Survey of the French Union and the States Placed Under The

Home , Colonial Mauritania, French Equatorial Africa, French Guinea, French Somaliland, French Sudan, French Union

"**! ft DE L'EUROPE - CODICIL OF EUROPE

Confidential 4 AG/WP 1 ( 50) 3 Or. Fr. PACECOM000888

COMMITTEE OF GEHERAL AFFAIRS I Working Party on Overseas Territories Survey of the Fren»h Union and the States r placed under the Protectorate of the French Republic

submitted by

M. MARC SCHERER Substitute to the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe

*f 10th Mar«»h, 1950

B.38 I. A. 239 •;.^'"«^tKi"':>'/V-"'-?'''T^ryr;

-/: ' '"

INDEX Page Introduction \± PART I THE PREKCH UNION (excluding Metropolitan Prance)

A ~ Structure of the Prench Union, The Prench Union « • 7 Analytical Table .... VV*^I^ B - Algeria and the Overseas Departments of the French Republic. Algeria il± The Overseas Departments 20 0 - The Overseas Territories of the Prench Republic. The federated Territories: Prench West Africa 2ij. Prench Equatorial Africa 28 The non-federated Territories: Madagascar and Dependencies .... 32 The Comoro Archipelago ...... 36 Prench Somaliland 38 Prench possessions in India ,,.. 1^.0 Prench possessions in Oceania... [j.1 New Caledonia and Dependencies . [|_2 The Islands of Saint-Pierre and Mi quo Ion [j.6 Appendix: The Condominium of the New Hebrides D - The Mandated Territories. (Associated Territories)

Cameroons ...... 0 51 Togoland « 55 r ••-. -". *'W9fl '• /.. y "T7"*'~jT>"*r'~'" • • ""*" ';irT"^r|wF»-~'--^TJSII

- 3 - Page • E - Associated States. $ (Indo-China) Position of the associated States within the French Union 59 6 Position of the associated States with regard to Indo-China 61 • Internal structure of the associated States 62 |fe Economic facts £5

PART II THE STATES PLAGES UNDER THE PROTECTORATE OF THE FRENCH REPUBLIC.

A- Morocco 69 B - Tunisia 7!).

• _ A —

The following Survey, which has been prepared for the attention of the Study Group on Overseas Territories set up within the Committee on General Affairs of the Consultative Assembly, is purely documentary. It seemed to me essential to give this information in order to enable a detailed examination to be made of the problems involved in forging closer links between the European Union on the one hand, and the Prench Union and the States placed under the Proctectorate of the Prench Republic on the other - and possibly the subsequent association of these States and Territories with the European Union.

The Survey is divided into two Parts: the first deals with the French Union (excluding Metropolitan Prance) and the second with the States under Prench protection ~ the preceding index, brings out their main points.

It will be noticed that, for each of the "statistical reports" supplied for each State or Territory, information has been given in a set table form. Each report states briefly:

(a) the legal status of the territory;

(b) its political and administrative structure; (c) for the States and Territories within the Prench Union (Part I of the Survey), their method of representation in the central organs on the Union; (d) certain basic ec&nomio facts (area?.i,nd population, public services, agricultural production, mining and industrial production, budget and estimated investments, external trade). The particulars given in each case are purposely brief. I am hoping that by this brevity my colleagues will find these reports more convenient for their reference.

10th'March, 1950 - 5".r

PART I

• • THE FRENCH UNION

(excluding Metropolitan Prance) - 6 -

A - STRUCTURE OP THE FRENCH UNION

«' THE FRENCH UNION

(a) Fundamental Principles and definition of the French Union.

Fundamental Principles; 1. The Preamble of the Constitution of 27th October 1946 lays down the principles which have always characterised French overseas policy, but in a more definite form; "France shall form a Union with the overseas peoples based on equality of rights and obligations, without distinction of race or religion." This concept of equality does not however mean that these countries are all to be completely assimilated. On the contrary, the Preamble goes on to state: "The French Union shall be composed of nations and peoples who chall pool or co-ordinate their resources and their efforta in order to develop their respective civilisations, increase their prosperity and safeguard their security." These two ideas of equality and of respect for the personality of these territories are combined under the control of France in order to promote their progress:

"Loyal to its traditional mission, France under- takes to guide the peoples under its charge towards self-government and the administration of their own affairs in c. democratic way; rejecting any system of colonisation based on arbitrary- procedure, it guarantees to all equal access to public functions (7- Afrpi ( R 0 V

and the individual and collective exercise of the rights and freedoms proclaimed or confirmed above."

These principles are put into operation in Section VIII, which we will now examine..

Definition of the French Union

2. Under Article 60, the French Uninn is defined as follows: "The French Union consists, on the one hand, of the French Republic, comprising Metropolitan France, the Overseas Departments and Territories; and on the other, of the associated Territories and States."

There is a fundamental purpose behind this stru5ture: the pooling of total resources to guarantee the defence of the whole Union, for whioh a certain directing incentive is necessary. It is for this reason that the Government of the Republic assumes the task of co-ordinating these resources and directing the policy necessary for preparing and ensuring this defence.

,'b ) Structure of the French Union

The French Union having been thus defined, it is now necessary to ascertain its precise composition. The attached table will set this out e>learly (cf, page )

i) The Central Bodies $, The French Union possesses central organs to ensure cohesion. In accordance with Article 63 of the Constitution these are the Presidency, the Supreme Council and the Assembly. These three organs have differing characteristics and powers, The President of the Republic is the President of the French Union, As President of the Union, he has special powers. He represents the permanent interests of the Union, He presides over the Supreme Council. He convenes the Assembly of the French Union and closes its sessions. By reason of his role in the Government of the Republic, however, he also participates in the administration of the Union since, in accordance with Article 62, the Government of the Republic ensures the co-ordination of the means of- defence of the Union and the direction of the policy for preparing and ensuring this defence. AOAPI (50)3

The Supreme Council of fhe Union was set up under Article 65 of the Constitution, and its organisation determined by the law of 24th April, 1949. In accordance with the provisions of Article 65, and in development thereof, the law of 24th April provides under Article 1 that the Supreme Council> under the Chairmanship of the President of the Union, shall assist the Government of the Republic in the general administration of the Union. It is a governmental advisory .."body. It is composed of two parts, consisting on the one hand of a delegation of certain Ministers from the French Government and, on the other, of a representation from the associated States. As these States are self- governing in their domestic affairs, the law does not stipulate the number of members of this representation nor the method of their appointment. It merely refers to the special agreements concluded between France and such States.

The Assembly of the French Union, the third central organ of the Union, is provided for under Article 66 of the Cons oitution. One half of its members represent Metropolitan France and the other half represent the Overseas "departements" and Territories and the associated States. Its composition and electoral system are laid down under the law of 27th O.ctober, 1946. The members representing the Metropolitan territory are elected by the Metropolitan members of the National Assembly and the Council of the Republic. The members representing the Overseas countries are elected, as the case may be, by the "D.epar to mental" Councils, the Territorial Assemblies, the Algerian Assembly, or are appointed by the associated States in accordance with their own particular methods.

The Assembly of the French Union is a Consultative Assembly. It co-operates with both the legislative and executive bodies. It takes cognizance of the plans or Proposals which are submitted to it for an opinion by the National Assembly, the Government of the French Republic or the Governments of the associated States, ^t may also submit proposals to the National Assembly, to the Government and to the Supreme Council, These proposals,in order to be admissible, must relate to the legislation of the Overseas Territories. ii) The Local Bodies

4. These three central bodies of the French Union thus constitute the head of the whole administration of the Union, They can only assume their full importance - 10 - AG/WP1(50)3

if they have, under their authority, local bodies which provide the French Union with its element of diversity, enabling it to adapt itself to extremely varying situations.. We shall ex amine in turn Algeria, the Overseas "Beparte-"t ments", the Overseas Territories and the associated States,

Algeria, which consists of a group of "departements", has its own particular Statute. The affairs of the S""Deps:r*eneilts"of which Algeria is comprised "are administered by three Councils, Matters of common concern are entrusted to the Algerian Assembly.

The"ex-colonies" of Guadeloupe, Guiana, Martinique and Reunion became overseas "Departernents" under the law of 19th March, 1946, Their loc-.il affairs are administered by "Departernents" Councils, but since they come fully under metropolitan legislation and administration subject to the exceptions contained in the law itself, the central authority exercises much more extensive control over them than elsewhere. In these new "Departements" the policy of assimilation has completely succeeded. Their separate representation in the Assembly of the French Union, however, reflects the necessity to give due regard in the political field to their special interests within the Union,

The Overseas Territories themselves also form an integral part of the Republic. Their nationals are French citizens. The particular interests of each of these territories are entrusted to the Territorial Assemblies with wide powers, particularly in the financial field. In many Territories elected Municipal Councils already exist. The Associated States. The agreements concluded between France and the associated States of Cambodia, Laos and Viet Nam define the position of these States within the French Union, These States are completely self- governing in domestic matters. They are free to draw up their own Constitutions,

(iiij.Representation in the Parliamentary Assemblies 5. The types of administration in different parts of the Union vary, as we have seen, according to whether they are assimilated or autonomous. In the first case, they participate closely in the exercise of French national sovereignty; in the second case, they are only separated from this to the extent-that their political or administrative autonomy is increased. - II - \a-/'-pl(50)3

This conception is particularly clearly illustrated in the system of representation 'of the Overseas countries in the Assemblies sitting in Metropolitan France,since this representation varies with the degree of autonomy or decentralisation.

The Overseas "Departements", which rank politically as French"Departeanents", have a similar representation, that is to say a representation in proportion to the population.

The Overseas Territories, These Territories, which are administratively and financially autonomous, and which are provided with local representative Assemblies whose powers are much wider than those of the metropolitan "Departements" Councils :.nd which, therefore^, have a much greater decentralisation than the French "Departements", have as a rule a representation which, being smaller, is not in proportion to the population.- : Nevertheless, certain minor territories with small populations, whose representation, however, should not suffer thereby, are much more favourably represented than the Metropolitan "Departements". This is the case with New Caledonia, Oceania, the Comoro Archipelago and Saint-Pierre and Miquelon.

All the territories included in the Republic or administered by it, Metropolitan France, the Overseas "Departements", Overseas Territories, Mandated Territories, thus share in the national sovereignty - that is to say, in the framing of the laws and in the organisation and control of the Government of the whole Republic, On the other hand, the countries which are not included in the Republic or are not directly administered by it (associated States) have full sovereignty as regards their domestic affairs; for this reason they are only represented in the Assembly and the Supreme Council of the French Union, /;iy} _ Possibilities of developing the status of Territories

6, The structure described above of the various parts of the French Union is not completely rigid. Article 75 of the Constitution states that the respective status of its members allow for development. Alterations in status '-.nd transfer from one category to another could only be authorised by a law passed by Parliament after consultation with the Territorial Assemblies and the Assembly of the Union,, I2 .-G/fe(50)o

Legal Status of Persons residing within the French Union 7. It is impossible tc gain en idea of the actual nature of the French Union without enquiring into the leg;1,! status of the persons residing therein. The attached table (of. page ) shows the constitutional Divisions of the population into broad categories. It can be seen that with regard to public law all nationals of the French Republic (Metropolitan France, Overseas "Departements" and Overseas Tereitories) are French nationals and citizens and that the nationals of the associated States have the nationality of their respective countries, although they both enjoy one common overall citizenship: the citizenship of the French Union which confers on them, in accordance with Article 81,"the enjoyment of the rights and freedoms guaranteed in the Preamble of the Constitution", With regard to private law, nore subtle distinctions must be made. The nationals of Metropolitan France and the Overseas "Departements" have a civil status in common law. In the Overseas Territories, however, and in Algeria, there is a duality of status. There exist at the same time French citizens with civil status in common law and French citizens of particular ci'.il status (whether Moslem or otherwise~~J7 The citizens of particular civil status may, however, accede to a civil st:tus in common law by renouncing their personal status. This complex system reflects the necessity for respecting local customs while permitting individuals, whom these customs no longer satisfy, to enjoy a status of private law better adapted to the evolution of their mode of living. PtfENCH REPUBLIC MANDATED TERRITORIES ASSOCIATED STATES (or associated territories) OVERSEAS TERRITORIES (group of OVERSEAS TERRITORIES' Departments) . Guadeloupe Algiers 1) FEDERATED TERRITORIES Camerboas Caabodia .Martinique Or an r French West Africa Togoland Laos Reunion \, Constantine Senegal Viet-Wam French Guiana. * Ivory Coast Southern j French Sudan territories Niger Frenr-h Guinea ' Haur:tania . . Dahomey TJot>er-Volta - French Equatorial Africa Gaboon Middle Congo Ubanghi-Sharl Chad 2)WON-PEDERATED TERRITORIES Madagascar & dependencies , . Comoro Archipelago French Somaliland Krench possessions in India French possessions in Ocea- nia ' , Hew Caledonia and der>enden- cies Islands of St. Pierre & Fiauelon

French citizens with civil 1/Prench citizens 1/French citizens with 'civil status of common law. with ivil .sta- status o" ro naon law. tus o-° cowmon 2/Preni?.h r:;.t'.z.ens with -ner- law. sonal civil status 2/French citizens (excludinct Oceania'and St. with Moslem ci»' Pierre and .^iquelon, where vil status. there are only citizens with civil status o-" coirmon law)

Cameroon and Togoland Cambodia nationals, French Laos and FRENCH C I T 1-2 E K S administered. Viet-IIam nationals

0 I- T I Z E H S OF THEPREN.CH OUIOW, - 13 - AC/WPK50) 13

B - ALGERIA AND THE OVERSEAS DEPARTMENTS OP THE FRENCH REPUBLIC

« B 38 - 14 -

AG/V.T1(50)3

ALGERIA

(a) .LEGAL STATUS, Under the terms of its constitutional Statute (Law of 20th September, 1947), Algeria consists of a group of "D^partements", with the status of a civil personality, financial autonomy and its own. administration.

(b ) ^MH1?™^1]^.itl? POI'Igl&j. STRUCTURE. 1. Central Structure.

(i) It is the Minister of_tlie__Intar_iqr who is the member of the Government responsible for Algeria.

The Government of the Republic is represented by a G o v e r n or -Gene r a 1,, assisted by a Central Administration at the head of which is a Secretary-General appointed by the Government. The Governor-General has power to maice regulations, subject to certain exceptions laid down in the Statute of Algeria. (ii) The Algerian_Assembly is composed of 120 members, elected by direct universal suffrage (SO by Hie first population group and 60 by the second population group). It elects its own President. It approves the budget for Algeria and it has the power to regulate expenditure and taxation, subject to the approval of the Governor-General, and it can in a large number of cases take decisions (in the matter of regulations and for the extension or the adaptation of Metropolitan laws to"7-TgeriaT, subject to confirmation (that is to say approval). In the case of refusal to confirm a measure, its decision is referred to the French Parliament for final ruling. The seat of the Algerian ^sserbly and the Central Administra- tion, as well as the residence of the Governor-General, is at Algiers. _ is - ;,&/rai(50)3 2 . STRUCTURE OF THE _" DEP^RTMEFTS" AID OQMI.TUMES. Algeria consists of three "Departements", and a vast region which includes the vhole area of the Sahara to the borders of French West Africa and is known as the Southern Territories.

(i) The organisation of the Algerian "D^partements" is copied from that of the French "Departements"""!At their head there is a Prefect, assisted by two Secretaries-General, who direct the services of the Prefecture, and by a Departmental Council elected by universal suffrage (half from each population group) which has more or less the same powers as "Departements" of Metropolitan France (e.g. approval of the Departmental budget).

The structure of the Communes is in a transitional stage. Algeria has certain "Communes with full powers" administered by an elected Municipal Council (half from each population group), some "Mixed Communes" directed by an "Administrator" who is a nominated official, assisted by a "Municipal Commission", composed of nominated and elected members, and in certain Moslem constituencies there are "Municipal Centres" directed by an elected "Djema" (Assembly) under control of an Administrator of the Civil Service.

(ii) At the head of the four Southern Territories there is a Military Commandant, who combines administrative functions with military powers.

Algeria is represented in the National Assembly by 30 Deputies elected by direct universal suffrage[fifteen by the first population group and 15 by the second population group), on the Council of the Republic by 14 Senators elected by indirect universal suffrage [s"even by the first population group and 7 by the second population group), and on the Assembly of the French Union by 18 Councillors (9 for the first population group and 9 for the second population group) elected partly by the Departmental Councils and partly by the Algerian Assembly."

(d) ECONOMIC FACTS. (i) Area and Population:

Area (Throe Northern Algerian (Departments: 210,000 sq.km. (Southern Territories: (1,995,000 sq.km. - IS - ;.GA,T1(50)3 Population (8,700,000 inhabitants of which (7,660,000 are Moslems and (1,040,000 are Europeans, (Principal Towns: Algiers: ((pop. 315,000), Oran: ((pop. 260,000), Constantino: ((pop. 120,000), Bone: ((pop. 105,000), Tlemcen, (Philippeville, Sidi-Bel-Abbes. (ii) Public Services (1948): Communications 3,000 km, of highways, 27,000 km, of roads (without counting 11,000 km. of desert paths) 4,465 km. of railway tracks.

Airfields 3 largo airfields operating for international traffic and numerous regional and local airfields.

Ports 6 ports of which 3 are very important (Algiers, Oran (more than 3 million tons worth of traffic annually) and Bone). Waterworks 11 large dams irrigating 120,000 hectares of land. A development plan is in progress Fuel and Power 225,000 tons of coal mined, 510,000,000 kilowatt-hours of electricity produced largely from thermal sources. Production should be increased to 700,000,000 kilowatt-hours b

Crop cultivation Cerals (20,000,000 cmitals in 1949), wine (14,COO,~OCO hectolitres in 1949), Oleaginous produce (olives), Certain fruits (citrus fruits, dates, figs) and vegetables (potatoes, tomatoes etc.) - 17 - ;.G/r:.rPl(5C)3

These provide large-scale exports (30$ of the wine and citrus fruits, 55% of the potatoes, 45$ of the figs and dates etc.)

Cultivation for (Cork, esparto grass Industrial use (1,800,OCC-quintals, 90$ exported, tobacco (210,000 quintals, 50$ exported), vegetable fibre (120,000 quintals, 80$ exported).

Livestock Particularly sheep (more than 3,000,000), goats (more than 2,000,000), draught animals, (1,000,000), and 700,000 cattle.

(iv) Mining _and Industrial__Produetion_(JL943): Raw materials Mainly iron (2,000,000 tons), phosphates (795,000 tons) coal (225,000 tons), most of which is exported (95$ of the iron and 96$ of phosphates). Pew industries with manufactured products (phosphate manure, soap and cement). (v) Bud_gejb_ and investments:

For the financial year 1949 the ordinary budget amounted .to 37 milliards, and the extraordinary budget amounted to 20 milliards. Nearly 7 milliards -.-ore reserved f or the budget for the hydraulic project.

50 milliards of investments arc expected from the public in 1950 (as opposed to 42 in 1949). (vi) External Trade (_1_9_4_8): External trade was transacted mainly with Prance and the French Union. Foreign trade only amounted to 15$ of the total. - 18 - AG/WP1(50)3

• ' " ~ ' Algerian Imports Algerian Exports j

Areas of Value Value (current prices) Tonnage (current prices) Tonnage origin or Millions Millions of (Thousands (Thousands Destination % of % francs of tons) franc s of tons)

Iranc e 66,300 72 993 62,900 82 1,960

French Union 7,790 9 152 4,910 7 178 (excluding Pranc e)

Other 17,365 19 1,120 7,705 11 2,780 countries

TOTAL 91,465 100 2,265 75,515 100 4,918

Algeria imports: certain food produce (sugar, coffee etc.) and particularly raw materials and semi-finished articles (wood, coal, steel, petrol etc.), manufactured articles, agricultural material and general equipment. Imports from countries other than Prance and the Prench Union belong largely to this latter category. Algeria exports: as already indicated above, mainly .food produce (wine_, fruit, vegetables - more than 80$ of the total value of exports) and also some agricultural produce (cork, esparto grass, tobacco, fibre), - I9 - ;,G/WP1(50)3

phosphates and iron ore. Exports to countries other than Prance and the Prench Union consist largely of these last two products. - 20 - ;,&/lPl(50)3

OVERSEA "DEIV-RTEMIJTTS"

The Overseas "Dgpartements" are the four "ex-colonies": Guadeloupe, Martinique, French Guiana and Reunion.

(a) LEG..! STATUS J.ITI)J^J[§I^LV£.±?"3^1• Under the law of 19th March 1946, these four territories were _ Integra ted into the Metropolitan a dm ini s trat ive system. Their legislative system "is the same as that of Metropolitan "Departemc-nts", subject to the exceptions specified by law" (Constitution of 27th October, 1946).

(b) ADMINISTRATIVE *J5V POLITICAL STRUCTURE. This is the same as that of Metropolitan "De'partements" The Pre f ect of each of the "De'partements" possesses, because he is so far from the capital, certain military powers and diplomatic connections in addition to the ordinary civil powers of his colleagues in Metropolitan Prance. He is assisted by the normal "De"partemental" services (attached to the appropriate Ministries). In each "Departement" there is a "De'partemental" Council, elected by direct universal suffrage, which has the same powers as those in the Metropolitan territory (approval of the Departmental budget, among others). The integration of these territories has involved the suppression of financial autonomy; all expenditure in the public interest is borne by the State. The financial and customs systems are (with certain adjustments) the same as those of Metropolitan France. The structure of the C^ommunejs is the same as in Prance (Municipal Councils elected by direct universal suffrage). (c) P.-RLI..M3NT..RY REPRESEIyT.-TIOI^. Martinique, Guadeloupe and Reunion each return three Deputies and two Senators, while Guiana returns one Deputy and one Senator (all elected by direct universal suffrage as in Metropolitan Prance). Each of the "De'partements'1 sends a delegate to the Assembly of the French Union. - 21 - ;.GAP1(50)3 (d) ECOITCI.:IC F^OTS. (i) Area and _population.: Martinique: pop. 261,000 1,106 sq.km. (237 inhabitants to the so.km.) Capital: Fort-de-France. Guadeloupe: pop. 304,500 1,703 sci.km. (185 to the sq.km.) Capital: Basse-Terre.

Reunion: pop. 235,000 2,500 sq.km. (98 to the sq.km.) Capital: Saint-Denis.

Guiana: pop. 38,500 91,000 sq.km. (0.4 to the sq.km.) Capital: Cayenne. (ii) Public Cervices; The services for the Antilles and Reunion are those of countries which are solely agriciiltural and produce a single type of crop. The development of electricity is now be in 3 undertaken,, as well as the improvement of port facilities at Fort-de-France, (Martinique), Poite a Pitre (Guadeloupe), Pointe des Galets (Reunion) and the organisation of airfields.

(iii) Agricultural Production; Martinique and Guadeloupe: sugar-cane (55, 000 tons of sugar in 1948) and bananas (40,000 tons in 1947). Reunion: onl,y su.ecar-cane grown (approx. IOC,OCO"tons of sugar in"1949). In these three "Departernents" there is a shortage of crop cultivation and a decrease in the cultivation of secondary tropical produce (vanilla, coffee, etc.).

Guiana: sugar-cane (low production, but possibilities of development) . (iv) Industrial Activities These are limited to the production of rum (as well as liqueurs and syrups derived therefrom) which amount to a total of approx. 200,000 hectolitres a year. - 22 - AG/?rPl(50)3

In Guiana 2,000 kilogrammes of gold are mined each year. This yield could be increased. (v) External _trade:

Almost all external trade in 1943 was transacted with Prance (the average for the four "Departements" was 65fo of the imports and 9£$ of the exports.) During the war, foreign trade was mainly transacted with the United States. At The moment,, trade with Metropolitan Prance is developing and is approaching the 1938 level.

Exports consist of sugar and rum; imports, of foodstuffs (flour, meat etc.), manufactured articles and equipment. • "•T^

- 25 -

AG/WPK50) 3

C.- THE OVERSEAS TERRITORIES

of the

FRENCH REPUBLIC _ 24 - AG/WPK50) 3

- FRENCH WEST AFRICA -

(a) IEGAL STATUS French West Africa groups into a federation the eight territories of Senegal, French Guinea, the Ivory Coast, Dahomey, Mauritania, French Sudan, Upper-Volta and Niger. It constitutes an Overseas Territory which is an integral part of the French Republic.

(b) POLITICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE (±) The head of French West Africa is a Governor-General, who is at the same time a High Commissioner of the Republic, assisted by a Seeretary-General, a'Central Administration (a Central Government) and an elected Federal Assembly - the Great Council. The seat of the Central Government is at Dakar.

The Great Council is composed of [j_0 members, elected by the Departmental Councils of the territories. The Great Council has extensive powers, particularly in budgetary matters.

(ii)Each territory possesses its own particular administration and has financial autonomy and is administered by a Governor, assisted by a Secretary-General, a nominated "Administrative Council" and a representative Assembly - the Departmental Council, elected by the two population groups (except in" the case of Senegal where there is a single population group only - the second population group largely predominates everywhere, in fact); this Council possesses powers within the limits of the territory similar to those of the Great Council.

The various constituencies of each territory are directed by competent officials from the colonial administration Service. Native affairs are controlled by native chiefs- (village, tribe or province) appointed by the administration. As a rule, these are the traditional chiefs.

Large towns have Municipal Councils similar to those of Metropolitan France.

(c) REPRESENTATION IN THE CENTRAL ORGANS OF THE FRENCH UNION. National Assembly:lj Deputies elected by universal suffrage for each territory (one single population group).

Council of the. 19 Senators elected by the Departmental Republic : Councils of each territory, by population groups. - 25 ~ AC-/WPK50) 5 Assembly of the 27 Councillors elected by the Departmental French Union : Councils of each territory (one single population group).

Economic Council t French West Africa is to return 5 representatives.

(d) ECONOMIC FACTS (1) Area~and population : Area : 14.,700,000 sq. km. Population : 16 million inhabitants (19ij.6), very unequally distributed, of whom 32,000 are Europeans.

Principal towns : Dakar (pop. 132,000) Saint-Louis (pop. 51,000) Abidjan (pop. ljit_,000) Rufisque (pop. 10,000) Bamako (pop. 37,000)

(ii) Public Services- : Communications : 76,000 km. of motor roads, of which 2ii.OOO are usable in all seasons. 3,900 km. of railway tracks. Part of the Senegal river and various stretches of the Niger are major water-ways.

Ports t There are few natural harbours. There are six constructed harbours, that of Jfekar being in the international class. Airfields : Various regional airfields. Airport of Yoff (Dakar)

Fuel and Power : No coal,. Extensive possibilities of developing hydro--electric power.

(iiiAgricultural pro duction : All these countries are essentially agricultural.

Food-crops : certain cereals (maize, millet, rice., root-crops, cassava, sweet potatoes) andtropical. frui-';•; intoiiJ !• priir'-ri-ly for local consumption. Imports are necessary. - 26 - AG/WPK50) 5 Crops for industrial .groundi-nuts (approx. 800,000 tons) use : and Various oleaginous produce, cabinet woods and ordinary woods, with considerable possibilities of development; these are the main resources. Other products : cocoa, coffee, bananas, cotton and sisal. Live-stock 11 million sheep and goats. 5 million cattle. Intended primarily for local consumption. Pish On a large scale, equally for local consumption and for export (dried fish). (iv) Mining and industrial resources : Few of the mining resources ore exploited (small gold deposits : 1+ tons a year), but deposits of bauxite, iron ore and asphalt are being systematically prospected. No industries, other than agricultural (processing of oleaginous produce - saw mills - fish breeding) and some textile industries. (v) Estimated investments : At the moment, plans are being made for restoring the economic situation which suffered greatly during the war with a view to the development of agriculture (especially oleaginous produce and wood) and the improvement of basic services (communications, etc..) (vi) External trade : Trading is mostly done with France and the French Union. Owing to the interruption of communications with France during the war and the shortage of freight space, there was a considerable decline in trade. The situation is at the moment returning to normal. Thus, the 1938 figures are quoted here as still being the most representative. - 27 - AG/WPK50) 3 Imports Tonnage : 560,000 tons Value : Pr. 1,600 million (at 1958 prices)

Sources : (% of total value)

Prance : 59 % Prench Union : 6'. 5 % Other countries : 3)4.. 5 % of which 7 % came from Britain and her dependencies, United States : 3.5 %

Composition (% of total value)

Manufactured goods (textiles, etc) and equipment (75$?), certain foodstuffs, raw materials (petrol, coal, iron : 8 %)

Exports Tonnage : 1 million tons Value : Pr. 1,14.00 million (at 1958 prices)

Destination (% of total value) :

Prance : 78.9-^6 Prench Union : 3.6 % Other Countries : 17.5 % of which [)..l % is to Britain and- her dependencies. United States : ^.^ % Composition (% of total value) :

ground-nuts and various oleaginous produce : 56 % cocoa, 12 % coffee, bananas, wood, dried fish. \^.-rrfp"''T~*i^ -.-• •-. "-1- •.--^v^r-jrrry^f^

- 2Q - AG/WPK50) 3

- FRENCH EQUATORIAL AFRICA -

(a) LEGAL STATUS French Equatorial Africa groups into a federation the four territories of Gaboon, Middle-Congo, Ubanghi-Shari and Chad. It constitutes an Overseas Territory, which is an integialpart of the French Republic.

(b) FOIITICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE. The political and administrative structure of French Equatorial Africa is similar to that of French West Africa, as set out above. (i) The head of French Equatorial Africa is a Governor-General, who, is, at the same time a High Commissioner of the Republict assisted by a Secretary-General, a Central Administration and an elected Federal Assembly - t&e G±eat QoufocjLJ,, The seat of the Central Government is at Brazzaville* The Great Council is composed of 20 members elected by the Representative Councils of the territories, 5 for each territory. The Great Council has extensive powers, particularly in budgetary matters. (ii) Each Territory possesses its own particular administration and has financial autonomy. It' is administered by a Governor, assisted by a Secretary-General, by a. nominated ' Privy Council, and by an elected Assembly - the Represen- tative Council (or Departmental Council) - consisting of from 25 to JO members, elected by the two population groups (of which the second predominates everywhere) within the limits of the territory, this Council possesses powers similar to those of the Great Council of French Equatorial Africa. Each territory is divided into regions and districts, administered by competent officials from the colonial administrative Service (assisted sometimes by a Council of Chiefs). Native affairs are controlled by native chiefs (of village, tribe or province), appointed by the administration, but who are, as a rule, the traditional chiefs. Certain large localities have a special municipal status.

(c) REPRESENTATION IS THE CENTRAL ORGANS OF THE FRENCH UNION. National Assembly : 6 Deputies elected by universal suffrage, by population groups. •vnrr~5pi

29 AG/WPK50) 3 Council of the 8 Senators elected by the Representative Republic : Councils of each territory, by population groups.

Assembly of the 7 Councillors elected from a single French Union : population group by the Representative Councils of each territory.

(d) ECONOMIC FACTS

(i) Area and population : Area : 2,1+80,000 sq. im, (extends from 23030' North to 5° South)

Population : I|_,550,000 inhabitants, of whom 20,000 are Europeans; Average density : 1.7 inhabitants per sq. km.

Principal towns : Brazzaville : pop. 82,000 of whom lj.,000 are Europeans. Bangui : pop. l|_0,000 Fort-Lamy : pop. 20,000 Pointe-Noire : pop. 20,000. (ii) Public Services : Communications for about 3,''.XX km. there is a general route running North-South (Pointe-Noire, Fort-Lamy) composed of railway tracks, navigable stretches of the Congo and Shari, and roads.

Network of roads and paths. Minor water-ways. Ports One single good port (Pointe-Noire) Some harbours to be developed.

Airfields : 3 airstrips suitable to heavy aircraft. Several secondary airstrips..

Fuel and Power : No coal mines . Proposed building of 3 dams for the purpose of developing hydro-electric power.

(iii) Agricultural production (1914.8)

Forestry development is still the main activity undertaken for export. " 30 " AG/WP1(5^) 3 Pood-crops Cassava, millet (for local consumption)-

Crops for industrial use Palm-oil (18,000 tons) Cotton (27,o;<0 tons) Coffee, cocoa, ground-nuts being developed.

Livestock Cattle and sheep, for local consumption

Forestry production : particularly : Okoume, 19u, ) ;0 tons of logs 51,,.-)' cub. m. of planks 6,5X> cub. m. of veneered wood, exported in 191+8, large-scale developments planned.

(iv) Mining and industrial production :

Mining of lead and zinc. Diamond deposits. Systematic prospecting undertaken (petroleum)

It is planned to develop a local industry to increase the value of certain exports (saw mills, manufacturing of oleaginous produce, textiles).

(v) Budget and investments : The total of local and general budgets in 191+8 amounted to : 3,500 million francs C.F.A. (+). For the period 1914.6-1956, it is estimated that there will be investments of 51+ milliard francs C.F.A. ( + ) intended especially for basic public services (inland communications and commercial trunk roads to the coast) and agricultural and forestry equipment.

(vi) External trade : Trading is principally done with France and the French Union.

Imports (1914.8) Value : 6, ~ "') million francs C.F.A. ( + )

Source ; (% of total value) : France : 60 % French Union : 7 % United States : 16 % Belgium : LJ. ^, etc..

(+) 1 franc C.F.A. = 2 French francs. • • '• V .-.-••.-••-•-. • -.,.--. '-V --J-— -.'.'• . .,-.---•-- , rT..,,.., k. .... „.... _,.„, ,, .y.f^.VWWJI

- 3I • AGA^K5- ) 5 Composition : (>• of total value) metal work (manufactured goods and equipment) : 25 % - textiles : 17 % fuel : 15 c/' v certain foodstuffs, etc.. Exports : Value : 6,2 > million francs (C.F.A.) (+) ^P Destination : (^ of total value) : Prance : Slj. j- A,- French Union : 6 y" United States and Belgian Congo. • ^P 'gpniposition : (>- of total value) produce of vegetable origin ^ (wood, cotton, palm-oil) : 78 %' , minerals (lead, zinc, diamonds): ll]. y- etc..

(+) 1 franc C.P.A » 2 French francs, ^iJ&ft&^Wji

- 32 -

AG/TCP1 (50) 3

?!AD^G^SC,,R ..ND ITS DEPENDENCIES

(a) LEG.iL STATUS.

Madagascar and its dependencies constitute an Overseas Territory, which is an integral part of the French Republic. (b) POLITIC:..I .J?D ^DMiiTiSTiuTiva STRUCTURE. (i) The Territory is under the control of a High Com- missioner Governor-General, assisted by a Secretary- General, an appointed Council of Government, and a Representative Assembly, elected by the provincial Assemblies forming themselves one electoral group. The Representative Assembly acts in an advisory capacity and possesses certain powers of decisions.

The High Commissioner for Madagascar ensures and co-ordinates defence measures for the group of French Territories in the Indian Ocean (Madagascar and its dependencies, Comoro, Reunion, French Somali- land) .

(ii) Madagascar is divided into provinces governed by a Provincial Head (senior official) assisted by a Provincial Assembly elected by universal suffrage by groups. These provinces are divided into districts and cantons directed by nominated officials (native officials for the cantons).

The main tovvns possess Municipal Councils.

National Assembly : 5 Deputies elected by universal suf'fra-jre by population groups .

Council of the Republic : 5 Senators elected by the Provincial Assemblies. - 33- AG/WP1 (50) 3

Assembly of the French Union : 7 Councillors appointed by the Provincial Assemblies

Economic Council : 1 Councillor.

(d) ECONOMIC FACTS. (i) Area and population :

Area : Madagascar (the"Main Island") is 592,000 sq.km. - dependencies : various neighbouring islands, the islands of St. Paul and New Amsterdam between the Cape of Good Hope and Australia, the Archipelago of Kerguelen and the Crozet Islands and Adelie Land, in the Polar circle (these last possessions are un- inhabited) . Total area : 78,000 sq.km.

Population approx. 4,100,000 of whom 40,000 are Europeans.

Main towns : Antananarivo, Tamatave, Tulear, Ma 3 unga, F ianarant s oa.

(ii) Public Services

Communications 3,000 kms. of made-up roads, 22,000 kms. of roads and paths 885 kms. of railway tracks (narrow gauge) Airfields 1 Airport, many airstrips Ports 4 ports, of which one is a deep water-port (Tamatave) - Ports for coastal trade. Fuel and Power Kb coal. Hydro-electric power plant under development.

(iii) Agricultural production : Agriculture and stock-breeding are the main occu- pations of the island.

Food-crops rice, maize, cassava, dried vegetables, some oleaginous - 34 - AG/WP1 (50) 3

produce, primarily intended for local consumption. Crops for industrial use : coffee, vanilla, certain textiles, (raffia, sisal) tobacco.

Stock-breeding : mainly cattle (6,500,000) - large exports, (animals on the hoof, frozen meat, hides)„

(iv) Mining and industrial production :

The mines are an important source of wealth : graphite, mica and also gold and precious stones. I'lany mineral deposits to be prospected.

Pew industries, other than crafts (hats, weaving) and agricultural (starch-production, saw-mills, etc.) .

(v) Principal investments planned :

Development of basic services (roads, railways, ports, etc.) Agricultural development (irrigation, mechanisation, crop protection and stock- breeding) .

(vi) External Trade (1947) : After an interruption between 1940 and 1942, this has been developing continuously.

Imports Value : 3,860 million Frs CFA (1) Source : France (60$) French Union (8$) Great Britain and Commonwealth(15%} United States (14$) etc. Composition : manufactured goods and equipment (60$) coal - petrol - metals - certain foodstuffs.

Exports Value : 3,935 million Frs CFA (1)

(1) 1 Fr CFA = 2 French Francs. - 35 - AG/WP1 (50) 3

Destination Prance (72%)

French Union (16$')

United States (11$)

Composition meat and hides (33$), coffee (20$), vanilla, textiles, foodstuffs, graphite and mica. •"fTt"s? _ ...... _„ . ,„- -,,„... ,_ ..-. r .-,,.-T»^

- 36 -

AG/WP1 (50) 3

THE COMORO xtRCHIPEIuiGO

(a) LEGAL STATUS. The Comoro Archipelago constitues an Overseas Terri- tory which is an integral part of the French Republic,

(b) POLITICAL AED .JMIMSTRATIVE STRUCTURE.

ThisrTerritory, which possesses administrative and financial'autonomy, is under the direction of a Senior Administrator, who is subject to the authority of the High Commissioner of the Republic in Madagascar. t The Senior Administrator is assisted by an appointed Privy Council. An elected " Departemental " Council ensures the direction of affairs relating to the Island, The capital is Zandzi, (c) REPRESENT AT I OH IS THE CENTRAL ORGANS OF THE FRENCH UNION. One Deputy in the National Assembly. One Senator on the Council of the Republic, One Councillor in the Assembly of the French Union, (d) ECONOMIC FACTS. (i) Area and population : Area : the Archipelago consists of 4 main is Hands, half-way between Madagascar and the African coast. 2,171 sq.km. Population : 150,200. ^•r>i— T >•!•--*. r

- 37 - AG/WP1 (50) 3

(ii) General economic activities :

The Territory is mainly agricultural and possesses only primitive forms of public services.

There are insufficient food-crops (imports of rice are necessary) - crops for industrial use -

(for export) : copra, vanilla, sisal.

Developments planned : communications - irrigation.

* - 38 -

iiG/WPl (50) 3

FRENCH SOM^LIL-jn)

(a) LE&iIi STATUS. French Somaliland is an Overseas Territory, which is an integral part of the French Republic.

(b) POLITICAL AND .UZIINISTR^TIVE STRUCTURE. The Territory is administered by a Governor, assisted by a Secretary-General, nominated Privy Council and a Representative Council of 20 members, half of which are elected (by universal suffrage, by population groups) and half nominated (as representatives of economic interests). The residence of the Governor is at Jibuti.

(c) REPRESENTATION 1ST THE CENTRAL ORGANS OF THE FRENCH UNION. National Assembly : 1 Deputy, elected by universal suffrage by a single group. Council of the Republic : 1 Senator, elected by the Representa- tive Council (single group). Assembly of the French Union : 1 Councillor, elected by the Represen- tative Council (single group). (d) ECONOMIC FACTS. (i) Area and population : Area : 21,700 sq..3on. Population : 45,000. Principal town : Jibuti,, - 39 - ^G/T-JP1 (50) 3

(ii) General economic activities :

The Territory is poor (food-crops almost non- existant), producing only salt, but it has considerable importance as a transit area between Ethiopia and the rest of the world. The port of Jibuti lies at the terminus of the railway line from Ethiopia,

Airport at Jibuti.

Developments planned. : technical development of the harbour and airport of Jibuti, to increase traffic (completing the customs and monetary facilities already granted). Linking Jibuti and Ethiopia by road,

* - 40 -

FRENCH POSSESSION IN INDIA ASA?1'50)5

(a) LEGAL STATUS.

The possessions of Pondicherry, Karikal, Yanaon ana. Mahe constitute an Overseas Territory, In viw of the referendum held on 19th June 1946, the results of which yjere in favour of linking the free city of Chandernagore with the Indian Union, this territory will be transferred to India after ratification of the Treaty of Cession which is no*v in process of negotiation. The Capital of these possessions is Pondicherry.

(b) POLITICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE, The Territory is under the control of a Corrmissioror of the Republic assisted by a Council of Government of six members elected by the Representative Assembl3r and the Heads of the different Departments. The Representative Assembly, elected by universal suffrage approves the Budget and considers or givp-3 its opinion on t-11 questions relating to these Possessions,

(c) REPRESENTATION IN THE CENTRAL ORGANS 0? THE FRENCH UNION. 1 Deputy -L;o the National Assembly, elected by u^ivor^al suffrage c 1 Senator on the Council of the Republic, electe?. by the Representative Assembly. 1 Councillor in the Assembly of the French Union, elected by the Representative Assembly.

(d) ECONOMIC PACTS (i) Population: Pondicherry •: 222.000 Zarikal : 70,000 Yanaon : 6,000 Mahe : 16,000 (ii) Economic activities: Textiles constitute the principal industry '"three factories in Pondicherry and numerous handicrafts (ha;^ Blooms)_/

Pondicherry and Zarikal are free pcrtsc AG/WP1(50)3

FRENCH POSSESSIONS IB" OCEANIA

(a) LEGAI STATUS. The French Possessions in Oceania constitute an Over- seas Territory, which is an integral part of the French Republic.

(b) POLITICAL AMD ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE. (i) Central Administration: The Territory is controlled by a Governor who combines the functions of representative of the French Union and Head of the local Administration. He resides at Papeete on the Island of Tahiti, the capital of these Possessions. The Governor is assisted by a Secretary-General, a Privy Council, and Heads of Departments. The Representative Assembly (20 members), elected by universal suffrage, approves the Budget and considers or gives its opj.nion on all questions relating to the Territory. (ii) Local Administration : It is composed of Administrators of "administrative divisions", under the control of the Governor, and "district" councils and chiefs, elected by the population. In the communes of Pa- peete and Uturoa " Municipal Councils", having the same structure as those, of Metropolitan-France, are elected by the population by universal suffrage.

(d) ECONOMIC FACTS (i) Area and population: 130 islands.or islets, in 5 archipelagos (plus Clipperton island, near the Mexican coast), half-way between the United States and Australia. Approx. 4,000 sq.. km. Population: approx. 56,000, of which 6,600 are Asiatic immigrants. Main island : Tahiti - capital : Papeete (on the . island of Tahiti) pop.12,500. (ii) Public Services: Communications are essentially maritime (active coast trade). - 42 - AG/WP1(50)3

2 Ports for ocean traffic, of which Papeete is one; Air base at Bora-Bora.

(i i i) -^ • ri cultural producti on

Abundant food-crops: copra and vanilla Active fisheries (mother-of-pearl).

(iv) Industrial production :

Hone, apart from a phosphate mine.

W (v) Budget:

1950 Budget: approx. 205 million Prs. GPP (1) Inve stments planned: water supply, harbour installations and the air base at Bora-Bora.

(vi) External trade (1948):

A total of nearly 800 million Prs GPP (1) A balanced budget. Imports : Oereals, petrol, coal, manufactured goods, from the United States (45$) ^^ from Australia - coal (20%) ^J from Prance and the French Union (20$)

Exports: copra '35$, phosphates (30$). vanilla, mother-of-pearl. To Prance (40$)phosphates to New Zeeland (30$) and the United States (20$)

HEW CALEDONIA AMD ITS DEPENDENCIES

(a) LEGAL STATUS

New Caledonia and its dependencies constitute an Overseas Territory which is an integral part of the Prench Republic

(1) 1 Pr GPP * 5.48 Prench Prancs - 45 - AG/WP1(50)3

(b) POLITICAI AMD ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE.

Few Caledonia and its dependencies are under the control of a Governor, who combines the functions of representatives of the Republic and the Head of the local Administration, assisted by a Secretary-General and the Heads of the different Departments and by a nominated Privy Council,

A Depar t me ntal 0ounci1, elected by citizens inscribed on the electoral rolls, approves the Budget and considers or gives its opinion on all questions relating to the Territory.

New Caledonia is composed of the commune of Noumea and 23 "municipal divisions", The islands are administered by "Residents", residing in the principal towns of each of them.

The capital of the Territory is Noumea.

NOTE : As High Commissioner of the Republic iri the Pacific Ocean, the Governor of New Caledonia controls the French Resident in the Wallis and Futuna Islands, an archipelago with a population of 6,000, under French protection.

(c) REPRESENTATION IN THE CENTRAL ORG.'JTS OF THE FRENCH UNION. 1 Deputy in the National Assembly, elected by the citizens inscribed on the electoral rolls. 1 Senator on the Council of the Republic, ele.cted by the Departmental Council. 1 Councillor in the Assembly of the French Union, elected by the Departmental Council.

(d) ECONOMIC FACTS. (i) Area and population:

Area : New Caledonia: 17,000 sqs km. Dependencies (isle of Pines, archipelago of the loyalty islands, Waipole Island, Chester- fieldreefs and Islands (approx.2,000 sq.km.} Population : New Caledonia: 63,000, of whom 19,000 are of Metropolitan origin and 12,000 Asiatic immigrants . Loyalty Islands : 12,000 Principal town : Noumea: pop. 13,000. tv^sr?1^*- Tar**w>s*fm

- 44 - A&/WP1(50)3

(ii) Public Services;

Communications : 27,000 km. of roads in New Caledonia - active coast trade. Port for ocean liners at Noumea Airfields : 1 Airport near Noumea. Fuel and Power : 65 million kilowatt-hours of electricy produced each year, of hydraulic origin (used particularly for the processing of nickel ore). (iii) Agricultural production : Pood-crops : abundant for local consumption Crops for industrial use: copra and coffee (for export) cajeput oil, possibility of exporting tropical wood. Fisheries : fish, mother-of-pearl. Stock-breeding: large resources (particularly cattle).hides for export. (iv) Mineral and industrial resources : Very large nickel resources. New Caledonia is considered as one of the world producers of nickel. The war caused a serious decline in production (shortege of labour and fuel): 90,000 tons of ore in 1947, compared with 370,000 tons in 1939. Chromium : in 1948, 75,000 tons of ore. Industry for processing nickel ore (exported in form of semi-refined metal). Some food industries

(v) Budget and investments: 1950 Budget •; 335 million Pr. CPP (1) Investments planned: improvement in mine -work j ^? =ncL routes for its removal. Development of tourist trade.

(1) 1 Pr CPP =5,48 French Francs, >:." ~: ." ~i I"-";*'"" ^~T-V:—

- 45 « AG/WP1(50)3

(vi) External trade:

Imports: 554 million Fr GPP (1) Exports: 328 " " " " (impeded by shortage of freight space). Main exports: nickel, (35^) chromium(30%) coffee Principally to Prance, then to the U.S,A, (chromium) and Australia. Main imports : Australian coal, petroleum from the U.S.A., foodstuffs from Australia and various manufactured goods (Prance, Australia, U.S.A,)

(1) 1 Pr GPP =5,48 French Francs '-^FTT"^'

- 46 - AG/WP 1 (50) 3

- ISLANDS OF SAINT PIERRE & MIQUELON - a) LEG/1.! STATUS .- The islands of St.Pierre & MiquaIon constitute an Overseas Territory, which is an integral part of the French Republic. b) POLITICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE.- There is an Administrator who combines the functions of repressntatoe of the R.public and head of the Administration of the Territory; he is assisted by a Privy Council, Pa prepares and executes the budget adopted by .the Departmental Council. The Departmental Council, elected by universal suffrage, approves the budget and considers or gives its opinion on all the questions relating to the Territory. There are municipals Councils for the communes of Saint Pierre & Miquelon. c) REFR335NT' TION IN TI1Z CENTUM ORCV.NS OF TRS FRENCH UNION. - 1 Deputy to the National Assembly, elected by universal suffrage. 1 Senator on the Council of the Republic, elected by the Departmental Council. 1 Councillor to the Assembly of the French Union, elected by the Departmental Council. d) ECONOMIC FACTS.- Population : approx. 4.500 ( 3.400 on St.Pier- re ) Communications : essentially maritime : port for ocean liners at St. Pierre; shelter for sailing vessels at Miquelon. Main resources : cod fisheries, blue fox breeding. Budget : _ _ J§9»§Z?i229.??i-91l^_l-i-Li_2?. (1)1 fr. CFA = 2 French francs , _ 47 -

AG/WP 1 (50) 3

which 132,610,000 fr. are sub- sidies from Metropolitan Pran- ce) . Developments planned : establishment of a factory for freezing fish. External trade in 1948 572 million Pr. GPA ( 1 ) ( cod represents &0% of the exports , supplies for ships 25$}).

(1)1 fr. CPA = 2 french francs. - 48 -

AG/WP 1 (50) 3

]SIEIX - COHDOIIINIUM OF THE EEW HEBRIDES - A) LEGAL STATUS.- The New Hebrides constitute a Territory administered jointly by Prance and Great Britain.

B) FOIITICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE. - (1) Central Administration ; This consists of : - the French Resident Commissioner at Port-Vila, representing the High Commissioner of the Republic in the Pacific Ocean who resides at Noumea ( New Caledonia ) ; he draws up and executes the budget for French services in the New Hebrides ; - the British Resident Commissioner in Port-Vila, act- ing for his country in a similar capacity to that of the French Resident in regard to France • - the French and British Resident Commissioners oper- ' ate jointly;they draw up and execute the budget of the Concominium ; - a French judge, a British judge and a mixed court.

(11)Lc c al Admini st rati on : The administrators of both the French and British districts operate jointly.

C) ECONOMIC SITUATION.- Population : Approx. 48,000 ( of which 2,000 are Asiatic immigrants). Communications : essentially maritime ; port for ocean liners at Port-' Vila, active coast trade. Main resources : Copra, fisheries, cocoa. — __ _ External trade in 1948 :402 million Fr. OFF (1) (1) 1 Fr. CFP - 5,48 French francs. ir.J.' ' ' V-: - --..^-•-.^•—-jf-^-.^f.r,^-^^

- 49 -

AG/WP 1 (50) 3

( copra represents 90 to 95 % of the exports ), - 50 - AG/WP1(50)3

D - THE I^NMED TERRITORIES

(associated Territories) - 51 - AG/WP1(50)3

THE GUERDONS

(a) LEG;.L STATUS Mandated territory, administered "as an integral part of the French territorjr" in accordance with the legal system laid down by the Constitution and the Trusteeship agreement which contain the normal clauses for such cases).

(b) POLITICAL ;JTO .iH'.:iFISTH...TIVE STRUCTURE. This Territory is controlled by a High Commissioner, assisted by a Secretary-General /i nominated Administrative Council and a Representative Assembly composed of 40 members, elected by universal suffrage by the population groups. The Assembly has certain budgetary powers.

The central administration is at DOUALA. (c) REPRESENTATION IN TB5 CENTRAL ORGANS OP THE PRENCH UNION.

National Assembly: 3 Deputies, elected by universal suffrage: 1 by the first population group 2 by the second population group. Council of the Republic: 3 Senators, elected by the Representative Assembly, by the opoulation groups in the same proportions. Assembly of the Prench Union; 5 Councillors, elected by the Representative Assembly, by one population group only. (d) ECONOLTC E..CTS. (i) ^rea^and Pppulation:

Area: 432,000 sq.km. extending from 2 to 13° latitude North. - 52 - AG/TCP1(50)3 Population: 2,900,000 of whom 5 ,.000 are Europeans. Average density: 6.5 inhabitants per sq.km.

Main towns: Douala: pop. 40,000. Yaounde: pop. 40,000.

(ii) Public Services:

Communications 10,600 km. of roads and paths. 535 km. of railway tracks, being the beginning of the Douala - Chad line project.

Ports: 2 ports on the coast - Douala, and the river port of Garoua.

Airfields; Douala airfield now being equipped to take aircraft of 60 tons. Several secondary airstrips in process of development. Fuel and Power: No coal resources. Dam in process of development with hydro-electric plant. (iii) Agricultural Production:

Up to 1946, the economic resources of the Cameroons were based mainly on gathering crops, and consisted particularly in trading, centred round the port of Douala. Since 1946 considerable progress have been made, owing to the world shortage of certain foodstuffs (coffee, cocoa, bananas) which it was able to export.

Pood-croiDs: millet, cassava, maize for local consumption. Crops for cocoa (43,000 tons exported) industrial use: bananas (35,000 tons (1943) exported) coffee, oleaginous produce (large local consumption) . ...,-,.v^->,.-^^.-..-1,;.-.-,,-.,~^i;,v. - f. -. • ...-r-xTrpr^^•:••"'••'• -^---^^^p-^^TTr^^

_ 53 - AG/WP1(50)3

live-stock: sheep and cattle. Used purely for local consumption.

Forestry production? large-scale resources under development (precious woods). 65,000 tons of logs )export'ed 11,000 c.m. of planks)in 1948.

(iv) Mining and Industrial Production;

Very small mining operations (tin, rutile). Systematic prospecting has been planned. Industry almost completely undeveloped (manufacture of food stuffs). (v) Budg_et_ a_ncl Investments;

Financial year 1948, budget of 1,200 million Fr. CFA(l), successfully balanced. 30 milliard Fr. CFA(l) worth of investments estimated for the period 1946 - 1956. This sum is reserved particularly for basic services (communication and commercial trunk roads) fuel and power equipment, and the modernisation of agricultural machinery. (vi) External Trade (1948);

Trading is done mainly with France and the French Union.

Imports: value; 4,900 million Fr.CPA(l) source % of total * value): Franc e: 66$ French Union:. 4$ United States: 13$, etc. Composition, ($ of total value"): equipment: 35$ textiles (15$) and manufactured goods, raw materials (coal, petrol etc.) and certain foodstuffs. Exports: I^v^: 4,300 million Fr.CFA (1)

1 Fr. CFA = 2 French francs. •>- . ., - .• • -. ;•/... . TV :"-. :.•"> "•••"*? '"^M^ I • " '. - 54 - AG/WP1(50)3 '

destination; ($ of total value): Franc e: 75^ French Union: Qfo Sweden: 4$ etc. compositio_n (% of total value): cocoa; 45$ bananas: 2Ofo oleaginous produce: 10^ coffee and wood.

It should be borne in mind that the mandate system ensures equality of treatment to all Member States- of the United Nations and their nationals.

* •;«I'CTW'« ">••<'-'•••- ' '«"-r.'. —-•-•>• f~'':-^"^VIffy^^"'~^"'"-"-y'-'•""'•'"

- 55 - AG/TP1 (50) 3

TOGOLAND

(a) IEGAL STATUS. Mandated territory, administered "as an integral part of the French territory", in accordance with the legal system laid down under Section VIII of the French Constitution and the Trusteeship agreements approved >gr the United Nations Organisation on 13th December, 1946 (which contain the normal clauses for such cases).

(b) POLITICAL AND ADrilWISTRATIVE STRUCTURE. This Territory is controlled by a Commissioner of the Republic, assisted by a Secretary-General, a nominated Privy Council and a Representative Assembly, composed of 30 members, elected by universal suffrage by the population groups (24 members by the second group). The Assembly has certain budgetary powers. Togoland is divided into " cercles " (administrative districts) and sub-divisions, the administration of which is entrusted to competent officials. For native affairs, the Administration recognises the competence of the native tribal * and cantonal chiefs. The central Administration is at Lome.

(c) REPRESENTATION IN THS CEWTRAL ORGANS OF THB FRENCH UNION. National Assembly : 1 Deputy elected by universal suffrage (by one population group only). Council of the Republic : 2 Senators elected by the Re- presentative Assembly (1 by each population group). Assembly of the French Union : 1 Councillor elected by the Representative Assembly (by one group only). t i II 1 iB-;'.'»"p»-

- 55 - AG/TO>1 (50) 3

(d) ECONOMIC F^CTS. (i) -a.rea and Population : Area : approx. 53,000 sq.km.

Population : 912,000, of whom 600 are Europeans.

Zlain tovnis : Lome (pop. 27,000) and Anecho, both on the coast, (ii) Public.,. Services :

Communications : 3,200 Ion. of roads, of which 1,200 are regular routes. 443 km. of railway track.- Airfields : 1 airfield under construction at Lome,

numerous secondary airstrips. Ports : 1 equipped harbour : Lome.

No natural fuel and power resources.

(iii) Agricultural Production :

constitutes Togoland's only resources. Food-crops : totally consumed (cassava, dry vegetables, millet, maize). Crops for industrial use : cocoa and oleaginous produce (groundnuts, cabbage-palm). Live-stock : locally consumed (cattle, pigs, sheep) (iv) :Tining and Industrial Production : Seme surface iron deposits, but not developed. No industries. '.•**. sr '-^"-T;- TTT» r-"'* -^ JUuj!**!,? >T; \ - j. .t^ **';*^*Mir'y^ «^i t f * - 57 - AG/WP1 (50) 3

, (v) Estimated Investments : Increase in basic services (communications) and • v agricultural machinery. (vi) External Trade : •* ^^ Suffered severely during the war. At present re- • fP covering. For this reason, the 1938 figures are !• given for reference purposes. \ ^P Exports : cocoa and oleaginous produce, mainly [ ^^_ to Prance, the French Union and the W Gold Coast. 'In 1938 : 53,500 tons, value = Fr. 66,500,000(at 1938 prices). Imports : Manufactured goods (chemicals, textiles) and basic materials (coal and petroleum) coming mainly from France, the United States, Great Britain and the Gold Coast. In 1938, 21.000 tons, value = Frs. 74,000,000 (at 1938 prices). It should be borne in mind that the Trusteeship agreement stipulates economic equality for all the t Member States of the United Nations. .'•* :'•?'-}*&&$

'- 58 - AG/1^P1(50)3

E - THE ASSOCIATED STATES (Indo-China)

French Indo-China, which consisted of the Protectorates of Annam-Tonkin, Cambodia, Laos and the French Colony of Cochin-China, grouped under the single administration of a Governor-General, has recently been divided into three associated States; Viet Warn, Cambodia and Laos.

3 • • '. --^;%r-~^v;^'^~i«3'rT^.™."Tyw^^Tr"lfl"arr^'B'-"1^"lc'*''''" ' "•' " '"l**'T^T^wFft"*^^'.V^y^*^"N^*V?' •11'7*";5/^.;^^^ri^J;iJ(S??^T?ft"''T4^-jl|f^ff^

. i - 59 - AG/WP1(50)3

THE ASSOCIATED STATES WIT'HUT THE FRENCH UNION

As associated States, Viet Nam, Cambodia and laos have requested the light to form part of the French Union.

The position of each of these States within the Union has been laid down in a Treaty defining their status with regard to France.

These Treaties are as follows:

(i) Z°.r_He t_ Nam: - the Agreement of the Baie d'Along of 5th June, 1948;

- an exchange of letters between the President of the French Republic and H.M. Bao Dal, dated 8th March, 1949;

- the French law No. 50-142 of 2nd February, 1950, approving the Treaty concluded with Viet Nam, Cambodia and laos.

(ii) For Cambodia:

- an exchange of letters between the President of the Republic and the King of Cambodia, dated 17th November, 1947;

- the Franco-Cambodian Treaty of 8th November, 1949 » and its attached Conventions: - the French law No. 50-142 of 2nd February, 1950 (of. above); (iii) For Laos;

- an exchange of letters between the President of the Republic and the King of Laos, dated 25th November, 1947;

- the Franco-Laos Convention of 19th July, 1949; - the French law No. 50-142 dated 2nd February, 1950- (cf. above).

Although differing in form, these various Treaties are fairly similar in substance.

They ensure the independence of the three associated States who are to enjoy full sovereignty in their domestic affairs. In external affairs,"the sovereign powers of the -,- .- - ; --'-T-.IT-•".---.•• --•. • --yi—r-ii^j• |" 'p"s -in~*Tr*;iB';--• -v- •* •.; " •¥*_ - • ^

_ 60 - AG/T7P1(50)3 three States are subject'to certain restrictions, limited essentiallj1" to the diplomatic sphere (though it should be pointed out that they have been considerabl3r relaxed during recent weeks). These restrictions do not imply any surrender of rights, since they have been accepted for the good of the Union of vfoich, as has already been mentioned, the three countries form part on an equal footing with Metropolitan France. Viet Earn, Cambodia and Laos are now represented in the Assembly of the French Union as follows:

19 delegates from Viet Nam (of whom 10 have already been appointed),

5 delegates from Cambodia, 3 delegates from Laos,

They will further send representatives to the Supreme Council of the French Union, as soon as this body has been f ormed. t t v .-f -;*».•;-> '•:-*-~'^ '^'-~'^ ^f\^

- 6T - AG/¥ifPl(50)3

THE POSITION QE THE ^SSOOL.TSJ STATES WITH REGARD TO IWDO-GEIN^r

Released from the former Indo-Chinese Federation, which has been divided up for their benefit, the three States of Viet Nam, Cambodia and Laos, recognising their common interests by reason of their geographical position, have agreed to participate jointly with Prance in creating and' operating mixed organs, to be responsible for co-ordinating certain so- called common public services. (The composition and powers of these organs will be determined at an inter-State conference to be held soon). The three States have further undertaken to form a common monetar" and customs union. • -v-r -^"fi~^:.^ct7y^^.-^r^!ff-!if^^i

- 62 - AG/r?Pl(50)3

INTERN^ .STRTOTTmE_OP TEI1 ^SOCL^EI) STATES.

Enjoying the same rights, and undertaking the same obligations as other members of the .French Union, the associated States of Cambodia, Viet Nam and Laos each possess their own particular political and administrative structure.

(i) The State of Viet Nam: Constituted by the combination of the former territories of Tonkin, Annam and Cochin-China (this latter territory having been incorporated into the rest of the country \ under the law of 4th June, 1949), Viet Han?., for obvious reasons, has not yet been able to draw up a Constitution defining its structure and institutions. Pending the return of peace and the ability of the people of Viet Nam to make a free decision on this subject, as H.M. Bao Dal, has solemnly proclaimed, the political and administrative structure of Viet Nam is provisionally laid down in two royal decress signed by the Emperor on 1st July, 1949.

~ FrQvisJ-cnal political structure: The first decree determines the powers of the Head of thg_Stat_e of Viet Nam, which more or less approximate to those of the President of the French Puepublic; H.L1. Bao Dal, who has officially assumed this title, is assisted by a Council of Ministers. This decree further institutes a National t Consultative Assembly, whose members are appointed by the Head of the State from among persons who represent national opinion or national or regional interests, or who have special qualifications. ~ Provis ional adrn in i s tr at i vei__ J3t rueture; The second decree lays down the hierarchy of public administration. It provides that Viet Nam shall be divided into three regions; Northern, central and Southern Viet Nam, each under the authority of a Governor nominated by the Head of the State, whose powers are on the whole similar to those of a regional Prefect in Prance.

(i i) The Kingdom _of Gamb_odia: - Political s true ture;

The Kingdom of Cpmbodia which, unlike Viet Nam, has - S3 - ^G/":T1(50)3

not suffered the destruction of civil war, has possessed a Constitution since 6th May, 1947,

This is based largely on the French Constitution and guarantees to the Cambodian people the freedoms observed by the democratic countries.

The King is the supreme Fore1 of the Statej his person sacred and inviolable. In principle all authorit ' emanates fron him. In fact, his powers are on the whole similar to those of a President of the Republic in Europe or of a constitutional monarch.

The legislative power is exercised on his behalf by a Na_ti_qnal Assembly elected, by universal suffrage.

-" 2.°^nP_i:L_9f ~®V-S Kingdom, composed of members appointed by the King or elected by restricted suffrage, has the task of advising on the Bills passed by the ^.ssembly.

The executive authority is exercised by a Council of Ministgrs_ which constitutes the Government of the Kingdom, and whose members, selected bj the President of the Council, who is himself appointed by the King, arc responsible to the Parliaments for the general policy of the Government.

- ^dminis_trativc_ s true ture;

Cambodia is divided into sever regions, under the t control of a Governor appointed, by the Hinister of the Interior. The Governors are assisted by local Councils elected or a territorial basis. (iii) The Kingdo- of Laos:

Formed b/ the combination of the former Kingdom of luang-Prabang and the Southern Provinces which were hitherto under direct French administration, the Kingdom of Laos, like Cambodia, is a parliamentary, democratic and social monarchy. Possessing a Constitution promulgated on llth ITay, 1947, its p_plitical_ ins_ti_tutiqns_ are closely similar to those of Cambodia: the King, the Supreme Head of the Strte, is assisted by a Consultative Council, called the King's Council. It exercises its authority through a Council of Finisters, who constitute the executive, the legislative authority being entrusted to a national Assembly elected by universal suffrage. -v -'• • i.-f--**""'* •r^N"'^1*1.-.'* v- 'FT^'*1^

. 64 - a.G/..»Tl(56)3 laos is divided for purposc_s_of_administration into .provinces controlled b/ a provincial Head assisted by an elected Provincial Council.

* -I--—^.-.T-^T-.ryr---

- 65 - ;.G/!7P1(50)3

ECONOMIC PACTS

(i) -torea and Population: Total area: 737,000 sq.km.

Population: total Indo-China: approximately 25 million inhabitants, of v\ihom 600,OOC are Chinese and 70,000 'French distributed as follows: Cambodia 3 million Laos 1 million Viet Ham 21 million: certain regions are over-populated.

Main towns: oailgon-Chalon, HanoH, Hue, Pnom-Penh. (ii) Public J3er vices: Communications: 10,000 km. of main roads and 23,000 kn. of secondary roads. 3,000 km. of railway tracks (of which only 1,400 were in use in 1948).

Ports: 2 major ports (Saigon and Haiphong) % several secondary ports. Airfields: 2 airports of international class (Saigon and Haiphong) numerous regional and local airfields.

Waterways: 900 km. of dykes protecting~ (1939) 600,000 hectares of land (Northern Viet Nam) 2,200 km. of canals turning an area of 1,'100, OOC hectares into arable land (Southern Viet Nam) 14 dams irrigating 360,000 hectares

Fuel and Power: abundant coal: 2,600,000 tons (1939) electricity (thermic): 180 million kilowatt-hours. - 66 - ;.G/m(50)3

(iii) Agricultural^ Production (1959):

SQjo of the population derives its food from agriculture.

Pood-crops: ^i*1. crop; rice (7 million tons) cultivation of sugar-cane (for local consumption) maize, oleaginous produce, pepper, coffee, tea (partly exported), rubber plantations.

Forestry: large-scale production: nearly 3 million cub.m. of wood (partly exported), bamboo, charcoal, resin production etc.

Live-stock: consisting of cattle and pigs, mostly for local consumption, some exports of live-stock and hides.

Fisheries: 300,000 tons of fish (consumed locally).

(iv) Mining_and Industrial Productipn_(l_939):

Abundant mining resources.

coal: 2,600,000 tons 2/3 of which are exported, tin, wolfram, zinc, iron, manganese, * phosphates, salts etc. Industries under development, consisting mainly of agricultural and timber industries. (v) Budget and investments; Ordinary budget 24 milliard francs, for 1939:

Extraordinary 17.5 milliard francs, of which budget: 10 milliard for reconstruction.

600 milliard francs are reserved for the ten-year modernisation plan (of which 25fo is intended for reconstruction) distributed as follows: public services (40$), agriculture (29$), industrial development (23$) etc. : 1 3 frr ! r t J 2>^y?:.? -<»If,*: "I;' " z ^*-"' ¥5*~*W>&*M*: << "J -'f. -.' ?* •fj^T^^.V WpamBH^jBI '-••.••'•••-. ' •''• .••-•-.:••••...'_.•,-•.-.•/•••.. ; •• : -,-::.-- ;•; *-"••} if. '

- 37 - AG/TC?1(50)3 (vi) External Trade: Trading is clone rns.inl3r with .France and the French Union, (in 1948: 66fo of the total value of imports, 62fo of exports), and to a lesser extent with the Far East and India. The war and its consequences have considerably reduced the volume of trade, as can be seen from the table below:

Quantities in thousands of tons "Vp o-|*» Imports Exports

1938 490 3,995 1939 587 4,702 1947 220 237 1948 351 535

Up to the war, there was a surplus balance of trade. The total value of trade in 1939 amounted to 5,900 million francs, at the 1939 prices.

Indo-Ohina imports; textiles, raw materials, finished and semi-finished goods, and % general equipment. Indo_-Ch_ina_exported in 1938 - rice and. rice-products (1,500,000 tons), maise (560,000 tons), coal (1,700,000 tons), rubber, tea and various raw materials. - •.-^•••i»»';1;fr.'^r-7.T^-'Vv'?^firT^f?;^P?-iTr*^' *~>'^^^ffnP*^»T''S!5*I'lT9!T«P!F'lH?^

t _ . I--:- •

- 68 - AG/T7P 1 (50) 3

PART II

THE STATES PLACED UNDER THE PROTECTORATE OP THE

PREFCH REPUBLIC

* »--, '•ff'-'ir^-K-'-n^.-miwnqfffF^ifFf?*--'* *-*"^T^r^Ms-^^^pr^g/STR^

^"»

- 69 - AG/WP1 (50) 3

0 R 0 C C 0

(a) IB&tili STATUS. The legal status of Morocco vis-a-vis Metropolitan Prance was determined by the Protectorate Treaty of 30th March, 1912. The nature of the relations between Prance and Morocco have not been changed by any bi-lateral agreements ;: since that date. .; Under previous international agreements the structure . .-.^ is defined as follows : .'.'i] - the territory is divided into three zones : • "•; - zone under the control of Prance : the largest part of tha country. - 3 one under the control of Spain (on 27th November, j 1912, Prance recognized the right of Spain to have > exclusive control of one zone - Northern Morocco - % where the Sultan delegates his powers to a Khalifa who represents him vis-a-vis the Spanish High Com- : missioner). - zone under intemationa1 control ; Tangier and sur- rounding districts, - equality of treatment in economic affairs for all States and their nationals, - the right of juridiction-enjoyed by the Powers which have not surrendered their privileges under the Capitula- tions Treaties concluded prior to the signature of the Protectorate Treaty (the United Kingdom surrendered these in 1937; but the United States still enjoy them).

(b) POLITICAL AND ADHPTI3TRA.TIVE STRUCTURE. The Treaty of Pez set up means of safeguarding religious principles, the traditional respect and prestige of the Sultan,.- - 70 - .AG/WP1 (50) 3

and the institution of a reformed Shereefian Makhzen (Government). Sovereignty is vested in the Shereefian monarchy, represented at present by a Sultan of the Alaouite dynasty, He is assisted by a Commissioner of the French Republic - the Resident-General - who is the sole representative of the Shereefian monarch vis-a-vis the Powers. The Resident- General is responsible for ensuring the observance of the 1912 Treaty.

Morocco possesses a dual administrative structure : on the one hand, the central },!akhzen, the traditional Government of the former Shereefian Empire consisting of a. Grand Vizier, a Vizier of Justice, a Vizier of the Habous, a Director of Protocol and five representatives of the Grand Vizier for the "neo-Shereefian"administration; also, of a neo-Shereefian administration responsible, under the control • of the Secretary-General of the Protectorate, for the operation of the public services as befits a modern country (Finance, Public Works, Economic Affairs, Industrial Pro- duction, Public Education. Postal and Telegraph Services, Public Health and Hygiene). The control authority devolving on Prance is carried out by the Resident-General Commissioner, assisted by a delegate of the Residency and by the civil control services (civil control •fficials and officers for native affairs). Liaison between the neo-Shereefian administrative bodies and the Hakhzen is ensured by a special section cf the She- 4 reefian administration. Under a " dahir " (Sultan's decree) ef 21st June, 1947, a Council of Viziers and Directors of the neo-Shereefian administration was set up. Under a " dahir " dated loth October, 1947, the Moroccan-, consultative Houses have been reorganised, on the basis of an electoral system, as follows : the Council of Government, composed of a French section and a Moroccan section, advises with regard to budgetary matters and such questions as the Resident may decide to submit to it. Each of the sections consists of three services : Agriculture, Commerce and In- dustry, miscellaneous interests. The first and second services are elected by the Chambers of Commerce and Industry, The third service is, for the French section, elected by >^\yT^*"<™'*.»57!«jW»~-':./- "."• •• °: ••*•••-"*v*»;3S7't*W"p*yjr'.«Fi*;-p^r'j-T'K*• •v-T7'? V'" t^"*^;4'**!.!!{*'*W'*:'','5**JliJI

'1 - 71 - AG/WP1 (50) 3 -f

^ universal suffrage; for the Moroccan section, part of its '•-^ members are nominated and part are elected by the Municipal <:;.••; Commissioners who are themselves (at the moment) nominated. • --•] ; '. s .,J The French in Morocco are represented by three Senators .'.^ who sit on the Council cf the Republic. •<$

The capital is Fez, whore the Sultan has his residence, ^ The Residency and the Secretariat-General of the Protectorate,-^ have their seat at Rabat. • .'-I

(i) Area and Population : • , . *» ^rea : 419,000 sq. km.

Population : 8,125,000 of whom 325,000 are Europeans„

density : 19 inhabitants to the sq..lna. -

?!ain towns Casablanca (pop. 560,000) Marrskesh (pop. 240,000) Fez (pop. 201,000) Rabat (pop. 162,000) Meknes (pop. 130.000) The population has doubled since the. establishment of the Protectorate. The birthrate is 25 per 1,000 inhabitants. 4 (ii) Public Services Communications 9,800 km. of main roads. macadamized and asphalt, 30,000 km. of secondary roads and paths, 1,720 km. of railway track (700 km. electrified).

Airfields 4 airfields for heavy traffic •: 5 "main" airfields, numerous secondary airstrips. x Ports 8 ports on the Atlantic coast, •. 2 of which (Casablanca and Safi) can harbour ships with draught of 10 m. or more. - 73 - AG/TP1 (50) 3

Union (7l£'of the total amount of trade). I

C Destination :.'Io ro c can import s 'loroccan exports in million Frs . i in million Frs . ! 4 Current prices • A" Current prices ! % & \

1 \ Francs and the ! \ 22,691 ! 58 14,208 78 French Union * I (1,486,000 tons) • ! Other countries 10,648 ;32 4 , 100 ! (2,675,000 tons)

Total . . . . 33,339 18 , 308 100 !;ioo ! (4,164,000 tons)

Morocco imports foodstuffs, raw materials (coal, petroleum) manufactured goods and equipment.

Morocco exports phosphates, tinned fish, agricultural produce (particularly olive oil), manganese and lead, » anthracite and citrus fruits. i AG/VPl(50)3

B- TUNISIA

(a) LEGAL STATUS.

Relations between France and Tunisia are laid down in the Treaty of Kassar-Said (the so-called Bardo) of 12th May, 1881, and the Convention of La IJarsa, of 8th June, 1883, under which a Protectorate system was set up, the main characteristics of which are as follows; The Bey is responsible for undertaking such administrative,legal and financial reforms as the French Government may deem necessary. He may not include any international agreement nor contract any loan without the authority of the French Government. French armed forces are garrisoned in the territory of the Regency, for its defence,

The Hesident-General of France in Tunis is the sole intermediary between the French Government and the Tunisian autho- rities. He is assisted by a "delegate from the Residency-General", who deputises for him if need ne.

(b) POLITICAL AMD ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE.

The "Regency" of Tunisia is an absolute monarchy in which powers are vested in the person of the Bey, who is traditio- nally the eldest prince of the line of Bey Hussein, who reigned over the Regency at the beginning of the 18th century. The Bey's decrees must be approved by the Resident-General before promulgation and implementation. *; The Tunisian Government consists at present of six Tunisian Ministers (Prime-Minister,Tunisian Justice, Agriculture, Labour, Trade and Crafts, Public Health) and seven French Ministers (Secretary-General and Deputy Secretary-General of the Government, Directors of Finances, Public Works, Public Education, the Tunisian post Office, and Commissioner of Reconstruction). The functions of Minister for Foreign Affairs are assumed by the Resident-General, who also controls the Director of Security Services, while the func- . tions of Minister of Defence are assumed by the General Officer Commanding the Tunisian troops. The Government forms a Council of Ministers of which the Resident-General is President, and a Cabinet Council of which the Prime Minister is President. All regulations issued by Ministers, Directors and the Commissioner must be approved by the Secretary-General. ! ll L ff.f.,1,^.1:"!,-'.".',"^1"" " ' r'^-"^^•^T^t-^^^^^W!'

- 75 - AG/WP1(50)3

Local Administration is carried out by 38 Caids, heads of territorial divisions under which are the kahias, khatifas and ; . I sheikhs. The control of these Tunisian officials is undertaken by 20 civil administrators and (for five southern caidats) by officers for native affairs. Approximately 60 districts are formed into w commufaes adminstered by a Municipal Gouncil appointed by the Prime Minister, the city of Tunis having a single elected Council with an " equal number of French and Tunisian representatives, . '

The representatives elected by the population form the Great Council of Tunisia for the exercise of legislative power. This Assembly holds an ordinary session every year in order to examine the budget, and one or several extraordinary sessions in order to advise on legislative decrees of an economic or social nature, which the Government is bound to submit to it 4 It is composed of a French section and a Tunisian section consisting of 53 members each, who debate separately, their differences being settle""- by a mixe d, delegat ion, composed of an equal number of elected members from bolt sections. Between sessions they also exercise the financial powers of the Great Council, while the legislative powers of this Assembly are delegated to the Mixed Legislative Commission. The French residing in Tunisia elect at two levels two Councillors of the Republic.

The Capital is Tunis, where the Bey, has his Resi- dence, and which is the seat of the French administration. » (c) ECONOMIC FACTS (i) Area and Population : * Area : 156,000 sq. km. Population : 3.231,000 of whom 240,000 are Europeans, and 87,000 non-European aliens. Main Towns : Tunis (pop. 365,000, 11^ of the total population), Sfax (pop. 55,000), Bizerta (pop.39,000). The population, both European and native, in- creases considerably each year. (ii)Public Services : Communications : 8,7l2kn. of main roads (excluding made-up paths), 7 railway tracks, and a suburban network round Tunis.

Ports : 4 main ports, 2 of them for ocean traffic: Tunis-la-Goulette and Sfax (export of phosphates - 1,800,000 tons of trade in 1947). T : T ; pS5S"S^5F -^iV'"?r"""'"' "" '':T:y :^''-''-''" ^Mf^-^^^ : v s ! '•-._.:_ ,.--.; .-^ • i - •••_'". ' '*•-. •'••• •• •' ' •". " ' • '; '•••y. ';t..'.-,•.*•-'•;;,'--:.r'i t $ £••-' - *6 - fc ; ' AGAPI (50) 3 ft' * - JB.

Airfields : 1 airfield for international traffic-» se- yeral regional airfields. -_ Fuel and Power: negligible coal resources. ,- - electricity production: 120 million Xwh. ^•' (1948) mainly of thermal origin f* Waterworks: vast development programm in process, to per- mit irrigation of 35,000 hectare sand the extension of hydro-electrical power. (iii) Main Agricultural Production (1948) Cereals (3^500,000 quintals) wines, olives, certain fruits (dates, citrus fruits), and esparto grass. Part is exported. i Irregular harvests depending on rain-fall. (iv) Industrial and Mining Production -(19481 The main resources are phosphates (1,780,000 tons) iron (696,000 tons) and lead. Petroleum and potassium is being prospected. Little industry, mainly f^od (oil). Development of some chemical industries (fertilizers, cement) and light industries. (v) Budget and investments; _ ^^ For financial years 1948 - 50, ordinary expenditure- ^ approximately 16 milliard francs ; extraordinary expenditure ; ^ (reconstruction, investments) - 13 milliard francs, financ- ed by loans or advances from the Prench Treasury. Estimated investments will be used mainly on hydraulic plant and communications. (vi) External trade (1948) Imports ': 34 milliard francs L Exports : apprpx. 13 milliard francs. Tunisia exports : mainly phosphates, lead and iron (45$> of total value of exports), and also fruits, wines, esparto grass, cereals and oil. Principal customers are the Prench Union (43^, and the Great Britain (30$), which imports iron, esparto grass and phosphates, Tunisia imports : coal, petroleum, manufactured goods (textiles etc.) agricultural equipment and f certain foodstuffs (sugar). Its main sup- ? pliers are Prance (78%), the United States and Great Britain. t