under the Instructions should tell where to glue, 13 nose with the X-Acto knife. cut, and fold/bend. Some plans are more detailed than others.

7 The vertical stabilizer will set into the fuselage and the line at the bottom of the on the vertical stabilizer will line-up on the top of the fuselage. DO NOT glue the two tabs on the rear of the fuselage; they are what the horizontal stabilizer will sit on when that is placed in a later step. The yel- 4 Start with the body (Part No. 2). Cut on solid lines, slowly and carefully. low arrows show the whole part being There are two airplane body halves, pushed down into the fuselage. and each half has two nose sections that fold into the center. Glue sec- Activity Credit: Credit and Permission to Reprint – The A.S. Paper Aircraft Laboratory has made these aircraft model plans freeware and downloadable from their website especially for educational purposes. Therefore, they have given the Civil Air Patrol permission to reprint tions A and B together. Glue sections many of the paper aircraft model plans at their website. One such plan is presented here. Other A.S. Paper Aircraft Laboratory Plans can C and D together. Fold A/B into E and be found at www.infosnow.ne.jp/~suzuki-a/. Over 20 airplane plans can be viewed and downloaded from this website. glue into place. Fold C/D into F and glue into place. Clip with binder clips or clothespins to hold glued parts in place and let dry. — PAGE 21 — — PAGE 22 — Below is the labled template that shows how to fold the airplane to create a Mitsubishi MU-2

G H

G H WING SUPPORT C

A & B

INSIDE

C & D

— PAGE 23 — — PAGE 23 — — PAGE 24 — CHAPTER TWO

NASA Katherine Johnson sits at her desk with a globe, or “Celestial Training Device.” KATHERINE JOHNSON Pioneer NASA Mathematician OBJECTIVES et that girl.” were captured in the Margot Lee Shetterly n Discuss Katherine Johnson’s early work in mathematics. Those are the words novel “Hidden Figures,” which was also n Discuss what the term mathematician Katherine made into an Academy Award-nominated “computer” meant in the “G Johnson remembered astronaut John Glenn movie in 2016. Shetterly said the comput- 1950s as it pertains to Johnson’s story. saying prior to his Friendship 7 mission in ers were “hidden” because the African n Describe Johnson’s 1962, the first mission to orbit Earth. In American women were relegated to a contributions to the early fact, Johnson was “that girl.” separate office and because calculations space program. n Build the Redstone rocket. Specifically, she was a skilled human were considered “women’s work.” “computer,” or research mathematician, Johnson achieved these heights despite STANDARDS working at NASA’s Langley Research Center living in a time when education beyond in Hampton, Virginia. At the time of the eighth grade was not a privilege for her as NGSS mission, she already had done trajectory an African American, and pursuit of it for SCIENCE analysis for astronaut Alan Shepherd’s May her required her family to move. n MS-ETS1-1 n MS-ETS1-3 1961 Freedom 7 mission, America’s first Among her many honors is a 2015 n MS-ETS1-2 n MS-ETS1-4 human spaceflight. She was one of a group Presidential Medal of Freedom. President ELA/LITERACY of women “human computers” who worked Barack Obama presented Johnson with the n RST.6-8.1 n WHST.6-8.7 in calculations at NASA and its predeces- nation’s highest civilian honor in November n RST.6-8.3 n WHST.6-8.8 sor, the National Advisory Committee for 2015. n RST.6-8.7 n WHST.6-8.9 Aeronautics (NACA). They were African- Then, in September 2017, at age 99, n RST.6-8.9 American women in a predominantly male Johnson was honored by NASA with the NCSS and white workforce. dedication of a new research building n IV.f. n V.d Glenn personally requested she recheck named after her – the Katherine G. John- n V.c n X.e the electronic computers before the Friend- son Computational Research Facility, a ship 7 flight. part of Langley. Katherine Johnson and her The Glenn story and the larger story of colleagues are no longer “hidden.” the African American women “computers”

— PAGE 25 — HER STORY

Katherine Johnson was born in In 1952, a relative told Johnson White Sulfur Springs, West Virginia, on about openings for “computers” at the August 26, 1918. all-African American West Area Com- In her early years, she was fasci- puting section at the National Advisory nated by numbers. “I counted every- Committee for Aeronautics’ (NACA’s) thing,” she said. “I counted the steps to Langley laboratory. But these “comput- the road, the steps to church, the num- ers” were not electronic. They were ber of dishes and silverware I washed people who “crunched” the numbers … anything that could be counted, I and did the mathematical calculations did.” for aircraft and space missions. By the time she was 10 years old, NACA, a precursor to NASA, had she was a high school freshman. White begun hiring women for measuring and Sulphur Springs did not offer classes calculating the results of wind tun- NASA/Bill Ingalls beyond eighth grade to African-Amer- nel tests in 1935, work that required President Barack Obama presented Katherine Johnson with the Presi- icans. To allow Johnson to be able to precision. During World War II, NACA dential Medal of Freedom, Nov. 24, continue school, her father moved the broadened its computer staff to include 2015, during a ceremony in the family 120 miles away to Institute, West African-American women, who were White House. Virginia, so that she could enroll in high retained after the war ended. school. Johnson’s academic achieve- Johnson, who had returned to Achievements include ments proved her father’s decision was teaching when her children were n Received the Group Achieve- right. She skipped though grades to older, decided to work at Langley in the ment Award presented to graduate from high school at age 14. summer of 1953. She and her hus- NASA’s Lunar Spacecraft At age 18, Johnson graduated with band, James Goble, moved the family and Operations team – for highest honors from West Virginia to Newport News, Virginia, to work at pioneering work in the field of State College (now West Virginia State the research facility. Specifically, she navigation (1967) University) in Institute. Dr. William W. worked in Langley Research Center’s n Named West Virginia State Schieffelin Claytor, a math professor at Guidance and Navigation Department. College Outstanding Alumnus the school who was himself the third It was at Langley that she had the of the year (1968 and 1999) African-American to earn a Ph.D. in opportunity to calculate the spacecraft n Awarded honorary doctorates mathematics, became a mentor. She trajectories for Alan Shepard, the first – Capitol College (Maryland), began teaching after graduation. American in space, and for John Glenn, Old Dominion University (Vir- Then, in 1939, West Virginia the first American to orbit Earth. Even ginia), and the State Universi- University’s president selected Johnson after NASA began using electronic ty of New York at Farmingdale and two male students to integrate the computers, Glenn requested that she n Received the De Pizan Honor school, and she left her teaching job to personally recheck the calculations from the National Women’s enroll in the graduate math program. made by the new electronic computers History Museum (2014) She did not complete the program, before his history-making orbit aboard n Received the National Cen- deciding, instead, to start a family with Friendship 7. ter for Women in Technology her husband. Pioneer in Tech Award (2015) Continued on PAGE 27 n Awarded a National Medal of They needed information and I had it, and it Freedom (2015) n Honored by NASA with the didn’t matter that I found it. At the time, it was naming of its Katherine G. Johnson Computational Re- “just a question and an answer. search Facility at Langley in — Katherine Johnson Virginia (2017) — PAGE 25 — — PAGE” 26 — her Story (continued from Page 26) For Johnson, calculating space me to go back over [my calculations] space flight, before space flight had flight came down to the basics of because when I did it, I had done my even been attempted. She helped geometry: “The early trajectory was a best, and it was right,” she told the make space flight possible, because parabola, and it was easy to predict Post. she was fascinated with numbers. where it would be at any point,” she At her retirement in 1986, Johnson Johnson’s grandson, Troy Hylick, said. A parabola in mathematics is an had worked on John Glenn’s flight, the described his grandmother and other open curve and represents the graph Moon landings, and the 1970 rescue “hidden figures” as “superhuman.” of an equation. of Apollo 13. She also helped write one “Because of all the roadblocks that Even though NASA had begun of the first textbooks on space. were put in their place, and they had using electronic computers by Glenn’s Her math calculations, NASA re- to get over and get around and get un- flight, the calculations weren’t con- ports, were as important to the Apollo der,” Hylick told the Washington Post. sidered complete until Johnson was Moon landing program and the start “They became superhuman because summoned to check the work of the of the Space Shuttle program, as they all of those things that they had to do, machines. were to those early steps on America’s just to do the job they were in there to At the end of the day, “color didn’t quest into space. do.” matter” at NASA, Johnson told the As a NASA mathematician she Katherine Johson died at age 101 Washington Post. “They never asked computed Earth orbit parameters for on February 24, 2020.

extension Explore NASA’s Modern Figures Website (INCLUDES VIDEO LINKS) NASA’s Modern Figures website, https://www.nasa. MODERN FIGURES VIDEO WORKSHEET gov/modernfigures, honors Katherine Johnson and her fellow 1960s team of African American women Go to the site https://www.nasa.gov/modernfigures/videos and find the video known as human computers that provided math cal- titled Katherine Johnson Interview, Sept. 2017. Watch the video to get answers culations that helped the U.S. space program in the to the following questions. 1960s. These women were the subject of the popular 1. What was Katherine Johnson’s reaction after learning that NASA was opening book (2016) and movie (2017) “Hidden Figures.” It a new facility, the Katherine G. Johnson Computational Research Facility at also honors the NASA women today who are continu- NASA’s Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia? ing the human computers’ legacy of courage and excellence.

One of the features of the site is a collection of lesson plans and educational activities for K-12 students called Modern Figures Toolkit. These lesson 2. Katherine Johnson’s advice to young engineers is to “Do your best -- plans on a variety of subjects – including algebra, physics, geometry, problem solving, and more -- bring Katherine Johnson’s inspiring story to the classroom. 3. What does Katherine Johnson say is her theory? Find these at: https://www.nasa.gov/stem-ed- resources/nasa-modern-figures-toolkit.html

Another highlight on the site is the Modern Figures Video Series, which features interviews with Johnson 4. How did Katherine Johnson say she would feel if the calculations for flight to and her modern-day counterparts at NASA. Students Mars were done in the building named after her? can explore these videos. Here is a sample worksheet for students to use while watching one of the videos. Answers on following page — PAGE 27 — QUICK BOX

Overcoming Barriers NASA mathematician, Katherine Johnson said she was one of the first women to attend an editorial meeting at the research agency. She told Victoria St. Martin of the Washington Post how that happened.

“She said she ‘wanted to know what they talk about.’ So she asked. And when someone noted that women didn’t attend those meetings, she followed up with: ‘Is there a law that says I can’t go?’

And her boss said, ‘Let her go,’ Johnson said. “No big thing. I hadn’t given it any thought. And the first time I went into one, a fellow asked a question and he said: ‘Katherine is here, ask her. She did it.’”

references 1. Harris, D., Short, L., & Natala, A. (2015). Human computers at NASA. Retrieved from http://omeka.macalester.edu/humancomputerproject/map. 2. Katherine Johnson (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.alumni.wvu.edu/spotlights/media/ katherine-johnson. 3. Katherine G. Johnson – Mathematician. (2016, October 10). Retrieved from https://www. biography.com/people/katherine-g-johnson-101016. 4. Mercury Crewed Flights Summary. (2006, Nov. 30). Retrieved from https://www.nasa.gov/ mission_pages/mercury/missions/manned_flights.html. 5. Mercury-Redstone launch vehicle. (n.a.). Retrieved from https://www.nasa.gov/centers/ marshall/history/mercury-redstone.html 6. Redstone rocket. (n.a.). Retrieved from https://history.redstone.army.mil/space-redstone. html. 7. Rocket park. (n.a.). Retrieved from https://www.rocketcenter.com/RocketPark. 8. Shetterly, M. L. (n.d.). Katherine Johnson biography. Retrieved from https://www.nasa. gov/content/katherine-johnson-biography 9. Smith, Y. (editor). (2015, Nov. 24). Katherine Johnson: The girl who loved to count. Retrieved from www.nasa.gov/feature/katherine-johnson-the-girl-who-loved-to-count. 10. St. Martin, V. (2017, January 27). ‘Hidden’ no more: Katherine Johnson, a black NASA pioneer, finds acclaim at 98.Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost. com/local/hidden-no-more-katherine-johnson-a-black-nasa-pioneer-finds-acclaim- at-98/2017/01/27/d6a6feb8-dd0f-11e6-ad42-f3375f271c9c_story.html.

modern figures answer sheet

1. “If you want my honest answer, I think they’re crazy,” she laughed. “I was excited for something new, always like something new. But give credit to everybody who helped. I didn’t do anything alone, but try to go to the root of the question and succeeded there.”

2. “Do your best, but like it. Like what you’re doing. Then you will do your best. If you don’t like it, shame on you.”

3. “That’s my theory: Do your best all the time.”

4. “I’ll be exceedingly honored, greatly honored.”

MATTEL

Mattel included a Katherine Johnson Doll in its Barbie® Inspiring Women TM collection in 2018.

— PAGE 27 — — PAGE 28 — HANDS ON build A redstone rocket Katherine Johnson helped calculate trajectory analyses for America’s first human spaceflights. This activity lets students build the Mercury Redstone 4 Rocket.

ABOUT background THE ROCKET

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

n Crew: 1 n Height: 59 feet (17.9 meters), 83 feet with spacecraft (25. meters) n Diameter: 5.9 feet n Launch Weight: 65,987 lbs. (29,931 kg) n Stages: 1 n Powerplant: Rocketdyne NAA 75-110 (A-7 version) n Thrust: 78,000 lbs. (35,380 kg) n Propellant: LOX/RP-1

PERFORMANCE n Speed: 5,134 mph (8,262.4 kph) n Orbit Altitude: 118.3 statute miles

PAYLOAD n Payload: Spacecraft No. 11, Launch Vehicle MR-8 n Payload Capacity: 4,000 lbs. (1,814 kg) to an altitude of 117 miles NASA on a ballistic path Astronaut Gus Grissom climbs into “Liberty Bell 7” spacecraft before launch on the morning of July 21, 1961. Astronaut John Glenn, Grissom’s back up, helps him into the capsule.

The Mercury-Redstone launch vehicle used by the Army to orbit the Explorer I, the malfunctioned when he landed in the Atlantic was the first crewed launch vehicle in the first U.S. satellite into Earth orbit. On January Ocean, causing the door to eject and the U.S. space program. The Redstone missile, 31, 1961, the second Mercury Redstone test capsule to flood. Grissom survived, but his dubbed “Old Reliable” by the Army for its flight carried a chimpanzee named Ham into capsule sank. The capsule, the Liberty Bell accuracy, was chosen as the booster rocket to space. 7, was recovered in 1999. In this activity, propel the first Americans into space. The Mercury-Redstone was then used students will build the M-R 4. This liquid-propelled surface-to-surface for the first two manned spaceflights of With the deployment of the faster missile was capable of transporting nuclear NASA’s Mercury program. On May 5, 1961, Pershing missile system in 1964, the or conventional warheads to targets Alan Shepard became the first American Redstone missile system was retired at approximately 200 miles away. It was in space in Mercury-Redstone 3. A little Redstone Arsenal October 30, 1964. developed at the Redstone Arsenal near over two months later Virgil “Gus” Grissom Huntsville, Alabama. became the second American in space on On January 31, 1958, the Redstone was July 21, 1961. Both achieved suborbital used as the first stage in the launch vehicle flight, however Grissom’s capsule door

— PAGE 29 — THE MERCURY PROGRAM The Mercury program, using first Redstone and later Atlas rockets, introduced the nation to its first astronauts. There were six total flights with six astronauts flown. Total flight time for these missions was 53 hours, 55 minutes and 27 seconds.

Mercury-Redstone 3 n Spacecraft: FREEDOM 7 n Mission Date: May 5, 1961 n Astronaut: Alan B. Shepard, Jr. n Flight Summary: 15 minutes, 28 seconds - Suborbital flight that successfully put the first American in space.

Mercury-Redstone 4 n Spacecraft: LIBERTY BELL 7 n Mission Date: July 21, 1961 n Astronaut: Virgil I. Grissom n Flight Summary: 15 minutes, 37 seconds - Suborbital flight, successful flight but the spacecraft sank shortly after splashdown.

Mercury-Atlas 6 n Spacecraft: FRIENDSHIP 7 n Mission Date: February 20, 1962 n Astronaut: John H. Glenn, Jr. n Flight Summary: 4 hours, 55 minutes, 23 seconds - Three-orbit flight that placed the first American into orbit.

Mercury-Atlas 7 n Spacecraft: AURORA 7 n Mission Date: May 24, 1962 n Astronaut: M. Scott Carpenter n Flight Summary: 4 hours, 56 minutes, 5 seconds - Confirmed the success of the Mercury-Atlas 6 by duplicating the flight.

Mercury-Atlas 8 n Spacecraft: SIGMA 7 n Mission Date: October 3, 1962 n Astronaut: Walter M. Schirra n Flight Summary: 9 hours, 13 minutes, 11 seconds - Six-orbit engineering test flight.

Mercury-Atlas 9 n Spacecraft: FAITH 7 n Mission Date: May 15-16, 1963 n Astronaut: L. Gordon Cooper, Jr. n Flight Summary: 34 hours, 19 minutes, 49 seconds - The last Mercury mission; completed 22 orbits to evaluate effects of one day in space.

Source: NASA

— PAGE 29 — — PAGE 30 — PROCEDURE — Build a Redstone Rocket MATERIALS n Cardstock for templates n Flat, level, stable, and easily cleaned surface to work on n Rocket template (in this chapter) n Cardstock 9 Cut along one side of the white “V” of n Sharp-pointed (X-acto-type) hobby knife Part No. 9. Overlap and glue Part No. 9 Fold and glue Part No. 17 (escape ALWAYS cap it when not in use to achieve curve. 17 n Sharp, precision sewing-type scissors tower) into a triangle. n A ruler or any other (truly) straight edge 10 Attach Part No. 9 to the base of Part n Toothpicks, round (and flat, if available) No.8. n Aleene’s Fast Grab Tacky Glue, Elmer’s glue, or super glue 11 Roll and glue Part No. 14; then glue Part No. 15 to the top of 14 n Eyebrow-type tweezers, having a straight edge of comfortable angle n Stylus of some kind, to make indented 12 Glue Part No. 14 to Part No. 9 (on the gray circle at the bottom of capsule lines for folds 18 Roll and glue Part No. 16 (escape n body). Wait for it to dry. Paper clips rocket). n Some old books or similar object to act as a weight/press to keep the airplane parts completely flat while drying n A trash can nearby to be neat 1 Print template onto cardstock. Cut out template. 2 Roll Parts 1 and 2 into tubes, and glue. Roll one edge under to the point it meets the gray line. Secure 19 Glue Part No. 18 (escape rocket top) to with paper clips and let dry. 13 While Step 12 is drying, glue Part No. 11 Part No. 16. (recovery tower top) to the top of Part 3 Test fit of adaptor ring (Part No. 3). No. 10. 20 Fold and glue Part Before gluing, roll the ring. No. 19 (aerodynamic 14 Roll and glue Part No. 12 (antenna fair- spike). Then glue 4 Place glue on one half of the exterior of ing); then glue to Part No. 13. Part No. 19 to Part the ring and the tab. Insert the ring so No. 18. that the half with glue is inside the top of Part No. 2, and the tab is glued to 21 Glue and slide Part No. 16 into top complete the circle. of Part No. 17 until the first line is 5 Place Part No. 1 over the ring to fit hidden. The pieces will fit snugly. snugly into place against Part No. 2. 22 Slide Part No. 17 over Part Take Parts No. 4, 5, 6, and 7. Fold and 6 No. 12. Glue glue them as shown. Take the assembled Parts No. 12 and 15 is optional 13 and glue to the top of Parts No. 10 depending and 11. on display preference.

23 Place Part No. 8 (the capsule) 7 The colors of the fins match the rocket. atop the rocket Glue fins Parts No. 4, 5, 6 and 7 to the body. Glue matching quadrant. Also, students can is optional refer to the plan, which notes the place- depending ment of each fin. 16 Take the sub assembly of Parts No. on display 10-13 and glue to the top of Part No. 8. preferences. Roll and glue Part No. 8. Trim any 8 Allow it to dry. excess. — PAGE 31— — PAGE 31— — PAGE 32 — HANDS ON build A mercury space capsule Katherine Johnson helped calculate trajectory analyses for both missions for America’s first human spaceflights. This activity lets students build the Mercury space capsule, Friendship 7.

background

ABOUT THE SPACE CAPSULE

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

n Crew: 1 n Materials: • Skin & structure: Titanium • Heat shield: Phenolic resin, fiberglass • Shingles: Nickel-steel alloy; beryllium shingles removed n Orbit: 4 hours, 55 minutes, 23 seconds n Display: Can be seen today in the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C. n Launch: Capsule was launched on a modified intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) n Dimensions: 6 ft 3 in by 7 ft 5 in (190.5 by 226.1 cm) n Weight: 1,930 lb (875.4 kg)

Source: National Air and Space Museum

NASA Astronaut John Glenn climbs into the Friendship 7 capsule.

The Project Mercury program from 1958 that would be in space for a very limited John Glenn flatly refused to fly his mission -1963 was to get an American into space and time and safely return him to Earth. Initially without Katherine Johnson checking all the back safely. The effort was originally an Air sub-orbital missions were envisioned in this orbital calculations herself. Force project that was taken over by NASA. project. On May 5, 1961, Alan Shepard was In 1958, a Belizean-born American me- The Mercury space capsule built by McDon- the first to accomplish a sub-orbital mission chanical engineer, Maxime Allen “Max” Faget, nell Douglas was the first real space vehicle in the Freedom 7 Mercury capsule. The first became one of the 35 engineers who formed built for a human crewmember. It was packed orbital flight was by John Glenn on February the Space Task Group, creating the Mercury with supplies of water, food, and oxygen for a 20, 1962, and was a follow-on mission flying spacecraft. He contributed to the later Gemini 24-hour flight, if required. on a Mercury-Atlas missile combination. and Apollo spacecraft, as well as the Space The goal of the program was to put the NASA research mathematician Katherine Shuttle. capsule into orbit. The first step was to get Johnson did trajectory analyses for both mis- an American up into a high parabolic curve sions for America’s first human spaceflights.

— PAGE 33 — PROCEDURE — Building the Mercury Space Capsule, Friendship 7 MATERIALS n Cardstock for templates n Paper clips n Flat, level, stable, and easily cleaned surface to work on n Sharp-pointed (“X-acto”-type) hobby knife; ALWAYS cap it when not in use n Sharp, precision sewing-type scissors n A ruler or any other (truly) straight edge n Toothpicks, round (and flat, if available) 10 Cut out the heat shield (leave the white n Aleene’s Fast Grab Tacky Glue, portion attached but slit one side to Cut out the scope hatch and window “Elmer’s” glue, or super glue 4 overlap). before rolling and gluing the capsule n Eyebrow-type tweezers, having a body together. Apply glue to the white straight edge of comfortable angle 11 Roll the shield and glue. tab of the main body, roll, and attach. n Stylus of some kind, to make indented lines for folds n Some old books or similar object to act as a weight/press to keep the spacecraft parts completely flat while drying n A trash can nearby to be neat

12 Add glue to the blue tab of the retro pack. Roll and stick together. 5 Building notes: the periscope and window should be glued to the inside of the main body before the heatshield or recover sections are attached. 1 Print template and carefully cut out the pieces of the capsule and organize into 6 Glue the base of the periscope (light related parts or groups. blue rectangle with dark blue circle) inside the capsule (where labeled “scope hatch”). Glue the window inside the 13 Glue the retro pack on the blue tab and capsule at the space labeled window. roll to form a shallow cone. 7 Roll and glue the recovery tower. 2 Begin the sub-assemblies. First, roll and glue the radio can by placing glue on the white tab.

14 Roll and glue retro pack base.

8 Roll and glue the recovery interior ring (long thin rectangle) inside the recovery tower at the top. This band will act as a lip. 3 Glue the radio can top to cap the radio 9 Attach the recovery lid by inserting it can. Glue the spoiler to the radio can from the bottom into the recovery tower top, as shown. The spoiler is umbrella- until it reaches the interior ring. shaped. Glue the “handle” of the 15 Glue retro pack base to the retro pack. umbrella to the top of the radio can.

— PAGE 33 — — PAGE 34 — 16 Build all three retro rockets. Roll and glue all 6 pieces for the retro Glue the recovery tower into the top of 29 Glue the retro straps to the retro pack rockets (3 striped C-shaped pieces 21 the main body. base. and and 3 striped thin rectangles). Assemble into the three retro rockets Glue the retro pack to the heat shield Glue the black side of the tabs of the by gluing the smaller rings on top of 22 30 and let dry while the recovery tower is heat shield, and attach to the inside of each base. drying. the capsule. 17 Glue the retro rockets to the retro pack base in the black circles indicated. 18 Press and hold each to be sure the piece is attached.

23 Fold and glue the strap brackets (located below the recovery tower on the 31 The tip of the retro strap will need to plan) into rectangular boxes open on align with the markings around the one end. base of the capsule. 24 Roll and glue the periscope tube (it is 32 Start gluing the retro pack base to the located to the left of the periscope lens heat shield. The smaller thrusters (3) on the plan). Use a toothpick or end of a should be wound around a round tooth- paper clip or tweezers to glue the tube. pick to make them easy to handle. 33 As seen in the instruction sheet in this 25 Fold and glue the periscope lens and chapter, the final parts are the booster 19 Roll and glue the posigrade rockets. attach to the perisope tube. Let dry. rocket straps and the window for the Toothpicks, paper clips or tweezers will pilot, doors, and a viewing periscope. assist with these tiny parts. Glue the These are added when everything is posigrade rockets to the retro pack base glued into place and the glue is well- at the small, gray circles (small side dried. When everything is glued to- down). gether, square the top of the capsule in the main body. Leave it alone, and allow the glue to dry.

26 Fold and glue the periscope door (scope hatch). 27 Glue the periscope onto the capsule at the designated spot. 20 As the retro pack base attachments dry, assemble the adaptor. Roll and glue the 28 Apply glue to the fold side of the adaptor into a ring. It will fit inside the periscope door and attach to capsule recovery tower. Insert the adaptor ring adjacent to the periscope lens and until the blue line matches the edge of tube (hinge on the left side). Allow the recovery tower. Let dry. time for the periscope assembly to dry as it is delicate. — PAGE 35 — — PAGE 35 — — PAGE 36 — — PAGE 37— — PAGE 37— — PAGE 38 — CHAPTER THREE

The Ottawa Citizen Canada.ca Deanna Brasseur was one of the first three Canadian women to earn their wings in 1981 and went on to become one of the first two Canadian women fighter pilots. She is featured in a TBS Canada video on women’s accomplishments. DEANNA BRASSEUR one of the First two Canadian women to be fighter pilots

OBJECTIVES eanna “Dee” Brasseur was not trying first two women pilots selected to train on n List three of Deanna to be the aviation barrier breaker a jet fighter. Brasseur and Capt. Jane Fos- Brasseur’s flying accomplishments. Dshe would become. Canada’s first ter became Canada’s first women combat n Describe Brasseur’s early female fighter pilot, a retired major in the fighter pilots. Moreover, they were the first life. Canadian Royal Air Force, just wanted to n Discuss her assignments in women fighter pilots anywhere since World the Canadian Royal Air Force. fly airplanes as a young girl. In the mid- War II, when Russian women served as n Build the F/A 18 Hornet. 1960s, the Canadian Forces did not allow combat fighter pilots. The U.S. did not al- women to be pilots, much less combat low women to be fighter pilots until 1993. pilots, when dreams of flying began to For these and other accomplishments, she STANDARDS form in her young mind. has been honored by women’s aviation When Brasseur joined the Canadian NGSS organizations, as well as by the Order of Forces in 1972, she first was assigned SCIENCE Canada. as an administration clerk. But in 1979, n MS-PS2-2 n MS-ETS1-2 What had been childhood dreams had n MS-PS2-5 n MS-ETS1-3 when the Canadian Forces initiated a trial become a reality. And barrier after barrier n MS-PS3-1 n MS-ETS1-4 program encouraging women in the pilot n MS-ETS1-1 career field, Brasseur volunteered and then that had been in place were shattered, ELA/LITERACY graduated as one of the first three women many by Brasseur herself. “I remember n RST.6-8.1 n RST.6-8.9 to earn their wings in 1981. flying solo for the first time in an F-18 in n RST.6-8.3 Other firsts included the first woman jet 1989,” Brasseur recalled in a Royal Cana- MATHEMATICS pilot instructor assigned to 2 Canadian dian Air Force (RCAF) article. “It had been n 6.SP.B.4 Forces Flying Training School (2CFFTS) and a dream for so long, and when I did it, it the first woman pilot to receive a Flight still felt like a dream. I looked back after NCSS Commander position as the T-33 Flight flying and couldn’t believe that I had flown n IV.f. Commander with Base Flight Cold Lake, that airplane. I didn’t walk for days, just n V.c. Alberta. Later, in 1988, she was one of the kind of floated a foot off the ground.”

— PAGE 39 — HER STORY

Major Deanna “Dee” Brasseur was In 1979, the Canadian Armed born on September 9, 1953 in Pem- Forces announced a new trial program broke, Ontario, into a military family. to place women in the pilot career field, Home to her was any one of 11 different and Brasseur was accepted into a pilot military and civilian locations her father training course. In 1981, she became was assigned to. She lived in six one of the first three women to graduate Canadian provinces and two American with their “wings” and subsequently states. became the first woman flight instruc- When she was 11 or 12, she re- tor at 2 Canadian Forces Flying Train- members, she used to ride her bicycle ing School (2CFFTS) in Moose Jaw, to the end of a runway at the Royal Saskatchewan. Then, she was the first Canadian Air Force (RCAF) base in woman pilot to be awarded a Flight Centralia, Ontario, where her father Commander position as the T-33 Flight was stationed. There, she watched the Commander with Base Flight Cold Lake, Chipmunk trainer airplanes take off Alberta (1980-1985). and land and wished she, as a girl, had Brasseur was one of the first two the same opportunity to pursue a pilot women pilots selected to train on a A Canadian stamp was printed in career as her male peers. jet fighter in 1988. She flew the CF-5 Brasseur’s honor in 2015. “I used to watch for hours and Freedom Fighter and CF-18 Hornet, and hours and hours, and I specifically then, as a line pilot and Squadron Plans Achievements include remember … I could go back to that Officer. Later, she was assigned as the n Became one of the first two spot today and look up and see these first woman Military Aircraft Accident women fighter pilots in Canada Chipmunks coming over, and think to Investigator. She followed that assign- (1989) myself, ‘Boys are so lucky that they get ment by becoming the Senior Staff n Inducted as a Member of the to do that,’” she told Bruce Deachman Officer at the Canadian Department of Order of Canada (1999) of the Ottawa Citizen. National Defence Headquarters re- n Inducted into the Women in When her family was stationed sponsible for supervising all Canadian Aviation International Pioneer at Canadian Forces Base Penhold in Forces jet trainers and fighter aircraft. Hall of Fame (2007) Alberta, Brasseur joined the Canadian Brasseur retired from regular ser- n Canadian stamp printed in her Forces. “When I joined, there were vice with the Canadian Forces in 1994. honor (2015) 95,000 members of the Forces, and Following the terror attacks in the U.S. n Received the Northern Lights the number of women was capped at on September 11, 2001, she returned Aero Foundation’s Pioneer Award 1,500,” she told the . to the Canadian Forces Reserves in Ottawa Citizen (2017) Her first Forces assignment was ad- 2002, but she never flew in combat. She ministration clerk, which she called “a worked in the Directorate of Air Stra- typist.” It only took two weeks for her to tegic Planning. Throughout her career, apply for the Officer Candidate Training Brasseur banked more than 2,500 hours Plan. She was accepted (Canada had of jet flying. lifted the cap on the number of women in the service) and became an air Continued on PAGE 41 weapons controller.

It had been a dream for so long, and when I did it, it still felt like a dream. I looked back after flying and couldn’t believe that I had flown that airplane. I didn’t walk for “days, just kind of floated a foot off the ground. — Deanna Brasseur — PAGE 39 — — PAGE 40 — ” her Story (continued from Page 40) In 2015, Brasseur was honored with She wishes there were more wom- stereotypes and harassment, she said. a postage stamp commemorating her en who followed her pioneering efforts “The challenge is to look yourself in achievement as one of the first female in becoming a fighter pilot. “Jane the mirror and say: ‘You did everything CF-18 Hornet pilots and as a member (Foster) and I opened the door in 1989, they’ve done,’” she told Deachman of the 99s women’s aviation organiza- but when we looked behind us, where of the Citizen. “You’re as good as tion. is everyone?” she said in the 2017 they are. Accepting yourself is the No. Currently, she is an inspirational Citizen article, written at the time of 1 priority, and over time they forget speaker and has established the One the presentation of the Pioneer Award about the fact that you’re a woman. in a Million Project, a foundation that from the Northern Lights Aero Founda- You’re just another squadron pilot raises funds for organizations that tion, a non-profit group devoted to who happens to be competent and support research, education, and encouraging women’s participation in capable.” treatment of post-traumatic stress aerospace and aviation. disorder. As a pioneer, she had to fight extension DIscussion/research After students build the F/A-18 Hornet in this chapter, have the students launch their planes with a catapult in the gym, doorless hallway, or other large indoors area (to eliminate wind effects) five times, each time trying for maximum distance. Stress trying to duplicate the same launch angle and speed. Next, have students conduct another five trials, this time outside in wind conditions. Students should record their distances and average the three longest distances in each condition. (Instructions for building a simple, inexpensive catapult are found on Page 11.)

Be sure all observing students and leaders are standing out of the line of flight. When outside, be sure observers are standing out of the line of flight considering the wind direction. USE THE CHARTS ON THE NEXT PAGE FOR STUDENTS TO RECORD THEIR RESULTS.

VIDEO LINKS:

➤ Women’s History Month (4 of 5) - TBS Canada https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aakDfveb-rM

➤ 2017 Pioneer Award: Maj (re’d) Deanna Brasseur – Northern Lights Aero Foundation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U7v0zigi7Hk references

1. Dee Brasseur – Stamp. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://canadi- 4. Major Deanna “Dee” Brasseur. (n.d.). Retrieved from https:// an99s.com/dee-brasseur-stamp/. www.wai.org/pioneers/2007/major-deanna-dee-brasseur.

2. Deachman, B. (2017, September 28). I went flying because 5. Tegler, E. (2016, Dec. 29). The 35-year odyssey of the mighty Hor- I wanted to fly, not to prove anything’: Canada’s first female net. Retrieved from https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/ fighter pilot honoured.Ottawa Citizen. Retrieved from https:// aviation/a24538/f-a-18-badass-plane/. ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/i-went-flying-because-i- wanted-to-fly-not-to-prove-anything-canadas-first-female- fighter-pilot-honoured.

3. Gearey, Jenn. (2007, February 16). Canadian woman being inducted into the Women in Aviation, International Pioneer Hall of Fame. Retrieved from https://archive.is/20121216031408/http:// www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/site/newsroom/news_e.asp?id=2514.

— PAGE 41 — 1. Record the results of each trial in the tables shown below. INSIDE CONDITIONS OUTSIDE CONDITIONS NO WIND EFFECTS DIRECTION OF WIND_____

TRIAL DISTANCE TRAVELED TRIAL DISTANCE TRAVELED 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 AVG. OF THREE LONGEST AVG. OF THREE LONGEST

2. Plot the distance the plane traveled with each experiment on graphing paper. Use different colors to plot each experiment.

— PAGE 41 — — PAGE 42 — HANDS ON build THE F/a-18 hornet This aircraft is a U.S. Navy and Marine Corps plane. Seven other nations fly the F-18 and F/A-18 Hornet/Super Hornet aircraft. Dee Brasseur, the first Canadian woman fighter pilot, flew this aircraft.

ABOUT THE PLANE

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

n Crew: 1 (F/A-18 A, C and E) 2: (F/A-18 B, D and F) n Length: 56 ft. 0 in n Wingspan: 37 ft. 6 in (11.4 m) n Height: 15 ft. 3 in (4.7 m) n Wing area: 410 ft.² (38 m²) n Empty weight: 23,000 lb. (10,433 kg) n Max takeoff weight: 51,900 lb. (23,537 kg) n Power plant: 2 x General Electric F404-GE-402 afterburning turbofan engines n Dry Thrust: 11,000 lbf (49 kN) n Thrust with Afterburner: 17,750 lbf (79 kN) U.S. Navy photo by Lt. Cmdr. Josh Hammond PERFORMANCE n Maximum speed: Mach 1.7+ background n Range: Combat: 1,089 nm (1,252 mi/2,002 km) The McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hor- In 1986, the Navy’s Blue Angels n Range: Ferry: 1,546 nm (1,777 mi/ 2,844 km) net is an all-weather, multi-role fighter demonstration team chose the F/A-18 n Service ceiling: 50.000 + ft. (15,000 m) and attack jet aircraft. The F/A-18 has to replace their aging A-4 Skyhawks. ARMAMENT a unique designator in itself, it is not a The F/A-18 Hornet was selected fighter nor an attack aircraft, such as by the air forces of Australia, Canada, n Guns: 1 x 20 mm (0.787 in) M61A1 Vulcan cannons an F-15 or an A-10, for example. The Finland, Malaysia, Spain, Kuwait, n Hardpoints: 9 total: 2x wingtips missile launch F/A means from the beginning it was and Switzerland. In the early 1990s, rails, 4 x under wing and 3 x under fuselage for a designed to excel in both arenas as a the U.S. Navy ordered a replacement total 13,700 lb (6,200 kg) fighter and as an attack aircraft. It, aircraft for the F-14, and chose an therefore, became a Naval, as well as a up-graded F/A-18E (single seat) and ROCKETS Marine Corps, aircraft. F/A-18F (two-seat) called the Super n 2.75” Hydra 70 rockets The F/A-18 can operate from either Hornet. n 5” Zuni rockets an aircraft carrier, or from a land base, The Super Hornets are 20% larger making it a multi-role, multi-mission with 1/3 more fuel capacity and have AIR-TO-AIR MISSILES aircraft. The F/A-18 was designed as 25% more wing area to carry more n 4 x AIM-9 Sidewinder or 4xAIM-132 ASRAAM or the replacement aircraft for the aging ordinance. Super Hornets have twin GE 4x IRIS-T F-4 Phantom II aircraft. Northrup and F414-GE-400 Turbofan engines, each n 2 x AIM-7 Sparrow or 2xAIM-120 AMRAAM McDonald Douglas merged ideas that delivering 22,000 lbs. of thrust, mak- became the F/A-18A (single seat) and ing Mach 1.8 the fighter’s top speed. the F/A-18B (two-seater) aircrafts. The AIR-TO-SURFACE MISSILES F/A-18 today exists as both a single n AGM-65 Maverick or AGM-88 HARM, Taurus Cruise mis- and two-seater combat weapons sile and AGM084 Harpoon Bombs system. The F/A-18 has been in service n B61 nuclear, JDAM precision-guided munition. Laser- since 1983. guided bombs CBU-78 Gator and Mk20 Rockeye II to name a few.

— PAGE 43 — PROCEDURE — Building the F/A-18 Hornet MATERIALS n Cardstock for templates n Model template n Flat, level, stable, and easily cleaned surface to work on n Sharp-pointed (“X-acto”-type) hobby knife; ALWAYS cap it when not in use n Sharp, precision sewing-type scissors n A ruler or any other (truly) straight edge Glue and attach the main wing on the n Toothpicks, round (and flat, if available) Cut and fold the fuselage carefully. 8 5 fuselage. Fold up the vertical stabiliz- n Aleene’s Fast Grab Tacky Glue is best, Bend tabs with a straight edge ruler. ers. Put a small bead of glue down the followed by “Elmer’s” glue, and super Test fit the folds to get the proper F/A-18 bend and set the vertical stabilizers glue fuselage. at 20 degrees to the horizontal main n Eyebrow-type tweezers, having a wings. straight edge of comfortable angle n Stylus of some kind, to make indented lines for folds n A heavy weight to press glued surfaces together while moving on to other steps n Small clamps, clothes pins, or hemostats to hold model while drying 1 Print the McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 plans in this chapter. Use the diagrams in this chapter as build guidance in 6 It is very important that the fuselage is addition to these procedures. perfectly flat so the wings and tail will 9 Attach the horizontal stabilizers, paral- 2 Set up work area with materials and have the proper 90 degree angles. Here, lel to the main wings. Check to ensure tools. the fuselage was glued together and that everything is square, or at the a plastic ruler and large lead weight proper angles, and let the glue dry. Use 3 Read all the instructions on the plan, were added to compress and insure the of supports to help the model set up folding diagram, and below. Instruc- fuselage is flat. properly is always a good idea. tions should tell where to glue, cut, and fold/bend. Some plans are more detailed than others.

10 Add the nose piece/weight and this model becomes a very good flying card 7 After the glue has thoroughly cured, fold stock paper F/A-18. 4 Cut out the parts, slowly and carefully. out the main wing supports.

Activity Credit: Credit and Permission to Reprint – The A.S. Paper Aircraft Laboratory has made these aircraft model plans freeware and downloadable from their website. Therefore, they have given the Civil Air Patrol permission to reprint many of the paper aircraft model plans at their website. One such plan is presented here.

— PAGE 43 — — PAGE 44 — — PAGE 45 — Additional instructions

— PAGE 45 — — PAGE 46 — CHAPTER FOUR

©Smithsonian Institution Jeana Yeager is pictured inside the Voyager in which she and Dick Rutan made the first non-stop flight around the world without refueling. JEANA YEAGER FIRST WOMAN TO FLY AROUND THE WORLD WITHOUT REFUELING

OBJECTIVES ine days, 3 minutes, and 44 seconds. began working on testing, building, and n Describe Jeana Yeager’s non- That’s how long it took pilot and developing the Voyager in preparation to fly stop around the world flight. aircraft developer Jeana Yeager and the maximum circumference of the globe n Describe Yeager’s relationship N with Dick & Burt Rutan. her partner, Dick Rutan, to fly around the without refueling. n Discuss the Voyager Aircraft world in December 1986 in the first aircraft Dick Rutan and Yeager endured nine Inc. to make such a flight without refueling. The grueling days in the aircraft, which took off n Build the Long-EZ N3R. flight broke an aviation record for non-stop, from Edwards Air Force Base in California unrefueled flights. at 8:01 a.m. on Dec. 14, 1986. The two The aircraft, the Voyager, was designed landed back at Edwards Air Force Base on STANDARDS by Dick Rutan’s brother, Burt Rutan. Yeager Dec. 23. NGSS met the Rutan brothers in 1980, when they Burt and Dick Rutan and Yeager were SCIENCE operated their own aircraft company, Rutan honored by President Ronald Reagan, who n MS-PS2-2 n MS-ETS1-1 Aircraft Factory. She set four separate presented them with the Presidential Citi- n MS-PS2-3 n MS-ETS1-2 speed records in Rutan EZ planes in the zens Medals of Honor. They also received n MS-PS2-4 n MS-ETS1-3 early 1980s. the U.S. National Aeronautic Association In March 1981, Dick Rutan and Yea- (NAA) Collier Trophy, aviation’s top award, ELA/LITERACY ger founded Voyager Aircraft Inc. Yeager in 1986. n RST.6-8.3 n WHST.6-8.8 n RST.6-8.9 n WHST.6-8.9 n WHST.6-8.7

NGSS My personal goal was realized. It’s lots of n IV.f. “determination and stubbornness, primarily, that gets these things done. ” — Jeana Yeager — PAGE 47 — HER STORY

Jeana Yeager was born on May 18, telephone booth. The primary compos- the flight. Yeager said no because 1952, in Fort Worth, Texas. The pioneer ite material used was a combination “we were mostly trying to take care of aviator grew up in a small town near of two layers of graphite fiber com- emergencies and would take advan- Dallas, Texas. She graduated from pound with paper honeycomb sand- tage of the quiet moments before the high school in 1970 and moved to wiched in between. The light airframe next one happened.” Santa Rosa, California, in 1977. There, weighed only 939 pounds, but its Today, the plane is hanging at the she studied energy, aerospace design, 17 fuel tanks needed to fly Earth’s Smithsonian National Air and Space and commercial engineering drafts- circumference added 7,011 pounds of Museum as a reminder of the history manship. gasoline. that was made in December 1986. For Yeager, who is no relation to By 1986, Voyager was ready for the her part, Yeager said, the flight was a famed aviator Chuck Yeager, began flight. Yeager and Rutan took the flight realization of her personal goal. “It’s taking flying lessons once she was in down a 15,000-foot runway, and the lots of determination and stubborn- California and obtained her private Voyager sustained damage to the wing ness, primarily,” she said, “that gets pilot’s license in 1978. She met Dick tips because they were weighted down these things done.” Rutan at an air show in 1980 in Chino, by the large amount of fuel the aircraft California, when Rutan was selling carried. The average speed of the planes built by his brother’s business. round-the-world flight was a mere 116 Achievements She began flying Rutan airplanes and miles per hour. She flew as copilot on include set four separate records in those the 216-hour flight and, together, she n Was the first woman to fly an airplanes. and Dick Rutan set a world distance airplane nonstop around the But she wanted to do something record. They took off on December 9 world (1986) that had never been done before. A and landed nine days later. For this n Received the Clifford B. project with the Rutan brothers ac- flight, both Rutan and Yeager broke Harmon Trophy for the world’s complished that in a major way. the closed-circuit distance records outstanding aviatrix (1986) At lunch in 1981, the Rutan with an unrefueled, non-stop around n Received the Presidential brothers had an idea for an aircraft the world flight of 24,986.727 miles Citizens Medal of Honor that would break the world distance (40,212.139 kilometers). (1986) record of 12,532 miles, set by a B-52 When the world waited for Rutan n Was the first woman to be Air Force crew in 1962. They began and Yeager to land, Burt Rutan was awarded NAA Collier Trophy building this aircraft, the Voyager, in concerned about the landing, calling for advancement of aviation 1982. The design of the Voyager has the light aircraft “extremely demand- (1986) been credited to Burt and Dick Rutan, ing to land.” When they landed after n Inducted into Women in Avia- as well as Jeana Yeager. Burt Rutan, a nine days they only had a few gallons tion International Pioneer Hall designer of experimental and home- of fuel left. of Fame (1992) built airplanes, wanted to build the Four days after the landing, aircraft with composite materials. A President Ronald Reagan and First composite material is composed of Lady Nancy Reagan awarded Dick and two or more distinctive components Jeana the Presidential Citizens Medal that when combined remain distinct of Honor. and identifiable. Fiberglass is a com- While speaking to a Texas au- mon composite. The use of composite dience in 2005, she said with the materials allowed the aircraft to Voyager flight, she and fellow aviator carry a large amount of fuel in a light Dick Rutan accomplished what some airframe. considered impossible. A youth in The Voyager had a wingspan of the audience asked Yeager whether 110 feet and a cockpit the size of a she and Rutan ever got bored during

— PAGE 47 — — PAGE 48 — extension plan a trip extension RESEARCH AND DESIGN Jeana Yeager flew around the world non-stop in an COMPOSITE MATERIALS experimental aircraft in 1986 with fellow pilot Dick Rutan. The flight took nine days, 3 minutes, and 44 Pilots Jeana Yeager and Dick Rutan flew theVoyager aircraft on the first seconds. Ask students or cadets to complete the fol- nonstop, unrefueled flight around the world. Because the craft was con- lowing problems. structed with lightweight composite materials and no metal, it was light enough to be able to hold the fuel necessary for the trip. Have students 1. Find out how many miles a pilot has to fly to or cadets do one or more of the following: circumnavigate the globe. 2. What is the longest distance you have traveled n Research and list common objects constructed of composite by land? Name the locations Point A and Point materials. B. n Research what a materials engineer does. Find out what schools in 3. Research how many miles Point B is from Point your city or state offer courses of study in materials engineering. A. Explore what types of careers are available for materials engineers. 4. How long did it take you to get from Point A to n Enhance students’ and cadets’ perspective on the size of this aircraft Point B? design. Go to a football field or other large, outdoor space, and use 5. Compute how many times you would have to cones to mark off the width of the Voyager. A marked field provides travel from Point A to Point B to circle Earth. a nice point of reference. Have the learners convert feet to yards. 6. Find out how many miles per gallon a car you (Wingspan w/winglets: 33.8 m or 110.8 ft.) have ridden in gets (it could belong to a parent, n Demonstrate the design of the confining space of the cockpit and grandparent, older sister or brother). Find out cabin area where the pilots spent nine days on the journey that cir- how many gallons that car can hold in its fuel cumnavigated Earth. Mark it off in the classroom or on the field in the tank. Compute the maximum distance that car center of the marked-off wingspan (the size of a bathtub). can travel without refueling. 7. Locate on a map your school or home. Find a COCKPIT place you could get to on one tank of gas. DIMENSIONS 8. Research how far various commercial airplanes can travel without refueling. n Cockpit Width: 0.5 m (1.8 ft) 9. Locate a maximum distance destination to n Cockpit Length: 1.7 m (5.6 ft) which a plane from your hometown could travel n Cabin Area Width: 0.6 m (2.0 ft) n on one tank of fuel. Cabin Area Length: 2.3 m (7.5 ft) BurtRutan.com 10. Talk to other members of the class and find out The Voyager in flight. their answers to these questions. Break up into teams of two and interview each other about VIDEO LINKS: the answers. Ask your partners why they chose ➤ 30th Anniversary of Voyager Flight (EAA) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=scU0eiBgW1o the destinations that they did. Ask them to tell you about their longest trip. Switch groups so ➤ Flight of the Voyager (CSPAN) (1987 testimony in front of the House Science, Space, and Technology Committee) students can learn about their peers. Repeat, https://www.c-span.org/video/?171400-1/flight-voyager as appropriate, for the size/makeup of the group of students or cadets. references 1. Crescenti, G.H.,Crawford T.L, and Dumas, E.J. (1999, September). 4. Jeana Yeager was not just along for the ride. (1986, December Data report: LongEZ (N3R) participation in the 1999 shoaling 24). Los Angeles Times. Retrieved from http://articles.latimes. waves experiment (SHOWEX), spring pilot study. Retrieved from com/1986-12-24/news/mn-236_1_jeana-yeager. https://www.arl.noaa.gov/documents/reports/arl-232.pdf. 5. Onkst, D.H. (n.d.). Dick Rutan, Jeana Yeager, and the flight of the 2. Dye, L. (1986, December 23). Los Angeles Times. Voyager and Voyager. Retrieved from http://www.centennialofflight.net/essay/ battered crew head for home. Retrieved from http://articles. Explorers_Record_Setters_and_Daredevils/rutan/EX32.htm. latimes.com/1986-12-23/news/mn-241_1_small-plane. 6. Smart, S. (2013, Sept. 10). Dick Rutan recalls historic 3. Hazal, M.L. (2005, October 7). Aviation pioneer Jeana round-the-world flight. Retrieved from https://www.nasa.gov/ Yeager speaks at A&M-C. North Texas e-News. Retrieved centers/dryden/Features/rutan_recalls.html. from http://www.ntxe-news.com/cgi-bin/artman/exec/view. 7. Yeager, Jeana. (2007, October 29). Retrieved from http://www. cgi?archive=13&num=29141. s9.com/Biography/yeager-jeana/.

— PAGE 49 — HANDS ON build the Long-EZ N3R Students and cadets will build a paper model of an important aircraft used by the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration for atmospheric research for aviation safety/understanding. This aircraft was flown for the measurement of air quality and environmental research projects. Jeana Yeager established several speed records in this aircraft before flying around the world non-stop in the Voyager. ABOUT THE PLANE

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS n Crew: 1-2 n Length: 16 ft. 10 in. (5.12 m) n Wingspan: 26 ft. 1 in. (7.96 m) n Canard Span: 12 ft. 1.0 in. (3.7 m) n Height: 7 ft. 10.0 in (2.4 m) n Wing area: 159.8 ft.² (14.85 m²) n Empty weight: 710 lb. (322 kg) n Max. takeoff weight: 1,325 lb. (601 kg) n Power plant: either Lycoming O-235 or O-360 air-cooled flat-four (115 - 160 HP)

PERFORMANCE n Stall speed: 30-60 mph (km/h) n Cruise Speed: 144 mph (232 km/h) n Max speed: 185 mph ( 298 km/h) n Fuel Capacity: 52 gal. (200 liters or 10 – 18 hours of flight) eddumas.com n Range: 2010 mi. (3,235 km.) n Range w/rear-seat fuel tank: 4,700 mi. background (3.200 km) n Service ceiling: 27,000 ft. (8,200 m) The Long-EZ is one design from Burt VariEze. To date, there are a reported 700+ Rutan’s stable of many unusual homebuilt Long-EZs registered in the USA alone. airplanes. This would include the VariEze, Three hallmarks of Burt Rutan designs Defiant, Rutan 1, and the famousVoyager are the canard wings up front, swept back aircraft that circumnavigated the planet main wings, and fuel-efficient, long range without refueling. The VariEze is a smaller characteristics. The Long-EZ is no exception. version of the Long-EZ and was released to With a rear-seat tank it can fly 4,800 miles! the public in 1976. The Long-EZ was rolled out in 1979 as an up-scaled version of the

— PAGE 49 — — PAGE 50 — PROCEDURE — Building the Long-EZ N3R MATERIALS Print the n Cardstock for templates 1 n Flat, level, stable, and easily cleaned surface to work on template in this n Sharp-pointed (X-acto-type) hobby knife; ALWAYS cap it chapter onto card when not in use stock. n Sharp, precision sewing-type scissors n A ruler or any other (truly) straight edge Cut out main n Toothpicks, round (and flat, if available) 2 n Aleene’s Fast Grab Tacky Glue, Elmer’s glue, or a super wing/body and glue fuselage. n Eyebrow-type tweezers, having a straight edge of comfortable angle n Stylus of some kind, to make indented lines for folds n Some old books or similar object to act as a weight/press to keep the airplane parts completely flat while drying n Staples, paper clips, or tape to use for nose cone weight n A trash can nearby to be neat

3 Fold fuselage in half along dotted line and cut 4 Fold winglets up 90 degrees on main along the red line to create the slot for the main wing/body. Fold under and glue triangle wing/body through both halves. (located at the nose).

5 Slide fuselage onto main wing/body and tape or glue into place.

6 Add small amounts of weight to nose or tail, if necessary, to make model fly properly.

7 When flying, use directions on the template for adjustments, as needed.

— PAGE 51 — — PAGE 51 — — PAGE 52 — CHAPTER FIVE

©Smithsonian Institute

Patty Wagstaff is a three-time U.S. National Aerobatic Champion and a six-time member of the U.S. Aerobatic Team. PATTY WAGSTAFF FIRST WOMAN TO WIN TITLE OF U.S. NATIONAL AEROBATIC CHAMPION OBJECTIVES n Describe Patty Wagstaff’s s an aviator, aerobatic champion the awards piled up. Wagstaff is the first early life. Patty Wagstaff was not content with woman to win the title of U.S. National n Describe some of Wagstaff’s flying straight. She wanted a bigger Aerobatic Champion (1991) and one of experiences flying in Kenya’s A Wildlife Service. challenge. She wanted to fly in loops and the few people to win it three times. In n List three of her flying rolls – aerobatics -- the kind of flying that addition, she is a six-time member of the accomplishments. n Build the Flugzeugbau makes spectators cheer at an airshow. U.S. Aerobatic Team. She is a gold, silver, EA300. In 1983, Wagstaff was one of those and bronze medal winner in international spectators for the first time, having started aerobatic competitions and an inductee aerobatic flying lessons in 1982. At that into the National Aviation Hall of Fame. STANDARDS first airshow she visited in British Colum- In a field dominated by men, agstaff’sW bia, she felt like she was on the “wrong life has been one of risk-taking and cour- NGSS side of the fence” from the sky performers age in pursuits ranging from Kenyan bush SCIENCE she watched. By 1984, in her early 30s and piloting to aerobatic competition and air n MS-PS2-2 n MS-ETS1-2 n MS-PS2-4 n MS-ETS1-3 only four years after receiving her private shows. One of her planes was placed on n MS-ETS1-1 pilot license, Wagstaff performed in her display at the Smithsonian National Air first airshow. and Space Museum in 1994. ELA/LITERACY She began flying competitively, and n RST.6-8.3 n WHST.6-8.8 n RST.6-8.9 n WHST.6-8.9 n WHST.6-8.7 You have freedom in the air. Fire is what lights the NCSS airplane to keep it going. Fire is what people need, too, n IV.f “when they’re trying to accomplish something. — Patty” Wagstaff — PAGE 53 — HER STORY

Patty Wagstaff was born in St. ing college. Eventually, she followed Louis, Missouri, on Sept. 11, 1951. her family back to the United States, Patricia Rosalie Kearns Combs and her where she worked as an economic sister, Toni, were born into an aviation development planner in Alaska for family. Their father was an Air Force isolated Native American communi- B25 pilot who left the military for a ties. For the job, she had to travel to career with Japan Airlines when she Alaska’s rugged areas accessible only was still a young girl. by air. “Well, my dad was a pilot,” she Because of a crash on her first told Abby Callard for Smithsonian. chartered Alaskan flight, she learned com, “so I grew up around aviation. to fly. She hired attorney, pilot, and He flew for Japan Airlines. My mom later husband, Bob Wagstaff, to travel would take me to the airport when I with her. She earned her commercial, was really little, and I would watch instrument, seaplane, and com- him take off. I’ve been around it my mercial helicopter ratings. She’s also whole life. I always loved airplanes. rated to fly several types of aircraft, It was neat because my mom encour- including World War II warbirds and aged me to love airplanes. I remember jets. something.” FIRST WOMAN TO WIN TITLE OF U.S. NATIONAL her taking me out to the San Fran- Wagstaff named her biography, Whatever it takes to “accomplish AEROBATIC CHAMPION cisco International Airport when the written with Ann L. Cooper, Fire and something,” Wagstaff indeed has first jets took off. They must have Ice: Life on the Edge. “Flying combines done just that. Her aviation achieve- been 707s. She had me watch them.” the two, which is what’s so great,” ment list is lengthy. It was not until Wagstaff’s flying career was de- she said. “You have freedom in the 1983 that she attended her first air layed. There was little general aviation air. Fire is what lights the airplane to show as a spectator. The experience in Japan, and she traveled the globe in keep it going. Fire is what people need, made Wagstaff want “to be a part” of the 1960s and ’70s instead of attend- too, when they’re trying to accomplish Continued on PAGE 55 Achievements include

n Competed on the U.S. Aerobatic n Inducted into the Arizona Aviation n Received Philip J. Klass Award for Team (1985-1996) Hall of Fame (1997) Lifetime Achievement (2006) n Received the Rolly Cole Memorial n Inducted into Women in Aviation n Inducted into the Air Show Hall of Award for Contributions to Sport International Pioneer Hall of Fame Fame (2006) Aerobatics (1987) (1997) n Inducted into International n Won the Betty Skelton, First Lady n Won the Bill Barber Award for Aerospace Hall of Fame (2007) of Aerobatics award six times in a Showmanship by an air show n Won numerous gold, silver and row (1988-1994) performer (1998) bronze medals in international n Became the first woman to win n Received the Charlie Hillard Trophy competitions (multiple years) U.S. National Aerobatic Champion- recognizing the highest placing ships (1991) American at the most recent World n Won the U.S. National Aerobatic Aerobatic Championship (1998) Championships (1991-1993) n Enshrined into National Aviation n Was the International Aerobatic Hall of Fame (2004) Club Champion (1993) n Won the Air Force Association Life- n Received the National Air and time Achievement Award (2005) Space Museum’s Award for Current n Inducted into the International Achievement (1994) Aerobatic Club Hall of Fame (2005)

— PAGE 53 — — PAGE 54 — her Story (continued from Page 54) the air show pilot lifestyle. By 1985, Since 2001, Wagstaff also has be- a member of the Screen Actors Guild, she made the U.S. Aerobatic Team and come involved in work with the Kenya Motion Picture Pilots Association, and was a 6-time member of the team. In Wildlife Service. She trains the pilots United Stuntwomen’s Association. 1991, she became the first woman to who protect Kenya’s rhinos, elephants, From 2010 to 2012, Wagstaff flew win the U.S. National Aerobatic Cham- and other natural resources from with Cal Fire as an Air Attack pilot pionship, which she then won three poachers. helping to keep California safe and years in a row. Flying conditions in Kenya are giving support to firefighters on the Wagstaff won the Betty Skelton much different than in the United ground. Since 2013, she has been in “First Lady of Aerobatics” Award States. “It’s one of those types of fly- St. Augustine, Florida, where she has six consecutive years. In 1994, her ing that is higher risk by nature,” she started “Patty Wagstaff Aerobatic Goodrich Extra 260 airplane was told Smithsonian.com. “The conditions School” and continues to perform in displayed at the Smithsonian National are rough. There are things that are airshows. Air and Space Museum near Amelia there that we don’t have here. Things Wagstaff, who was enshrined into Earhart’s Lockheed Vega. like elephants on the runway, zebras the National Aviation Hall of Fame in In the sport, which she entered on the runway. Animals run out when 2004, enjoys visiting with children during the time when composite you’re not expecting them, things like who attend airshows. She is an materials were being developed, that.” inspiration to young women – much she worked to perform maneuvers Her risk-taking not only includes like the performers in the first air show not previously possible, such as a aerobatic shows and bush piloting. she attended decades ago. signature move – multiple vertical She has served as a stunt pilot for the snap rolls. movie and television industry and is extension DIscussion/researCH references (INCLUDES VIDEO LINKS) 1. Callard, Abby. (2009, October 21). Pilot Patty Pilot Patty Wagstaff is the first woman to win the title of U.S. National Wagstaff to speak at Air and Space. Retrieved from Aerobatic Champion. Watch videos of Wagstaff demonstrating aero- https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian- batic flying. Here are some from which to select. Many are available on institution/pilot-patty-wagstaff-to-speak-at-air- and-space-20270539. YouTube: 2. Cooper, Ann L. (n.d.). Patty Wagstaff: Fire and Air, Retrieved from n https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y4NJnyx4zAI https://www.ninety-nines.org/patty-wagstaff.htm. 3. Extra Aerobatic Airplanes. (n.d.). Retrieved from n https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6-iNnZV34Hg www.extraaircraft.com/. 4. Extra EA-300. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www. n https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rRpxdX-qWNw skytamer.com/Extra_EA-300.html. 5. Extra 300 SP. (2014). Retrieved from http://www. gforceaerobatics.com/about/aircraft. n https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HrxVeumy_6k 6. Meet Patty Wagstaff. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://pattywagstaff.com/. After watching the videos and reading her biographical information 7. Patty Wagstaff – still thrilling the crowds. (2005, in this chapter, discuss what makes Wagstaff such an accomplished March 1). Retrieved from http://airportjournals. aerobatic pilot. com/patty-wagstaff-still-thrilling-the-crowds/. 8. Wagstaff, Patricia “Patty.” (n.d.). Retrieved from n What inspired her to pursue the career? https://www.nationalaviation.org/our-enshrinees/ wagstaff-patricia-patty/. n What is required to perform safely?

n Why does she like what she does?

n What kind of traits do you think a woman or man has to have in order to be a skilled aerobatic pilot?

— PAGE 55 — HANDS ON build The flugzeugbau EA300 The Extra 300 S is known in airshow circles as one of the best piston engine aerobatic aircraft in the world. It has been in production since 1988. The 300-series has evolved through 11 versions. Patty Wagstaff has flown the Extra 230, 260, and several models of the 300 in her competitions. Wagstaff’s Extra 260 is parked next to Amelia Earhart’s Vega at the Smith- sonian’s National Air and Space Museum. This glider model was designed by Randy Carlson, Civil Air Patrol, from the Extra 300 S, and, like the original, it flies very well.

background The Extra Flugzeugbau EA300 was designed by a German aerobatic pilot named Walter Extra. The aircraft is built by the German company Extra Flugzeugbau and is a mid-wing aircraft. Patty Wagstaff has flown the Extra 230, 260, and several models of the 300 in her competitions. At least four different countries (Chile, France, Jordan, and Malaysia) have used this airplane as their aerobatic demonstration aircraft since its debut in 1988. Since it was first flown in 1988, no less than 11 variants of the 300-series have been developed, including a two-seat model and an aerobatic trainer model. It is a world champion class aerobatic aircraft, and today is found in competition worldwide. The designer’s own words define it. “…Climb into the cockpit and take control. As the world’s most successful certified sport, performance, unlimited category aerobatic aircraft, the Extra 300 series remain unrivaled in its class.” The fuselage is of a welded steel tube construction and is covered with fabric and aluminum. The wing is a symmetrical airfoil mounted with a zero angle of incidence. This provides equal performance in both inverted and upright flight. The aircraft has fixed landing gear and is a “tail-dragger.” The Extra 300 is stressed for ±10 Gs. The carbon fiber wing spar was designed to an absolute failure load of 24 Gs, making the pilot the weakest point in the system.

Pattywagstaff.com ABOUT THE PLANE

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS PERFORMANCE

n Crew: 1 pilot n Max Speed (never exceed): 253 mph (408 km/h) n Length: 22 ft. 9 in (6.94 m) n Cruise speed: 205 mph (330 km/h) n Wingspan: 36 ft. 3 in (8.0 m) n Stall Speed: 63 mph (102 km/h) n Height: 8 ft. 6 in (2.59 m) n Range: 478 miles (769 km) with 45-minute reserve n Wing area: 112.4 ft.² (10.44 m²) n Service ceiling: 16,000 ft. (4,877 m) n Empty weight: 1,470 lb. (667.8 kg) n Gross weight: 2,095. (950 kg) n Power plant: 1 × Textron Lycoming AEIO-540 L1B5 300 hp

— PAGE 55 — — PAGE 56 — PROCEDURE — Building the Flugzeugbau EA300 MATERIALS 8 Use the red marker to color in the 17 It can now be tested as a hand- n Cardstock for templates areas on the Extra 300 (see photo for launched, free-flight glider. n Flat, level, stable, and easily cleaned guidance). surface to work on n. Sharp-pointed (X-acto-type) hobby knife n Sharp, precision, sewing-type scissors n A ruler or any other (truly) straight edge n Toothpicks, round (and flat if available) n Rolling tools/surfaces like round pens, wooden doweling, nails, toothpicks, etc. n (Optional) 1 x 1/8 x 12-inch wooden dowel to help round the leading edge of the main 18 A launching hook is wing to make an airfoil needed when using a n Aleene’s Fast Grab Tacky Glue, Elmer’s rubber band launching glue, or a super glue Glue the engine/nose panels to each 9 stick. The hook is a paper n One penny for nose weight side of the nose. (Use the light blue clip that can be bent into the proper n One-piece 1/8-inch x 10-inch x 4-inch highlighter for the top of the canopy.) Dollar-Tree foam board (fuselage) shape by hand. Trim the excess with n 8- x 11-inch card stock for all other parts 10 After the engine/nose panels are small wire cutters to the desired n One red Sharpie or marker to color in glued on each side of the nose, place shape for the Extra 300S. Wagstaff’s Extra 300 a heavy book on top so it will dry flat. n One light-blue highlighter for the canopy Optional: hobby clamps work well. 19 A small folded piece of card stock is top glued around the hook to secure it to n Plastic DVD container or small right angle Fold and glue the main wing together. the fuselage. triangle to check the 90˚ 11 Optional: You may use a 1/8-inch n Paper clip and rubber band for launching dowel in the fold to create more of n 1-2 small plastic clamps as found at crafts or hardware stores (or paper clips) a rounded edge to create an airfoil. Remove the dowel once the glue has dried. 1 Print the Extra 300 S plan on the next page. 2 Set up your work area with materials and tools. 3 Cut out the parts slowly and carefully on cardstock. OPTIONS FOR THIS MODEL Trace and cut out the fuselage (minus 4 AIRPLANE: the vertical stabilizer) on foamboard. 12 Slide the main wing through the slit in the fuselage. Glue in place. 1. Optional catapult launched free-flight 5 Use a sharp blade to carefully cut glider building: out the circle on the fuselage. Do 13 The wing and the fuselage meet at a a. There is a small dashed line on the not discard! 90° angle. Use a plastic DVD con- plan under the circle for the penny. tainer or a small right-angle triangle This is where the launching hook will 6 Using the sharp blade, carefully cut to check the 90°. go. the circle in half to create two circles. b. A launching hook can be made from 14 Glue the horizontal stabilizer to the wooden 1/16-inch diameter Dollar-Tree 7 Insert the penny in the circle opening back of the fuselage. BBQ Skewer, a pointed round tooth- of the main body for the nose weight. pick, or even a paper clip. Glue one of the circles cut earlier on 15 Glue the vertical stabilizer to the c. The hook needs to be tilted back top of the penny. It should be level horizontal stabilizer and back of the about 10-20° to help the rubber band with the fuselage. fuselage. release easier. 2. Details on how to make a rubber band Once the glue is dry, fold up the 16 catapult are covered in the Safety and back-half of the horizontal stabilizer Techniques section in the opening of about 3°. this booklet on Page 11. — PAGE 57 — Nose panels Fuselage

Wing

Horizontal stabilizer

— PAGE 57 — — PAGE 58 — CHAPTER SIX

The U.S. National Archives Secretary of the Air Force Sheila Widnall gets preflight instruction in 1995 at Cannon Air Force Base in New Mexico before her incentive flight in an F-111. SHEILA WIDNALL FIRST WOMAN TO LEAD A U.S. MILITARY BRANCH OBJECTIVES he young girl’s dream started on to the position of associate provost at MIT n Discuss Sheila Widnall’s early life prior to becoming the ground in Tacoma, Washington and was responsible for a number of ar- Secretary of the U.S. Air Force. — watching, listening to, and even eas, including academic integrity, federal n Discuss Widnall’s time at MIT T chasing the airplanes that flew overhead as it relates to STEM and the relations, and faculty tenure policies. U. S. Air Force. at McChord Air Force Base. She was She served as secretary until 1997, n List three of her interested in airplanes and aircraft design overseeing the Air Force during years of achievements. n Build the TLAM-C Tomahawk. from early years. She would later say she modernization and new technology, as “always wanted” to be Secretary of the well as budget reductions. She advanced U.S. Air Force. The young girl was Dr. Sheila the C-17 airlifter program and was in the STANDARDS Widnall, and she did just that, becoming office when the F-22 made its first flight. the first woman to lead a branch of the When she stepped down to return to MIT in NGSS U.S. military with President Bill Clinton’s October 1997, her long career continued SCIENCE appointment in 1993. there. She was a member of the team n MS-PS2-2 n MS-ETS1-2 Before reaching that historic milestone, n MS-PS2-4 n MS-ETS1-3 who investigated the Columbia Space n MS-PS3-2 n MS-ETS1-4 she was a faculty member for 28 years Shuttle crash in 2003. Long an advocate n MS-ETS1-1 at Massachusetts Institute of Technology for women and girls in science, technology, ELA/LITERACY (MIT), her alma mater for her bachelor’s, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) n RST.6-8.3 n WHST.6-8.7 master’s, and doctorate degrees. fields, in 2018, she served as a panel n RST.6-8.7 n WHST.6-8.8 In 1956, when she entered MIT, she was member reporting on sexual harassment n RST.6-8.9 one of only 23 women in the freshman and gender equity in science, technology, NCSS class of 936. Before being named Secre- engineering, and mathematics (STEM) tary of the Air Force, Widnall had advanced n IV.f. fields. n V.c. n X.e. — PAGE 59 — HER STORY

Dr. Sheila Widnall was born in currents around planes. She specialized Tacoma, Washington, in 1938. She was in aircraft turbulence. She was named raised near McChord AFB in Tacoma, associate provost at MIT and was Washington, and the Boeing plant in responsible in the areas of academic Seattle. Her mother was a juvenile integrity, federal relations, faculty parole officer. Her father was a rodeo retirement, promotion and tenure rider who put himself through school policies, and international education and into a career at Tacoma Commu- programs. nity College. As a result, throughout In addition to her MIT career, USAF photo her early years she was surrounded by Widnall served on the U.S. Air Force Achievements include airplanes, the air industry, and the U.S. Academy Board of Visitors and on ad- Air Force. And her interest in flight was visory committees to the Military Airlift n Served as Department of accompanied by an interest in science Command and to Wright-Patterson Air Transportation’s first director of and math. She won a state high school Force Base in Dayton, Ohio. university research (1974) science contest with a project on the On August 6, 1993, Widnall became n Became the first MIT alumna atomic deterioration of uranium. At the the 18th Secretary of the Air Force. appointed to the faculty of the suggestion of an MIT alumnus from President Bill Clinton, in nominating School of Engineering and the Tacoma, Widnall attended the Massa- the first woman service secretary, called first woman to serve as chair of chusetts school and pursued a college Widnall “a woman of high achievement the faculty (1979-80) degree in an aeronautical field. – a respected scientist, a skilled n Became first woman to head Widnall entered Massachusetts administrator, and a dedicated citizen.” one of the country’s military Institute of Technology (MIT) in Septem- According to the official U.S. Air Force branches as Secretary of the ber 1956, a time when women were far biography, as secretary, Widnall was United States Air Force (1993) more underrepresented in STEM fields. “responsible for the current and future n Earned the National Academy At MIT she received her bachelor of readiness of the Air Force to accomplish of Engineering Distinguished science degree (1960), master of sci- its missions.” She oversaw “the Service Award (1993) n Received the W. Stuart Syming- ence (1961), and doctorate in science recruiting, training, and equipping” of (1964) in aeronautics and astronautics. ton Award – Air Force Associa- n 380,000 men and women in the tion (1995) Widnall worked summers at the Boeing active duty Air Force plant in Seattle while in college. After n Inducted into the Women in n 251,000 members of the Air Aviation International Pioneer earning her doctorate, she began a long National Guard and the Air Reserve career as an educator and researcher at Hall of Fame (1996) n 184,000 civilians of the Total Force MIT. She also met her husband, William n Received ASME Applied Mechan- Widnall, while both were students at Widnall was also responsible for ics Award (1996) MIT. planning, justifying, and allocating n Received the National Space In 1964, MIT awarded Widnall a the Air Force’s annual budget, which Club’s Goddard Award (1998) faculty post as assistant professor exceeded $60 billion. In addition to the n Spirit of St. Louis Medal (2001) and in 1974 to full professor. Her above responsibilities, her other respon- n Served on the Columbia Accident research focus was devoted to making sibilities included the welfare of the Investigation Board (2003) flying safer by studying the flow of air n Inducted into National Women’s Continued on PAGE 61 Hall of Fame (2003)

I was born under the final approach to McChord AFB. The sky was “ full of airplanes, fighters and transports. I wanted to be a part of that. — Sheila Widnall — PAGE 59 — — PAGE 60 — ” her Story (continued from Page 60) personnel, all maintenance and implications for the role of engineers Widnall, breaking gender barriers logistical support, plus research and in an organization. as an educator and in the Depart- development. In 2018, Widnall participated in ment of Defense, had always been a In 2003, as an expert in aerody- another panel researching an im- trailblazer for women throughout her namics and fluid mechanics, Widnall portant issue. She was co-chair of a career. served on the Columbia Accident report commissioned by the National In 2000, Sheila Widnall made a Investigation Board, following the Feb. Academies of Sciences, Engineering, speech at Georgia Tech. “Let me make 1, 2003, disaster of the Space Shuttle and Medicine to examine the impact a strong statement,” she said. “If Columbia. The board’s 248-page of sexual harassment in STEM careers. women don’t belong in engineering, report blamed a NASA culture that The report found that gender stereo- then engineering as a profession is relaxed safety standards in order to typing was pervasive. It also collected irrelevant to the needs of our society.” meet financial and time constraints. examples of best practices for orga- Widnall told an MIT lecture audience nizations to avoid a culture of sexual in late 2003 that the accident had harassment. extension Research and Investigate Sheila Widnall was a member of the team who investigated the 2003 Columbia Space Shuttle crash. The board presented a number of weekly briefings/news conferences on the investigation and concluded with a final briefing on Aug. 26, 2003.

Adm. Harold Gehman (Ret.) was chairman of the board, who presented its final report Aug. 26, 2003. In his opening remarks, he said: “The lives of these people [Columbia crew] are very precious to us, and the board considered that very serious matter that these brave people thought that what they were doing was important, that it was significant, that it was part of human space exploration, that the things that were going to be learned from this mission were worth the risk that they were taking.”

NASA These video records are available at https://www.c-span.org/ The crew of the Space Shuttle Columbia was killed video/?176798-1/shuttle-columbia-accident-weekly-briefing. when the shuttle disintegrated Feb. 1, 2003 upon re- entry into Earth’s atmosphere. Sheila Widnall was a Ask learners to watch videos on the briefings of the committee. member of the team that investigated the accident. Jigsaw the investigation findings by dividing the learners into teams and assigning specific videos to each team. Then let each team report its findings back to the larger group.

VIDEO LINKS:

➤ Infinite History Project: Sheila Widnall (MIT) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9BDTuGNFCX8

➤ Storied Women of MIT: Sheila Widnall (MIT) https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=1347824058594555

— PAGE 61 — QUICK BOX

In her words The developers of this curriculum reached out to Sheila Widnall and asked for her input on a number of questions. Below are her answers.

Q. What inspired you to become involved in aviation? Q. What advice would you give to youth today who are interested A. I was born under the final approach to McChord AFB. The sky was in a career in aviation? full of airplanes, fighters, and transports. I wanted to be a part of A. Aviation is one of the most exciting careers. Follow your dream! that. As we have moved into space, that has become a part of our field.

Q. Did you have any mentors who helped along the way? Q. Is there any advice you would give specifically to young girls A. I had about 13 mentors, all men. They were central to my who are interested in a career in aviation? progress. They offered advice and opportunities. It started with A. Be bold. Study hard. Take opportunities. an MIT alum who said to me, “You should go to MIT.” I said, “OK, where is that?” Q. Tell us what you are most proud of about your career. A later example: “I think you should be Secretary of the Air Force.” A. Being the first woman Secretary of the Air Force is a significant He pushed that forward. career accomplishment. Being a Professor at MIT and working with generations of wonderful students was incredible. Having Q. We don’t want to give a sanitized version of the paths women an opportunity to fly in a F15 at supersonic speeds is a never- took to aviation success. What obstacles did you have to forget. Establishing the core values for the Air Force – Integrity, overcome to succeed in aviation? Did you encounter any bias Excellence, Service Before Self – is a lifetime achievement. toward women as you pursued your career? Are there any anecdotes you would like to share to illustrate the obstacles or gender bias? How did you react to any gender bias you encountered? A. My mother was a juvenile probation officer. My father rode bulls in the rodeo. I was born to be independent. Whenever I encountered sexism, I just rolled over it.

REFERENCES 1. AGM-86B/C/D Missiles. (2019, August). https://www.af.mil/ 6. Farmer, M., & Vizard, F. (1997, September). Sabers of light. new About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/104612/agm-86bcd- laser. Popular Science Magazine, 251 (3). 68-73. Retrieved from missiles/. https://books.google.com. 2. BGM-109 Tomahawk. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.military- 7. Jehl, D. (1993, July 4). M.I.T. professor is first woman chosen today.com/missiles/tomahawk.htm. as secretary of Air Force. The New York Times. Retrieved from 3. Bio: Sheila Widnall. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://spaceflight. https://www.nytimes.com/1993/07/04/us/mit-professor-is-first- nasa.gov/shuttle/archives/sts-107/investigation/caib/widnallbio. woman-chosen-as-secretary-of-air-force.html. html. 8. Sheila E. Widnall. (n.d.). 95-96. Retrieved from https://media. 4. Cass, C. (1993, July 31) Air Force appointee soared in her field defense.gov/2016/Mar/11/2001479251/-1/-1/0/AFD-160311- – ex-Tacoman to be first woman to head U.S. armed service. 827-013.PDF. The Seattle Times [Associated Press]. Retrieved from http:// 9. Sheila E. Widnall. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.womenofthehall. community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19930731 org/inductee/Sheila-e-widnall/. &slug=1713684. 10. Widnall, S. (2000). Digits of pi: Barriers and enablers for women 5. Dr. Sheila Widnall. (1996, November). Retrieved from https:// in engineering [Transcript]. Retrieved from http://gos.sbc.edu/w/ www.af.mil/About-Us/Biographies/Display/Article/105248/dr- widnall5.html. sheila-e-widnall/1996.

— PAGE 61 — — PAGE 62 — HANDS ON build the TLAM-C Tomahawk Students will build models of the Air-Launched Cruise Missile and the conventional Tomahawk Land Attack Missile missile. While earlier models of the “Cruise Missile” (AGM-86 A/B, 1980-86) had been developed, it was during Sheila Widnall’s time (1993-1997) as the Secretary of the Air Force that development of the AGM-86 C/D Conventional Air-Launched Cruise Missiles (CALCM) was approved. These cruise missiles are designed to attack deeply buried targets and were successfully used in Operation Desert Fox in 1998, Operation Allied Force in 1999, as well as Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2003.

ABOUT THE TLAM-C TOMAHAWK

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

n Crew: 0 n Length w/booster: 20 ft. 6 in (6.25 m) n Length w/Out Booster: 18 ft. 3 in (5.54 m) U.S. Navy Photo USAF Photo n Diameter: 20.4 in (0.52 m) BGM-109 AGM-86B n Wingspan: 8 ft. 9 in. (2.67 m) n Empty weight w/o booster: 2,900 lbs. background (1,315.4 kg) n Empty weight w/ booster: 3,500 lbs. The Raytheon/General Dynamics BGM- small crucifix-shaped stabilizer fins on the (1,587.6 kg) 109A Tomahawk (Sea-Launched Cruise tail were replaced in later models with three n Power plant: 1 × Williams International Missile) and the Boeing AGM-86B ALCMs small rhombus-shaped fins in a triangular F107-WR-400 Turbofan using TH-Dimer are both all-weather, long-range, attack pattern. The air scoop on early models of the fuel and a solid-fuel rocket missiles. The BGM-109B cruise missile can BGM-109 was deleted. be air-launched, surface ship-launched, Guidance is pre-programmed into a and underwater-launched from a submarine memory data base that is onboard the PERFORMANCE (UGM-109B). Initially, in the early 1980s, the missile. The Tomahawk is used to attack a n Cruise Speed: 550 mph (885 km/h) cruise missile concept was to have a ground- variety of fixed targets, such as munitions n Range: 700 miles (1,120km) launched missile system that could deliver bunkers, runways, communications sites, n Flight Altitude: 98-164 ft. (30-50 m) a nuclear weapon. These were carried on a and command and control facilities. These n Guidance System: GPS, INS, TERCOM, truck/trailer combo and could be deployed targets are almost always in a high-threat DSMAC and active radar homing anywhere needed. The Tomahawk program location where manned aircraft would have developed into an anti-shipping missile Sea- a high probability of not completing their ARMAMENT Launched Cruise Missile (SLCM) RGM/UGM- assigned missions and returning safely. 109B and was further refined with greater The land attack version of Tomahawk and n 1,000 lb. (450 kg) HE or sub munitions targeting capabilities into the conventional the AGM-86B have an inertial and Terrain dispenser Tomahawk Land Attack Missile (TLAM-C). The Contour Matching (TERCOM) radar guidance BGM-109D or Tomahawk Land Attack Missile- system. The TERCOM radar uses a stored Dispenser (TLAM-D) was test fitted into B-52 map reference to compare with the actual retirement of the AGM-86 and follow-on bombers and the USAF decided to proceed terrain to determine the missile’s position. AGM-129 ACM missiles to reduce stockpiles. with the AGM-86 Series of cruise missiles for Mission planners and target planners have However, in 2012, due to world events, the Air-Launched Cruise Missile (ALCM) develop- entered all the targets and waypoints into the AGM-86’s useful lifetime was extended ment. This allowed the aircraft to stand off missile’s memory. If necessary, a course cor- from 2020 until 2030. A newer replacement or away from enemy territory and launch rection is then made to place the missile on Long-Range Stand Off Weapon (LRSO) will multiple cruise missiles from a much safer course to the target. Terminal guidance in the be an armed Air-Launched Cruise Missile environment. target area is provided by the optical Digital (ALCM) that will be used by the new Northrop The general shape of the BGM-109 Scene Matching Area Correlation (DSMAC) Grumman B-21, which is in development. The Tomahawk is like a cigar or long test tube, system, which compares a stored image of legacy of the cruise missile lives on. or like an aerodynamic long tubular fuselage target with the actual target image. with a blunt rounded nose. The small, four In 2007, the Air Force announced the — PAGE 63 — PROCEDURE — Building the TLAM-C Tomahawk

MATERIALS 7 Do the same for the engine compart- 13 Insert the wings. ment and tail. n Cardstock for templates n Tissue paper n Flat, level, stable, and easily cleaned surface to work on n Sharp-pointed (X-acto-type) hobby knife; don’t attempt to build a very small-scale model without one, BUT BE CAREFUL: a slip of the blade could lose an eye n Sharp, precision sewing-type scissors n A ruler or any other (truly) straight edge n Toothpicks, round (and flat, if available) n Rolling tools/surfaces, such as round pens, wooden doweling, nails, toothpicks, etc. 8 Fold each tailfin and the main wing 14 Roll and glue the tab of the Intake n Elmer’s glue, super glue, and plastic model along the solid line in the center and Duct with the printed side on the cement glue together. inside. Once it has dried, fold it to n Eyebrow-type tweezers, having a straight create a rectangle to fit inside the edge of comfortable angle 9 Form the nose and line the inside with Airscoop. Glue the Intake Duct to the n Stylus of some kind, to make indented lines tissue and glue together. Airscoop. Insert into the rectangular for folds opening inside the fuselage. Make n A trash can nearby to keep work area neat sure the opening of the Airscoop is facing the rear. Glue in place. 1 Print cruise missile plans.

2 Set up work area with materials and tools.

3 Read all the instructions and follow the plan. Fiddlers Green explains 10 Start gluing the sub-assemblies where to cut, glue, and fold/bend. together. The nose will go on the end of the fuselage that does not have the duct. At the other end, parts should be in this order: engine compartment, then tail. 15 Glue the folded Tailfins on the solid lines of the Tail. Once all parts are 11 Score and fold the Airscoop, as glued together, square everything you indicated on the plans. Glue down the can and allow the glue to dry. tabs.

12 Use an X-acto knife to carefully cut away the rectangle from the fuselage for the Airscoop, and the slits for the wings. See the note on the template. 4 Carefully cut out all parts.

Activity Credit: Credit and Permission to Reprint –The late Mr. Chip Fyn, of the Fiddlers Green Company graciously gave Civil Air Patrol permission to reprint many of the paper model plans at his website. One such plan is presented here. Over 200 airplane plans can be 5 Score and fold the tabs carefully. viewed and purchased very inexpensively at Chip’s Fiddlers Green website. www.fiddlersgreen.net. Mr. Kyong Hwa Lee designed the Bend tabs with a straight-edge ruler. soda straw jet powered AGM-86B USAF cruise missile and has also graciously made the plans Public Domain for youth to discover the fun of paper-folded aircraft that fly. His website is a treasure house of paper plane ideas and can be visited at: http://www. Cut the cross-section for the wings to amazingpaperairplanes.com/index_2015.html. be inserted later.

6 Roll and glue the fuselage together to form a cylinder.

— PAGE 63 — — PAGE 64 — — PAGE 65 — — PAGE 65 — — PAGE 66 — HANDS ON build a Soda Straw CruisE MISSLE MATERIALS n Printer paper or graph paper PROCEDURE — Building a soda straw cruise missile n 7.5-inch long/black plastic straw n 9.25-inch white plastic straws from 6 There are two levels of the tail wing. Fold a fast food restaurant (aircraft at the dotted line and then unfold to make fuselage) a crease. Fold the bottom half to the right n Ruler along the crease, closest to the fold. n Pencil or ballpoint pen n X-acto hobby knife or scissors n Hobby clay for weight on nose n Small paper clip for hook in nose for catapult launching (optional) n Hobby high-low temperature glue gun n Tissue paper

1 The wings and tail of the soda straw AGM-86B are made from a single ABOUT THE ALCM 8.5 x 11-inch sheet of printer paper CRUISE MISSILE or graph paper. The fuselage is the larger diameter of the two straws. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS 2 Copy the plan onto printer paper or draw the wings and tail wings n Crew: 0 onto graph paper. The template and n Length w/booster: 20 ft. 9 in specifications are also in this chapter. 7 Tape as shown in figures. (Cut the (6.3 m) tape in half to get a size of 1/2 in x n Diameter: 24.5in (0.62 m) 1 in.) n Wingspan: 12 ft. (3.7 m) 3 Set up your work area with materials n Empty weight w/o booster: and tools. 3,150 lb. (1,429 kg) n Empty weight: w/ booster 3,200 lb. (1,450 kg) n Power plant: 1 × Williams International F107-WR-10 Turbofan with 600 lbf (2.7 kN) thrust PERFORMANCE n Cruise Speed: 550 mph 8 Place this part at the end of the larger (890 km/h) straw. Wrap the tape around the n Range: 1550+ miles straw. If tape is too wide, cut off the (2,400+ km) extra part. n Flight Altitude: 98-164 ft. 4 Cut out the parts, slowly and care- (30-50 m) fully. n Guidance System: GPS, INS, TERCOM, DSMAC and active radar homing 5 Turn the Tail wing over and fold in half. ARMAMENT n Launch Platform: Boeing B-52H Stratofortress n 1,000 lb. (450 kg) HE or sub munitions dispenser. n 1,200 lb. advanced unitary penetrating warhead — PAGE 67 — 9 Give it a 3-dimensional shape, as 13 Check alignment from the top. If it is 16 Cruise missile is ready to launch. shown in the figure below. not straight, it will cause the glider to A small-size flexible straw can be turn one direction. Also, check from inserted into the missile straw (see the side the alignment of the fuselage the picture). It can be launched by and wings. If it is not straight, it can blowing through a straw. cause the glider to dive or stall.

14 Add dihedral by bending the wings upward. A ¼ inch seems to be correct. 10 Cut a tissue to get a size of 1/2 inch by 6 inches and roll it over, as shown in the figure. Insert tissue into the straw. You may use tape to secure the Activity Credit: Credit and Permission to Reprint – The late Mr. Chip Fyn, of the Fiddlers Green Company graciously gave Civil Air tip of the straw. Patrol permission to reprint many of the paper model plans at his website. One such plan is presented here. Over 200 airplane plans can be viewed and purchased very inexpensively at Chip’s Fiddlers Green website. www.fiddlersgreen.net. Mr. Kyong Hwa Lee designed the soda straw jet powered AGM-86B USAF One last check that cruise missile and has also graciously made the plans Public 15 Domain for youth to discover the fun of paper-folded aircraft the wings and tail that fly. His website is a treasure house of paper plane ideas 1 and can be visited at: http://www.amazingpaperairplanes.com/ are 90-degrees index_2015.html. and the wings and horizontal stabilizers 2 11 Place the straw on the ball point pen are parallel. Let the and find the balanced point. Mark glue thoroughly cure with an X. The X-marked balanced before trying to set 3 point shall be center of the front wing your center of gravity Typical with a nose-plug for Nose Contruction weight and to set up an airtight nose cone.

TEMPLATE Use this diagram 12 Tape the ends of the wings together to create your on a table for accurate assembly. own soda straw Place the straw on the wing. The bal- cruise missile or anced point X should be the middle use the template below. of the wing. Tape the straw as shown in figure (4). Remove tape at (1) and (2). Adjust the front wing with small angle, as shown in the front view (below).

ALCM U.S. Air Force

AGM 86B AGM 86B

— PAGE 67 — — PAGE 68 — CHAPTER SEVEN

NASA In this Feb. 3, 1995, image taken aboard the space shuttle Discovery on flight day one of the STS-63 mission. Eileen Collins, the first woman to pilot the shuttle, is at the pilot’s station. EILEEN COLLINS First woman space shuttle pilot and first woman OBJECTIVES space shuttle commander n Discuss Eileen Collins’ military assignments before ileen Collins knows the importance a spacecraft, in 1995, which joining NASA. Discovery, n Describe some of her of timing in her life. When she was included the first rendezvous withMir , the accomplishments as an a young girl watching Mercury as- Russian space station. At the time, she astronaut. E tronauts, there were no women in the said, “This mission marks the first baby n Describe her life previous to joining the U.S. Air Fprce. astronaut program. As she was completing steps in international cooperation.” Collins n Build the T-41/Cessna 172. college in the late 1970s, NASA was open- made history again in 1999, when she being up the astronaut program to women, came the first woman to command a Space and opportunities for women in aviation Shuttle mission. STANDARDS were expanding. In addition to her time as an astronaut NGSS “My timing was really great,” Collins and as a crew member of four shuttle mis- SCIENCE said. She joined the Air Force after college, sions, Collins had a distinguished career n MS-ETS1-1 n MS-ETS1-3 and early in her training, her base received as a pilot of aircraft. She was a test pilot n MS-ETS1-2 n MS-ETS1-4 a visit from the first astronaut class to at Edwards Air Force Base, California, include women. She knew what she wanted during which time she flew 26 different ELA/LITERACY to do. “I wanted to be part of our nation’s aircraft in a single year. Throughout her n RST.6-8.3 n WHST.6-8.8 space program. It’s the greatest adventure career, she has flown 30 different types n RST.6-8.7 n WHST.6-8.9 n RST.6-8.9 on this planet – or off the planet, for that of aircraft while logging more than 6,751 matter. I wanted to fly the Space Shuttle.” hours. She retired at the rank of Colonel NCSS She was named the first woman to pilot from the U.S. Air Force in 2005. n IV.f. I wanted to be part of our nation’s space program. It’s the greatest adventure on this planet -- or off the planet for that matter. I wanted “to fly the Space Shuttle. — Eileen Collins — PAGE 69 —” HER STORY

Eileen Marie Collins was born on mission, which included a rendezvous November 19, 1956, in Elmira, New with the Russian Mir space station. The York. She grew up watching gliders fly mission included operation of Spacelab, off a hill in Elmira and dreamed of fly- and deployment and retrieval of an ing. Her parents took her to the airport astronomy satellite. to watch planes fly and land. These In 1997, Collins was pilot again for experiences inspired a career in avia- STS-84 Atlantis. The mission was the tion. sixth NASA shuttle flight to dock with She graduated from Elmira Free Mir. Her third space flight was another Academy in 1974. Collins was not historic mission, STS-93 Columbia in from an affluent family. She paid her 1999, when she was the first woman own way through community college to command a Space Shuttle mission. (Corning Community College) and The highlight of STS-93, she said, was received an associate in science degree the completion of the mission. One of in mathematics/science in 1976. An the facets was the deployment of the observatory on the campus of Corning Chandra X-Ray Observatory. Seeing Community College is named in her the resulting photographs from the honor. From there, she completed a observatory was rewarding, she said. bachelor of arts degree in mathematics Her fourth and final mission was and economics from Syracuse University STS-114 Discovery in 2005. This launch NASA in 1978; a master of science degree marked the “Return to Flight” mission Achievements include in operations from Stanford University after the Columbia disaster of Feb. in 1986; and a master of arts degree 1, 2003. The shuttle docked with the n Received the Armed Forces in space systems management from International Space Station and crew Expeditionary Medal for service in Webster University in 1989. members tested flight safety and Grenada (1983) In 1979, Collins graduated from shuttle inspection and repair methods. n Received numerous military Air Force Undergraduate Pilot Training Collins retired from NASA in awards including the Distin- at Vance Air Base (AFB), Oklahoma. At 2006. In 2013, she was inducted guished Flying Cross, Defense Vance, she was a T-38 instructor pilot into the Astronaut Hall of Fame at Superior Service Medal, Defense until 1982. Then she was an instructor Kennedy Space Center. At the induction Meritorious Service Medal, Air pilot and C-141 aircraft commander ceremony, she chose to wear the same Force Meritorious Service Medal at Travis AFB in California from 1983- blue suit she with one oak leaf cluster, and 1985. had worn to her astronaut interview French Legion of Honor (multiple From 1986-1989, Collins was a almost 25 years earlier. years) math instructor at the U.S. Air Force Collins, who has known her career n Second woman to attend and Academy in Colorado Springs. She wish since she was a young girl, offers graduate from Air Force Test Pilot also was a T-41 instructor pilot at the guidance to youth on picking a career. School, Edwards Air Force Base, academy. “My advice to young people is, go California (1990) In 1990, Collins graduated from the into the field you are most interested in. n Became a NASA astronaut (1991) competitive Air Force Test Pilot School If you love your job, you’ll do well in your n Inducted into the National at Edwards Air Force Base in California, job.” Women’s Hall of Fame (1995) as only the second woman to attend Still serving on many boards and n Inducted into the Women in and graduate. That same year, she was advisory panels, Collins is a member Aviation International Pioneer selected to be an astronaut by NASA of the Air Force Association, Order of Hall of Fame (1995) and became an astronaut in July 1991. Daedalions, Women Military Aviators, n Was the first woman to pilot a Her first mission to space was as U.S. Space Foundation, the American Space Shuttle, STS-63 Discovery (1995) pilot of STS-63 Discovery from Feb. Institute of Aeronautics, and the Ninety- Achievements 3-11, 1995. She became the first wom- Nines. continued on Page 71 an to pilot a space shuttle during the — PAGE 69 — — PAGE 70 — Achievements extension research (continued from Page 70) The first mission Eileen Collins commanded was STS-93 Columbia in 1999. A highlight of the mission was the deployment of the Chandra X-Ray Observatory. n Was the first woman to serve as Space Shuttle com- NASA’s premier X-ray observatory was named in honor of the late Indian-American Nobel mander, STS-93 Columbia Laureate Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (pronounced su/bra/mon’/yon chandra/say/kar). (1999) According to NASA, the observatory detects and images X-ray sources that lie within our n Served on four total Space Solar System to those billions of light years away. The telescope has enabled the study of Shuttle missions (1995- the solar system, including phenomena such as stars, quasars, and black holes. 2005)

n Explore the Chandra X-Ray Observatory site, hosted by Harvard University at n Inducted into International (https://chandra.harvard.edu/). Space Hall of Fame (2001) n Recognized by Time n Experience the latest discoveries of the observatory through podcasts, blogs and images. magazine as a woman who changed the world (2004) n Learn the basics of a black hole from videos and text (https://chandra.harvard.edu/ n Awarded the National Space blackhole/). Trophy (2006) n Find out what X-ray astronomy is and how the technology has led to spinoffs in n Inducted into the National the environment, including security monitoring and biomedical research (https:// Aviation Hall of Fame (2009) chandra.cfa.harvard.edu/tech/). n Inducted into the United VIDEO LINKS: States Astronaut Hall of Fame (2013) ➤ Lt. Col. Eileen Collins – Path Through History (WSKG History) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4-_rwxr3ygE

➤ Meet the First Woman to Command a Space Shuttle Mission – The Oprah Winfrey Show (OWN) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NOcjn8km8-Q

➤ Guest of David Letterman Show (at the 19:20 minute mark) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3yOEm4BjHV8 references

1. Clark, A. (2015). All About the Cessna 172 Skyhawk. Retrieved from https://disciplesofflight.com/cessna-172-skyhawk/. 2. Eileen Collins. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.womenofthehall.org/ inductee/eileen-collins/. 3. Eileen Collins. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.nmspacemuseum.org/ halloffame/detail.php?id=143. 4. Eileen Collins (n.d.). Retreived from https://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/ docs/StarChild/whos_who_level2/collins.html. 5. Eileen Collins - NASA’s First Female Shuttle Commander. (2003, Oct. 4, updated 2017, Aug. 7). Retrieved from www.nasa.gov/news/highlights/ Eileen_Collins.html. 6. Eileen Marie Collins. (2006, May). Retrieved from www.jsc.nasa.gov/ Bios. 7. Pearlman, R.Z (2013, April 22). Astronaut Hall of Fame adds 1st female shuttle commander, two others. Retrieved from https://www.space. com/20762-astronaut-hall-of-fame-inductees-2013.html.

NASA 8. Siripuram, R. (2015, Feb. 3). Civil Air Patrol to buy 21 Cessna Skyhawk 172 aircraft. Retrieved from https://www.aerospace-technology. Collins waves while floating in the Zvezda com/news/newscivil-air-patrol-buy-21-cessna-skyhawk-172- Service Module in the International Space aircraft-4504055/. Station.

— PAGE 71 — HANDS ON build A T-41/Cessna 172 The Cessna 172 is known as a worldwide training airplane, as well as an ideal platform for search and rescue with the Civil Air Patrol. Thousands of Air Force pilots learned their piloting skills in this airplane. Students and cadets will build one of these as a hand or catapult-launched glider. This is one of the types of aircraft in which Eileen Collins served as an instructor pilot. This T-41A model aircraft was designed by the former New Mexico Director of Aerospace Education, Maj. William H. Jackson.

USAF background ABOUT The Cessna 172 is a high-wing aircraft simpler primary trainer was needed. Cessna THE PLANE that was first flown in 1956 and is still being was chosen as the prime contractor for this built. It is a standard pilot training aircraft new military training plane and the Cessna GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS worldwide with over 48,000 Cessna 172 172F was selected. This plane was renamed Skyhawks having been built, which is a record the T-41A Mescalero for the U.S. Air Force. n Crew: 1 pilot + 3 passengers in itself. Both the U.S. Air Force and U.S. Army The Cessna 172 began as an off-shoot n Length: 26 ft. 11 in (8.2 m) n 35 ft. 10 in (10.9 m) use the military version T-41 Mescalero as a of the Cessna 170, a “tail dragger.” The Wingspan: n Height: 8 ft. 6 in (2.59 m) primary training aircraft. The aircraft were design team was not quite happy with the n Wing area: 174 ft.² (16.2 m²) bought “off the shelf,” meaning they were tail dragger concept, so tricycle landing gear n Empty weight: 1,675 lb. (760 kg) civilian aircraft that were put into military was put on the plane, and Cessna was happy. n Gross weight: 2,550. (1,157 kg) training roles. Sixteen Air Forces use the A new number was given to the design and n Power plant: 1 × Lycoming IO-360- Cessna 172 / T-41 Mescalero as their basic the Cessna 172 was born and was certified in L2A four cylinder, horizontally opposed primary flight trainers, as well. June 1955. The airplane has an outstanding aircraft engine 160 hp (120 kw) In 1964, the USAF decided to use the safety record; the real record is for how long Cessna 172 as a screening aircraft for a a plane stays in the air. The Cessna 172 set means of deciding which pilot candidates a world record in 1958 by staying aloft for 64 PERFORMANCE would go on to advanced flight training days, 22 hours, and 19 minutes. All refueling n Cruise speed: 140 mph (226 km/h) and those who would not. Rather than start is done in the air. n Stall Speed: 54 mph (87 km/h) student pilots off in a T-37 jet trainer, which n Range: 801 miles (1,289 km) with was too powerful for a new student pilot, a 45-minute reserve n Service ceiling: 14,000 ft. (4,267 m)

— PAGE 71 — — PAGE 72 — PROCEDURE — Building a T-41/Cessna 172 MATERIALS 6 Glue the previous two assemblies Glue the landing gear to the triangles n Cardstock for templates together. 15 n Flat, level, stable, and easily cleaned on the bottom of the fuselage. surface to work on Remember to leave the tabs unglued 7 Fold the vertical stabilizer tabs (the n Aleene’s Fast Grab Tacky Glue, Elmer’s for the wing, horizontal stabilizer, and 16 glue, or super glue gears. blue section) and glue the two stabi- n Sharp-pointed (X-acto-type) hobby knife; lizer tabs to the tail of the Cessna. 8 After the fuselage halves are joined ALWAYS cap it when not in use and glued, place a heavy book on top n Sharp, precision, sewing-type scissors so they will dry flat. n A ruler or any other (truly) straight edge n Toothpicks, round (and flat if available) 9 Fold and glue the main wing. This also n Rolling tools/surfaces, such as should be placed under a heavy book round pens, wooden doweling, nails, so it will dry flat. toothpicks, etc. Cut out the penny hole in the fuse- n (Optional) 1- x 1/8 x 12-inch wooden 10 dowel to help round the leading edge of lage. Place a penny in the hole and the main wing; this makes an airfoil then glue L4 to L3 and R4 to R3. Glue n One penny for nose weight the R5 pieces to the outside of the L4 OPTIONS FOR THIS MODEL and R4 parts. Place under a heavy n (Optional) Two pieces of 3 ½ x 1/16 x AIRPLANE: 3/16-inch balsa wood for the main wing book so it will dry flat. 1. There is a left and a right half of the supports 11 Fold and glue the gear n Heavy books for weight supports to create two fuselage. The parts are numbered L1 – L4, n Paper clips to hold materials in place triangle “tents” on the plus a small white nose piece. Build one n Plastic DVD container or a small right sides of the fuselage. side at a time and join them later. Remem- angle triangle to check the 90° The portion labeled ber to leave the tabs unglued for the wing “fold up” will be glued and horizontal stabilizer. 1 Print and cut out the parts from the to the side of the CAP Cessna 172 plans in this chapter. fuselage. The blank 2. You can use a 1/8-inch dowel where the tab at the bottom will wing halves fold together. This will create be glued to the inside a nice rounded airfoil when the glue has of the triangle. dried, and the dowel is removed. 12 Glue the main wing on the fuselage, 3. Read the instructions on the plan. which is a rounded surface. It is best The model designer has a small drawing to hold it in place until the glue takes showing how to fold the main landing gear grip. The wing and fuselage meet at a support. See the photo as to how it should 90° fit. Use a plastic DVD container or Set up your work area with materials look when done. 2 a small right-angle triangle to check and tools. the 90°. 4. Cessna 172 aircraft have wing supports 3 Fold the tabs on L2 and R2 with a 13 Glue the rectangular strip to the cen- (which are not in the plans), so 3½ x 1/16 straightedge. ter of the top of the wing (over cuts). x 3/16-inch balsa wood pieces could be cut and added to wing support. Glue the three main landing gear parts Glue L3 on top of L2. Glue this on top 14 4 together. The part without any print will of L1. 5. If the optional wing supports are added, be glued in between the two printed add them after setting the main wing and 5 Glue R3 on top of R2. Glue this on top parts. One printed landing gear should fuselage in place. Let the glue cure all at of R1. face out for the top and the other will the same time. face out for the bottom. When looking under the plane, there will be a realis- tic set of landing gear. Fold the landing gear along the solid lines.

— PAGE 73 — — PAGE 73 — — PAGE 74 —

— PAGE 75 — — PAGE 75 — — PAGE 76 — CHAPTER EIGHT

NASA Astronaut Mae Jemison was the science mission specialist for STS-47 Endeavour. MAE JEMISON First african-american woman Astronaut OBJECTIVES n Describe Mae Jemison’s stronaut Mae Jemison became the The foundation of her own future was life before she became an astronaut. first African-American woman to built experientially as a child, watch- n Describe Jemison’s life after A go into space in 1992. As historic ing television news broadcasts of Apollo she left NASA. as that mission was, however, it did not missions and entertainment broadcasts of n List some of her accomplishments. mark the end of her pioneering accom- the science fiction TV showStar Trek. After n Build the shuttle Columbia. plishments. She has spent almost three studying at Stanford University in Califor- decades since the mission on the Space nia, and through a career as a physician, STANDARDS Shuttle Endeavour building the future on a medical researcher, engineer, college pro- number of different fronts: fessor, and Peace Corps volunteer, she was NGSS selected into NASA’s astronaut program in SCIENCE n Helping to pave the way for the future 1987. n MS-ETS1-1 n MS-ETS1-3 STEM career force, encouraging women She left NASA in 1993, and in addition n MS-ETS1-2 n MS-ETS1-4 and minorities through educational to her global real-world accomplishments ELA/LITERACY programs in higher education, youth education, n RST.6-8.3 n WHST.6-8.8 n Serving on the board of several Fortune research, and business, she found recogni- n RST.6-8.9 500 companies tion in the futuristic fictional world created n SL.8.5 n Trying to pave the way for human out of that inspiring show of her youth, NCSS interstellar travel Star Trek: The Next Generation. She was the first astronaut to appear on the show. n IV.f. n V.c.

All of science, all of space exploration, everything we do in the world “is about imagination and using your creativity to expand beyond your normal boundaries. — Mae Jemison — PAGE” 77 — HER STORY

Born the youngest of three children ate in medicine from Cornell University in Decatur, Ala., on Oct. 17, 1956, Mae in 1981. Carol Jemison moved with her family In college, a few professors tried to to Chicago in 1959 when she was 3 discourage her career choice, she told years old, and she considers the city her Ebony magazine in 2012. She cited her hometown. Her father was a mainte- parents’ support, her love of science, nance worker, and her mother was an and her confidence in explaining why elementary schoolteacher. She was in- she continued to pursue science. “I terested in science at an early age. She believed I belonged there,” she told grew up watching the Apollo mission Terry. “It was a challenge, but I figured broadcasts on television and was upset I had as much right to do this and I will there were no female astronauts. complete this.” “In the 1960s, a lot of people didn’t After college, she worked as a see themselves included in space explo- general practitioner in Los Angeles ration,” Jemison told Ebony magazine’s until December 1982. For the next two Dorothy Givens Terry. People of color and half years, she served in the Peace are often not seen as pioneers in areas Corps as medical officer for Sierra where they actually were pioneers, she Leone and Liberia in West Africa. In the continued. “Matthew Henson [Arctic Peace Corps, she managed the health explorer] was there. Lewis Latimer care delivery system for the Corps and [inventor/draftsman] was there.” U.S. Embassy personnel, including its Jemison did see a future for herself medical care, pharmacy, and laboratory. NASA in science. She developed curriculum and taught Achievements include “I knew in kindergarten that I was volunteer personal health training. She going to be a scientist,” Jemison says also developed and worked on medical n Became the first African-Ameri- on her website, DrMae.com. “I also research projects. She is fluent in Rus- can woman in space (1992) wanted to be a dancer, an architect, sian, Japanese, and Swahili. n Inducted into the National and a fashion designer.” In 1985, she returned to Los Ange- Women’s Hall of Fame (1993) Asked who inspired her, Jemison les as a general practitioner while at- n Received the Kilby Science says, “My mother and father, siblings, tending graduate engineering classes. Award (1993) teachers, uncles and aunts, next door She applied and was selected for n Inducted into Texas Women’s neighbors, and friends, because I knew NASA’s astronaut program in June 1987, Hall of Fame (2002) them day-to-day. Each one of their one of 15 out of more than 2,000 ap- n Received the National Organiza- characters and values taught me some- plicants. She was assigned to launch tion for Women’s Intrepid Award thing about life. My mother taught me support activities at Kennedy Space (2003) the importance of lifelong learning and Center in Florida; verification of Shuttle n Inducted into the International intellectual challenge.” computer software in the Shuttle Avion- Space Hall of Fame (2004) Jemison graduated from high ics Integration Laboratory (SAIL); and n Received Buzz Aldrin Space school in 1973 at age 16 and received Science Support Group activities. Pioneer Award (2017) a scholarship to Stanford University. In For STS-47 Spacelab-J (September 1977, she earned a bachelor’s degree in 12-20, 1992), she was the science chemical engineering and also ful- mission specialist. Jemison flew with filled the requirements for a bachelor’s six other crew members aboard Space degree in African and Afro-American Shuttle Endeavour in the cooperative studies. She went on to earn her doctor- Continued on PAGE 79

— PAGE 77 — — PAGE 78 — her Story (continued from Page 78) mission between the U.S. and Japan. filming. “All of science, all of space seed funded through a competitive The mission made 127 orbits of Earth exploration, everything we do in the grant from DARPA [Defense Advanced while its crew conducted 44 Japanese world is about imagination, using your Research Projects Agency] to ensure and U.S. life science and materials creativity to expand beyond your nor- the capabilities for human travel to processing experiments. Jemison was mal boundaries,” she said in a news another star within the next 100 years the co-investigator on the bone cell re- interview about her appearance on the while transforming life on Earth.” search experiment that was conducted show. DARPA’s mission is investing in what it on the mission. Also in the early 1990s, she sees as “breakthrough technologies for She left NASA in 1993 to teach started a non-profit foundation, named national security.” at Dartmouth College in the area of after her mother, the Dorothy Jemi- In July 2019, amid the celebrations space-age technology and developing son Foundation for Excellence, which of the 50th anniversary of the Apollo nations. promotes youth education and science 11 mission that put the first humans Soon after, she was back in space literacy. The foundation’s premier on the Moon, she posted on social of a fictional kind. Actor LeVar Burton program, the Earth We Share, is an media a glance to the future during asked Jemison to appear on an episode international student camp for science the nation’s salute to the past. of Star Trek: The Next Generation in literacy. Her Twitter post on July 21, 2019, 1993. She became the first real-life Her sense of social responsibility read: astronaut to appear on the show, set was inspired by Linus Pauling, who Clarity: Celebrating Apollo 11 in a TV universe that had originally won the Nobel Prize in 1952 in Bio- is not just about the past 50 inspired her pursuit of a career in chemistry and again in 1961. She calls years and the “good old days”. space. The event was particularly him “a scientist who helped me know It’s about what we learned from meaningful for her because as a young the importance of exploration and dis- them and how we use that child, Jemison had been inspired by covery, but also social responsibility.” knowledge, determination and the character of Lt. Uhura, played Another project fueled by her courage to make the next 10, 20, by African-American actor Nichelle sense of social responsibility that 50 years the “better new days.” Nichols, on the original ‘60s Star Trek she leads is 100 Year Starship, which #LookUp #Apollo50th TV show. Nichols was on hand for the describes itself as “a global initiative extension 1 across 1. Space mission that excited Jemison about the crossword puzzle possibility of becoming an astronaut. 3. Birthplace in Alabama. 2 5. Earned a scholarship to this university. 7. Before becoming an astronaut, Jemison worked as a

3 ______in Los Angeles. 8. Costarred on with him. 4 Star Trek: The Next Generation 5 down 1. Served in the Peace Corps as a medical officer here. 2. Chemist who taught Jemison the value of both scientific discovery and social responsibility. 6 7 3. Taught space-age technology at this college. 4. Space shuttle Jemison was a crew member on. 8 6. Star Trek character Jemison admired.

ACROSS: 1. Apollo 3. Decatur 5. Stanford 7. Doctor 8. Burton DOWN: 1. Africa 2. Pauling 3. Dartmouth 4. Endeavour 6. Uhura

Created using the Crossword Maker on TheTeachersCorner.net. — PAGE 79 extension read aloud Mae Jemison, the first African-American woman in space, wrote a children’s book,Find Where the Wind Goes: Moments from My Life. Another children’s book about Jemison, Mae Among the Stars, was written by Roda Ahmed. Ask students or cadets to read one or both of these children’s books to younger students at a school or community gathering.

VIDEO LINKS:

➤ Mae Jemison – Mini Biography (Biography.com) https://www.biography.com/video/mae-jemison-mini-biography-2078942717

➤ This is how being a dancer makes you a better astronaut (Represented by CNN) https://edition.cnn.com/videos/us/2019/06/10/mae-jemison-biography-scn-orig.cnn/video/playlists/women-in-space---apollo-sponsorship/

references

1. Alexander, K. L. (2019) “Mae Jemison.” Retrieved from www. 6. Mae Jemison (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.womenofthehall. womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/mae- org/inductee/mae-jemison/. jemison. 7. Redd, N.T., & Bartels, M. (2018, October 4). Mae Jemison: 2. Meet Dr. Mae. (n.d.). http://www.drmae.com/meet-dr-mae/bio/. Astronaut biography. SPACE.com, Retrieved from https://www. 3. Jemison, M. [Dr. Mae Jemison]. (2019, July 24). Retrieved from space.com/17169-mae-jemison-biography.html. https://twitter.com/maejemison/status/1153064372983517186. 8. Terry, D. G. (2012, September 10). Mae Jemison fights for 4. Gibson, K. B. (2014). Women in space, 23 stories of first flights, diversity in space and in the classroom. Ebony.com. Retrieved scientific missions, and gravity-breaking adventures. Chicago, from https://www.ebony.com/news/mae-jemison-fights-for- Ill: Chicago Review Press. 112-117. diversity-in-space-377/. 5. Mae C. Jemison (M.D.). (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.nasa. 9. Trekkertos (2016, September 18). Star Trek the Next generation - gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/jemison_mae.pdf. Dr. Mae Jemison an Steven Hawking [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3L5Sz-fdahY.

— PAGE 79 — PAGE 80 — HANDS ON build a Shuttle Columbia The Space Shuttle spacecraft were flown from 1981 until the last flight in 1998. The primary use of the Space Shuttle was as a heavy lift reusable vehicle to carry cargo and satellites into orbit. It would then return safely to an airport/airbase to be reused. Mae Jemison, the first African-American woman in space, flew in theEndeavour , which launched on September 12, 1992. The Space Shuttle that students and cadets will build is a commemorative model and memorial to the crew of the Space Shuttle Columbia, which broke apart during re-entry into Earth’s atmosphere in 2003, killing all seven crew members on board.

ABOUT THE SHUTTLE

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS n Crew: 2-11 n Length: 122.17 ft. (37.24m) n Wingspan: 78.08 ft. (23.79 m) n Height: 56.58 ft. (17.25m) n Wing Area: 159.8 ft.² (14.85 m²) n Empty Weight: 172,000 lb. (78,000 kg) n Max Takeoff Weight: 240,000 lbs. (110,000 kg) n Power Plant: 3 x Rocketdyne Block II SSMEs, each with sea level thrust of NASA 393,800 lbf (1,752 kN) at 104% power.

background PERFORMANCE The term “Space Shuttle” can describe reusable, whereas the large external tank n Maximum Speed: mph (27,870 km/h) any of the five Space Shuttles that were burns up on re-entry when it is jettisoned n Cruise Speed: 17,320 mph (650 km) flown. The Space Shuttle was the world’s some 2+ minutes into the flight. n Range: 110-220 miles (204 – 407 km) first reusable spacecraft. It was the first NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope was 28.5 deg. Inclination to LEO and 51.6 deg. spacecraft to carry satellites to and from carried into orbit by Discovery OV-103, and n Service Ceiling: 120-600 miles orbit. The number of flights made by each OV-105 accomplished the first Endeavour (190-960 km) shuttle ranged from 10 to 39. The first “in space” repair mission of the Hubble n Operational Orbit Altitude: 118-596 Space Shuttle was delivered to Kennedy Telescope. miles (190-960 km) Space Center in 1979. The final shuttle The longest shuttle mission was in n Orbital Speed: 17,317 mph (27,870 mission landing was on July 11, 2011. The 1996, when it orbited for 17.5 days (STS- km/h) shuttles were given Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 80), but normal missions were usually set numbers. Columbia was OV-102. at 5-15 days in length. From 1981 until PAYLOAD The Space Shuttle consists of three the last shuttle flight 1.36 million pounds n Maximum Payload: 55,250 lbs. major components: The orbiter (shuttle), a of cargo was put into orbit. The shuttles (25,060 kg) large external tank, and a set of two solid flew 135 orbital missions that spanned n Payload to Landing (Return Payload): rocket boosters. The solid rocket boosters over 30 years. 32,000 lbs. (14,400 kg.) and the large external tank provide lift/ thrust for the first two minutes of flight. Source: NASA The orbiter and solid booster rockets are

— PAGE 81 — PROCEDURE — Building the Shuttle Columbia MATERIALS 6 Roll and glue the nose cone, OMS 11 Glue the OMS engines and RCS pods n Cardstock for templates engines, and all other engines. to each OMS pod. n Flat, level, stable, and easily cleaned surface to work on 7 Build the cargo bay, cockpit, OMS 12 The cockpit section should be put n Sharp-pointed (X-acto-type) hobby knife; pods, rear section, body flap, and together when the glue is dried on ALWAYS cap it when not in use tail. Make sure the cargo bay is level the rear section. Pieces should be n Sharp, precision sewing-type scissors and flat. The nose and rear sections fitted to the cargo bay/rear section n A ruler or any other (truly) straight edge depend on it being flat so everything assembly. It needs to be completely n Toothpicks, round (and flat, if available) will line-up correctly. flat for the wings to fit later. n Aleene’s Fast Grab Tacky Glue, Elmer’s glue, or super glue n Eyebrow-type tweezers, having a straight edge of comfortable angle n Stylus of some kind, to make indented lines for folds n A trash can nearby to be neat

1 Print the NASA Shuttle plans and instructions on the next four pages. 8 The rear section has a lot of sub- 13 Glue the nose cone to the cockpit. assemblies. The RCS Pod(s) are small Glue the cockpit to the cargo bay Set up your work area with materials 2 and have a lot of folds, and only two assembly. and tools. tabs to glue (yellow arrows). 3 Read all the instructions on the plan. Delta-7 does not give a lot of step-by-step instructions.

Cut out the parts. 14 Note how the folds create wing shape 4 on the directions page. Fold tabs and glue the wings to the assembly. 9 Glue the rear section to the bay adaptor. Glue the OMS pods to the 15 Glue the wing base to the bottom of rear shuttle. Make sure to glue them the shuttle assembly. on the appropriate sides. Glue the engines to the rear section. The main 16 Fold the tabs outward on the tail and engines require patience to make the glue to the top of the rear section large cones fit into the smaller ones. assembly. When attaching they do not thrust 17 Square everything and allow the glue straight back, but upward 10-15° to completely dry. (yellow arrows). 5 Score and fold the tabs carefully. Bend tabs with a straight edge ruler. Create sub-assemblies to combine later. 18 Fold and glue the optional base to display your finished Space Shuttle Columbia model.

Activity Credit: Credit and Permission to Reprint – Mercury Plan has been given to CAP courtesy of Daniel H. T. Shippey at Delta-7 10 Glue the body flap to the rear section Studios. His web site http://www.delta7studios.com/Delta_7_ Studios/Free_Models.html has more activities and suggestions under the engines. for classroom use. Free model spacecraft and aircraft plans can be found by logging into the Delta 7 Studios web site for — PAGE 81 — — PAGE 82 — educational use. — PAGE 83 — — PAGE 83 — — PAGE 84 — — PAGE 85 — — PAGE 85 — — PAGE 86 — CHAPTER NINE

NASA LEFT: Astronaut Rhea Seddon flew on three Space Shuttle missions from 1985 to 1991.RIGHT: Seddon met her husband, fellow astronaut Robert “Hoot” Gibson, while in training at NASA. RHEA SEDDON PIONEER WOMAN ASTRONAUT, MEDICAL SPECIALIST OBJECTIVES n List some of the “firsts” hen Rhea Seddon was one of the served on three Space Shuttle missions accomplished by Rhea first six women accepted into the between 1985 and 1993. She was a Seddon. Astronaut Corps in 1978, she was mission specialist aboard Discovery STS- n Describe some of her W accomplishments outside of already a pioneer. Prior to that ground- 51D (April 1985) and Columbia STS-40 being an astronaut. breaking appointment, she was one of only (June 1991) and payload commander n Describe some of her six women in a class of 100 in medical in charge of all science activities on astronaut achievements. n Build the GPM weather school and the first woman ever accepted Columbia STS-58 (October 1993). She satellite. into her general surgery residency program logged 30 days in space and orbited Earth in Memphis, Tenn. 480 times. STANDARDS A fellow resident encouraged her to Besides being a surgeon and astronaut, apply to be an astronaut. “Many times Seddon is a licensed private pilot and has NGSS I thought, ‘I’m not going to be able to been a healthcare executive, business SCIENCE do this,’” she told Tennessee Alumnus owner, and author. n MS-ETS1-1 n MS-ETS1-4 n MS-ETS1-2 n MS-PS3-1 magazine. “But I figured I could try and Seddon met her husband, fellow astro- n MS-ETS1-3 maybe figure out how to do it in a slightly naut Robert “Hoot” Gibson, while in train- different way or kind of go around the ing for NASA, which led to another first: ELA/LITERACY n RST.6-8.3 roadblock.” The two were married and became the first n RST.6-8.9 Seddon spent 19 years with NASA and married astronauts. n SL.8.5

MATHEMATICS n 7.EE.B.3 I don’t think I necessarily did it to be a pioneer. There NCSS were things I wanted to do, and to a certain extent, I n IV.f. was curious to know whether or not women could be n V.c. “ successful in those fields. n X.e. — Rhea Seddon — PAGE 87 — ” HER STORY

Margaret Rhea Seddon was born was the first woman accepted into this November 8, 1947, in Murphrees- program. boro, Tennessee. She graduated from Seddon began taking flying lessons Murphreesboro’s Central High School in to help ease the stress of working at 1965. the hospital. She grew up in this small Tennes- As a young person she had see town in what she calls a “typical” watched the Russian “Sputnik” upper middle class home with her satellite fly over her home, and in high NASA parents, Edward and Clayton Seddon. school had watched the Mercury and Achievements include She describes her early years in her Gemini space flights. So, when a fellow n Selected as Discovery – STS-51D memoir, Go for Orbit, as a time when resident asked her what she would do Mission Specialist (1985) her mother “taught me to sew, garden, if she could pursue any career path, n Selected as – STS-40 and prepare wonderful party menus. I she told him that she would be an Columbia Spacelab Life Sciences 1 Mission had taken ballet lessons at Miss Mit- astronaut. He suggested she apply for Specialist (1991) widdie’s Dance Studio.” She also had the Space Shuttle program, which co- n Selected as – STS-58 taken piano and art. “I knew which fork incided with a time NASA was looking Columbia Spacelab Life Sciences 2 Pay- to use at a formal dinner and had had for not just pilots, but also participants load Commander (1993) a Grand Tour of Europe.” However, a from science and engineering fields. n Inducted into the Tennessee traditional Southern woman’s life was She was selected as part of the Aviation Hall of Fame (2005) not in her future. first group of astronauts that included n Awarded Universum Exploratum Seddon credits the movement women in 1978. Dr. Seddon became an Est Magnum Opus Semper Gratis for equality for women in the 1960s astronaut in August 1979. Award (local chapter Experimen- with changing her life path from that On her first spaceflight, she was tal Aircraft Association) (2012) of many of the women in her family a mission specialist on the Discovery n Inducted into the U.S. Astronaut who preceded her. Encouraged by her (STS-51D), which was launched on Hall of Fame (2015) father, who wanted his daughter to April 12, 1985. She performed scien- n Inducted into Tennessee Wom- become independent, and by a family tific and medical experiments, includ- en’s Hall of Fame (2015) friend who lived in California, Seddon ing the first ultrasound of a human n Received the Great American chose to pursue the study of science at heart in space and the Toys in Space Award (with husband Robert University of California, Berkeley. That demonstration of the motion of toys in “Hoot” Gibson) (2017) decision put her in one of the spot- near zero-gravity conditions. lights of 1960s university activism and Both of her two following Space student protests. She received a bach- Life Science missions (STS-51D and Partners, LLC, which teaches the man- elor’s degree in physiology at Berkeley STS-58) carried a specially designed agement model to healthcare institu- in 1970 and returned to Tennessee to Spacelab, a reusable laboratory. These tions nationwide. become a doctor. two missions featured experiments on Seddon published her memoir, Go In 1973, she received a doctor- how bodily systems react in space. for Orbit in 2015, the same year she ate of medicine from the University of After leaving NASA in 1997, Sed- was inducted into the U.S. Astronaut Tennessee in Memphis. Of her class don served as assistant chief medical Hall of Fame. of 100, only six were female. “There officer at Vanderbilt University Medical She said of her career, “I don’t were barriers along the way, but none Center in Nashville until 2007. She think I necessarily did it to be a pio- of them were insurmountable,” she spearheaded efforts to improve patient neer. There were things I wanted to do, told Jessica Bliss of The Tennessean safety, quality of care, and team ef- and to a certain extent, I was curious newspaper. After medical school, Sed- fectiveness using an aviation-based to know whether or not women could be don completed a surgical internship model of crew resource management. successful in those fields.” and surgery residency in Memphis. She Seddon then helped found LifeWings

— PAGE 87 — — PAGE 88 — QUICK BOX

Overcoming Barriers Rhea Seddon was one of the first women accepted into the astronaut training program. She would successfully overcome hurdles. One of them was the bias held by some of the men in the astronaut program. Mike Mulane, a member of her astronaut class, told Jessica Bliss of USA Today that some of the men in the program had outdated attitudes about the women trainees. “We had no idea how to act, and our attitudes were certainly from the caveman world. We had our doubts as to whether they would be able to perform,” he said. “I came to see them as incredibly competent, a lot smarter in many cases than I was.” Another hurdle was her size. At 5 foot, 2 inches, she was the smallest astronaut in the program. She had to have her parachute refitted so she would not fall out.

extension predict, test, and record results VIDEO LINKS: ➤ Dr. Rhea Seddon – Tennessee Explorers (Nashville Public Television) Rhea Seddon’s first Space Shuttle flight,Discovery STS-51D in 1985, included the https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Piux27wC1cw initial Toys in Space demonstration during which astronauts tested toys in space in an ➤ Dr. Rhea Seddon – U.S. Astronaut Hall of onboard Spacelab to help students learn about the laws of science. These experiments Fame Induction (U.S. Launch Report) continued on other missions. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5vrXHY5iQas

In 2002, the Expedition 5 crew tested 16 international toys and sports activities on the International Space Station, which gave the crew more room to test the toys. references

Show learners the videos at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=khLdL3X5acY&featur 1. Bliss, J. (2015, May 29). A pioneer, Rhea e=share&list=PLiuUQ9asub3Ru9GIOTbZFRa4f2R_kM0tx. Seddon soared from Murfreesboro to space. Tennessean. Retrieved from https:// www.tennessean.com/story/news/local/ rutherford/2015/05/29/one-first-female- astronauts-soared-murfreesboro-nasa- space/28123963/. SPINNING TOP 2. Fagan, J. (2012, Jan. 5). Astronaut, advocate YO-YO calls Murfreesboro home. Murfreesboro Post. Retrieved from https://www.murfreesboropost. JUMP ROPE com/community/astronaut-advocate-calls- murfreesboro-home/article_2e986935-6163- ASTROJAX 5d20-982d-4ba62af46bae.html. TOY HELICOPTER 3. GPM (Global Precipitation Measurement) mission. (n.d.) Retrieved from https:// FLIPPING BEAR directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite- PECKING HENS missions/g/gpm. 4. Margaret Rhea Seddon (n.d.). Retrieved KENDAMA from https://alumnus.tennessee.edu/100- MARBLES distinguished-alumni/margaret-rhea- seddon/. SOCCER BALL 5. Rhea Seddon. (n.d.). Retrieved from http:// HOCKEY astronautrheaseddon.com/rheas_biography/. 6. Rhea Seddon: From ‘Southern Belle’ to space LACROSSE explorer. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://sos. DENSITY WAND tn.gov/tsla/tri-star-chronicles-rhea-seddon. 7. Rhea Seddon – Rats, folks, and jellyfish: BOOMERANG Studying life in space. (n.d.) Retrieved from ORIGAMI https://www.nasa.gov/ames/ocs/2015- summer-series/rhea-seddon.

Adapted from NASA at https://www.nasa.gov/audience/foreducators/microgravity/home/toys-in-space.html

— PAGE 89 — HANDS ON build A GPM Weather Satellite Students and cadets will build a highly detailed paper model of a satellite. This is a GPM weather satellite model. Astronaut Rhea Seddon served as a mission specialist on STS-51-D (Discovery), which deployed communications satellites.

ABOUT THE GPM CORE SATELLITE

GENERAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS n Inclination of Orbit: 65º n Length of Mission: + 6 years n Crew: 0 n Core Satellite Orbit Altitude: Non- n Deployed Length: 16 ft. 4.5 in Sun-Synchronous orbit: 252 mi. (5.0 m) (407 km) n Deployed Width w/Solar Array n Constellation Satellites Orbits: Panels: 42 ft. 7.75 in (13.0 m) NASA Sun-synchronous polar: 395 - 498 n Deployed Height: 21 ft. 3.9 in mi. ( 635 – 802 km) (6.5 m) n Deployed Weight: 8,487 lbs. background (3,850 kg) PAYLOAD EQUIPMENT The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission is n Maneuvering Thrusters: 12 x The core satellite measures rain and an international network of satellites that provide the next- Hydrazine thrusters to maintain snow using two science instruments: generation global observations of rain and snow. planned orbit for 3-years n Building upon the success of the Tropical Rainfall Hydrazine Fuel Capacity at n GPM Microwave Imager (GMI). Launch: 545 kg Measuring Mission (TRMM), the GPM concept centers on the The GMI is a radiometer instrument n Electric Solar Power Plant: power deployment of a core satellite carrying an advanced radar/ that measures microwave energy of ~1.95 kW plus a battery with radiometer system to measure precipitation from space and emitted naturally by precipitation capacity up to 200 Au serve as a reference standard to unify precipitation mea- within and below clouds. It captures n Solar Panel Arrays: 2 arrays with 4 surements from a constellation of research and operational precipitation intensities and x panels per array with 800 - 1200 horizontal patterns. satellites. individual solar cells Through improved measurements of precipitation glob- n Solar Cell Area: 86.9 ft.² n Dual-frequency Precipitation ally, the GPM mission is helping to advance understanding (26.5 m2) Radar (DPR). The DPR provides of Earth’s water and energy cycle, improve forecasting of n Communication: A High Gain insights into the three dimensional extreme events that cause natural hazards and disasters, Antenna allows the core satellite to structure of precipitating particles and extend current capabilities in using accurate and communicate with the ground and in different layers of clouds. The timely information of precipitation to directly benefit society. send real-time continuous data DPR also collects information on GPM, initiated by NASA and the Japan Aerospace Exploration from the GMI and DPR the shape, size, and distribution Agency (JAXA) as a global successor to TRMM, comprises n Avionics Package: A star tracker of raindrops, which improves rain a consortium of international space agencies, including helps measure the position of gathering estimates. the Centre National d’Études Spatiales (CNES), the Indian stars and keep the satellite orbit Space Research Organization (ISRO), the National Oceanic predictable Together these two instruments and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the European n Propulsion and Reaction Wheels: provide a database of measurements Organization for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites The foward-facing maneuvering against which other partner satellites’ (EUMETSAT), and others. thrusters are used only when microwave observations can be The GPM Core Observatory launched on February needed, as the fuel for them is meaningfully compared and combined 27th, 2014, at 1:37pm EST from Tanegashima Space limited. Reaction wheels are the to make a global precipitation dataset. Center, Japan. Between 2011 and 2017 there were 14 other way to orient any satellite. GPM satellites launched, with several still in the satellite As a satellite tries to spin due to constellation. As of September 6, 2020, the GPM core outside influences, such as solar satellite was still operational. flares or solar wind, the wheels act like a watch spring and build up tension that can be used in a — PAGE 89 — — PAGE 90 reverse direction later. PROCEDURE — Building a GPM Weather Satellite MATERIALS 6 Construct the GMI unit by rolling it 11 Cut a slit in the middle of solar panel 2 where the orange dotted line is n Cardstock for templates and gluing it together with tab 1. Glue n A heavy weight to press glued surfaces both Tabs 2 to the circle labled “D.” marked. Bend the second paperclip together so you can move on to other slightly downward, slip the end Pull the edges together on the GMI steps 7 through the slot (from the outside n A green 11 x 8 inch hobby cutting board reflector to make a cone shape. This that has the print), then glue the ($12 or less) or cardboard/wooden cut- will be glued to the top of the GMI unit panel closed. ting board on tabs 3 and 4. n Flat, level, stable, and easily cleaned 12 Glue the high gain antenna on one surface to work on end of the toothpick and insert the n Sharp-pointed (“X-acto”-type) hobby toothpick into the premade hole on knife; ALWAYS cap it when not in use the main module. Use glue to secure n Sharp, precision sewing-type scissors it in place. n A ruler or any other (truly) straight edge n Toothpicks, round (and flat, if available) n Aleene’s Fast Grab Tacky Glue, Elmer’s glue, or super glue n Paper clips n Small clamps, clothes pins 8 Bend open the paper clips to make n Eyebrow-type tweezers, having a straight S-shapes. Using the strips included edge of comfortable angle on the plan, glue one end of each n Stylus of some kind, to make indented paper clip on the back side of the lines for folds main module as indicated on the plan n A trash can nearby to be neat sheet. Use a toothpick to make a hole where the star on the main module is 1 Print the GPM satellite plans on the located. next three pages 9 Start gluing the sub-assemblies 2 Set up your work area with materials together by matching the letters and and tools. gluing in place. Allow the glue to dry. 3 Read all the instructions on the plan. 10 Fold solar panel 1 in half and glue You can also scan the QR code for closed over the exposed end of one of video instructions. the exposed ends of the paperclip attached to the main module (left side). 4 Cut out all the parts and fold on the dashed lines. 5 Create sub-assemblies by folding and gluing each box together. The glue GPM Science and Applications goes on the tabs with diagonal lines. GPM provides global precipitation measurements with improved accuracy, coverage, and Glue them in numerical order. The dynamic range for studying precipitation characteristics. GPM is also expected to improve NASA designers for this model made weather and precipitation forecasts through assimilation of instantaneous precipitation it so A glues to A and so on. Score and information. Relative to TRMM, the enhanced measurement and sampling capabilities of GPM fold the tabs carefully; bend tabs with offers many advanced science contributions and societal benefits: a straight edge ruler. When the sub- n Improved knowledge of Earth’s water cycle and its link to climate change assemblies are done, let the glue dry. n New insights into storm structures and large-scale atmospheric processes Combine them later. n New insights into precipitation microphysics n Advanced understanding of climate sensitivity and feedback processes n Extended capabilities in monitoring and predicting hurricanes and other extreme weather events n Improved forecasting abilities for natural hazards, including floods, droughts, and landslides n Enhanced numerical prediction skills n Improved agricultural crop forecasting and monitoring of freshwater resources

— PAGE 91 — —PAGE 91 — Page 1

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— PAGE 93 — Page 3

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— PAGE 93 — — PAGE 94 — CHAPTER TEN

NASA NASA On June 18, 1983, Sally Ride became the first American woman to fly in space when the Space ShuttleChallenger launched on mission STS-7. SALLY RIDE FIRST AMERICAN WOMAN IN SPACE

OBJECTIVES stronaut Sally Ride knew the sig- American women selected to be astronauts n Describe Sally Ride’s early nificance of her first Space Shuttle in 1978. life before she became an mission in 1983. To the fascinated Her first trip to space was as a mission astronaut. A n List some of Ride’s nation, the most compelling aspect of specialist, and in 1984, she returned as a accomplishments where she the seventh shuttle flight,Challenger , mission specialist on Challenger for STS was the first. was that it would send the first American 41-G, this time with another woman as a n Describe some of her accomplishments outside of woman into space. Ride was that trail- crew member, Kathryn Sullivan, marking NASA. blazer. the first space flight to include two women. n Build the Leasat SYN-4. “The fact that I was going to be the first Ride was the only person to sit on American woman to go into space carried both investigative boards for the shuttle STANDARDS huge expectations along with it,” Ride said catastrophes of Challenger in 1986 and NGSS in a 2008 interview commemorating the Columbia in 2003. SCIENCE 25th anniversary of the mission. “That was After she left NASA in 1987, she wrote n MS-ETS1-1 n MS-ETS1-3 made pretty clear the day I was told I was several children’s books on space and was n MS-ETS1-2 n MS-ETS1-4 selected as a crew [member]. I was taken dedicated to promoting STEM education in up to [Johnson Space Center Director] elementary and middle schools, especially ELA/LITERACY Chris Kraft’s office. He wanted to have a for young girls. n RST.6-8.3 n WHST.6-8.7 chat with me and make sure I knew what I Despite her pivotal role in history, n RST.6-8.9 n WHST.6-8.8 n SL.8.5 n WHST.6-8.9 was getting into before I went on the crew. she never wanted to be in the spotlight, I was so dazzled to be on the crew and go protecting her privacy. She died in 2012 at NCSS into space I remembered very little of what age 61 after a 17-month battle with pan- n IV.f. he said.” creatic cancer. She had asked NASA not to Ride had been among the first group of publicize her illness.

— PAGE 95 — HER STORY

Sally Kristen Ride was born in with robotics. As a mission specialist, Encino, California, near Los Angeles her job was to use a robotic arm to put on May 26, 1951, as the oldest of two satellites into space. Ride was also a daughters. Her father, Dale B. Ride, was mission specialist on Challenger STS a political science professor, and her 41-G in 1984, a mission which also mother, Carol Joyce Anderson Ride, was deployed satellites. She was scheduled a counselor at a women’s correctional to make another flight before the Chal- NASA facility. Ride credits them for nurturing lenger exploded on Jan. 28, 1986. After her interest in science and exploration. that, the program was suspended, and Achievements include She graduated from Westlake High she retired from NASA in 1987. n Was first American woman in School for Girls in 1968. After attending Ride served as a member of the space (1983) college at Swarthmore College in Penn- panel appointed by President Ronald n Was a crew member on two sylvania and the University of Califor- Reagan to investigate the Challenger Space Shuttle missions (1983, nia, Los Angeles and considering a ca- accident. She was asked again to sit on 1984) reer in tennis, she enrolled in Stanford a similar panel after the 2003 Columbia n Awarded the NASA Space Flight University as a junior. At Stanford, she disaster. She is the only person to serve Medal (1983) was a nationally ranked singles tennis on both committees. n Awarded The Lindbergh Eagle player. Women’s tennis star Billie Jean After her retirement from NASA in (1985) King urged her to quit college for ten- 1987, she became a science fellow at n Inducted into National Women’s nis. Instead, Ride stayed at Stanford, the Center for International Security and Hall of Fame (1988) where she earned bachelor’s degrees in Arms Control at Stanford. In 1989, Ride n Received the Von Braun Award physics and English in 1973, a master’s joined the faculty at the University of (1995) in physics in 1975, and a doctorate in California, San Diego as a Professor of n Inducted into Astronaut Hall of astrophysics in 1978. Physics and Director of the University of Fame (2003) NASA began looking for women as- California Space Institute. n Received the National Collegiate tronauts in 1977, and Ride answered an In 2001, she founded Sally Ride Athletic Association (NCAA) ad in the school newspaper. She was Science to motivate girls and young Theodore Roosevelt Award one of the first six women selected as a women to pursue STEM careers. Her (2005) NASA astronaut candidate in 1978, part friend, journalist and biographer Lynn n Inducted into the National Avia- of the first class of astronauts for the Sherr, noted in Parade magazine that tion Hall of Fame (2007) Space Shuttle program. Although her Ride was committed to “the advance- n Presented the Presidential appointment to be the first woman in ment of women in all fields” and had Medal of Freedom, posthumously space was groundbreaking, the atten- “determination to keep girls interested (2013) tion was not all positive. Media asked in math and science.” n Inducted into Women in Aviation her such gender-biased questions as Ride wrote several science books International Pioneer Hall of “would she wear makeup in space?” for children, such as To Space and Back Fame (2014) She was chosen for the 1983 STS-7 and Voyager: An Adventure to the Edge n U.S. Navy commissioned Challenger mission because she was of the Solar System. research ship, Research Vessel known for keeping her cool under stress Sally Ride (2016) Continued on PAGE 97 but, also, because of her experience n Featured on a U.S. postage stamp (2018) The thing that I’ll remember most about the flight is that it was fun. In “ fact, I’m sure it was the most fun I’ll ever have in my life. — Sally Ride — PAGE 95 — — PAGE 96 — ” NASA NASA On June 15, 1983, three days before launch aboard Space Shuttle Challenger, Ride, STS-7 mission special- Sally Ride takes a last look at Houston before taking off in a T-38 jet for Kennedy ist, displays the tools she uses Space Center in Florida. on the mid deck of the Space Shuttle Challenger. her Story (continued from Page 96) In 2011, Sally Ride Science by now, have not gone away,” Ride that showed many girls are less and NASA installed cameras on the said. “Eleven-year-old girls still aren’t likely than boys to see their gender as International Space Station. This encouraged quite as much as 11-year- smart. EarthKAM project allows middle school old boys about science and math. A It was Ride’s advocacy for STEM students to request photographs of girl might still feel negative pressure education, particularly STEM educa- Earth. The name stands for Earth from her peers if she’s the best one in tion for young girls, that President Knowledge Acquired by Middle School the math class. Yet, research shows Barack Obama cited at the news of Students. that girls enjoy science as much as her death. “She inspired generations Sherr, the biographer and journal- boys throughout elementary school. of young girls to reach for the stars ist who had covered Ride, memorial- It’s in the middle-school years that and later fought tirelessly to help ized her with these words: “Sally’s ride they start to drift away. And that’s them get there by advocating for a 30 years ago changed our world, and partly because of peer pressure.” greater focus on science and math in she never stopped trying to make it In August 2019 on Women’s our schools,” President Obama said better—for us, and for our children.” Equality Day, Mattel toys unveiled a in a statement. “Sally’s life showed us The driving force for Ride’s advo- Sally Ride Barbie as part of a collec- that there are no limits to what we can cacy of girls in science careers was tion of historic, trailblazing women achieve.” “the sense that a lot of the stereotypes that also includes Katherine Johnson about girls and science and math and Amelia Earhart. The company an- that we all assumed would be gone nounced its driving force was research

NASA MATTEL Ride and her fellow astronauts from STS-7 were joined by NASA and Air Mattel introduced the Sally Ride Force officials to greet NASA Dryden employees in 1983, after her historic Barbie® in 2019 to its Inspiring Space Shuttle mission. Women™ Series.

— PAGE 97 — QUICK BOX

Overcoming Barriers In 1984, at age 32, Sally Ride was set to become the first U.S. woman in space. Before her first Space Shuttle mission, reporters asked her a string of tough questions focused on her gender. Would spaceflight affect her reproductive organs? Did she plan to have children? Did she cry on the job? Would she wear makeup in space? Johnny Carson, the host of “The Tonight Show,” joked that the flight would be delayed to let Ride find a purse to match her shoes.

At a NASA news conference, Ride said: “It’s too bad this is such a big deal. It’s too bad our society isn’t further along.” Source: The New York Times

extension research and writing 1. Sally Ride founded the EarthKAM (Knowledge Acquired by Middle school students) project for middle schoolers. During Sally Ride EarthKAM missions, or periods when the EarthKAM camera aboard the International Space Station is operational, middle school students around the world request images of specific locations on Earth. The missions operations center for the program is located at the U.S. Space and Rocket Center in Huntsville, Alabama.

2. Have your youth register to participate in this program. For more information, visit https://www.earthkam.org/.

www.earthkam.org 3. Sally Ride wrote several children’s books explaining science topics for children. Ask your students or cadets to select a scientific topic and write a children’s book that explains this topic to young readers.

VIDEO LINKS:

➤ Sally Ride: Breaking the Highest Glass Ceiling (Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dsgz-b-Tebo

➤ Sally Ride Remembers Her Shuttle Flight (Space.com) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wojiv4AhD4g references 1. Build your own scale models of JPL spacecraft. (n.d). Retrieved 6. Sally Ride. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.womenofthehall. from https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/scalemodels/. org/inductee/sally-ride/National Women’s Hall of Fame. 2. Gibson, K. B. (2014). Women in space: 23 stories of first flights, 7. Sally Ride EarthKAM. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www. scientific mission, and gravity-breaking adventures. (pp. 81-90). earthkam.org/. Chicago Review Press. 8. Sally Ride is inducted into Astronaut Hall of Fame. (2012, 3. Grady, D. (2012, July 23). American woman who shattered space July 18). Retrieved from https://www.nasa.gov/topics/people/ ceiling. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www. galleries/rideatksc.html. nytimes.com/2012/07/24/science/space/sally-ride-trailblazing- 9. Wild, F. (2017). Who was Sally Ride? NASA knows! Retrieved astronaut-dies-at-61.html. from www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/k-4/stories/nasa- 4. Sally Ride. (n.d.). National Women’s Hall of Fame Retrieved from knows/who-was-sally-ride-k4.html. https://www.womenofthehall.org/inductee/sally-ride/. 10. Zimmermann, K.A. (2018, Jan. 19). Sally Ride: First American 5. Sherr, L. (2013, June 18). ‘Ride, Sally Ride!’ This week marks the woman in space. Retrieved from https://www.space.com/16756- 30th anniversary of her historic spaceflight. Parade Magazine. sally-ride-biography.html. Retrieved from https://communitytable.parade.com/22128/ lynnsherr/ride-sally-ride-this-week-marks-the-30th-anniversary- of-her-historic-spaceflight/.

— PAGE 97 — — PAGE 98 — HANDS ON build the LEASAT Syn-4 Students and cadets will build highly detailed paper models of an important communications satellite that helped make the use of worldwide communication possible. Sally Ride used a Space Shuttle robot arm to launch a similar communications satellite (TDRS-3). The iPhone is a direct descendant of the hardware that this satellite made possible decades ago. These satellites (Leasat F1 – F4) were designed to be launched by the Space Shuttle missions flown from 1981-1985. The primary original user was the U.S. Navy, but the technology paved the way for the use of cell phones to communicate worldwide.

ABOUT THE SATELLITE

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS n Crew: None n Overall Height: 20ft.3 in. (6.17 m) n Diameter: 14 ft. (4.26 m) n Empty weight: 172,000 lb. (78,000 kg) n Weight on Shuttle: 17,000 lb. (7,711 kg) n Weight in Orbit: 3,060 lb. (1,388 kg.) n Power plant: 2 x liquid motors to transfer satellite from Space Shuttle orbit (180 miles, 296 km) to it’s the final parking orbit

NASA PERFORMANCE background n Operating Altitude: 22,300 miles The U.S. Navy’s Leased Satellite (Leasat) ground stations, as well. For once, there was (35,744 km) in a geosynchronous orbit system consisted of five Syncom IV satellites. a communications system that all of the DoD n Life Expectancy: 7-years in orbit The U.S. Congress in the mid-1970s decided users could use anytime they needed it. n Solar Panel Output: 1238 watts plus there was a need for instant worldwide Boeing defines the satellites as “spin- 3-25 A-hr nickel-cadmium batteries Department of Defense (DoD) communica- stabilized, with the spun portion containing tions that could only be achieved by having a the solar array, sun, and Earth sensors for COMMUNICATIONS PAYLOAD network of relay satellites to handle UHF and attitude determination and Earth pointing n 2-UHF Antennas: 240-400 MHz SHF communications needs. Specifically, the reference, batteries for eclipse operation, and n 13-UHF channels: 1-500 KHz wide band DoD and naval fleets/bases spread around all propulsion and attitude control hardware. n SHF Band: 7250 – 7500 MHz and 7975 the globe needed to be connected. In 1978, The de-spun platform contains Earth-pointing – 8025 MHz contracts were given to Hughes Communica- reference, batteries for eclipse operation, and n 12-UHF Repeaters tions Services (later merged into Boeing) to all propulsion and attitude control hardware. build five satellites (one a spare), with the The de-spun platform (also) contains Space Shuttle, launching them from orbit. Earth-pointing communication antennas, The robotic arm on the Space Shuttle was communication repeaters, and the majority of designed around this need. The idea was to the telemetry, tracking, and command (TT&C) have a commercial company design, build, equipment.” (Boeing.com) and operate satellites that would be leased by Leasat-4 (Syncom-4 4) was put into orbit the DoD, saving money in the long run. by Columbia F9 (STS-32R) in 1985. All of the The principal users of this satellite Leasat satellites had been decommisioned by constellation were all the U. S. armed forces 2015. Currently the Leasat program has been air, land, and sea. It also included mobile air, superseded by a new constellation of Hughes surface, subsurface, and fixed earth stations. Communications UHF Follow-On (UFO) satel- There were 4 ground stations and 2 mobile lites. (Boeing.com)

— PAGE 99 — PROCEDURE — Building the LEASAT SYN-4 MATERIALS 5 Cut out the parts, slowly and care- 15 Glue each UHF assembly to the top fully. end of the Antenna Support Arms. n Cardstock for templates Make sure they each point downward n Flat, level, stable, and easily cleaned Roll and glue Side Solar Cell Surface. 6 and are perpendicular with the body surface to work on n Sharp-pointed (“X-acto”-type) hobby of the satellite. Glue Top Surface to the Side Solar Cell knife; ALWAYS cap it when not in use 7 Surface. Make sure to glue the gold n Sharp, precision sewing-type scissors n A ruler or any other (truly) straight edge tab to the center line of the Side Solar n Toothpicks, round (and flat, if available) Cell Surface and that it is on the side n Aleene’s Fast Grab Tacky Glue or Elmer’s closest to the end of the line with the glue or super glue black box. n Eyebrow-type tweezers, having a straight edge of comfortable angle 8 Attach the Bottom Surface to the n Stylus of some kind to make indented opposite end of the Side Solar Cell lines for folds Surface. n A trash can nearby to be neat n Small hobby clamps or straight hemo- 9 Roll and glue Rear Thruster. Glue to Activity Credit: Credit and Permission to Reprint – Niels Jahn stats center of Bottom Surface indicated by Knudsen, of www.nielspapermodels.com/index.html has n Highlighters/markers to color in areas graciously provided in the public domain permission to reprint striped circle. many of the paper model plans at his website. One such plan is presented here. Additionally, there are several hundred different satellite/rocket 3-D models that can be downloaded 10 Fold and glue the Antenna Support (free). 1 Print the instructions on copy paper Arms forming a trapezoid. Glue the and plans on cardstock. smaller side tabs first, then glue the 2 Set up work area with materials and long tab. tools. 11 Glue each Antenna Support Arm to the 3 Read all the instructions. Niels Knud- Top Surface on the striped squares. sen, the designer, included instructions to tell where to glue, cut, and fold/bend. Follow these instructions on the next page. 4 The plan has an advertisement for something. A black/dark blue marker can be used to color both sides where the “Maxim” advertisement is. This will not detract from the satellite model. Some solar panels are a very dark color. 12 Roll and glue the Omni Antenna. Fold in the single glue tab and glue inside cylinder to create the top. Fold the remaining three tabs on the bottom out and glue to the striped circle on the Top Surface.

13 Fold and glue the UHF Antennas forming a trapezoid. Glue the smaller side tabs first, then glue the long tab. Glue each triangular tab to the adjacent triangle forming a point.

14 Glue each UHF Antenna to a UHF Cone on the designated striped box.

— PAGE 99 — — PAGE 100 — — PAGE 101 — — PAGE 101 — — PAGE 102 — CHAPTER ELEVEN

NASA NASA LEFT: Kathryn Sullivan and Sally Ride flew on the first Space Shuttle mission to include two women in 1984.RIGHT: STS-31 Mission Specialist Kathryn Sullivan poses for a picture before beginning the procedure to put on the extravehicular mo- bility unit in the airlock of Discovery, Orbiter Vehicle 103. She became the first American woman to perform a spacewalk. KATHRYN SULLIVAN First American woman to perform a space walk

OBJECTIVES n October 11, 1984, Kathryn Sullivan In addition to the 1984 Challenger took a 3 ½ hour walk and made his- mission, Sullivan flew on two other Space n Discuss Kathryn Sullivan’s tory. The walk was outside the Space Shuttle missions. As a mission specialist early life. O n Discuss some of her Shuttle Challenger, and she became the on STS-31 Discovery, in 1990 she helped accomplishments with NASA. first American woman to spacewalk. launch the Hubble Space Telescope. n Discuss some of her There, from a vantage point of about After leaving NASA in 1993, her career accomplishments outside of NASA. 140 miles above Earth, she had a highlights included serving as the tenth n Build the Hubble Telescope. spectacular view. “It is an intriguing and administrator of the National Oceanic and wonderful experience,” she told writer Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) from STANDARDS Diane Wedner of the Los Angeles Times in 2014 to 2017. NOAA, in the U.S. Depart- 1997. “The view is obviously great. The ment of Commerce, is the nation’s top NGSS experience lingers and grows for a long science agency for climate, oceans, and Science time after it’s over.” the atmosphere. n MS-ETS1-1 n MS-ETS1-3 Sullivan’s new perspective of being so She is a private pilot, rated in both n MS-ETS1-2 n MS-ETS1-4 far away from Earth was a big change powered and glider aircraft. ELA/Literacy from her previous scientific experiences, Sullivan has written a book on the Hub- n RST.6-8.3 n RST.6-8.9 which brought her close to the oceans she ble Space Telescope, Handprints on Hubble n RST.6-8.7 n WHST.6-8.9 could see from the shuttle – much closer. (2019), which recalls her experience as In fact, she was an oceanographer and part of the team that launched, rescued, NCSS participated in several oceanographic repaired, and maintained the telescope. n III.b. n V.c. expeditions that studied the floors of the n IV.f. n X.e. Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

— PAGE 103 — HER STORY

Kathryn D. Sullivan was born Oc- While at Dalhousie, she par- tober 3, 1951, in Paterson, New Jersey, ticipated in several oceanographic but she considers Woodland Hills, expeditions under the auspices of the California, to be her hometown. She is U.S. Geological Survey and other orga- the daughter of Donald P. Sullivan and nizations. The research included the Barbara K. Sullivan. She told the Los Mid-Atlantic Ridge, the Newfoundland Angeles Times that her exposure to her Basin, and fault zones off the South- NASA Astronaut Kathryn Sullivan gets help father’s engineering job at Lockheed ern California coast. with her suit prior to an underwater Corp. sparked her interest in space. As Sullivan credits a requirement to simulation of an EVA. a first-grader at Hayvenhurst Elemen- take courses out of her major (lan- tary in Encino, she was classmates guages) at UC Santa Cruz for inspir- with Sally Ride, the first U.S. woman ing her interest in ocean sciences. It [spacewalking] in space. In 1978, she was one of the first is an intriguing and As a girl, Sullivan liked exploring six women chosen to be Space Shuttle “ the area around her town. “Growing astronauts. After joining NASA, Sulli- wonderful experi- up here … it was semirural,” she told van’s research interests were focused ence. The view is the LA Times. In 1969, she graduated on remote sensing. She qualified from Taft High School in Woodland as a systems-engineer operator in obviously great. The Hills. She went on to the University of NASA’s WB-57F high-altitude research California, Santa Cruz, and graduated aircraft in 1978 and participated in experience lingers with a bachelor of science degree in several remote sensing projects in and grows for a long Earth sciences in 1973 and a doctor- Alaska. ate in geology from Dalhousie Univer- time after it’s over. sity in Nova Scotia in 1978. Continued on PAGE 105 — Kathryn Sullivan” Achievements include

n Qualified as a Systems Engineer n Received the American Institute n Inducted into the Women in Operator in the NASA WB-57F of Aeronautics and Astronautics Aviation International Pioneer Hall high-altitude research aircraft Haley Space Flight Award (1991) of Fame (2010) (1978) n Received a presidential appoint- n Served as acting administrator of n Was the third American woman in ment as chief scientist at the NOAA (2013) space and first American woman National Oceanic and Atmospheric n Confirmed by U.S. Senate as Under to walk in space (EVA) (1984) Administration (NOAA) (1993) Secretary of Commerce for oceans n Inducted into International Space n Inducted into the Ohio Women’s and atmosphere; the 10th admin- Hall of Fame (1985) Hall of fame (2002) istrator of NOAA (2014) n Completed three Space Shuttle n Received the Public Service Award, n Recognized by Time Magazine missions, STS-41G, STS-31 and National Science Board (2003) as one of 46 distinguished First STS-45 (1984-1992) n Served on the National Science Women (2017) n Received multiple NASA Medals of Board (2004-2010) n Named National Air and Space recognition (1984-1992) n Inducted into Astronaut Hall of Museum Charles A. Lindbergh n Served as an oceanographer U.S. Fame (2004) Chair of Aerospace History (2017) Navy Reserve Officer (1988-2006) n Received the Aviation Week & n Helped launch the Hubble Space Space Technology Aerospace Telescope on Space Shuttle STS- Legend Award (2005) 31 (1990)

— PAGE 103 — — PAGE 104 — her Story (continued from Page 104)

Sullivan flew on three shuttle STS-41G. Her third and final mission “impressive background as a scientist missions during her 15-year tenure was Atlantis STS-45 in 1992, during and astronaut” and her “team-build- logging 532 hours in space. Her which the crew completed climate and ing skills” among her many qualifica- first mission was in 1984, STS-41G atmosphere studies using ATLAS-1 tions. Challenger. The mission, the first to cargo, an acronym for Atmospheric Team-building and trust were include two women (Sally Ride and Laboratory for Applications and especially important traits for astro- Sullivan), also made Sullivan the first Science. nauts training and performing mis- American woman to walk in space. She retired from NASA in 1993 and sions. Sullivan and fellow astronaut David was appointed the National Oceanic She was asked by the Smithson- Leestma conducted a 3 ½ hour Extra- and Atmospheric Administration’s ian Institution’s Rubenstein if she vehicular Activity (EVA) to test whether (NOAA) chief scientist. She was in had to pretend that she thought the satellites could be refueled in orbit. charge of research and technology in men were better than the women in “That sounds like a trivial thing,” a variety of areas including fisher- astronaut training or if she thought she told the Smithsonian Institution’s ies biology, climate change, satellite that actually, the women were better David Rubenstein in an interview for instrumentation, and marine biodiver- than the men. Her response was it was the American Academy of Arts and sity. She served as CEO of the Center neither. Sciences, “but the loss of fuel in a of Science and Industry in Ohio, one of “I knew we each had to hold satellite is often what ends the life of the leading science museums in the our own. I need each of my crew- a satellite.” U.S. mates – male, female, black, green, Her next Space Shuttle mission From March 2014 until January or otherwise – to know their stuff, to was STS-31 Discovery (1990) that 2017 she was the under secretary of be completely competent, and hold deployed the Hubble Space Telescope, commerce for oceans and atmosphere their ground when things get crazy or and she was the co-investigator on and administrator of NOAA. squirrely or scary. And they need to be the Shuttle Imaging Radar-B (SIR-B) Announcing her appointment, a able to trust me, as well.” experiment, which she flew on Mission White House administrator noted her

QUICK BOX

Snacks in Space Astronaut Kathryn Sullivan described how astronauts eat in the microgravity environment, or the condition in which people or objects appear to be weightless. This excerpt from a 2017 conversation with the Smithsonian’s David M. Rubenstein details what snack time aboard the shuttle was like.

“Up here you are your own clean-up crew, of course, so if you lose an M&M, if it wanders off somewhere, it is important that you know how the airflow circulates through the vehicle and where the dead spots are, because the stray M&Ms and lost socks and other things will be right there in about a half a day, and you can go scavenge them. If you think M&Ms are fun, Pepperidge Farm goldfish will display schooling behavior in this environment.

“Another very fun thing is how quickly people change their vocabulary. If you wanted me to give you a hand control or remote, in short order you would find you had ceased saying, ‘Would you please pass me the remote?’ or “Please pass me the M&Ms?” Instead you would say, ‘Would you please send me …,’ and you just give the object a little shove and it cruises across the cabin.”

— PAGE 105 — references 1. Clayton, C. (2014, March 6). NOAA News & Features. Retrieved 9. Ross-Nazzal, J., & Sullivan, K. D. (2007, May 10). Edited from https://www.noaa.gov/kathryn-sullivan-confirmed-noaa- oral history transcript. NASA Johnson Space Center Info/ administrator. History Portal. Retrieved from https://historycollection.jsc. 2. Former astronaut and NOAA administrator Kathy D. Sullivan nasa.gov/JSCHistoryPortal/history/oral_histories/SullivanKD/ named National Air and Space Museum’s Lindbergh Fellow. (2018, SullivanKD_5-10-07.htm. Jan. 9). Retrieved from https://airandspace.si.edu/newsroom/ 10. Sullivan, K.D., & Rubenstein, D.M. (2018). Looking at Earth: An press-releases/former-astronaut-and-noaa-administrator-kathy-d- astronaut’s journey. American Academy of Arts and Sciences sullivan-named-national-air. Bulletin. Retrieved from https://www.amacad.org/news/looking- 3. Gibson, K. B. (2014). Women in space: 23 stories of first flights, earth-astronauts-journey. scientific mission, and gravity-breaking adventures. (pp. 99-104). 11. Watters, J. (2014, March 6). Five amazing facts about Dr. Kathryn Chicago Review Press. Sullivan, our newly confirmed head of NOAA, [web log comment]. 4. Heiney, A. (2004, May 1). Space explorers inducted into Astronaut Retrieved from https://oceanconservancy.org/blog/2014/03/06/ hall of Fame. Retrieved from https://www.nasa.gov/missions/ five-amazing-facts-about-dr-kathryn-sullivan-our-newly- shuttle/f_induction.html. confirmed-head-of-noaa/. 5. Kathryn D. Sullivan. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www. nmspacemuseum.org/halloffame/detail.php?id=90. 6. Kathryn Sullivan. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.rff.org/people/ kathryn-d-sullivan/. 7. Kathryn Sullivan: First American woman to walk in space. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://time.com/collection/firsts/4921998/firsts- full-list. 8. Kathryn D. Sullivan (Ph.D). (2014, April). Retrieved from https:// www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/sullivan_kathryn.pdf.

extension research and art EARTH AS ART n Sullivan has research experience in remote sensing. In Astronaut Kathryn Sullivan describes the view of Earth from classrooms and squadrons, youth can study satellite im- the Space Shuttle as “stunning.” “Every time you look out the agery with the Civil Air Patrol Teachers Educational Remote window,” she told the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Sensing Program (CAP-TERS). This program provides satel- “you are seeing about a thousand-mile swath: full continents lite imagery, imagery viewer, and lesson plans. It is avail- are out your office window at every glance; history is just out your able free to CAP members and educator members by visiting window.” The views, she said look like modern art. “The images eServices. For CAP-TERS, contact [email protected]. could hang in the Museum of Modern Art. No one would know the difference.” ASTRONOMY In 1990, Sullivan was aboard the Space Shuttle mission Let cadets and students experience these views in a Discovery that launched the Hubble Space Telescope. Youth can variety of ways. visit https://hubblesite.org/ to learn about the latest news about this satellite. n Have students download the NASA Earth As Art app for iOS devices. NASA says this app “celebrates Earth’s aesthetic n beauty in the patterns, shapes, colors, and textures of the Explore images from the Hubble gallery. https://hubblesite. land, oceans, ice, and atmosphere.” The app features im- org/resource-gallery/images. ages of Earth from the Terra, Landsat5, Landsat 7, EO-1, n Draw or paint and label favorite images from the Hubble. and Aqua satellites. It also includes time-lapse satellite images of places on Earth that have seen significant VIDEO LINKS: change over decades. ➤ Kathryn Sullivan Discusses the Criticism She Faced Before Being the n For an activity that does not need iOS download, visit First Woman to Walk in Space (Time) the U.S. Geological Survey’s website, USGS: Science for https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ZakCA5Immw a Changing World, at www.usgs.gov. The site’s Earth ➤ An Astronaut’s Journey – Kathryn Sullivan (American Academy of Arts and Sciences) Resources and Science (EROS) Center also has an Earth As https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1XWjHN-0wIQ Art satellite image gallery at https://eros.usgs.gov/image- gallery/earth-art.

— PAGE 105 — — PAGE 106 — HANDS ON build A Hubble Telescope Students will build a highly detailed model of the Hubble Space Telescope. Kathryn Sullivan’s second of three space missions was STS-31 Discovery, which launched the Hubble into low Earth orbit in 1990. The telescope remains in operation.

background ABOUT THE TELESCOPE

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

n Crew: 0 n Launch Date: 24 April 1990 n Date Entered Service: 20 May 1990 n Deployed Length: 43 ft. 4.5 in (13.2 m) n Deployed Diameter w/out the Solar Array Panels: 13 ft. 7.75 in (4.2 m) n Deployed Weight: 24,490 lb. (11,110 kg) n Electric Solar Power plant: Power of ~2.8 kW plus and 6-large nickel hydrogen batteries n Solar Panel Arrays: 2 Arrays (2.4 m x 12.1 m) NASA NASA/JSC n Solar Cell Area: 86.9 ft.² (26.5 m2) n Communication: 2 x antennas are linked The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is a space tele- ORBIT PARAMETERS/ with Tracking and Data Relay (TDRS) scope that was launched into low Earth orbit in 1990 and constellation satellites to have continu- it remains in operation. The HST was not the first space PERFORMANCE ous communication and data links with telescope but is one of the largest and most versatile, and the ground station in Maryland, USA. n Speed: About 17,398 mph is well known as a vital research tool. It has put Astronomy n Avionics Package: A star tracker helps (28,000 kph) back as a highly desired career and occupation. The measure the position of stars and keep n Inclination of orbit: 28.5º public relations boon for NASA and astronomy has been the satellite orbit predictable. n Orbit period: 97 minutes immense due to its images and data discoveries. The HST n Propulsion and The HST has 6-gyros for n Length of Mission: 5+ years is named after the astronomer Edwin Hubble (November stabilization. Three are in use, and three n Apogee: 337 mi. (543 km) 20, 1889 – September 28, 1953) who discovered that are held as backups. n Perigee: 335 mi (539 km) many objects previously thought to be clouds of dust and n Reaction Wheels: In the middle of the n End of Mission: Orbit decay spacecraft, near its center of gravity, are gas and classified as “nebulae” were actually galaxies date 2030-2040 beyond the Milky Way. four 100-pound reaction wheels used to n Low Earth Orbit: 338.6 miles reorient the observatory. Reaction wheels Space telescopes were first proposed in the early (545 km) 1920s, but it took until the 1990s for a practical way to help to orient HST satellite. As a satellite put such a telescope into space. NASA and the European tries to spin due to outside influences Space Agency worked together to make the HST a reality. MAIN TELESCOPE such as solar flares or solar wind, the The HST imaging target selection and processing imagery wheels act like a watch spring and build is tasked from the Space Telescope Science Institute, Bal- n Type: Ritchey-Chretien Reflector up tension that can be used in a reverse n 7.9 ft. (2.4 m) timore, Maryland. The HST is controlled from the Goddard Diameter: direction later. n Focal Length: 189 ft. (57.6 m) n Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. The Fine Guidance System (FGS) keeps n Focal Ratio: f/24 From the beginning, the HST was planned to be main- the satellite virtually motionless while n Collecting Area: 48 sq. ft. tained/serviced by astronauts using the Space Shuttle. locked on a target. (4.5 m2 ) Five Shuttle Missions changed out many components n Wavelengths: Near-infrared, of the HST that were upgraded/replaced as technology READ FURTHER IN THIS CHAPTER visible light, and ultraviolet improved /increased in capacity, as well as in components FOR A LIST OF INSTRUMENTS AND becoming more miniaturized. The HST today is much more DISCOVERIES MADE BY THE TELESCOPE capable than when first launched.

— PAGE 107 — PROCEDURE — Building the Hubble Telescope

MATERIALS 1 Print the Hubble Telescope plans 6 Start gluing the sub-assemblies to- (there are a total of 6 pages). gether. The instructions are very good, n Cardstock for templates but must be read and followed exactly. n Flat, level, stable, and easily cleaned Once a sub-assembly is glued, leave surface to work on 2 Set up work area with materials and it alone and allow the glue to dry. n Sharp-pointed (“X-acto”-type) hobby tools. knife; ALWAYS cap it when not in use n Sharp, precision sewing-type scis- 3 Read all the instructions on the plan. sors NASA tells where to glue, cut, and n A ruler or any other (truly) straight fold/bend. Follow the steps and meth- edge ods on how to build this paper model n Toothpicks, round (and flat, if avail- of the HST in the instructions sheet. able) n Elmer’s glue, super glue, or Aleene’s Fast Grab Tacky Glue 4 Cut out the parts as the project is n Eyebrow-type tweezers, having a built, including the 4 small squares straight edge of comfortable angle on part 6. 7 The telescope and instrument module n Stylus of some kind, to make in- need to be firmly glued together. A dented lines for folds Score and fold the tabs carefully; small book will add the needed weight n A trash can nearby to be neat 5 bend tabs with a straight edge ruler. to make this bonding work perfectly. n A small book for pressing pieces While this is happening, work on the together Separate into sub-assemblies to combine later. other smaller subassemblies until everything is thoroughly dried.

8 The TDRS antennas and solar panels are the last items to be added to the HST. The instructions are very detailed for this step and easy to follow.

— PAGE 107 — — PAGE 108 — Hubble Space Telescope Paper Model Pattern Pieces: Print this document on cover-weight paper or cardstock. Downloads, instructions, and other information at: www.hubblesite.org/go/model

The real Hubble Space Telescope

The assembled model

Based on a design by Ton Noteboom Hubble Space Telescope This model is based on the Distributed with permission by configuration after Servicing Space Telescope Mission 3B, conducted by the Science Institute crew of STS-109 in March, 2002 www.hubblesite.org

— PAGE 109 — Construction tips: Pattern key: This piece’s number When assembling your model, keep Cut out along outlines Fold along dashed lines track of which pieces are which 7575 8484 (score before cutting out) by only cutting out the pieces you 75 Light blue areas are Number of the piece need for the particular part you are where glue is applied. that attaches here assembling, and lightly writing the 7373

number of the piece in pencil on the 8585 7878

52 back. 52 Print this pattern onto white cardstock; it looks best in color. You may want to have extra Pattern scale: printouts handy in case you need them. This model is designed to be at 1:48 scale relative 1 inch to the real Hubble Space Telescope. The directions (in a separate file) can To ensure your model hasn’t been resized during be printed on regular paper in black- printing, measure this scale. and-white. 1 cm 1 inch

The Hubble Space Telescope Hubble Space Telescope Hubble Space Telescope Viewfront from view front Viewside from view side

Aperture Aperture door door Top

Front Top

Forward shield Solar panel Forward shield OTA bays

OTA bays

Solar Solar panel panel

High-gain High-gain antenna antenna

Aft shroud High-gain Aft shroud antenna

Base Base

— PAGE 109 — — PAGE 110 — Hubble Space Telescope Model Pattern — Page 1 Aft shroud

1 1

2 1

1 inch 2

1 cm 1 inch

— PAGE 111 — Hubble Space Telescope Model Pattern — Page 2 Aft shroud

Shaping piece (goes inside of aft shroud)

4 Forward shield (6) attaches here

Front of telescope

10 � 1 inch

11 9

1 cm 1 inch

— PAGE 111 — — PAGE 112 — Cut out all four squares that look like: × Hubble Space Telescope Model Pattern — Page 3

Forward Shield 6

× 11

× 9 10

15 × Door 1 inch 6

1 cm 1 inch

— PAGE 113 — Hubble Space Telescope Model Pattern — Page 4

Primary Mirror (glue foil to surface) 8 7 Secondary Mirror (optional)

OTA Bays 10

9 12 6 9

11 4 10 11

6 6

13 14

12 1 inch

1 cm 1 inch

— PAGE 113 — — PAGE 114 — Hubble Space Telescope Model Pattern — Page 5

High-gain antenna

20 15 Aperture door

25 1 inch

1 cm 1 inch

— PAGE 115 — Hubble Space Telescope Model Pattern — Page 6 Solar Panels

18 19

�end of dowel

dowel guide shoulddowel — dowels be this length. � towards telescope

�end of dowel � 1 inch towards telescope

1 cm 1 inch

— PAGE 115 — — PAGE 116 — NASA/ESA

INSTRUMENTS n FGS: Fine Guidance Sensor: The FGS provides pointing information for the spacecraft by locking onto guide stars. The FGS can also function n NICMOS: Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer - NIC- as a scientific instrument by precisely measuring the relative positions MOS has the ability to obtain images and spectroscopic observations of of stars, detecting rapid changes in a star’s brightness, and resolving astronomical targets at near-infrared wavelengths. double-star systems that appear as point sources even to Hubble’s cameras. Hubble has three FGSs onboard the observatory. n ACS: Advanced Camera for Surveys - ACS is a third-generation imaging camera. This camera is optimized to perform surveys or broad imaging campaigns. SOME DISCOVERIES HST HAS MADE ARE: n WFC3: Wide Field Camera 3: is the main imager on the telescope. It n Measuring distances to stars 50% more accurately. has a camera that records visible and ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths of n Refining the age of the universe. light and is 35 times more sensitive in the UV wavelengths than its n The prevalence of black holes in nearby galaxies. predecessor. A second camera that is built to view infrared (IR) light n Hubble Deep field, Hubble Ultra-Deep Field, and Hubble increases Hubble’s IR resolution from 65,000 to 1 million pixels. Its Extreme Deep Field images to create the deepest ever obtained combination of field-of-view, sensitivity, and low detector noise results at optical wavelengths. in a 15-20 time improvement over Hubble’s previous IR camera. n Wide Field Camera 3 looked at these image areas in infrared n COS: Cosmic Origins Spectrograph - focuses exclusively on ultraviolet and ultraviolet discovering the most distant object yet discov- (UV) light and is the most sensitive ultraviolet spectrograph ever, in- ered. creasing the sensitivity at least 10 times in the UV spectrum and up to n A large saltwater ocean under Jupiter’s moon, Ganymede that 70 times when looking at extremely faint objects. It is best at observing points of light, like stars and quasars. is 60 miles deep, trapped under 90 miles of surface ice. n STIS: Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph - STIS is a second- generation imager / spectrograph. STIS is used to obtain high resolution spectra of resolved objects. STIS has the special ability to simultane- ously obtain spectra from many different points along a target.

— PAGE 117 — NASA

— PAGE 117 — — PAGE 118 — CHAPTER TWELVE

NASA NASA LEFT: Marta Bohn-Meyer was chief engineer at NASA Dryden Flight Research Center. RIGHT: Flight test engineers Bob Meyer and Marta Bohn-Meyer were the only married couple to both serve on flight status on this two-seat F-104 at NASA Dryden. MARTA BOHN-MEYER The first woman crew member of triple-sonic sr-71 OBJECTIVES n Discuss Marta Bohn-Meyer’s hen Marta Bohn-Meyer graduated a test engineer, she also flew in F-104 life prior to her becoming an aeronautical engineer at from high school in the 1970s, Starfighter, F-111 Aardvark, F-16 Fighting NASA. her parents gave their teen pilot Falcon, B-57 Canberra, F-14 Tomcat, and n W Describe her work with the an aviator’s watch engraved with CAVU, an F-18 Hornet aircraft. SR-71. n List her four rights. aviation acronym for “ceiling and visibility She began working as a research and n Build the SR -71. unlimited.” operations engineer at NASA Dryden Re- The words were prophetic, for Bohn-Mey- search Center on Edwards Air Force Base STANDARDS er would go on to become the first woman in California in 1979 and was named chief to fly as a crew member aboard the high- engineer of the center in 2001. NGSS altitude, triple-sonic research aircraft, Even when she was not working for SCIENCE the SR-71 Blackbird. The aircraft flew at NASA, she still loved to fly on her off-duty n MS-ETS1-1 n MS-ETS1-4 n MS-ETS1-2 n MS-PS2-2 2,200 mph at 85,000 feet, giving its crew time. She was an accomplished aerobatic n MS-ETS1-3 n MS-PS2-5 the ability to see 400 miles. Ceiling and pilot and a member of the U.S. Unlimited visibility unlimited, indeed! Aerobatic Team. Tragically, Bohn-Meyer ELA/LITERACY Aviation started as a hobby for Bohn- died in a crash of an aerobatic plane she n RST.6-8.1 n WHST.6-8.7 Meyer and became a spectacular career was flying in 2005. n RST.6-8.3 n WHST.6-8.8 n RST.6-8.7 n WHST.6-8.9 as both a pilot and a NASA engineer. As n RST.6-8.9

NCSS If anything, my entire flying career has n IV.f. n X.e. been people giving me more opportunities “ because I am a woman. — Marta Bohn-Meyer ”

— PAGE 119 — HER STORY

USAF/Judson Brohmer This is the view of an SR-71 from a tanker.

Marta Bohn was born in 1957 at Edwards Air Force Base in California. NASA on Long Island, New York. She had a In 2001, Bohn-Meyer was named fascination with airplanes since seeing chief engineer of Dryden. Through Achievements include her father’s friend fly an F-14 Tomcat as her years there, she was involved in n Received the Arthur Fleming a young girl. a variety of research projects includ- Award in the Scientific Category When she was a girl, her family ing testing heat-resistant tiles for the (1992) stressed she pick a hobby. Her second space shuttle and using F-16XL aircraft n Awarded the Aerospace Educator choice was horseback riding. Her first to test airflow over wings with the goal Award from Women in Aerospace choice was a much more modern form of building faster and larger commer- (1998) of transportation: flying airplanes. cial airliners. n Was the first woman SR-71 flight Her parents gave her a Christmas When the Air Force retired the crew member (flight engineer) present of flying lessons when she was Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird, a spy plane, (1991) 14. By age 17, she passed her private Dryden received three of the planes n Received a NASA Exceptional pilot check ride. for testing. She and her husband, Bob Service Medal (1996) In high school, Bohn-Meyer knew Meyer, who also worked at Dryden, were n Was a manager and member she wanted to be a test pilot, which the only two flight engineers assigned of the U.S. Unlimited Aerobatic presented some challenges for a person to fly in the Blackbird flight research Team (2005) not in the military and for a woman, as program. Bohn-Meyer was the first well. Instead, she studied aeronautical woman crewmember assigned to the engineering at Rensselaer Polytechnic Lockheed SR-71, serving as navigator Institute in Troy, New York. While a during studies of aerodynamics, propul- student, she was part of an engineer- sion, thermal protection, and sonic ing co-op program at Langley Research booms that used the SR-71 as a test Center in Virginia. She graduated with bed. a degree in aeronautical engineering in 1979 and accepted a position at Continued on PAGE 121 NASA’s Dryden Flight Research facility

— PAGE 119 — — PAGE 120 — her Story (continued from Page 120) NASA used the SR-71s to obtain restoration. But, her first love was high-speed, high-altitude data for aerobatic flying. application on design improvements “That’s why I fly the biplanes on in civil and military aircraft of the weekends,” she told Wharton of the future. LA Times. “You can never get enough Though she was the only woman flying.” on the crew, she did not feel discrim- Bohn-Meyer died Sept. 18, 2005, ination in her career. If anything, she when the Giles G-300 aerobatic told writer David Wharton of the Los aircraft she was piloting crashed in Angeles Times in 1992, “my entire Yukon, Oklahoma. She was practic- flying career has been people giving ing for the upcoming U.S. National me more opportunities because I am Aerobatic Competition. a woman.” At the time of her death, center Bohn-Meyer was a frequent director Kevin Petersen called Bohn- speaker at schools, forums, and Meyer “an extraordinarily talented workshops. In motivational talks, individual and a most trusted tech- she called the key to success “the nical expert and manager at NASA four rights”: the right time, the right Dryden.” place, the right qualifications, and “She committed her life and the right enthusiasm. career,” Petersen continued, “to She was an FAA-certified instruc- aviation and the advancement of tor, and when not working at the aeronautics and space in the United research center, her hobbies included States.” aircraft building and classic car NASA extension research and design Marta Bohn-Meyer served as chief engineer for NASA Dryden Flight Research Center at Edwards, California. In 2014, the facility was renamed the Neil A. Armstrong Flight Research Center to honor the first man to walk on the Moon. Just as Bohn-Meyer tested research aircraft during her time at the center, crews continue to perform flight research at Arm- strong.

n Have learners explore the NASA Armstrong site to learn NASA about the projects of Bohn-Meyer’s contemporary col- NASA’s X-57 Maxwell is the agency’s first all-electric leagues. Ask learners to study the design features of X-plane and first crewed X-plane in two decades. these aircraft that make them experimental. VIDEO LINKS: https://www.nasa.gov/centers/armstrong/about/index. ➤ F-16XL interview with Marta Bohn-Meyer (NASA STI Program) html https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O9-SQ0Ikk8k

One example is the X-57 Maxwell Electric Propulsion ➤ Bohn-Meyer Math and Science Odyssey (NASA Armstrong Flight Airplane. NASA is researching ideas that could bring the Research Center) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fIKjV53VFy4 development of aircraft powered by electric propulsion. Such aircraft would be quieter, more efficient, and more environmentally friendly. In September 2019, NASA announced completion of X-57 wing tests and Armstrong prepared for its arrival.

— PAGE 121 — references

1. Creating the Blackbird. (n.a.). Retrieved from https://www. 7. Pardo, J. (2001, June 5). Living her dream: One pilots success lockheedmartin.com/en-us/news/features/history/blackbird.html. story. Flight Magazine. Retrieved from https://www.aopa.org/ news-and-media/all-news/2001/june/flight-training-magazine/ 2. Davis, B.J. III. (2017, July). Airframe: The SR-71 Blackbird. living-her-dream. Retrieved from http://airman.dodlive.mil/2017/07/10/airframe- the-sr-71-blackbird/. 8. Pima Air Museum. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.pimaair.org/ aircraft-by-name/item/blackbird. 3. Gibbs, Y. (2017). NASA Armstrong Fact Sheet: SR-71 Blackbird. Retrieved from https://www.nasa.gov/centers/armstrong/news/ 9. US Unlimited team manager Marta Meyer perishes. (2005, Sept FactSheets/FS-030-DFRC.html. 18). Retrieved from https://www.iac.org/news/2005-09-18-us- unlimited-team-manager-marta-meyer-perishes. 4. Holden, H.M. (2013). Marta Bohn-Meyer – flight engineer SR-71 Blackbird, Great women in aviation Book #12 [Kindle version]. 10. Wharton, D. (1992, Aug. 12). She’s flying high as a scientist Retrieved from Amazon.com. aboard a supersonic lab: Aerospace: Marta Bohn-Meyer is the first woman on NASA’s SR-71 Blackbird crew, which conducts 5. NASA Dryden chief dies in airplane crash. (2005, Sept. 19). experiments on the recycled spy plane. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved from https://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2005/sep/ Retrieved from https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992- HQ_05272_Bohn-Meyer_dies.html. 08-12-ga-5188-story.html.

6. Oliver, M. (2005, Sept. 20). Marta Bohn-Meyer, 48; pilot, flight engineer. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved from http://articles. latimes.com/2005/sep/20/local/me-bohnmeyer20.

NASA NASA

— PAGE 121 — — PAGE 122 — HANDS ON BUILD THE SR-71 CATAPULT GLIDER The Lockheed Martin SR-71 is a product of Lockheed’s Skunk Works division and is cloaked in mystery. It is known in aviation circles as the Mach 3+ spy plane. This glider model was designed by Lt. Col. Randy Carlson, CAP, and like the original, it flies very well. Marta Bohn-Meyer was the first woman to be a crew member of the SR-71, on which she flew NASA research missions.

NASA background ABOUT The Lockheed A-12, later called the SR- months, an unheard-of period of time. Where THE PLANE 71, reconnaissance aircraft was designed by Russian designs took years, Kelly Johnson’s Clarence “Kelly” Johnson at Skunk Works in design took mere months. Not only was GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS Burbank, California. This same design group speed and high altitude a part of the SR-71, is also credited with the P-38 Lightning, the it had been designed with a small radar n Crew: 2 Lockheed 1049 Constellation (“Connie”), profile. Surfaces had been designed to avoid n Length: 107 ft.2 in (32.73 m) and the U-2 and follow on TR-1 that is in use reflecting radar signals. It was the beginning n Wingspan: 55 ft. 7 in (16.94 m) today. As the Cold War was in full swing in of what would be called an aircraft with n Wing area: 1,800 ft² (167.22 m²) the early 1960s a reconnaissance platform “stealth” abilities. n Height: 18 ft. 5 in (5.63 m) was needed for photographing targets deep in In the early 1990s two SR-71s were turned n Gross weight: 140,000 lbs. enemy territory. The U-2 could fly high, but its over to NASA for high-speed testbeds at (63,502.93 kg) speed made it a target. The answer was the NASA’s Dryden test facility at Edwards AFB, n Empty weight: 59,000 lbs. SR-71. It flew at Mach 3+ and had a range California. These were the two SR-71 aircraft n Power Plant: 2 x Pratt & Whitney J-58 of 3,200 miles. The aircraft was flown for 34 that Marta Bohn-Meyer was associated with. Turbojets 34,000 lbs. thrust each years and has a track record of evading 4,000 One was SR-71A and the other was SR-71B or surface to air (SAM) missiles. This came trainer version. PERFORMANCE about because it flies at +80,000 feet and These aircraft were at Dryden to provide travels at Mach 3+. answers to NASA’s overall high-speed n Max Speed: Mach 3.3+ Lockheed took on the task of designing aeronautical research program as a testbed. (2,531.99 mph or 4,074.84 kph) a radical new reconnaissance aircraft, and Bohn-Meyer was a flight engineer in a n Operating Altitude: Up to 85,000 ft. even Clarence “Kelly” Johnson admitted modified NASA F-104, testing an earlier laser (25,908 m) “…everything had to be invented.” His air-data measurement system. n Cruising speed: Mach 3.2 team in the past had delivered impossible The last U.S. Air Force SR-71 mission was (2,455.26 mph or 3,951.36 kph) technologies in aerospace design. The design flown in October 1998, and NASA’s last flight n Range: 3,200 miles (5,149 km) went from drawing board to flying in 20 of an SR-71 was on October 9, 1999.

— PAGE 123 — PROCEDURE — Building the NASA SR-71 MATERIALS Cut out the balsa wood spine and set There are two engine/horizontal fins n One-piece 1/8 or 3/16 inch x 30-inch 6 10 Balsa wood for spine it aside. If a rubber band catapult is that need to have the tabs folded n One sheet of 1/8- or 3/16-inch foam board going to be used to launch and fly the and glued on the lines shown. (available at art supply and dollar stores) SR-71, cut out or “notch” the spine so for wings a hook made from a paper clip can be n Two 8- by 11-inch card stock sheets for inserted and glued in place. two engines and the fuselage/canopy parts n Sharp-pointed (“X-acto”-type) hobby knife; ALWAYS cap it when not in use n One penny or modelers’ clay for nose 11 After the fuselage and wing have weight dried, attach the nose/canopy and n One paper clip for launching hook the NASA tail logos. n One black Sharpie to color in the exposed 7 The launching hook is a paper clip foam core (touch-up) that can be bent into the proper shape n One light-blue highlighter for the canopy by hand. It will be larger than needed windows and can be trimmed with small wire n 1-2 small plastic clamps as found at a cutters (see cut lines below) for the craft store or hardware store or clothes SR-71. Set aside. pins 12 Suggested color scheme is a flat black n Small wire cutters SR-71 with a light blue highlighter n Aleene’s Fast Grab Tacky Glue, Elmer’s canopy, and a medium gray engine glue, or super glue afterburner on the engine pods. The “NASA” tail fin numbers are from the 1 Print the following two pages of Edwards AFB assigned SR-71s. the SR-71 plan and tape them together so that the SR-71 is 14 TIPS FOR THIS MODEL inches long. AIRPLANE: 2 Read all the instructions thoroughly. 1. The ailerons were set at a 30° up angle This paper glider was designed by the and two additional card stock tabs were author, Lt. Col. Randy Carlson, CAP. It added where flaps would be. These were utilizes the building principles used 8 Glue the wooden spine to the line also set at a 30° up angle. in Whitewings or other paper/card- that separates the two halves of the 2. The test glider required about 10° right stock rubber band catapult launched wings. Take time to ensure this is rudder on both vertical stabilizers. gliders. done as accurately as possible. If the 3. Little or no weight was added to the launching hook is to be inserted, it is The wing section is made of foam- nose to get the center of gravity correct. 3 done at the same time as the spine board. The spine is made from balsa and wings are joined together. 4. Optional catapult launched free-flight wood. The fuselage and combination glider building: engines/vertical stabilizers are made n If weight in the nose is needed, use a with cardstock. Use an X-acto blade small bit of modelers’ clay or glue a to cut these out. penny near the nose. 4 Set up work area with materials and n A launching hook can be made from a tools. paper clip. n The hook needs to tilted back about Bend the fuselage in half and glue 5 Cut out the parts from foam board 9 10-20° to help the rubber band the edges to the wing and the spine. and cardstock slowly and carefully. release easier. 5. Details on how to make a rubber band catapult are covered on Page 11. 6. If a 1/8-inch dowel is slid in where the wing halves fold together, it will create a nice rounded airfoil once the wing dries and the dowel is removed.

— PAGE 123 — — PAGE 124 —

844 844

— PAGE 125 — — PAGE 125 — — PAGE 126 — CHAPTER THIRTEEN

USAF USAF Nicole Malachowski became the first woman pilot of a U.S. military demonstration team when she flew #3 right wing for the U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds.

NICOLE MALACHOWSKI FIRST WOMAN U.S. MILITARY DEMONSTRATION TEAM PILOT

OBJECTIVES hen 5-year-old Nicole Mala- team. In fact, she was the first woman n Describe Nicole chowski attended an air show in pilot for any U.S. military demonstration Malachowski’s early love for aviation. W California in 1979, she knew what team. n List some of her USAF she wanted to be. “The air show was neat, Malachowski also was a fighter accomplishments. but I fell in love with the F-4 Phantom and squadron commander, White House Fellow, n Discuss some of her flying assignments. decided there and then I wanted to be a and a patient advocate. When she began n Build the F-100 Thunderbird. fighter pilot,” she said. The planes, she her tour with the Thunderbirds, she had said, were “loud and powerful.” logged more than 200 hours in combat. STANDARDS She would achieve that career goal and On Jan. 31, 2005, she was the flight lead much more, having the kind of career that, providing air cover over the historic Iraqi NGSS appropriately enough, made a powerful elections. SCIENCE kind of figurative noise of its own. In ad- Upon her selection for the team, she n MS-ETS1-2 n MS-ETS1-4 dition to becoming one of the first women said “I think I am living proof that … n MS-ETS1-3 to fly modern fighter aircraft, in 2005, she dreams do come true.” Even, it seems, ELA/LITERACY became the first woman pilot for the Thun- dreams that start at age 5. n RST.6-8.3 n WHST.6-8.8 derbirds, the U.S. Air Force’s demonstration n RST.6-8.9 n WHST.6-8.9 n WHST.6-8.7 The women of yesterday and today’s Air Force maintain NCSS a tradition of excellence, and it is that heritage that has n IV.f. given me this exciting responsibility of being the first n “ X.e. female Thunderbird pilot. — Nicole Malachowski — PAGE 127 — ” HER STORY

Nicole Ellingwood was born in Santa was here that she began her career as Maria, California, to Cathy and Robert an Air Force pilot. She competed and Ellingwood. Her interest in aviation was selected to fly the F-15E Strike and flying began at an early age when Eagle. This selection placed her among she was 5 years old and went to an air the first group of women to fly mod- show. At a sixth-grade career day, a ern fighter aircraft. She served as a teacher told her women weren’t allowed mission-ready fighter pilot in three to be fighter pilots. And although it was operational F-15E squadrons as an true at the time, women were allowed in instructor pilot and flight commander. 1993. She tallied more than 2,300 flight hours “I never wanted to prove anything including more than 188 in combat. to anyone but myself,” Malachowski During her third assignment to Seymour said in a 2006 Civil Air Patrol Volunteer Johnson Air Force Base in North Caro- magazine article. “Someone saying lina, she trained the next generation of something when I was 12 years old combat aviators. She calls this on her USAF doesn’t change the fact that I am a website “the greatest honor and the Thunderbird today.” most important highlight, of her entire Achievements include So, at age 12, she joined the Civil career.” n Flew in support of more than 25 Air Patrol, the volunteer auxiliary of Malachowski credits her husband, combat missions, including air the Air Force, as a cadet. Malachowski Paul Malachowski, who was an F-15 cover for Baghdad during the credits her six years in CAP with helping Eagle pilot at the time, for encouraging historic Iraqi elections (2005) her achieve that goal. First, she was a her to apply for the Thunderbirds. n Became the first female pilot of cadet in Upland, California, and then She was accepted as the first a Department of Defense demon- in Las Vegas, Nevada, when her family woman pilot on any Department of stration team, USAF Thunder- moved. “The North Las Vegas Airport Defense demonstration team and flew birds (2005) is a special place for me because the as #3 Right Wing with the Thunderbird n Inducted into the Women in Nevada Wing gave me a scholarship to Team, based at Nellis AFB, Nevada, Aviation International Pioneer pay for flying lessons, and I soloed at 16 from November 2005 until November Hall of Fame (2008) at the North Las Vegas Airport.” 2007. n Participated in the White House In high school, she also partici- From Nellis, her next stop was Fellows Program (2008-2009) pated in Air Force Junior ROTC. After Washington, D.C, to become a White n Was instrumental in the passage high school graduation, she attended House Fellow, class of 2008-2009, as a of the 2009 law awarding a Con- the U.S. Air Force Academy and received member of the Presidential Transitional gressional Gold Medal to Women her commission in May 1996. Support Team. Airforce Service Pilots (2009) She earned a bachelor of science Malachowski was instrumental n Was commander of the 333rd degree in management, with a minor in the passage of the 2009 law which Fighter Squadron, one of only in French. Later degrees included a awarded the Congressional Gold two F15-E Strike Eagle training master of arts in national security Medal to Women Air Force Service Pilots squadrons (2011-2013) policy from American Military University (WASP). She was at the White House n Served as Executive Director, the and a second master of arts in national ceremony at which the Congressional first woman to hold the position, security and strategic studies from the Gold Medal was awarded to former of the White House’s Joining U.S. Naval War College. WASP. Forces initiative supporting After getting her undergraduate She realized she had broken bar- service members, veterans, and degree from the Air Force Academy, she riers because many women before her their families (2015) attended Undergraduate Pilot Training had also broken through glass ceilings. n Inducted into the National (UPT) at Columbus AFB, Mississippi. It Women’s Hall of Fame (2019) Continued on PAGE 129

— PAGE 127 — — PAGE 128 — her Story (continued from Page 128) “After all, it is because of the that. And surround yourself with a a Colonel from the Air Force due to WASP that I was able to fulfill my positive team.” tick-borne neurological disease. After dream. I was in a unique position with In 2015, as Executive Director four years of seeking treatment since a unique opportunity to champion the of the White House’s National “Join- she first began to have symptoms in cause, so that finally a rich chapter ing Forces” initiative, Malachowski 2012, she was accurately diagnosed of American history will be added into directly advised First Lady Michelle with the disease. She regained the the books. The message to all young Obama and Dr. Jill Biden, wife of Vice abilities to stand, read, and speak, Americans is that it’s great to have President Joe Biden, on topics relat- but she continues to need medical a dream, it’s great to have goals,” ing to service members, veterans, and treatment. Malachowski also serves Malachowski said at the time. “Pursue military families. as an advocate for patients suffering something that you are passionate In 2017, after 21 years of service, from tick-borne disease. about and then pursue excellence in Malachowski medically retired as extension Research & Writing Nicole Malachowski became the first woman pilot in a U.S. military demonstration team when she was named to the U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds team.

n Research more about the history and mission of this demonstration team. Visit the team’s website (http://afthunderbirds.com/site/) and social media pages. Explore videos of their performances and maneuvers. Use these videos to write a description of a Thunderbird pilot’s or passenger’s experience in the aircraft. What do you hear and see? What do you imagine the pilots feel? A selection of videos is available at http://afthunderbirds. com/site/category/videos/

n If access to virtual reality equipment is available, check out a 360 video. Examples include: 1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y PJt9AJ461I&fbclid=IwAR318yvz2dUA4 Gs6-wBRD1oqjon4ooDtRrQfUr3d9coZd XULG6zPWy9zsPU

2. https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=Z9nePXG6YG8

VIDEO LINKS:

➤ Nicole Malachowski Profile Video (D’Amelio Network) https://www.damelionetwork.com/nicole-malachowski/

➤ Succeeding in a Male-Dominated Career Field (D’Amelio Network) https://www.damelionetwork.com/nicole-malachowski/

— PAGE 129 — references 1. 2008 WAI Pioneer Hall of Fame Inductees (2008). 19th Annual 7. Nicole Malachowski. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.wai.org/ International WAI Conference. Retrieved from https://www.wai. pioneers/2008/nicole-malachowski. org/08conference/2008_conf_phof.cfm. 8. Riedel, A. (2013, March 19). A life in flight for first woman 2. About Nicole Malachowski (Colonel, USAF, Ret.). (n.d.). Retrieved ‘Thunderbirds’ pilot. Retrieved from https://www.af.mil/News/ from https://www.nicolemalachowski.com/about/. Article-Display/Article/109532/a-life-in-flight-for-first-woman- 3. Col. Nicole Malachowski (USAF, Ret.). (n.d.). Retrieved from thunderbirds-pilot/. https://www.damelionetwork.com/our-speakers/nicole- 9. Shane, L. & Staff. (2015, October 7). Retrieved from https:// malachowski/col-nicole-malachowski-usaf-ret-biography/. www.militarytimes.com/news/your-military/2015/10/07/joining- 4. Crolley, B. (2013, May 14). First female Thunderbird takes last forces-new-leader-has-cockpit-white-house-experience/. flight at SJ. Retrieved from https://www.seymourjohnson.af.mil/ 10. Terrinoni, V. (2006, January-February). Air Force Capt. Nicole News/Article-Display/Article/306590/first-female-thunderbird- Malachowski made history when she became the first female takes-last-flight-at-sj/. Thunderbird. Civil Air Patrol Volunteer, 9-10. 5. Davis, V. (2005, July 7). Becoming Thunderbird is a dream come 11. Thompson, Carolyn. (2019, March 8). National Women’s Hall of true for Nevada native. Retrieved from https://www.af.mil/News/ Fame announces class of 2019. Retrieved from https://www. Article-Display/Article/134029/becoming-thunderbird-is-dream- apnews.com/d1341cab61c546bca11ad55794715de2. come-true-for-nevada-native/. 6. Manire, H. (2009, August-October). Malachowski’s magic, Civil Air Patrol Volunteer, 18-19.

USAF Nicole Malachowski was inducted into the National Women’s Hall of Fame in 2019.

— PAGE 129 — — PAGE 130 — HANDS ON build the F-100 super sabre Students and cadets will build a highly detailed paper model of an important aircraft as it was the first supersonic jet aircraft in the U.S. Air Force. For several years, beginning in 1956, the F-100 was the USAF Thunderbird’s aerial demonstration team’s aircraft of choice. In 2005, Nicole Malachowski became the first woman pilot for any U.S. military demonstration team as a Thunderbirds pilot.

ABOUT THE PLANE

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS n Crew: 1 n Length: 50 ft. (15.2 m) n Wingspan: 38 ft. 9 in (11.81 m) n Height: 16 ft. 2.75 in (4.95 m) n Wing area: 400 ft.² (37 m²) n Empty weight: 21,000 lb. (9,500 kg) n Max takeoff weight: 34,832 lb. (15,800 kg) n Power plant: 1 x Pratt & Whitney J-57-P21/21A n Dry Thrust: 10,200 lbf (45 kN) n Thrust with Afterburner: 16,000 lbf (71 kN) Ken Chandler/for use by military organizations only PERFORMANCE background n Maximum speed: 864 mph (1,390 km/h) n Range: 1,733 miles (3,210 km) The North American F-100 Super Sabre Thunderbolt II jets that were coming into the n Service ceiling: 50.000 ft. (15,000 m) was a post Korean War era fighter and ground USAF inventory. As the F-100 was retired, it attack aircraft that served in the United was replaced by the F-16 Fighting Falcon. States Air Force from 1954-1979. The YF-100A The F-100D was first delivered in January ARMAMENT was the first American military jet capable of 1956 and was modified to be a primarily GUNS going supersonic and did this in 1953 using a ground attack aircraft. A two-seat trainer n 4 x 20 mm (0.787 in) Pontiac revolver derated XJ57-P-7 engine. version (F-100F) was introduced in 1958 and cannon As the Korean War was winding down, the it had all the weapons capabilities as the F- n 4 x AIM-9 Sidewinder or F-100 was looked at as both a replacement 100D. Four different countries flew the F-100 n 2 x AGM-12 Bullpup or for the F-86 jet fighter, as well as a platform series aircraft: Denmark, France, Taiwan, and n 2 x or 4 x LAU-3/A 2.75” unguided for delivering bombs, to include nuclear muni- Turkey. They flew well into the mid-1980s. rocket dispensers tions. The F-100 did not see combat in Korea, In 1956, the F-100C was selected to be BOMBS but when tasked in the Vietnam conflict, it the USAF demonstration team’s aircraft. This 7,040 lb (3,190 kg) of weapons, including: was able to take on both MiG-15 and MiG-17 gave them a supersonic aircraft, and for a n Conventional iron bombs fighters and score easily on them. short time, the Thunderbirds were allowed to n Special stores From 1968 through 1969, the F-100 was create a “sonic boom” at their air shows until n Mark 7 nuclear bomb the prime close air support aircraft in the war the FAA banned sonic booms over the conti- n Mk 28 nuclear bomb in Southeast Asia. During this conflict the nental United States. What the F-100 gave the n Mk 38 nuclear bomb F-100 maintained a 98.5% reliability rate. Thunderbirds was a fast airplane; so the air By 1973, the F-100 was ready to be replaced shows could be more exciting and fast paced. by the F-4 Phantom, A-7 Corsair II, and A-10

— PAGE 131 — PROCEDURE — Building the F-100 Super Sabre aircraft MATERIALS Roll and glue the parts for the fuse- 11 Attach the canopy. n Cardstock for templates 5 lage. They are labeled on the plans n Flat, level, stable, and easily cleaned surface to work on and are in order. Use the Assembly n Sharp-pointed (“X-acto”-type) hobby Details page as a reference of how to knife; ALWAYS cap when not in use glue the pieces together. Note that the n Sharp, precision sewing-type scissors Intake Doubler goes inside the front of n A ruler or any other (truly) straight edge the fuselage. n Toothpicks, round (and flat, if available) n Aleene’s Fast Grab Tacky Glue, Elmer’s glue, or super glue n Eyebrow-type tweezers, having a straight edge of comfortable angle 12 Fold and glue the Main Land- n Stylus of some kind, to make indented ing Gear Doors and Nose Landing lines for folds Gear. n Some old books or similar object to act as a weight/press to keep the airplane parts 13 Glue the Nose Landing Gear and completely flat while drying Fold and glue the main wing. Place it Main Landing Gears along the fold n A trash can nearby to be neat 6 under a weight or heavy book as the to the assembly in the appropriate places. 1 Print the F-100 plans on the next glue sets in order to keep it flat. page. 14 Attach the Nose Landing Gear Door on front of the Nose Landing Gear.

15 Fold and glue the Landing Gears.

16 Glue the Landing Gears along the fold to the appropriate places on the main assembly. 2 Set up work area with materials and 7 Carefully cut out all the wing slots tools. and slide the wings through. See the Assembly Details to find where to cut 3 Look over the instructions on the plan. the slot Fiddlers Green shows where to glue, cut, and fold/bend. 8 Fold and glue the fins.

9 Fold the tabs on the Vertical Tail Fin and glue to its other half. Attach all three fins to the fuselage (cut a slit as indicated on the plans to insert each fin using the remaining tab). 10 Add the Dorsal Fairing by inserting it 4 Cut out all parts. Score and fold into the fuselage. There are two bold, the tabs carefully; bend tabs with black lines to cut with an X-acto knife

a straight-edge ruler. Create sub- atop the fuselage. Activity Credit: Credit and Permission to Reprint –The late Chip Fyn, assemblies to combine later. of the Fiddlers Green Company graciously gave the Civil Air Patrol permission to reprint many of the paper model plans at his website. One such plan is presented here. Over 200 airplane plans can be viewed and purchased very inexpensively at Chip’s Fiddlers Green web site, www.fiddlersgreen.net.

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