Pandans of Java Systematics and Ethnobotany of The Forgotten Sacred Plants of Java Pandans of Java Systematics and Ethnobotany of The Forgotten Sacred Plants of Java Ary Prihardhyanto Keim | Sri Endarti Rahayu Kuswata Kartawinata | Asep Hidayat Mohammad Fathi Royyani | Wawan Sujarwo Penerbit IPB Press Jalan Taman Kencana No. 3, Kota Bogor - Indonesia C.01/11.2020 Book Title: Pandans of Java Systematics and Ethnobotany of The Forgotten Sacred Plants of Java Authors: Ary Prihardhyanto Keim Sri Endarti Rahayu Kuswata Kartawinata Asep Hidayat Mohammad Fathi Royyani Wawan Sujarwo Cover Design & Layouter: Alfyandi Number of Pages: 148 + 14 halaman romawi Edition/Printed: 1st Printing, November 2020 PT Penerbit IPB Press Member of IKAPI Taman Kencana St, No. 3, Bogor 16128 Phone. 0251 - 8355 158 E-mail: [email protected] www.ipbpress.com ISBN: 978-623-256-421-3 Printed by IPB Press Publish and Printing, Bogor - Indonesia Publisher are not responsible for any of the content © 2020, COPYRIGHT RESERVED BY LAW Do not cite or duplicate part/all contents of this book without written permittance from the publisher TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLES OF CONTENTS ....................................................................v LIST OF TABLES ..............................................................................vii LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................ix FOREWORD .......................................................................................xi PREFACE ..........................................................................................xiii INTRODUCTION ................................................................................1 KEY TO THE GENERA OF PANDANACEAE IN JAVA ..................3 ENUMERATION OF JAVANESE PANDANACEAE .........................5 INTRODUCED SPECIES FROM OUTSIDE MALESIA ...............107 ETHNOBOTANY OF JAVANESE PANDANS ...............................109 REFERENCES ................................................................................. 117 GLOSSARY ......................................................................................133 INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES ..................................................141 ABOUT THE AUTHORS ................................................................147 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Morphological comparisons on habit, infructescences form, number of cephalia per infructescence, and position of locule in the seed between Pandanus basilocularis, Pandanus decipiens, Pandanus occultus, Pandanus tectorius, and Pandanus unicornutus .................41 Table 2. Morphological comparisons on height, cephalium and drupe dimensions, number of drupe per cephalium, and forms of style in the forked stigma possessed species of Pandanus furcatus and several other species regarded in this current study as synonyms of Pandanus furcatus ....59 Table 3. Morphological differences between Pandanus labyrinthicus var. labyrinthicus and Pandanus labyrinthicus var. spinosissimus ...............................................................64 Table 4. Morphological differences between Pandanus labyrinthicus and Pandanus lais .......................65 Table 5. Morphological comparisons on height, cephalium and drupe dimensions, number of drupe per cephalium, and forms of style in the forked stigma possessed species of Pandanus furcatus, Pandanus nervosus, Pandanus oviger, and Pandanus scabrifolius ......................................79 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Freycinetia angustifolia from Bedogol, West Java ...........6 Figure 2. Freycinetia insignis ..........................................................13 Figure 3. Freycinetia javanica ........................................................15 Figure 4. Freycinetia scandens from Mount Slamet, Central Java ......................................................................20 Figure 5. Freycinetia sumatrana from Ujung Kulon, Banten .........24 Figure 6. Benstonea kurzii from Mount Slamet, Central Java ........27 Figure 7. Pandanus basilocularis from Ujung Kulon, West Java ...37 Figure 8. Pandanus dubius from Ujung Kulon, West Java .............43 Figure 9. Pandanus faviger (Irsan s.n.). ..........................................47 Figure 10. Pandanus furcatus from West Java .................................51 Figure 11. Pandanus oviger from Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park, Bogor, West Java .....................................69 Figure 12. Pandanus polycephalus from living collections in Bogor Botanic Garden, Java ........................................72 Figure 13. The holotype of Pandanus scabrifolius (S.H. Koorders 29637β) ...................................................75 Figure 14. Pandanus stenophylus from Bedogol, West Java ............83 Figure 15. Pandanus tectorius. ..........................................................85 Figure 16. Pandanus tectorius carved in 13th century Majapahit’s temple Panataran, East Java ........................................... 113 PANDANS OF JAVA SYSTEMATICS AND ETHNOBOTANY OF THE FORGOTTEN SACRED PLANTS OF JAVA Figure 17. A female figure harvested and shaved a leaf of Pandanus tectorius as carved in 13th century Majapahit’s temple Panataran, East Java ....................... 114 Figure 18. Pandanus furcatus found and collected in Jembrana, Bali. A = Habit. B = Cephalium .................................... 115 x FOREWORD Java is the 5th largest island in Indonesia and 13th in the world. Yet, despite being the most explored island in Malesia, there is always something new comes out from this island and this is apparently true in the case of Pandanaceae. The Pandans of Java have long been regarded as well documented in as testified by the works of Backer (1925) and Backer and Bakhuizen van den Brink (1968), particularly in the latter works known as the four great volumes of Flora of Java. Thus, a new species of Pandanaceae (especially arboreal taxon from the genus Pandanus) from Java after the publication of the above-mentioned volumes can be regarded as a great discovery. The recent discovery of Pandanus basilocularis in the Ujung Kulon National Park, Banten, which was previously endemic to Borneo, supports the remarkable fact indicating that how fairly little is still known about the Pandan flora of this amazing island. In collaboration with a group of scientist from Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Forest Research and Development Center, Ministry of Environment and Forestry presents this humble but amazing book itself is a publication that aimed to present up to date information concerning the diversity and the ethnobotany of the Pandan flora of Java. Such a study is hoped to be able to resolve several unsettled problems, including the true identity of the enigmatic “cangkuang” (Pandanus furcatus) and the troublesome P. tectorius which are of importance in the Javanese, Sundanese, and Balinese cultures. This book is a sequel of the previous work published as a synopsis titled “Pandanaceae of Flora Malesiana in the past eight years [2005- 2013]: A State of the Art” presented in the last 9th Flora Malesiana PANDANS OF JAVA SYSTEMATICS AND ETHNOBOTANY OF THE FORGOTTEN SACRED PLANTS OF JAVA Symposium 2013 held in Bogor. It is also the first product of the proposed series of works leading to the completion of Pandanaceae account for the Flora Malesiana. Bogor, November 2020 Dr. Kirsfianti L. Ginoga Director of Forest Research and Development Center Ministry of Environment and Forestry xii PREFACE Twenty species of Pandanaceae are currently recorded in Java: Six species of Freycinetia, one species of Benstonea, and 13 species of Pandanus, in which one is a new record for Java, Pandanus basilocularis. Pandanus oviger is recollected and extends its distribution further to the west from its type locality. New record and extension of distribution area are also recorded for P. scabrifolius. The placement of P. odoratissimus as a synonymy of P. tectorius is supported by this current study. Also, Pandanus furcatus as a wide spread species from Java to India and with a wide spectrum of morphological variations are supported in this current study. The authors would like to express their gratitudes to the directors and curators of the following herbaria: BO, L, and K for the access to their amazing collections. Deep appreciations go to Dr. Martin Callmander and Dr. Jan Frits Veldkamp for providing valuable suggestions, fruitful discussions, and important information on Pandanus basilocularis and P. dubius. Our appreciations go also to Dr. Rugayah, Dr. Ruliyana Susanti, Suhardjono Prawiroatmodjo, Siti Susiarti, Tutie Djarwaningsih, and Professor Yohanes Purwanto for allowing us to use their beautiful photos. We are also grateful to Professor Elizabeth A. Widjaja for giving a good opportunity to one of us (SER) to take part in the fieldwork in the Mount Simpang, Ciwidey and the Ujung Kulon National Park and for lending us the most recent materials of Freycinetia from Cianjur, West Java. Last but not least, we tender a deep appreciation to IPB Press for its enthusiasms that lead to the willingness to publish this humble book. Bogor, November 2020 Authors INTRODUCTION Despite being botanically the most explored island within Malesia, Java still reveals new fascinating discoveries, including its Pandan flora. Prior to the present study the comprehensive account on the Pandan Flora of Java was made by Backer and Bakhuizen van den Brink Jr. (1968) and later reviewed by Stone (1972). The two publications have been still