ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

FOR THE PROPOSED

CONSTRUCTION OF A SEWAGE OUTFALL PIPELINE AT HULHUMALÉ PHASE I

March 2021

Project Proponent EIA Consultant

Malè Water and Sewerage Company CDE Consuulting th Fen Building, 5th Floor H. Orchidmaage, 4 Floor Ameenee Magu, Ameeru Ahmed Magu, Malè, Maldives Malé, Maldives Tel: 3323209

އެޅުމުގެ ހޮޅިއެއް ނަރުދަމާ ގައި 1 ފޭސް ހުޅުމާލެ

އަސަރުތައް ކޮށްފާނެ ތިމާވެއްޓަށް ން ބު ބަ ސަ

ރިޕޯޓު ބަޔާންކުރާ

2021 މާރޗް

ކޮންސަލްޓަންޓް އޭ . އައި .އީ އެދިޔާރު މަޝްރޫޢުގެ

ކޮންސަލްޓިންގް އީ .ޑީ .ސީ ޭލާމ ރަޓޯވ ްޑްނެއ ްސ ަވ ޭރ ްޖ ީނެޕްނޮކ ހ . ެގާމްކިޑޯއ ، 4 ަނަވ ާލިފިގްނަފ ،ާިިްަ

ްނެފ ްގްނިޑްލިބ ، 5 ަނަވ ާލިފިގްނަފ ، ުރީމައ ުދަމުހައ ުގަމ ،ުަ

ީނީމައ ުގަމ ، ެލާމ ، ެޖްއާރިހެވިދ ެލާމ ، ެޖްއާރިހެވިދ

3323209 : ފޯނު

EIA for the proposed Construction of a sewage outfall pipeline at Hulhumalé Phase I

Document Information

Document Final Draft Prepared by MF (CDE) Reviewed by ANG (MWSC) Approved by MWSC Date 22 April 2021 Comments -

Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|iii EIA for the proposed Construction of a sewage outfall pipeline at Hulhumalé Phase I

Table of Contents

Table of Contents ...... iv List of Figures ...... x List of Tables ...... xi List of Abbreviations ...... xiii Acknowledgement ...... xiv Lead Consultant’s Declaration ...... xv Proponent’s Declaration ...... xvi Executive Summary ...... xvii 1 INTRODUCTION ...... 4 1.1 Project Title 4 1.2 Project Proponent 4 1.3 Purpose and Nature of the Project 4 1.3.1 Project Background ...... 4 1.3.2 Project Objectives ...... 5 1.3.3 Project Financing ...... 5 1.4 Project Location 5 1.5 This Environmental Impact Assessment 8 1.5.1 Terms of Reference ...... 8 1.5.2 Objectives of the EIA ...... 8 1.5.3 Structure of the EIA ...... 9 1.5.4 Study Team ...... 9 2 ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY ...... 10 2.1 Scoping consultation 10 2.2 Literature review 10 2.3 Socio-economic Data 11 2.4 Study Area Boundary 11 2.5 Field Surveys 11 2.5.1 Coral Reef Assessment ...... 11 2.5.2 Tide and Wave Data ...... 12 2.5.3 Bathymetry Survey ...... 12 2.5.4 Groundwater Quality Assessment ...... 13 2.5.5 Seawater Quality Assessment ...... 13 2.5.6 Terrestrial Survey ...... 13

Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|iv EIA for the proposed Construction of a sewage outfall pipeline at Hulhumalé Phase I

2.5.7 Stakeholder Consultations ...... 13 2.6 Impact Assessment Methodology 16 2.7 Potential Data Gaps and Limitations of the study 21 3 DETAILED PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 22 3.1 Outline of Project Activities 22 3.2 Sewage Outfall Pipeline Design 22 3.3 Detailed Description of Project Components 24 3.3.1 Site setup and Preparatory works ...... 24 3.3.2 Onshore pipeline Installation ...... 24 3.3.3 Pipeline installation at beach ...... 25 3.3.4 Sea outfall pipeline installation on the reef ...... 25 3.3.5 Pipeline testing ...... 25 3.3.6 Demobilization ...... 26 3.3.7 Operation Phase Activities ...... 26 3.4 Project Schedule 26 3.5 Work Force and Services 26 3.5.1 Accommodation ...... 26 3.5.2 Services ...... 27 3.5.3 Hours of Operation ...... 27 3.6 Utilities 27 3.7 Waste Management, Logistics and Safety Measures 27 3.7.1 Construction Waste Management and Disposal ...... 27 3.7.2 Pollution and Emission Control Measures ...... 28 3.7.3 Occupation Health and Safety measures ...... 28 3.7.4 Traffic management during construction ...... 28 3.7.5 Fire Prevention ...... 29 3.8 Summary of Project Inputs and Outputs 29 4 POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK ...... 31 4.1 Identification of Risks and Impacts 31 4.1.1 Environment Protection and Preservation Act (4/93) ...... 31 4.1.2 Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation ...... 32 4.1.3 Decentralized Decision Making ...... 33 4.1.4 Project Licensing ...... 34 4.1.5 Stakeholder Engagement and Information Disclosure ...... 34 4.1.6 Environmental Liability ...... 34

Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|v EIA for the proposed Construction of a sewage outfall pipeline at Hulhumalé Phase I

4.2 Land Acquisition and Restriction on Land Use 35 4.3 Biodiversity Conservation 36 4.4 Protection of Heritage 39 4.5 Labour and Working Conditions 40 4.6 Community Health, Safety and Security 43 4.7 Resource Efficiency 44 4.8 Pollution Prevention 45 4.9 Waste Management 47 5 EXISTING ENVIRONMENT ...... 51 5.1 Physical Environment 51 5.1.1 Meteorology ...... 51 5.1.2 Hydrology ...... 60 5.2 Natural Hazards and Disaster Risks 65 5.3 Water quality assessment 66 5.3.1 Groundwater Quality ...... 66 5.3.2 Seawater Quality ...... 66 5.4 Coastal Environment 67 5.4.1 Beach Characteristics ...... 67 5.5 Marine Environment 68 5.5.1 Coral Reef Assessment ...... 68 5.5.2 Visual Snorkelling survey ...... 72 5.6 Marine Protected Areas and Sensitive Sites 73 5.7 Bathymetry 73 5.8 Terrestrial Environment 75 5.8.1 Flora and Fauna ...... 75 5.9 Socio-Economic Setting 77 5.9.1 Population ...... 77 5.9.2 Land Use ...... 77 5.9.3 Utilities ...... 77 5.9.4 Sites with historical or cultural interest and sacred places ...... 78 6 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS ...... 79 6.1 Introduction 79 6.2 Government Institutions 80

Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|vi EIA for the proposed Construction of a sewage outfall pipeline at Hulhumalé Phase I

6.2.1 Ministry of Environment ...... 80 6.2.2 Utilities Regulatory Authority ...... 82 6.2.3 Maldives Marine Research Institute ...... 83 6.3 Corporations 83 6.3.1 Housing Development Corporation ...... 83 7 ASSESSMENT OF ENVIROMENTAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS & MITAGATION MEASURES ...... 85 7.1 Boundaries of Affected Areas 85 7.2 Initial screening of potential impacts 85 7.3 Ambient Noise pollution 89 7.3.1 Predicted Changes ...... 89 7.3.2 Sensitive Receptors ...... 89 7.3.3 Impact Significance ...... 89 7.3.4 Mitigation Measures ...... 89 7.3.5 Residual Impacts ...... 90 7.4 Ambient Air Quality 90 7.4.1 Predicted Changes ...... 90 7.4.2 Sensitive Receptors ...... 90 7.4.3 Impact Significance ...... 90 7.4.4 Mitigation Measures ...... 90 7.4.1 Residual Impacts ...... 91 7.5 GHG Emissions 91 7.5.1 Predicted Changes ...... 91 7.5.2 Sensitive Receptors ...... 91 7.5.3 Impact Significance ...... 91 7.5.4 Mitigation Measures ...... 91 7.6 Changes to Hydrodynamics and Coastal Processes 92 7.6.1 Predicted Changes ...... 92 7.6.2 Sensitive Receptors ...... 92 7.6.3 Impact Significance ...... 92 7.6.4 Mitigation Measures ...... 92 7.6.5 Residual impacts ...... 92 7.7 Marine Water Quality 93 7.7.1 Predicted Changes ...... 93 7.7.2 Sensitive Receptors ...... 93 7.7.3 Impact Significance ...... 93

Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|vii EIA for the proposed Construction of a sewage outfall pipeline at Hulhumalé Phase I

7.7.4 Mitigation Measures ...... 94 7.7.5 Residual Impacts ...... 94 7.8 Marine Flora and Fauna 94 7.8.1 Predicted Changes ...... 94 7.8.2 Sensitive Receptors ...... 95 7.8.3 Impact Significance ...... 95 7.8.4 Mitigation Measures ...... 96 7.9 Groundwater and Soil Contamination 97 7.9.1 Predicted Changes ...... 97 7.9.2 Sensitive Receptors ...... 97 7.9.3 Impact Significance ...... 97 7.9.4 Mitigation Measures ...... 97 7.10 Terrestrial Fauna 98 7.10.1 Predicted Changes ...... 98 7.10.2 Sensitive Receptors ...... 98 7.10.3 Impact Significance ...... 98 7.10.4 Mitigation Measures ...... 98 7.11 Labour Recruitment and Working Conditions 98 7.11.1 Mitigation measures ...... 99 7.12 Occupational Health and Safety 100 7.12.1 Predicted Health and Safety Impacts ...... 100 7.12.2 Significance of Impact ...... 100 7.12.3 Mitigation measures ...... 100 7.13 Risks to public health and safety 101 7.13.1 Predicted public health and safety impacts ...... 101 7.13.2 Sensitive Receptors ...... 102 7.13.3 Impact Significance ...... 102 7.13.4 Mitigation Measures ...... 102 7.14 Traffic 102 7.14.1 Predicted Changes ...... 102 7.14.1 Impact Significance ...... 103 7.14.2 Mitigation Measures ...... 103 7.15 Social Conflicts 103 8 ALTERNATIVES ...... 114 8.1 “No-Project” Alternative 114

Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|viii EIA for the proposed Construction of a sewage outfall pipeline at Hulhumalé Phase I

8.2 Alternative work Method: Micro tunnelling 114 8.3 Alternative Sewage Outfall location 116 9 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 118 9.1 Environmental Management System 118 9.2 Management Structure and Responsibilities 119 9.2.1 Project proponent ...... 119 9.2.2 Environmental Consultant ...... 120 9.2.3 Contractor ...... 120 9.2.4 Environmental Protection Agency ...... 120 9.3 Non-Conformances and Corrective Action 124 9.4 Reporting 124 10 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN ...... 125 10.1 Introduction 125 10.2 Objectives of the Monitoring Plan 125 10.3 Before Construction 125 10.4 Monitoring during Construction Phase 125 10.5 Post Construction Monitoring 126 10.6 Monitoring Report 130 10.7 Monitoring Report Format 130 10.8 Cost of Monitoring 132 11 CONCLUSIONS ...... 133 REFERENCES ...... 134 APPENDIX A – Terms of Reference ...... 135 APPENDIX B – Proponents Declaration and Commitment Letter ...... 136 APPENDIX C – Project Approvals ...... 137 APPENDIX D – Project Site Plan ...... 138 APPENDIX E – Preliminary Project Workplan ...... 139 APPENDIX F – Survey Location Map ...... 140 APPENDIX G –Water Quality Test Reports ...... 141 APPENDIX H – CV of EIA Team ...... 142 APPENDIX I - Proof of submission to Council ...... 143

Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|ix EIA for the proposed Construction of a sewage outfall pipeline at Hulhumalé Phase I

List of Figures

Figure 1.1: Location map of Hulhumalé Phase I ...... 6 Figure 1.2: Satellite image of proposed project site in Hulhumalé Phase I ...... 7 Figure 2.1: Survey location map ...... 15 Figure 3.1: Project Plan showing the route of the sewage outfall pipeline ...... 23 Figure 5.1: Monthly Frequencies of Wind Direction in Hulhulé (MMS, 2018) ...... 53 Figure 5.2: Yearly frequencies of predominant wind direction in Hulhulé ...... 54 Figure 5.3: Wind frequencies recorded at Hulhulé between 1998 – 2016 ...... 54 Figure 5.4: Mean daily wind speed and direction recorded at Hulhulé by Maldives Meterological Service (1992-2016) ...... 55 Figure 5.5: Maximum wind speeds recoded at Hulhulé from 1992 – 2016 ...... 56 Figure 5.6: Monthly distribution of rainfall in Hulhulé (1975 – 2016) ...... 57 Figure 5.7: Annual rainfall in Hulhulé (1985 – 2016) ...... 57 Figure 5.8: Maximum daily rainfall by year (1985 – 2016) ...... 58 Figure 5.9: Number of dry days oer year in Hulhulé (1985 – 2016) ...... 58 Figure 5.10: Maximum temperature by year in Hulhulé (1975 – 2016) ...... 59 Figure 5.11: Open ocean wave rose for Western site Ari Atoll and Eastern Side of North Malé Atoll ...... 61 Figure 5.12: Estimated wave patterns at project site ...... 63 Figure 5.13: Observed surface currents using drogue method (August 2020) ...... 64 Figure 5.14: Daily mean values of sea level for Hulhulé (1989 to 2005), relative to mean sea level. Also shown is the linear trend in sea level over the same period (Hays, 2006) ...... 65 Figure 5.15: Beach area near the proposed sewage outfall pipeline location ...... 68 Figure 5.16: Select photos showing a summary of benthic composition along Transect 1 ...... 68 Figure 5.17: Benthic substrate composition along Transect 1 ...... 69 Figure 5.18: Select photos showing a summary of benthic composition along Transect 2 ...... 70 Figure 5.19: Benthic substrate composition along Transect 2 ...... 71 Figure 5.20: Left panel shows Porites (massive colony), right panel shows Padina sp. patch .... 72 Figure 5.21: Boulder shaped corals observed on the reef flat ...... 72 Figure 5.22: Bathymetric profile along the proposed sewage outfall pipeline route ...... 74 Figure 5.23: View of Chanbeylee Magu ...... 75 Figure 5.24: View of Huvandhumaa Hingun and the footpath along the proposed pipeline route, Madras Pine trees grown on the side of the road ...... 75 Figure 5.25: View of Nirolhu Magu ...... 76 Figure 5.26: View of Nirolhu Goalhi 11 ...... 76 Figure 5.27: Beach Area near the proposed pipeline route ...... 76 Figure 7.1: Estimated Affected Area ...... 86

Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|x EIA for the proposed Construction of a sewage outfall pipeline at Hulhumalé Phase I

Figure 8.1: Micro tunneling process (source: Mersing-group) ...... 115 Figure 8.2: Alternative sewage outfall location (shown in orange) ...... 117 Figure 10.1: Environmental Management Strategy Flow Diagram ...... 119 Figure 10.2: Environmental Management Plan for construction phase ...... 121

List of Tables

Table 2.1: Coral Reef Assessment sites and dates ...... 11 Table 2.2: Fish abundance categories ...... 12 Table 2.3: Groundwater sampling site and date ...... 13 Table 2.4: Groundwater sampling site and date ...... 13 Table 2.5: Generalized Sensitivity Criteria ...... 16 Table 2.6: Factors used to determine magnitude of impact ...... 17 Table 2.7: Impact magnitude ...... 18 Table 2.8: Criteria used to determine receptor sensitivity ...... 19 Table 2.9: Impact significance matrix ...... 19 Table 3.1: List of key personnel required for the project ...... 26 Table 3.2: Major Project Inputs ...... 29 Table 3.3: Major Project Outputs ...... 30 Table 4.1: Laws, regulations and policies related to EIA ...... 35 Table 4.2: Laws, regulations and policies related to land acquisition and restriction on land-use ...... 36 Table 4.3: Laws, regulations and policies related to biodiversity conservation ...... 37 Table 4.4: Laws, regulations and policies relevant to cultural heritage ...... 40 Table 4.5: Laws, regulations and policies relevant to labour and working conditions ...... 41 Table 4.6: Laws, regulations and policies relevant to community health, safety and security .... 43 Table 4.7: Laws, regulations and policies relevant to resource efficiency ...... 44 Table 4.8: Laws, regulations and policies relevant to pollution prevention ...... 45 Table 4.9: Laws, regulations and policies relevant to waste management ...... 48 Table 5.1: Key Meteorological Information of the Maldives (Maldives Meteorological Service, 2018) ...... 51 Table 5.2: Summary of General Wind Conditions from National Meteorological Centre ...... 53 Table 5.3 Probable Maximum Precipitation for various Return periods in Hulhulé (UNDP, 2006) ...... 59 Table 5.4: Tidal Variations at Hulhulé International Airport ...... 60 Table 5.5: Groundwater quality test results ...... 66 Table 5.6: Seawater quality test results ...... 67

Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|xi EIA for the proposed Construction of a sewage outfall pipeline at Hulhumalé Phase I

Table 5.7: Summary of Fish Census survey along Transect 1 ...... 69 Table 5.8: Summary of Fish Census survey along Transect 2 ...... 71 Table 5.9: Marine Protected Areas in North Male’ Atoll ...... 73 Table 5.10: Resident population of Hulhumalé by sex and nationality ...... 77 Table 7.1: Initial Impact identification matrix – Physical, biological and chemical components 87 Table 7.2: Impact identification matrix (Socio-economic components) ...... 88 Table 7.3: Summary of findings ...... 104 Table 9.1: Summary of key beneficial and adverse impacts of the No Project Alternative ...... 114 Table 10.1: Summary of Environmental Management Measures for the Project ...... 122 Table 11.1: Monitoring Schedule for Pre-construction Stage (if required) ...... 127 Table 11.2: Monitoring Schedule for Construction Phase ...... 128 Table 11.3: Monitoring Schedule for during Operation ...... 129

Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|xii EIA for the proposed Construction of a sewage outfall pipeline at Hulhumalé Phase I

List of Abbreviations

CBD Convention on Biological Diversity COADS Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set DoIE Department of Immigration and Emigration EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EPA Environmental Protection Agency EPPA 4/93 Environment Protection and Preservation Act 4/93 ESA Environmentally Sensitive Areas GHG Green House Gas GPS Global Positioning System HPA Health Protection Agency HRCM Human Rights Commission of the Maldives ILO International Labour Organisation INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contribution IPPC International Plant Protection Convention LPG Liquified Petroleum Gas MARPOL International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships MIRA Maldives Inland Revenue Authority MWSC Malé Water and Sewerage Company NBSAP National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan NGOs Non-Governmental Organisations ToR Terms of Reference UNCLOS United Nation Convention on the Law of the Sea UNDP United Nation Development Programme WAMCO Waste Management Corporation Limited WHO World Health Organisation WMR Waste Management Regulation

Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|xiii EIA for the proposed Construction of a sewage outfall pipeline at Hulhumalé Phase I

Acknowledgement

The lead author of this report is Mohamed Faizan.

Additional assessments and field assistance were provided by the following team members.

• Mamdhooh Saeed (Field Surveys) • Ali Moosa Didi (Coastal Surveys) • Fathmath Shuhaina (Coral Reef assessment) • Mohamed Ali (Coral Reef assessment)

The curriculum vitae’s of the EIA consultants are attached in Appendix H of this report.

Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|xiv EIA for the proposed Construction of a sewage outfall pipeline at Hulhumalé Phase I

Lead Consultant’s Declaration

I certify that statements made in this Environment Impact Assessment are true, complete and correct to the best of my knowledge and available information.

Mohamed Faizan (EIA P02/2018)

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Proponent’s Declaration

This page is intentionally left blank.

(Appendix B)

Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|xvi EIA for the proposed Construction of a sewage outfall pipeline at Hulhumalé Phase I

Executive Summary

This Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) has been prepared for the construction of a sewage outfall pipeline at Hulhumalé Phase I. This project is proposed and funded by Malé Water and Sewerage Company (MWSC), the licensed sewer network operator of Hulhumalé-Phase I.

Sewage generated in Hulhumalé Phase-1 is currently discharged directly to the ocean on the eastern side of the island via two outfall lines; Outfall-1 located in the central location and Outfall- 2 located in the southern side of the island. A total of eight pump stations (PS-01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 06, 07 and 10) are connected to Outfall-1, and two pump stations (PS-08 and 09) are connected to Outfall-2. With the increase in population over the years the current sewerage network design has become inefficient and requires costly and frequent maintenance to ensure steady flow in the network. The system is performing at its maximum capacity and during peak hours the system overflows at pump stations.

Hence this project was formulated by MWSC to increase the efficiency of the sewerage network, reduce cost of maintenance, and solve flow issues in the network. The project involves installing a separate outfall line for pump stations 02, 03, 04 and 07 next to the Sea Outfall-01. The pipeline is 586 m long, and goes through Chanbeylee Magu, Huvandhumaa Hingun, Nirolhu Magu and Nirolhu Goalhi-11 via underground trenches and extends towards the ocean via the reef flat. The discharge point is proposed to be anchored at 30 m depth on the reef slope. This outfall line is designed with a discharge capacity of 19,643 m3 per day to cater for a population of 37,567 people.

The project is estimated to take 3 months to complete.

The proposed project design complies to the laws and regulations of the Maldives. The key laws and regulations that are relevant to the project are Water and Sewerage Act, Environment Protection and Preservation Act, Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation, General Regulation on Water and Sewerage Services, Dewatering Regulation for Construction and Industrial Projects, Waste Management Regulation 2013, and The Environmental Liability Regulation.

The following approvals are required for the before commencement of project activities. Environmental Decision Statement by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for the project, and Dewatering Permit also issued by Utilities Regulatory Authority (URA). In addition, permits will be required from Housing Development Corporation for road closures and excavation works proposed on the road.

Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|xvii EIA for the proposed Construction of a sewage outfall pipeline at Hulhumalé Phase I

The project boundary falls within a highly urbanized area. The pipeline route along the Chanbeylee Magu is a two-lane asphalt road, no trees are located on the road. The pipeline route along Huvandhumaa Hingun is a footpath area, no trees are located on the route however there are trees (Madras Pine Trees) on side. No trees are located on the proposed route on Nirolhu Magu and Nirolhu Goalhi. There are two coconut palms on the beach area near the proposed pipeline route. If required these palms will need to be relocated. The reef flat is predominantly composed of sand and macroalgae patches and few isolated massive coral colonies.

The key stakeholders consulted for this EIA were Ministry of Environment (MoE), Utilities Regulatory Authority, Maldives Marine Research Institute and Housing Development Corporation (HDC). All consultations were carried out online due to restrictions on due to COVID-19 pandemic that was ongoing at the time of preparation of this report.

Main request by MoE was to present any alternative that was explored in locating the sewage outfall line in the EIA report. The proponent explained that alternative location that was explored and challenges in installing the pipeline at this location. URA inquired whether provisions were made in the proposed line to connect to the planned Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) by the Ministry of National Planning, Housing and Infrastructure, and the proponent explained that the proposed line will have provisions to connect to the planned STP. The key recommendations by HDC were to submit detailed work methodologies prior to commencement of project activities and to have the sea outfall line buried from the beach area along the reef flat area till the house reef. The proponent explained that the line will be buried from the beach area and along the reef flat and detailed work methodology will be submitted to HDC prior to commencement of works.

Given the scale of small scale of the project, it is not expected to result in significant environmental impacts during the construction phase. However, measures have been proposed to minimize any unwanted impacts that may result from the proposed construction activities. These include coordination with HDC and Traffic Police in all works that are planned on the roads to minimize disturbance to traffic flow and closing off the excavated areas for public to minimize safety risks to people using the roads.

Most significant impacts of the project are expected during excavation and installation of pipeline on the reef, this includes increase in turbidity of the seawater, and occupational health and safety risks to workers. Strict measures have been proposed to mitigate these risks.

Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|xviii EIA for the proposed Construction of a sewage outfall pipeline at Hulhumalé Phase I

The following alternatives were evaluated for this EIA: no-project option, alternative work method (micro tunnelling) and alternative location for sewage outfall.

Monitoring plan is designed to assess any changes to the environmental and socio-economic components due to the project. The total cost of monitoring during the construction phase is estimated at USD 3,000.00, and annual cost of monitoring during the operation phase is estimated USD 2000.00.

The project is critical to ensure uninterrupted sewerage network operations in Hulhumalé. The adverse impacts are manageable with the mitigation measures proposed in this report. Hence it is recommended to go ahead with the project with the mitigation measures and the monitoring schedule proposed in this report.

Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|xix EIA for the proposed Construction of a sewage outfall pipeline at Hulhumalé Phase I

ހުލާސާ ދާ ސާ

އިތުރު ގައި 1- ފޭސް ހުޅުމާލެ ފަރާތުން ގެ ( ސީ . އެސް . ޑަބްލިއު . އެމް ) ކޮންޕެނީ ް ޖ ޭ ރ ަ ވ ސު އެންޑް ވޯޓަރ މާލޭ ރިޕޯޓަކީ ދިރާސާ މި ވާ ތައްޔާރުކުރެވިފައި ގޮތުން ވަޒަންކުރުމުގެ އަސަރުތައް ކޮށްފާނެ ތިމާވެށްޓަށް ކުރުމުގައި ބޭނުން އާއި އެޅުމުގައި ހޮޅިއެއް ނަރުދަމާ ގޮތެއް މެދު މަޝްރޫޢުއާއި މި އިން ( އޭ .ޕީ .އީ ) އެޖެންސީ ޕްރޮޓެކްޝަން އެންވަޔަރަމަންޓް މަޤްސަދަކީ އެއް ރިޕޯޓުގެ މި . ރިޕޯޓެކެވެ . ހިއްސާކުރުމެވެ މަޢުލޫމާތުތައް ބޭނުންވާ ނިންމުމަށް

އަޅައިފައި " 1- ފޯލް އައުޓް " . އޮވެއެވެ އަޅާފައި ހޮޅި ނަރުދަމާ ދެ ކުރުމަށް ބޭރު ވަގުތު މި ނަޖިސްފެން އުފެދޭ ހުޅުމާލޭގައި ީނަންނޮއ ެގުށަރ ްށައެރެތުދެމ ްއަތޮގާވ ުރިއ ީތަމ ްނުތާރަފ ެވެށަޑނަކ . ިމ ިޅޮހ ިވެލާޅުގ ިއަފ ީނަވ ްޕްނަޕ ްސ ޓ ަޝޭ ނ ް 1، 2، 3، 4، 5، 6، 7 ިދައ 10 ެވެއާކ . " ްޓުއައ ްލޯފ -2 " ިއަފާޅައ ީނަންނޮއ ެގުށަރ ުނުކެދ ުތާރަފ ިއަގ ްށަރިއ ަކ ޑނ ަ ެށ ެވ . ިމ ިޅޮހ ބޮޑުވާ ބާރު އެންމެ ނިޒާމަށް ނަރުދަމާ ވެފައިވުމުން އިތުރު އާބާދީ ރަށުގެ . ކަށެވެ 9 އަދި 8 ް ނ ޭޝަ ޓ ސް ޕަންޕް ވަނީ އަ ގުޅާފަ . ދިވާވެއެވެ ގޮތް ނަޖިސްބޭރުވާ ރަށައް ތަކުން ް ނ ޭޝަ ޓ ސް ޕަންޕް ބައެއް ތަކުގައި ވަގުތު

ިމ ުއޫރްޝަމ ިއަފިއަލާވަލުކެއ ީނަވ ިމ ަލަސްއަމ ްށައ ްއެލްއަހ ެވެށަމުދޯހ . ިމ ެގުއޫރްޝަމ ްނުށަދ ްޕްނަޕ ްސ ޓ ަޝޭ ނ ް 2، 3، 4، ިދައ 7 ިކަވ ާމަދުރަނ ިޅޮހ ޭވެލާޅުގާކައ ެވެއެނ . ިމ ިޅޮހ ްށަމުޅެއ ީނަވިއަފިވޭރ ްނުގަމީލޭބްނަޗ ްނެގިށެފ ާމުދނަވުހ ަމ ްނުގ ްސޮގ ހޮޅި މި . މީޓަރުއެވެ 586 މިނަކީ ދިގު ހޮޅީގެ މި . ބޭރަށެވެ ފަރުން ގޮސް މޫދުން ން އި 11- ނިރޮޅުގޯޅި ހުރަސްކޮށް ނިރޮޅުމަގު ާމުރަފ ީނަވިއަފިވެރުކ 37،567 ެގްނުހީމ ީދާބާއ ެވެށަކައ . ިދައ ެގްއެލާވުދ ްށަޗްއަމ 19643 ިޑޮކ ެގުރަޓީމ ްސިޖަނ ޭވެރުކުރޭބ . ވަރަށެވެ

. މަސްދުވަހެވެ 3 ބެލެވެނީ ކަމަށް ނަގާނެ އެޅުމަށް ހޮޅި މި

އާއި މަޝްރޫއު މި . ފެތެއެވެ ޤަވާއިދުތަކަށް ތަކާއި ޤާނޫނު ގެ ޭ އޖ ދިވެހިރާ ކަންތައްތައް ހުށައަޅާފައިވާ ކުރަން މަޝްރޫއުގައި މި ޭޅުގ ުޑނަގިއަމ ުނޫނާޤ ިއާކަތ ުދިއާވަޤ ީކަކަތ ؛ ިއާނެފ ާމަދުރަނ ެގ ުނޫނާޤ ، ެގޭޖްއާރިހެވިދ ިށެވާވިތ ިރެތާކްއަރ ިއާމުރުކ ްށަޔާމިހ ެގުމުރުކ ުނޫނާޤ ، ްށަޓްއެވާމިތ ުރަސައ ުރަވްނިމާރޯފ ާރުކްނާޔަބ ުޓޯޕިރ ިއާމުދެހ ޭހެބ ުދިއާވަޤ 2012، ެގޭޖްއާރިހެވިދ ިއާނެފ ާމަދުރަނ ްތަމްދިހ ެގުމުނިދ ަގ ުދިއާވ ، ިނުކ ިއާމުރުކްޖޭނެމ ޭހެބ ުދިއާވަޤ 2013، ްނުމިބ ިއަގަންނެފ ެގުމުރުކުރޭބްނެފ ުދިއާވަޤ ، ފެއްޓުމަށްޓަކައި މަސައްކަތްތައް މަޝްރޫއުގެ . ވެ ޤަވާއިދެ ހޯދުމުގެ ބަދަލު ކަނޑައެޅުމާއި ޖޫރިމަނާ ގެއްލުންތަކަށް ދޭ ތިމާވެއްޓަށް އަދި ީއ. ީޕ. ޭއ ެގ ެވެއެނާވްނުނޭބްއަތަދްއުހ . ިމ ްނުތޮގ ިމ ީއ. ިއައ . ޭއ ުޓޯޕިރ ްށޮކުލޫބަޤ ަދްއުހ ްށަމަކްނިދ ޭރެނ ިއާމުޔިލ ، ިދައ ްނުމިބ ޑިވަލޮޕްމަންޓް ހައުސިންގް ކޮނުމަށް ގު މަ ބަންދުކުރުމަށައި މަގު އަދި . ހިމެނެއެވެ ހުއްދަ ދޭ ބޭރުކުރުމަށް ފެން ހިންދުމަށް ފެން . ވާނެއެވެ ބޭނުން ހުއްދަ ކޯޕަރޭޝަންގެ

ތަރައްޤީ ގެނެވި ބަދަލުތަކެއް ބޮޑެތި ވަނީ ވެށްޓަށް ޤުދުރަތީ ެ ގ ު ދ ް އ ަ ހ ަ ރ ސަ ހުށައެޅިފައިވާ ކުރުމަށް މަސައްކަތް މަޝްރޫއުގެ މި އެޅުމަށް ހޮޅީ މަގުގައި މި . މަގެކެވެ ހަދާފައިވާ ގޮތައް ދުއްވޭ ތަށް ދެފަރާ ތާރުއަޅާ މަގަކީ ކަނބޭލީ ގޮތުން މި . ކުރެވިފައެވެ މި . ދުވާރުދަށުންނެވެ ހުށައަޅާފައިވަނީ އަޅަން ހޮޅި މަގުގައި ހުވަނދުމާ . ނުހުރެއެވެ ގަހެއް ރަހައްދުގައި ސަ ހުށައެޅީފައިވާ

Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|xx EIA for the proposed Construction of a sewage outfall pipeline at Hulhumalé Phase I

ގައި 11- ގޯޅި ނިރޮޅު ނިރޮޅުމަގާއި . ހުރިއެވެ ފައި ގަސްއިންދާ މަތީގައި އަރި ދުވާރުގެ މި ނަމަވެސް . ނެތެވެ ގަހެއް ތަނުގައިވެސް ު ދ ް އ ަ ހ ަ ރ ސަ ހުށައަޅާފައިވާ ހޮޅިވަޅުލުމަށް އަތިރިމަތީގައި ނަމަވެސް . ނެތެވެ ގަސްތަކެއް މަގުގައި ހުށައަޅާފައިވާ ވަޅުލުމަށް ހޮޅި ހުށައެޅިފައިވާ ވަޅުލުމަށް ހުޅީ ފަރުމަތިން . ޖެހިދާނެއެވެ އިންދަން އެހެންތަނެއްގައި ރުއްތަށް މި . އެބަހުރިއެވެ ރުއް ދެ ކައިރީގައި . ކުރެވެއެވެ ފާހަގަ ހުރިކަން ި އ ަ ގ ު ދ ް އ ަ ހ ަ ރ ސަ މި ހިރި މަދުން މަދު އަދި . ހިސާބެކެވެ އޮތް ގިނައިން ހުއި ވެއްޔާއި ީ ކ ަ ދ ް އ ަ ހ ަ ރ ސަ

ގުޅޭގޮތުން ި އ ާ ތ ަ ކ ް އ ސަ މަ މި ފަރާތްތަކާއިވަނީ ގުޅުންހުރި މަޝްރޫޢުއާއި ގޮތުގައި ބައެއްގެ މުހިންމު އޭގެ . އައި .އީ މި ެވެއަފިވެރުކާރަވްޝަމ . ްނުތޮގިމ ާރަވްޝަމ ުނުވެރުކ ީކަކަތްތާރަފ ؛ ީރްޓްސިނިމ ްފޮއ ްޓްނަމަރަޔަވްނެއ ، ްސީޓިލިޓޫޔ ިރޯޓަލުއިގެރ ީޓިރޯތޮއ ، ްލޯމ ްސްވިޑ ްނިރެމ ްޗރާސިރ ްޓުއިޓީޓްސްނިއ ިދައ ްގްނިސުއަހ ްޓްނަމްޕޮލަވިޑ ީޓިރޯތޮއ ެވެއެނެމިހ . ިމ ިއަގުކަތާރަވްޝަމ ވަނީ ކަންތައްތައް ފާހަގަކުރި ފަރާތްތަކުން މި އަދި . ފައެވެ ހިއްސާކޮށް އެކު ފަރާތްތަކާއި މި ތަފްސީލްވަނީ މިޝްރޫޢުގެ މި ެގުޢޫރްޝަމ ިއާރާޔިދެއ ިވެރުކާސްއިހ ، ިދައ ަޞްއާހ ްއެޅަވަޔިފ ަމަނޭހެޖްނަޅައ ްއެމަކެއ ީނާވ ިމ ިއަގުޓޯޕިރ ަގަހާފ ެއަފިވެރުކ ެވ.

މި ނަމަވެސް . ނުފެނެއެވެ ކަމަކަށް ކުރާނެ އަސަރުތަކެއް ނޭދެވޭ ބޮޑެތި ތިމާވެށްޓަށް ގުޅިގެން މަސައްކަތާއި އެޅުމުގެ ހޮޅި މި މަގު ގޮތުން މި . ހުށައެޅިފައިވާނެއެވެ ކަންތައްތަކެއް މުހިންމު ކުރުމަށް ކުޑަ އަސަރުތައް ނޭދެވޭ ނިކުމެދާނެ ކުރުމުގައި މަސައްކަތް ޑިވަލޮޕްމަންޓް ހައުސިންގް ކުރުނިން ފެށުމުގެ މަސައްކަތް ގޮތުން ކުރުމުގެ ކުޑަ ދަތިތައް ދިވާވެދާނެ ފަރާތްތަކަށް ކުރާ ބޭނުން ްނަޝޭރަޕޯކ ިދައ ްކިފެރްޓ ްށަންނުހުލުފ ިއާމުގްނެއ ، ިދައ ިމ ްއަތްތަކްއަސަމ ްސެވާހީވ ުރުކ ްއެތަދްއުމ ްށޮކޭރެތ ްނުލާމްނިނ . ހުށައެޅިފައިވާނެއެވެ ބަންދުކުރަން ް އ ަ ތ ު ދ ް އ ަ ހ ަ ރ ސަ ކޮންނަ ރައްކަލަކަށް ތަކުގެ ފަރާތް ކުރާ ބޭނުން މަގު އަދި . ހިމެނެއެވެ

ކަމަށް ލިބޭނެ ގެއްލުންތަކެއް ބޮޑެތި އެންމެ ް ށ ަ މ ަ ކ ް ތ ަ މ ާ ލ ސަ ި އ ާ ށ ަ ތ ަ ހ ް އ ސި މީހުންގެ ކުރާ މަސައްކަތް މަޝްރޫއުގެ މި ތިމާވެއްޓަށާއި ،ީނެވެލެބ ިއަގީތަމުރަފ ިޅޮހ ެގުމުލުޅަވ ްއަތްތަކްއަސަމ ާރުކ ިއާއަގުރިއ ުރަފ ިއަގީތަމ ެވެއުރިއާވްއާބިޅޮހ . ިމ ިއާކަތުރަސައ . ހުށައަޅާފައެވެ މިރިޕޯޓުގައި ފިޔަވަޅުތައްވާނީ އަޅަންޖެހޭ ކުޑަކުރުމަށް ހިރާސްތައް

އަދި . ކިޔާލެވިފައެވެ އަޅާ ވަނީ ގެއްލުންތައް ފައިދާތަކާއި ލިބިދާނެ ނުގެންގޮސްފިނަމަ ކުރިއަށް މަޝްރޫއު މި ގައި އޭ . އައި .އީ މި ުގަމ ެގުމުނޮކ ިއަގުލަދަބ " ޯރްކިއަމ ްނިލަނަޓ " ުރުކްނުނޭބ ާމ ިއ ، ިދައ ިމ ިޅޮހ ެގުށަރ ްނެހެއ ިއަގްއެލާމިދ ްނުމުޅެއ ެނާދިބިލ ާދިއަފ . ބަލާލެވިފައެވެ ވާނީ ގެއްލުންތަކަށް އާއި

މުޅި . ހުށައަޅާފައިވާނެއެވެ ޕްލޭނެއް ގޮތުގެ ކުރާނެ މެނޭޖް އަސަރު ކުރާ ތިމާވެށްޓަށް ް ނ ު ބ ަ ބ ސަ މަޝްރޫޢުގެ ރިޕޯޓްގައި މި ރިޕޯޓްގައި ޕްލޭނެއް ތަފްސީލް ގޮތުގެ ކުރާނެ މެނޭޖް އަސަރު ކުރާ ތިމާވެށްޓަށް ތަކަކުން މަސައްކަތް ހުރިހާ މަޝްރޫއުގެ ެއެނާވިއަފާނަމިހ ެވ . ިމ ިއަގްނޭލްޕ ްއަތަލަސްއަމ ްޖޭނެމ ީވްނަރުކ ިއާތޮގ ، ާމްނިޒ ޭނާގަނ ިއާކަތްތާރަފ ، ްނިއެރްޓ ިއާމުރުކ ، ްޓޯޕިރ ިއާމުރުކ ، ޭހެބާމަކ ެގުކަތްތާރަފ ްނުވިރެވިއަބ ޭނާންނެގ ިއާކަތްތޮގ ްށަމަކެނާގިހ ާރުކާފަލ ްއަތުދަރަޚ ްނާޔަބ ިއަފިވެރުކ ެވެއެނާވ . . އަދި . ޑޮލަރެވެ އެމެރިކާ 3000 ގާތްގަނޑަކަށް ޢަދަދަކީ ލަފާކުރެވޭ ހިނގާނެކަމަށް މޮނިޓަރކުރުމަށް މަސައްކަތް މިމަޝްރޫއުގެ . ލަފާކުރެވެއެވެ ކަމަށް ޑޮލަރުދާނެ އެމެރިކާ 2000 އަހަރަކު ކުރުމަށް މޮނިޓަރ ފިސަވަހީގައި " އޮޕަރޭޝްން " މަޝްރޫއުގެ

Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|2 EIA for the proposed Construction of a sewage outfall pipeline at Hulhumalé Phase I

މެދު ހިދްމަތް ނަރުދަމާ ދާ ފޯރުކޮށްދެމުން ގައި 1- ފޭސް ހުޅުމާލެ އިން އީ . އެސް . ޑަބްލިއު . އެމް މަޝްރޫއަކީ މި ޖުމްލަގޮތެއްގައި މި އަސަރުތަކަކީ ނޭދެވޭ ނިކުމެދާނެ ް ނ ު ބ ަ ބ ސަ މަޝްރޫއުގެ އަދި . މަޝްރޫއެކެވެ މުހިންމު ގެންދިޔުމަށް ކުރިޔަށް ނެތި ކެނޑުމެއް މަޝްރޫއުކުރިއަށް މި ވިމާ . ކަންތައްތަކެވެ ކުޑަކުރެވިދާނެ އަސަރުތައް ނޭދެވޭ ފިޔަވަޅުތަކުން ވާ ކުރެވިފައި ބަޔާން ރިޕޯޓުގައި ުރިއާދްނެގ ިމ ިއަގުޓޯޕިރ ާރުކްށަޓްއެވާމިތ ޭވެދޭނ ްއަތުރަސައ ަޑުކ ްށަމުރުކ ާވިއަފިވެރުކަގަހާފ ްއަތުޅަވަޔިފ ާޅައ ، ިދައ ްނުރުކަޓިނޮމ . މުހިންމުއެވެ

Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|3 EIA for the proposed Construction of a sewage outfall pipeline at Hulhumalé Phase I

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project Title

The project is titled “Construction of a sewage outfall pipeline at Hulhumalé Phase I”.

1.2 Project Proponent

The proponent of this project is Malé Water and Sewerage Company (MWSC). MWSC was established on 1st April 1995, with the main objective to providing potable supply water and managing sewage system of Malé. Since then, water supply and sewerage services of MWSC’s has expanded over the Greater Malé Region, Maafushi, Dhuvaafaru and Kulhudhuffushi.

MWSC’s water and sewerage services in Hulhumalé commenced in 2004.

Address and contact details of the focal point for this project from the proponent is provided below:

Address:

Malé Water and Sewerage Company, Fen Building, 5th Floor, Ameenee Magu, Malé City, Maldives

Contact Person:

Mohamed Nahaas, Assistant Officer Email: [email protected] Phone: +960-3323209

1.3 Purpose and Nature of the Project

1.3.1 Project Background

MWSC is the licensed sewer network operator for Hulhumalé Phase-1.

Sewage generated in Hulhumalé Phase-1 is currently discharged directly to the ocean on the eastern side of the island via two outfall lines; Outfall-1 located in the central location and Outfall- 2 located in the south. A total of eight pump stations (PS-01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 06, 07 and 10) are connected to Outfall-1, and two pump stations (PS-08 and 09) are connected to Outfall-2. Given the increase in population over the years the current design is inefficient and requires costly and

Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|4 EIA for the proposed Construction of a sewage outfall pipeline at Hulhumalé Phase I frequent maintenance to ensure steady flow in the network. The system is performing at its maximum capacity and during peak hours the system overflows at pump stations.

Hence this project was formulated by MWSC to increase the efficiency of the sewerage network, reduce cost of maintenance and solve flow issues in the network. The project involves installing a separate outfall line for pump stations 02, 03, 04 and 07 next to the Sea Outfall-01. The new outfall line is designed with a discharge capacity of 19,643 m3 per day to cater for a population of 37,567 people.

1.3.2 Project Objectives

The main objective of this project is to ensure discharge of sewage without interruptions and avoid overflow in sewage pump stations.

1.3.3 Project Financing

The project is financed by the Proponent.

1.4 Project Location

The proposed project site is located on the western side of Hulhumalé (Figure 1.1 and Figure 1.2).

The sewage outfall line is on the Chanbeylee Magu, Huvandhumaa Hingun, Nirolhu Magu and Nirolhu Goalhi – 11 and extends towards the ocean via the reef flat (Figure 3.1).

This is an urban area and there are no declared Protected Areas or Environmentally Sensitive Areas within the proposed project boundary.

Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|5 EIA for the proposed Construction of a sewage outfall pipeline at Hulhumalé Phase I

Figure 1.1: Location map of Hulhumalé Phase I

Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|6 EIA for the proposed Construction of a sewage outfall pipeline at Hulhumalé Phase I

Figure 1.2: Satellite image of proposed project site in Hulhumalé Phase I

Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|7 EIA for the proposed Construction of a sewage outfall pipeline at Hulhumalé Phase I

1.5 This Environmental Impact Assessment

This is the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) report for the proposed construction of a sewage outfall pipeline at Hulhumalé Phase I.

The report is commissioned by MWSC. The EIA consultant is CDE Consulting, Malé, Maldives.

This report was prepared between January 2021 – March 2021.

1.5.1 Terms of Reference

This EIA is developed based on Terms of Reference (ToR) number 203-ECA/MWSC/2021/2 issued by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) of the Government of Maldives on 16th February 2021, following EIA scoping meeting held on 15th February 2021.

Copy of the ToR is provided in Appendix A.

1.5.2 Objectives of the EIA

The main objective of this EIA is to assess the environmental and social impacts associated with the construction and use of the sewage outfall pipeline and identify measures and management plans to address and mitigate the adverse impacts, and where possible enhance the positive impacts. The specific objectives are as follows:

§ Describe background, rationale and justification of the project • Provide a detailed description of the proposed project • Identify the relevant Laws, Regulations, Guidelines and Procedures applicable to the project. • Conduct Stakeholder consultation and engagement, and disclosure of project information. • Undertake environmental and social baseline assessment of the project location • Identify and assess the potential environmental and social impacts due to project implementation and formulate measures to address these impacts. • Provide information on the consideration of alternatives to avoid and/or minimize environmental and social impacts • Prepare the environmental and social mitigation plans to address the adverse impacts; describe the implementation and institutional arrangement for managing environmental and social impacts.

Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|8 EIA for the proposed Construction of a sewage outfall pipeline at Hulhumalé Phase I

• Prepare monitoring plan

1.5.3 Structure of the EIA

• Chapter 1 provides an introduction of the EIA • Chapter 2 provides the assessment methodology • Chapter 3 provides a detailed description of the project • Chapter 4 provides legal and regulatory considerations and principles • Chapter 5 presents the environmental and social baseline of the project site • Chapter 6 presents stakeholder views and concerns • Chapter 7 identifies potential environmental and social impacts of the project, describes the significant impacts of the project, and provides measures to mitigate adverse impacts of the project • Chapter 8 assesses the alternatives for the proposed project activities • Chapter 9 presents the Environmental Management Plan • Chapter 10 identifies critical issues that require monitoring

1.5.4 Study Team

The team members for this EIA are:

- Mohamed Faizan (Lead EIA consultant) - Mamdhooh Saeed (Field surveys) - Ali Moosa Didi (Coastal surveys)

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2 ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY

This EIA is broadly guided by the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Regulation 2012 (2012/R-27) and the subsequent 05 amendments to the Regulation.

The process followed in the preparation of this EIA report consists of six parts. These are:

(1) Scoping consultation (2) Literature review (3) Field Surveys (4) Stakeholder consultations (5) Analysis of results (6) Compilation of assessment in the form of the report

2.1 Scoping consultation

The scoping consultation for the EIA was held on 15th February 2021. The following stakeholders participated in EIA scoping meeting:

- Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), - MWSC (Proponent), - CDE Consulting (EIA Consultant), - Ministry of Environment, and - Housing Development Corporation (HDC)

Based on the discussion and decisions of the scoping consultation, the EPA issued the ToR on 16th February 2021. This assessment specifically adheres to this ToR.

2.2 Literature review

Literature review was conducted to acquire background information on the site and its environment as well as identify possible environmental and social impacts of similar developments in similar settings.

The literature review included best practices from similar development activities, scientific studies undertaken in similar settings around Maldives, and focus was given to Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) carried out in Hulhumalé, and other similar project in Maldives. A list of documents reviewed is provided in References.

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2.3 Socio-economic Data

Socio-economic data for Hulhumalé was collected from secondary sources. The key source of the socio-economic data is the Census published by the National Bureau of Statistics.

2.4 Study Area Boundary

The study area boundary for this assessment considers direct sewage outfall line footprint and surrounding sensitive receptors.

As stated earlier there are no Protected Areas or Environmentally Sensitive Areas within a 5 km radius of the proposed project footprint.

Survey locations map for the project are shown in Figure 2.1.

2.5 Field Surveys

Field assessments were undertaken on the site in February 2021. Field assessments included:

2.5.1 Coral Reef Assessment

Quantitative coral reef assessments were undertaken at two select locations of the Hulhumalé reef.

Table 2.1: Coral Reef Assessment sites and dates

GPS Coordinates Transect ID Depth (m) Survey Date(s) X Y T1 6.0 4°12'51.25"N 73°32'50.10"E 25th February 2021 T2 6.0 4°12'55.50"N 73°32'51.37"E 25th February 2021

2.5.1.1 Photo Quadrat Survey

At the survey site, a 50 m transect line was deployed parallel to the reef at a constant depth. The composition of the benthic substrate along the transect was assessed by taking ten high-resolution images every 5 m (pictures covering 0.5 m 2 of the seabed) along the transect. These were later analysed using CPCe (Kohler & Gill, 2006). CPCe, or Coral Point Count with excel extension, developed by the National Coral Reef Institute, is software designed to determine coral community coverage and diversity using transect photographs. Underwater photographic frames are overlaid by a matrix of randomly generated points, and the fauna/flora of species or substrate type lying beneath each point is identified. 25 random points per picture were analysed to characterize the substrate composition (sample size: 250 points per transect).

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2.5.1.2 Fish Census Survey

Fish species assemblage and abundance was estimated along the same transect lines deployed for the photo quadrat survey. An observer swam along the transect line recording the fish species within a 5 m belt of the transect line.

A category-based methodology was adopted to estimate fish abundance and the mean number of fish per category and observation was extracted to estimate species and family abundance. The categories used to estimate abundance is displayed in Table 2.2.

Table 2.2: Fish abundance categories

Category Number of Fish 1 1 2 2 – 4 3 5 – 16 4 17 64 5 65 – 256 6 257 – 1024 7 1025 – 4096 8 4097 - 16384

2.5.1.3 Visual Snorkelling Survey

Visual snorkeling surveys were carried out at select locations of the reefs within the project impact area. General status of the site was recorded, special attention was given to types of corals and fishes present at these sites and the environmental conditions that could affect growth such as suspended solids, depth, and other threats to coral life.

2.5.2 Tide and Wave Data

Tide data was taken from the Hulhulé Tide Gauge.

Wave patterns have been estimated using secondary studies and visual field assessments.

2.5.3 Bathymetry Survey

The bathymetric survey was conducted using the Sonarmite Echo-sounder coupled with the GPS attached to a survey vessel. The bathymetric survey conducted using a 25 m grid with data collected up to the reef line.

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Vertical control was established by doing a tide observation on site during the surveyed period. The observation was calculated and reduced to the MSL using the predicted tide table provided by Maldives Metrological Service, (UH SEA LEVEL CENTER Data). Predicted tide data of Hulhulé tide station was used for the corrections. The Permanent Station Mark established on the island was used as the based for vertical control.

2.5.4 Groundwater Quality Assessment

Groundwater sample was collected from three locations. The samples were tested for pH, salinity, Total Coliform and Fecal Coliform. All tests were carried out at MWSC Water Quality Assurance Laboratory.

Table 2.3: Groundwater sampling site and date

GPS Coordinates Site ID Sampling Date(s) X Y GW1 4.21557 73.54397 24th Feb 2021 GW2 4.21546 73.54433 24th Feb 2021 GW3 4.21961 73.5405 24th Feb 2021, 25th Feb 2021

2.5.5 Seawater Quality Assessment

Seawater sample was collected from three locations. The samples were tested for pH, salinity, Total Coliform and Fecal Coliform.

Table 2.4: Groundwater sampling site and date

GPS Coordinates Site ID Sampling Date(s) X Y SW1 4.2149 73.54603 24th Feb 2021 SW2 4.21435 73.54759 24th Feb 2021 SW3 4.20645 73.54304 24th Feb 2021

2.5.6 Terrestrial Survey

Visual observations were made along the proposed sewage outfall line to identify any vegetation or road structures that may be affected by the project.

2.5.7 Stakeholder Consultations

The approach for stakeholder consultations was to have open and honest conversations with key stakeholders on issues that matter to them and those that are of material value for the project.

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Stakeholders were initially identified based on proximity to the project boundary and potential impact zone. Then the stakeholders were grouped into internal, external primary and external secondary and then stakeholders were mapped.

The internal stakeholders comprises of the project proponent and Housing Development Corporation (HDC). The primary external stakeholders comprise of Ministry of Environment (MoE) and Utilities Regulatory Authority (URA). The external secondary stakeholder was the owner of the Maldives Marine Research Institute (MMRI) to the project site.

Project information was shared with Stakeholders via email prior to the consultation meeting, and this information was presented during the meeting. With all stakeholders, interviews were undertaken with the person representing the portfolio of relevant responsibilities. The interviews with stakeholders explored the key concerns for the proposed project, methods and also gathered their recommendations and suggestions for mitigating key concerns during the implementation of the project. The interviews also explored the methods of communication and engagement during project implementation.

The following is a list of stakeholders who were consulted as part of this EIA.

1. Government Institutions a. Ministry of Environment b. Utilities Regulatory Authority c. Maldives Marine Research Institute 2. Corporation a. Housing Development Corporation

Due to ongoing global pandemic of COVID-19 at the time of preparation of this report all interviews were conducted through online meetings or phone calls.

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Figure 2.1: Survey location map

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2.6 Impact Assessment Methodology

The objective of this assessment is to understand the baseline environmental conditions and to determine the potentially significant impacts that may arise during the implementation of the project and its various components. This section explains the general approach used in the assessment.

The methods used in the assessment are based on a structured approach that:

a. Draws from the guidance contained in the EIA Regulation, b. Builds on the environmental impacts identified and mitigation measures recommended in previous EIA reports for sewerage system construction projects in the Maldives, c. Considers key issues raised by key stakeholders during consultations, d. Uses expert judgement based on experience in other development projects in the Maldives.

The approach is generally qualitative but varies across different environmental values. Broad categories of environmental and socio-economic values that may be impacted by the project were taken into consideration for this assessment.

Significance for each environmental value is considered using the sensitivity of the existing baseline environment against the magnitude of change anticipated. Additionally, the likelihood or probability of the impact materializing was also factored in where relevant.

The sensitivity of the site has been determined based published regulatory guidance (e.g. list of Environmentally Sensitive Areas and Protected Areas), and available literature on the environmental conditions on the site. The general criteria used to define Sensitivity is presented in Table 2.5.

Table 2.5: Generalized Sensitivity Criteria

Sensitivity Definition

Very High The receptor has little or no ability to absorb change without fundamentally altering its present character, is of very high environmental value, or of national/atoll/regional importance.

High The receptor has low ability to absorb change without fundamentally altering its present character, is of high environmental value, or of atoll/regional importance.

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Sensitivity Definition

Medium The receptor has moderate capacity to absorb change without significantly altering its present character, has some environmental value, or is of local importance.

Low The receptor is tolerant of change without detriment to its character, is of low environmental value, or local importance.

Negligible The receptor is resistant to change and is of little environmental value.

The magnitude of change and potential negative impacts on baseline conditions due to the project components are evaluated based on the scale of change anticipated, deviation from recommended regulatory standards and optimum conditions, duration of change, potential for reversibility and spatial extent of change. The definitions used in the assessment are summarized in Table 2.6.

Table 2.6: Factors used to determine magnitude of impact

Criteria Description Extent: Local Impacts that affect receptors in areas close to the source of Spatial extent impact, for example within a ‘radius’ of 1 km from the or population Proposed Project boundary. extent. Regional Impacts that affect receptors beyond the defined local level

but are not experienced at the national level.

National Impacts that affect receptors at a national scale.

Transboundary Impacts that affect receptors, beyond the boundaries of the country in which the project is located.

Duration: Short term Impacts that are predicted to last only for a limited period Period of time (e.g. noise during the period of a certain construction over which an activity that will occur only during a 6month period) but impact will will cease either on completion of the activity or soon interact with afterwards. receptor. Medium term Impacts that are predicted to last for a longer time period. Examples include impacts occurring during a period of extended construction activities which may occur over 2 or 3 years.

Long term Impacts that are predicted to continue over an extended period, (e.g. noise from operation of a development, impacts from operational discharges or emissions). These include impacts that may be intermittent or repeated rather

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Criteria Description than continuous if they occur over an extended time period (e.g. impacts resulting from annual maintenance activities).

Frequency: Infrequent Impacts are predicted to be rare in nature over a certain How often the period (see ‘Duration’ above). impact will occur. Periodic Impacts are predicted to be recurring over a certain period (see ‘Duration’ above).

Constant Impacts are predicted to be permanent during a certain period (see ‘Duration’ above).

Reversibility: Reversible Restoration of the pre-impact status of a receptor as a result Restoration of of mitigation/reinstatement measures and/or natural the pre-impact recovery. The time periods over which impacts may status of a reverse link to the duration over which an impact is receptor. experienced (see ‘Duration’ above).

Irreversible Impacts that cause a permanent change in the affected receptor.

Following which impact magnitude was assigned from high to negligible (Table 2.7).

Table 2.7: Impact magnitude

Impact Description Magnitude

High Total loss or major alternation to key elements /features of the baseline conditions such that post development character/composition of baseline condition will be fundamentally changed.

Medium Loss or alteration to one or more key elements/features of the baseline conditions such that post development character/composition of the baseline condition will be materially changed.

Low Minor shift away from baseline conditions. Changes arising from the alteration will be detectable but not material in that the underlying character /composition of the baseline condition will be similar to the pre- development situation impacts.

Negligible Very little change from baseline conditions. Change is barely distinguishable, approximating to a “no change” situation

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The next step was to determine the sensitivity of the receptor, value attributed by applicable regulations/policies.

Table 2.8: Criteria used to determine receptor sensitivity

Sensitivity Definition Negligible The receptor is resistant to change and is of little environmental value

Low The receptor is tolerant of change without detriment to its character, is of low environmental value or local importance.

Medium The receptor has moderate capacity to absorb change without significantly altering its present character, has some environmental value, or is of national importance.

High The receptor has low ability to absorb change without fundamentally altering its present character, is of high environmental value, or of national importance.

Based on the above discussed sensitivity and magnitude (and probability) assessment, a matrix system was used to define the significance of impacts. The result is expected to yield a significance level in line with that shown in Table 2.9. Impacts with moderate to high significance require mitigation, and in some instances mitigation measures may be put into place for impacts of lower significance as a precautionary measure.

Table 2.9: Impact significance matrix

Receptor Sensitivity Magnitude Very High High Medium Low Negligible

High Major Major Moderate Moderate Minor

Medium Major Moderate Moderate Minor Negligible

Low Moderate Moderate Minor Negligible Negligible

Negligible Minor Minor Negligible Negligible Negligible

The significance is eventually described based on the following scale:

• Major Adverse; • Moderate Adverse;

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• Minor Adverse • Negligible • Minor Beneficial • Moderate Beneficial • Major Beneficial

Potential impacts predicted to be Minor or Negligible are considered to be “Not Significant” and impacts predicted as Major or Moderate are considered “Significant”.

There will be “residual” impacts that may persist following the implementation of mitigation measures. These are addressed separately.

Other definitions used in the assessment are listed below:

• Direct impacts: Those that may occur through direct interaction of an activity with an environmental, social, or economic component. • Indirect, or secondary impacts: Those that may occur remote as they are in distance or time from the actual proposed project. • Cumulative impacts: Those occur in situations where individual projects or actions may not have a significant effect, but when combined with other projects or actions, the individual project's incremental contribution of adversity may cause an overal1 adverse cumulative effect.

The cumulative impact assessment covers the following:

• definition of the region surrounding the project • identification of existing or proposed projects • identification of potential cumulative impacts • assessment of significance of potential cumulative impacts • identification of further management measures if necessary

The region surrounding the project for the purpose of cumulative impact assessment was defined as the Hulhumalé Island and associated reef.

The existing projects were identified from published EIAs from EPA website and news articles.

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Potential cumulative impacts were identified by considering the scale of identified projects and their distance from the project, as well as reviewing publicly available EIAs where necessary, and assessing whether or not there was potential for those potential impacts and the potential impacts of the project to occur at the same time and in the same area.

The significance of the potential cumulative impacts was considered and further mitigation measures were identified, if necessary.

2.7 Potential Data Gaps and Limitations of the study

Environmental impact prediction also involves a certain degree of uncertainty as the natural and anthropogenic impacts can vary from place to place due to even slight differences in ecological, geomorphological or social conditions in a particular place. There is also no long-term data and information regarding the particular site under consideration, which makes it difficult to predict impacts. However, the level of uncertainty is minimized due to the experience projects in similar settings in the Maldives. Nevertheless, it is important to consider that there will be uncertainties and monitoring of natural processes as described in the monitoring programme is absolutely essential.

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3 DETAILED PROJECT DESCRIPTION

This chapter provides a detailed description of the activities and methods proposed for the project.

The overall project concept plan is shown in Figure 3.1 and Appendix D.

3.1 Outline of Project Activities

The following are the key project activities:

1. Site setup and Preparatory works 2. Construction of sewage outfall pipeline a. Onshore pipeline installation b. Pipeline installation at beach c. Sea outfall installation 3. Connecting and testing sewage outfall line, and 4. Demobilization

3.2 Sewage Outfall Pipeline Design

The proposed sewage outfall pipeline is a polyethylene (PE) pipe of 400 mm (Outer Diameter). The total length of the line is 586 m.

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Figure 3.1: Project Plan showing the route of the sewage outfall pipeline

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3.3 Detailed Description of Project Components

3.3.1 Site setup and Preparatory works

1. Project engineer will verify and approve the exact pipeline route. 2. Permits required for the project will be obtained: a. Permit to excavate, work on roads and the reef will be obtained from HDC b. Dewatering permit will be obtained from Utilities Regulatory Authority (URA). 3. Underground utilities identification detection will be carried out along the proposed pipeline route. Hand tools will be used to excavate test pits prior to determine exact location of existing utilities. These pits will be immediately backfilled on completion of the inspection.

3.3.2 Onshore pipeline Installation

1. Equipment and material including the pipes will be mobilised to the site. 2. Installation of road signs, lights, fencing and safety information boards on the work sites. 3. Excavation of the shore trench will start from the ductile iron/polyethylene flange joint on the outside of the pump station. Excavation will to a maximum depth of 1.3 m from the ground level. When sufficient enough length of a trench is excavated, the pipes will be laid, welded together and the trench will be backfilled. This process will be continued until the beach is reached. The following will be adhered to during excavation and backfilling of the trenches. o Trench excavation will be carried out in a safe and proper manner with appropriate precautions to safeguard workers, existing structures and utilities against damages. And in an event of a damage to an existing structure or utility, these will be immediately repaired without delay. o All trenches will be excavated to a width and depth to provide adequate working space and sidewall clearance for proper pipe installation, jointing and embedment. o The trench bottom will be prepared for pipe laying, any part of the trench that is below grade will be backfilled to grade with thoroughly compacted material (approved by the site engineer). o Excavated material will be piled alongside in a manner that does not endanger the work or obstruct the sidewalks or driveway. o Visible road signs, night lights will be maintained on site to warn traffic and pedestrians using the roads.

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o Dewatering pumps will be used to maintain dry working conditions in the trenches, and pumped water will be diverted to a location permitted by the URA for disposal. o Backfilling will commence when sufficient length of pipeline construction is completed. o No excavated material which is suitable for backfilling or reused in the project will be disposed outside the site. The remaining material will be disposed to the designated earth disposal site in Hulhumalé.

3.3.3 Pipeline installation at beach

1. The beach is protected using concrete bag filled revetment. Hence prior to installation of the pipeline at the beach area 3 m by 1.4 m area of the revetment will be removed using an excavator. Trench excavation and pipe laying will follow the same steps described above. On completion the revetment will be restored back to its original state.

3.3.4 Sea outfall pipeline installation on the reef

1. Equipment and material required for sea outfall pipeline installation will be mobilised to site. This will include but not limited to buoys, pre-cast anchor blocks (0.6 m ´ 0.6 m ´ 0.6 m), pipes, scuba dive equipment and boat. 2. The sea outfall pipeline route along the reef will be marked using buoys. 3. The pipeline will be welded on dry ground of lengths 20 – 30 m with attached flanges on both sides. 4. The bottom part of pre-cast concrete anchor blocks will be placed on the seabed along the pipeline route. In the shallow reef flat the blocks will be transferred to site using floats. 5. The reef flat will be excavated to a depth of 1.1 m and a width of 1 m using a high bed excavator. 6. Pipes will be floated using buoys and placed on top of the bottom part of pre-cast concrete anchor blocks, and the top part of the pre-cast blocks will be placed and locked. 7. On the deeper reef slope pre-cast blocks and the pipe will be brought to the site on boat, and placed carefully on the seabed. The outfall point will extend beyond the house reef and will be below 30 m from the low tide level.

3.3.5 Pipeline testing

1. The pipeline will be thoroughly inspected, and will be subject to tests (e.g. pressure, leaks etc.) before demobilization.

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3.3.6 Demobilization

1. On completion the site will be cleaned, all equipment, machineries and labour force will be demobilized.

3.3.7 Operation Phase Activities

Sewage collected from the pump stations will be pumped out via the outfall to the ocean. Regular inspection monitoring and maintenance of the pipeline will be undertaken.

3.4 Project Schedule

The construction phase of the project is expected to take about 3 months to complete. The preliminary work plan is provided in Appendix E.

3.5 Work Force and Services

It is estimated that 11 persons will be involved in the construction phase of the project, and 4 persons involved during the operation phase. A breakdown of type and source of these workers are provided in Table 3.1.

Table 3.1: List of key personnel required for the project

Project Phase Type Quantity Source Pipe Welder 1 MWSC Staff Construction Phase Supervisor 1 Outsourced Labourers 8 Outsourced Engineer 1 MWSC Staff Operation Phase Technician 1 MWSC Staff Labourers 2 MWSC Staff

3.5.1 Accommodation

Accommodation for MWSC staff will be provided in staff quarters in Gulhifalhu MWSC site. Contractor(s) hired for the project will be required to ensure/provide accommodation for their staff.

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3.5.2 Services

The contractor will be responsible for providing meals and services for the workers and it will be provided on site.

3.5.3 Hours of Operation

Project activities will be undertaken 24 hours.

3.6 Utilities

Electricity

Electricity to the project site will be sourced from a portable generator set during construction phase.

Water

Water will be supplied by MWSC.

The drinking water will be supplied to the construction site in big bottles.

3.7 Waste Management, Logistics and Safety Measures

3.7.1 Construction Waste Management and Disposal

Main construction waste anticipated from this project are:

- Earth excavated create trenches - Revetment (concrete filled bags) – from revetment removal - Asphalt – from asphalt cutting - Pipe cuttings and shavings - Wrapping material - General domestic waste arising from material consumption by workers

The earth excavated from the trenching works will be reused for backfilling and levelling the beach area and any excess material will be transferred to earth storage site designated by HDC in Hulhumalé.

Waste from revetment removal, asphalt cutting and other general waste will be collected and disposed at Thilafushi, collected and stored in MWSC waste storage area for collection and

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The designated regional waste site for this project is Thilafushi Waste Management Centre.

3.7.2 Pollution and Emission Control Measures

The following measures will be taken to ensure minimal pollution during construction stage:

- All machineries and vessels will be properly tuned and maintained to reduce emissions and minimise risks of spills/leaks. - All paints, lubricants and other chemicals used on site will be stored in secure bunded location to minimise risk of spills.

3.7.3 Occupation Health and Safety measures

The following health and safety measures will be implemented during the construction phase:

- All reasonable precautions will be taken for the safety of workers. - Necessary safety gear will be worn at all times. - All construction activities will be carried out under the supervision of a suitably experienced person. - All machineries/equipment will be operated by trained and competent persons. - First aid kits will be made available on the site. - Adequate and suitable fire extinguishers will be made available on site, and workers will be trained to use these. - Warning signs, barricades/fences will be provided and used.

3.7.4 Traffic management during construction

Traffic management will mainly be required during works at Chanbeylee Magu and Nirolhu Magu. The following considerations have been made:

a. Road works and Road Closure Permit will be obtained from HDC prior to commencement of works. b. At both roads excavation works will be carried out in phases, so as to keep half open at any given time to allow traffic movement and avoid complete stoppage of traffic movement at these roads. c. Works will be planned to be completed in the shortest time period possible.

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3.7.5 Fire Prevention

Fire extinguishing equipment would be readily available and employees will be trained in its use. In general, foam-based fire extinguishers would be used.

All welding and cutting will be done in accordance with high safety regulations by experienced personnel.

3.8 Summary of Project Inputs and Outputs

The types of materials that will go into the development and from where and how this will be obtained are given in Table 3.2 and the type of outputs (products and waste streams) and what is expected to happen to the outputs are given in Table 3.3.

Table 3.2: Major Project Inputs

Input resource(s) Source/Type How to obtain resources Main construction - Excavator Contractors’ equipment equipment - High bed excavator or hired locally - Concrete mixer - Poker vibrator - Scuba dive equipment - Crane truck of 3 ton - Dive boat - Drilling machine - Electrofusion and butt-welding machine Construction material - Pipe system (OD 400 mm) Purchased from local vendors - Cement (e.g., State Trade Organisation) - Aggregate - Sand - Rebar - Pre-cast anchor blocks - Wood and frameworks Water Desalinated water Water supplied from MWSC Fuel Diesel, Petrol, Lubricants Purchased from local suppliers Drinking Water Bottled Water (~ 4 to 5 cases of 5 L Purchased from local suppliers bottles) Food and Beverage Mainly imported sources except a Purchased from local vendors few locally available products. Firefighting equipment Carbon Dioxide and Foam Fire Purchased from local suppliers Extinguishers etc.

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Table 3.3: Major Project Outputs

Output Source/Type Quantity How it will be dealt with General/domestic waste ~ 10 - 50 kg of waste Sent to designated landfill Used fuel/lubricants < 5 – 10 L Will be barrelled and sent to Thilafushi. Construction waste Small quantities of sand excavation, Sand will be re-used for CND waste from revetment backfilling trenches, and excess demolition and asphalt cutting material will used for levelling the beach area, and any remaining will be transferred to earth storage site designated by HDC in Hulhumalé. Waste from revetment removal and asphalt cutting will be disposed to Thilafushi.

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4 POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK

This Chapter summarizes the pertinent laws and regulations, relevant environmental social policies and standards that are applicable to the proposed sewage outfall construction and operation at Hulhumalé Phase I.

The project proponent, contractor and all sub-contractors will be informed of these requirements.

The project is generally in conformance to the requirements. Where discrepancies exist, recommendations have been made to address them.

Article 22 of the Constitution of the Maldives prescribes that the State has a fundamental duty to protect and preserve the natural environment, biodiversity, resources and beauty of the country for the benefit of present and future generations. The State shall undertake and promote desirable economic and social goals through ecologically balanced sustainable development and shall take measures necessary to foster conservation, prevent pollution, the extinction of species and ecological degradation from any such goals.

4.1 Identification of Risks and Impacts

4.1.1 Environment Protection and Preservation Act (4/93)

The Environmental Protection and Preservation Act (4/93) enacted on 19th March 1993 is the framework law related to environment protection in the Maldives. It aims at improving the legal and administrative co-ordination of the initiatives in the field of environment with the objective of integrating environmental considerations into the country’s overall economic and social development. The authority responsible for the Environment Act is the Ministry of Environment. Articles 2, 5 and 6 of the law are relevant to environmental and social impact assessment.

Article 2 states that the concerned government authorities shall provide the necessary guidelines and advise on environmental protection in accordance with the prevailing conditions and needs of the country. All concerned parties shall take due considerations of the guidelines provided by the government authorities.

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The project proponent, contractor and subcontractors shall abide by any guidelines or advice given by the concerned Government authorities for the project.

According to Article 5 (a) of the Act, an Environmental Impact Assessment study shall be submitted to the Ministry of Environment before implementing any development project that may have a potential impact on the environment.

According to Article 5 (b), The Ministry of Environment shall formulate the guidelines for EIA and shall determine the projects that need such assessment as mentioned in paragraph (a) of this clause.

This report is prepared to fulfil this clause.

According to Article 6, the Ministry of Environment has the authority to terminate any project that has any undesirable impact on the environment. A project so terminated shall not receive any compensation.

The project proponent, contractor and subcontractors shall be aware of this provision and shall take all practical measures to ensure there is no irreversible and significant negative impact from the project on the environment.

4.1.2 Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation

The EIA process is regulated by the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation 2012 (2012/R- 27) issued on 8th May 2012 and the subsequent 5 amendments to the regulation listed below.

• First Amendment issued on 9th April 2013 (number: 2013/R-18) • Second Amendment issued on 30th August 2015 (number: 2015/R-174) • Third Amendment issued on 11th August 2015 (number: 2016/R-66) • Fourth Amendment issued on 19th January 2017 (number: 2017/R-7) • Fifth Amendment issued on 27th December 2018 (number: 2018/R-131)

These amendments included revision of EIA review period and associated costs, qualification required for monitoring the Environmental Management Plan, revision to the list of projects that requires EIAs, projects that can be undertaken by simply applying mitigation measures defined by EPA such as for maintenance dredging of harbours, clearance of vegetation within allocated plots for households and for roads, transferring EIA decision making to Minister of Tourism for tourism related activities and subsequent reversal of decision making to EPA; categorization of EIA

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The first step in the environmental impact assessment process involves screening of the project/activity to be classified as one that requires and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). A total of thirty-two activities/projects are listed in “Jadhuval-Raa” of the EIA regulation which requires EIA and an Environmental Decision by the Ministry of Environment prior to commencement of works. Installation of pipes in sea is included “Jadhuval Raa”.

The next step involves EPA in consultation with the Ministry of Environment and other key stakeholders deciding the scope of the EIA which is discussed with the proponent and EIA consultant in a “scoping meeting”. The EPA issues its scoping conditions for EIA as determined by the EIA consultant and approved by EPA in a Terms of Reference (ToR) for EIA.

The consultants then undertake the environmental and social assessment starting with baseline studies, impact prediction and finally reporting the findings with impact mitigation and monitoring programme. The project proponent must submit three hard copy paper environmental impact assessment reports along with an electronic copy, in accordance with the ToR conditions. If the contents of the EIA report do not satisfy the ToR conditions, EPA may ask the proponent to provide corrected or additional information. In this case, the proponent is granted a maximum of 30 days during which to correct and/or supplement, then submit the revised report.

Having received the EIA report, EPA appoints experts to review the received EIA. Once the EIA report is reviewed by EPA, an EIA Decision Note is given to the proponent who should implement the Decision Note accordingly. As a condition of approval, appropriate environmental monitoring may be required, and the proponent shall have to report monitoring data at required intervals to the EPA.

This report complies with the EIA regulations.

4.1.3 Decentralized Decision Making

The Decentralization Act establishes the local councils as the highest political authority in the locality and who shall have executive powers to be exercised in accordance with the Act. The Act establishes Atoll Councils, Island Councils and City Councils.

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According to Article 23 (h), (i) and Article 41 (g), Island Councils and City Councils are responsible for release of land for development according to the provisions of the Land Act, the Land Use Plan of the island, and any guidelines issued by the Ministry responsible for land.

According to Articles 24 (e) and 42 (e) of the Decentralization Act, provision of water, sewerage, electricity, and other utility services in their jurisdictions according to the laws of the Maldives is the responsibility of the City Councils and Island Councils respectively.

4.1.4 Project Licensing

Article 11 of the Water and Sewerage Act (8/2020) states that the Utilities Regulatory Authority is responsible for issuing license for water and sewerage service providers.

Clause 12 (a) of the General Regulation for Water and Sewerage Services in Maldives (2021/R- 23) formulated under the Utilities Regulatory Authority Act (26/2020) requires all water and sewerage systems to be registered at Utilities Regulatory Authority.

As stated earlier the proponent, MWSC, is the licensed water and sewerage provider for Hulhumalé.

4.1.5 Stakeholder Engagement and Information Disclosure

The Right to Information Act (1/2004) defines the rights to access and obtain information in any State Institute. The objectives of the Act states that the right to information shall not be granted in circumstances only specified in the Act and where the adverse impact to public interest by nondisclosure is greater than that of disclosure, the principles by which the said information will be disclosed, in order to uphold the public interest must be determined. The Act also specifies the applicable procedures to obtain information.

4.1.6 Environmental Liability

As per Article 6 of the Environment Protection and Preservation Act (04/93), the Ministry of Environment has the authority to terminate any project that has any undesirable impact on the environment. A project so terminated shall not receive any compensation.

The Environmental Liability Regulation (Regulation 2011/R-9) is aimed at maintaining equal standards for reprimanding and enforcing environmental liabilities, fines for those who violate the

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Table 4.1: Laws, regulations and policies related to EIA

Aspect Law/Regulation Implication Requirements and Stakeholder Identification of Environmental An EIA has to be submitted to fulfil Screening risks and Protection and the requirement of Article 5 of the Checklist/EPA impacts Preservation Act EPPA on EIA

EIA Regulation The EIA is to be submitted to EPA Scoping 2012 Meeting/EPA The EIA must conform to the TOR Terms of issued by EPA Reference/EPA

Decentralisation Decentralization Malé City Council is the local Malé City Council Act authority responsible for the island’s development. A copy of this EIA will need to be submitted to Malé City Council.

Project Water and The proponent is licensed to operate Utilities Regulatory licensing Sewerage Act the sewerage system at Hulhumalé Authority by the relevant authority. Regulation on providing water and Sewerage Services Stakeholder EIA Regulation The EIA has to include a list of EPA engagement 2012 stakeholders consulted. They include government authorities, councils, residents and affected stakeholders. Information Right to The concept design of the project and EIA/EPA disclosure Information Act the EIA is subject to public information and disclosure Environmental Environmental The proponent will ensure that EIA Monitoring Liability Liability environmental and social monitoring Reports/Proponent Regulation is undertaken during construction and operation stages of the project.

4.2 Land Acquisition and Restriction on Land Use

The laws and regulations relevant to land acquisition, land use planning and restrictions on land use are: Land Act; General Laws Act and Land Use Planning Regulation.

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Table 4.2: Laws, regulations and policies related to land acquisition and restriction on land-use

Aspect Law/Regulation Implication Stakeholder Land Land Act The Land Act (1/2002) governs the allocation of Housing acquisition land for different purposes and uses and other Development issues regarding the issuing of land, and the sale, Corporation transfer and lease of Maldivian land. The Act states that: All transactions concerning the issuing, receiving, owning, selling, lease, utilizing and using Maldivian land shall be conducted in compliance with this Act.

The land for this project is allocated Housing Development Corporation installation of the sewage outfall pipeline. General Laws Fairly compensating for privately owned trees to Housing Act be removed or businesses to be affected within Development the project sites. Corporation

Land use Land Use The Land Use Planning Regulations and Housing planning Planning Guidelines (2005) include land use instruments Development Regulations and such as inclusionary zoning and quotas. Land Corporation Guidance Use Plans (LUP) are prepared in consultation and does have allocations for residential areas as well as for different infrastructure and social needs.

Access Decentralization Housing Development Corporation is Housing restrictions Act responsible for closure of roads and restricting Development (land) access to the project site during construction. Corporation

Land Cutting Down The cutting down, uprooting, digging out and EPA clearance and Export of export of trees and palms from one island to Trees and another can only be done if it is absolutely Housing Coconut Palms necessary and there is no other alternative. It Development Regulation further states that for every tree or palm Corporation removed in the Maldives two more should be planted and grown in the island

Removed coconut palms and larger trees will be replanted along the shoreline of the island. Guidelines for According to Article 4 (b): the form in EIA/EPA felling and Appendix 1 of the guideline needs to be filled relocation of and submitted to EPA by person/entity seeking trees permit for large-scale felling, uprooting, digging out and relocation of trees and palms.

4.3 Biodiversity Conservation

According to the Convention on Biodiversity, the components of biodiversity include ecosystems and habitats, species and communities, and genes and genomes, all of which have social,

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The national laws, regulations, and policies relevant to conservation of biological diversity that are relevant are summarized below.

Table 4.3: Laws, regulations and policies related to biodiversity conservation

Aspect Law/Regulation Implication Stakeholder Biodiversity National According to Strategy 5: Address EPA Policy and Biodiversity threats to conserve biodiversity: Strategy Strategies and Target 17: By 2025 pressures on Biodiversity Action Plans coral reefs and other vulnerable Conservation ecosystem due to anthropogenic Department – Ministry activities and climate change are of Environment minimised; Target 19: By 2025, impacted ecosystems that provide essential services to water, human health, well-being and livelihood are restored significantly; Target 20: By 2025 rate of loss of all natural habitats are identified and where rate of loss is high, the rate of loss is at least halved to where feasible, brought close to zero; and the Target 23: by 2020 pollution from waste and sewage has been brought to levels that are not detrimental to ecosystem functions and biodiversity. Strategic Action Policy 2: Improve conservation Biodiversity Plan efforts to preserve biodiversity of Conservation Maldives and ensure maximum Department – Ministry ecosystem benefits. of Environment Protected Article 4 of 4. (a) The Ministry of Environment Biodiversity areas Environment shall be responsible for identifying Conservation Protection Act - protected areas and natural reserves Department/ Ministry National Protected and for drawing up the necessary of Environment Areas rules and regulations for their protection and preservation. EPA

There are no protected areas within the projects area of influence

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Aspect Law/Regulation Implication Stakeholder Protected Areas 19. (a) The following activities are EPA Regulation prohibited: (2018/R-78) Impeding works of agency entrusted to look after a protected area. Disguising oneself as a personnel of the agency entrusted to look after a protected area. Contravening management plan of a protected area. Must be aware of Protected Areas and management plans for these areas and align project activities accordingly. Internationally This project does not impact an - Recognized Areas Internationally Recognised Area.

The international recognised areas in the Maldives are: Baa Atoll Biosphere Reserve, Fuvahmulah Biosphere Reserve, and Addu Atoll Biosphere Reserve.

Environmentally There are 274 ESAs. Commencing EPA Sensitive Areas from 1st January 2011, under the Environmental Protection and Preservation Act: 4/93, Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESAs) has been identified. The areas identified in the ESA are not protected areas. It encourages development to take place, taking into consideration the conservation of the sensitive area, there by mitigating the negative impacts.

There are no ESAs within the projects area of influence. Protected Regulation on A total of 206 bird species have EPA Species Migratory Birds been declared protected under the (2014/R-169) Environmental Protection and Preservation Act (EPPA 4/93), and Protected Species is listed in Protected Species Regulation Regulation. (2021/R-25) According to the Regulation on Migratory Birds (2014/R-169); it is illegal to carry out any activity that involves, rearing migratory birds in captivity, trade of migratory birds or their eggs, poaching migratory birds or their eggs, eating migratory bird

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Aspect Law/Regulation Implication Stakeholder meat or their eggs, and harming migratory birds or their nests.

A total of 5 reptiles and all rays and skates are listed as protected under Protected Species Regulation. Protected Conservation of Old Old plants and trees on islands are EPA Species – Old Trees Regulation protected under the Conservation of Rare Trees (2007) Old Trees Regulation (2007).

There are no old or rare trees in the vicinity of the project site. Invasive Plant Protection Act According to Article 19 (a) import Ministry of Fisheries, Species (2011) of any plants, parts of plant and any Marine Resources and other related regulated substances Agriculture into Maldives should have a phytosanitary certificate issued by the National Plant Protection Organisation (NPPO) of the country it was exported from.

No plants will be imported as a part of this project. 4.4 Protection of Heritage

Cultural heritage encompasses tangible moveable or immovable objects, properties, sites, structures, or groups of structures of archaeological, historical, cultural, artistic, and religious significance. It also refers to unique natural features that embody cultural value such as lakes, rocks, and reefs, as well as intangible forms of culture embodying cultural knowledge and traditional lifestyles that should be preserved for current and future generations.

The Maldives Cultural Heritage Act (12/2009) ensures the documentation, preservation and protection of cultural heritage. This Act will also ascertain the procedures and jurisdictions of the state and individuals, as well as stipulate that acts resulting in the loss of items or sites of historical significance as criminal acts. The purpose of the Heritage Act is to safeguard the perpetuation of items and sites of historical significance to future generations.

The Cultural Heritage Regulation (R-37 2020) is formulated under the Maldives Cultural Heritage Act (12/2009) and stipulates the classification, valuation, record keeping and establishing the standards for protection and preservation of cultural heritage. Under this regulation, the cultural heritage is classified into internationally, nationally, city/atoll significant or significant at island level.

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Table 4.4: Laws, regulations and policies relevant to cultural heritage

Aspect Law/Regulation Implication Document/Stakeholder

Protection of Cultural Heritage Cultural heritage found by chance Ministry of Arts and Heritage Act while digging for construction has Culture to be reported to the City Council and work has to be ceased until National Centre for advice is given. Cultural Heritage Fines charged for deliberate damage of cultural heritage Unique Natural Cultural Heritage There are no historical sites located National Centre for Features Regulation in the island. . Cultural Heritage Ministry of Environment EPA

4.5 Labour and Working Conditions

The objective of this section is to review the national laws and international commitments of the Maldives to: (i) promote fair treatment, non-discrimination, and equal opportunity of workers; (ii) to avoid human trafficking and the use of forced labor; (iii) to avoid child labour; (iv) to protect migrant worker rights, including the workers engaged by third parties; (v) to ensure safe living conditions for workers; (vi) to promote safe and healthy working conditions, and (vii) protect the health of workers.

The legal framework to govern the rights and responsibilities of workers in the Maldives is included in the Employment Act (2/2008) that was ratified and signed into law in May 2008. To date, six amendments have been brought to the Employment Act (2/2008). The amendments were made through the following Acts: 14/2008; 12/2010; 3/2014; 14/2015, 22/2016 and 20/2020.

Other national laws and regulations relevant to labour and working conditions include: Anti- Human Trafficking Act (12/2013); Maldives Immigration Act (1/2007); Pensions Act (8/2009); Human Rights Act (6/2006); Regulation on Employment of Expatriates in the Maldives (2020/R- 62); Work Visa Regulation (2010/R-7); Employment Agency Regulation (R-21/2016); Regulation on Resolving Disputes between Employers and Employees (2011/R-12); and Construction Site Health and Safety Regulations (2019/R-156).

The Maldives is a party to major conventions on fundamental labour rights. Maldives is a member state of the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the Government of the Maldives has ratified 8 core conventions on the ILO’s fundamental labour rights. On 4 January 2013, the

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Government of the Maldives ratified the 8 core conventions on the ILO’s fundamental labour rights: Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29); Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, 1957 (No. 105); Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention, 1948 (No. 87); Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention, 1949 (No. 98); Equal Remuneration Convention, 1951 (No. 100); Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, 1958 (No. 111); Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138); Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182).

There are three international standards that apply to foreign migrant workers. They are the ILO Migration for Employment Convention, 1949 (No. 97), the ILO Migrant Workers (Supplementary Provisions) Convention, 1975 (No. 143), and the 1990 1990 UN International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families (CMW).

Table 4.5: Laws, regulations and policies relevant to labour and working conditions

Aspect Law/Regulation Implication Stakeholder Working Employment Act All employees involved in the project shall MED Conditions have an employment contract prepared according to the Employment Act. The job specification, work hours, payment of wages and benefits, maximum allowable hours in a work week, leaves and off days have to be followed according to the Employment Act Resolving Dispute resolution mechanism for the project Contractor Disputes shall be established LRA Between Employers and Employees Human Rights Human trafficking, forced labour, child HRCM Commissions labour can be investigated by the HRCM. Act Pensions Act Pensions payments are mandatory for local MPAO workers and voluntary for foreign workers Child Labour Article 35 of the Children and young people are entitled to MED Constitution special protection and special assistance from LRA the family, the community and the State. Parliament Children and young people shall not be Courts harmed, sexually abused, or discriminated against in any manner and shall be free from unsuited social and economic exploitation. No person shall obtain undue benefit from their labour. Section 6 and 7 No minors shall be recruited. Minors under MED of Employment the age of 16 years will not be involved in the LRA Act project.

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Aspect Law/Regulation Implication Stakeholder Anti-Human Transporting a person from overseas or Maldives Trafficking Act within country using unlawful coercive Immigration (Articles 12 to means or intentionally conspiring to transfer MED 14) or intentionally facilitate such an act, LRA compelling a person to work or provide a service compel a person to enter an agreement which creates a legal obligation or compelling a person to undergo an unnecessary medical procedure or medical test without consent is considered human trafficking. The same applied for a child is considered child trafficking. Forced Labour Anti-Human Human trafficking is crimes punishable by Contractor Trafficking Act law in the Maldives. MWSC Debt bondage is recognized in the law. Maldives The contractor should be aware of what is Immigration classified as human trafficking and should ensure that no project personnel are trafficked for this project. The proponent and contractor can be fined for non-compliance with this Act. Employment Act No worker employed for the project shall be MED compelled or forced into employment. LRA Maldives Any foreign workers recruited for this project Maldives Immigration Act and entering the Maldives for this project Immigration should have the proper documentation. Regulation on Workers should have a valid work permit. Contractor Employment of Workers should have a valid work visa. MWSC Foreign Workers Contractor shall be responsible for payments LRA and fees related to work permit and visa. MED Contractor shall ensure that foreign workers on the island are registered Work Visa Foreign nationals coming to Maldives for this Contractor Regulation project must have at least 6 months on their Maldives valid passport. Immigration Contractor may need to pay fines for non- MED compliance. Employment Passports of foreign national coming into the Contractor Agency country for work cannot be withheld by the Maldives Regulation recruitment agency Immigration Contractor may need to pay fines for non- MED compliance. LRA Regulation on Non-payment of wages, service charge, Contractor Enforcement of benefits can result in fines, blacklisting and MED Wages ceasing business activity. LRA Occupational Construction Contractor shall prepare a health and safety Contractor Health and Site Health and plan since the value of their work exceeds Ministry of Safety Safety MVR 1,500,000. Health Regulation Project work sites (e.g. excavation are shall MWSC be properly closed off with the appropriate signs.

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Aspect Law/Regulation Implication Stakeholder Appropriate mechanism for construction waste disposal shall be established Health of Health Public health emergency activated for Covid- HPA Workers Protection Act 19 management New Normal Requirements for testing, process for health Contractor Measures for declaration, requirement for quarantine and HPA Covid-19 by wearing masks shall be strictly adhered to. HPA Accommodation Regulation on All accommodation standards shall be Contractor Services Employment of followed as a minimum requirement for LRA Expatriates accommodating foreign workers for the project. 4.6 Community Health, Safety and Security

This section describes the laws, regulations and standards that are applicable to avoid or minimize the risks and impacts to community health, safety, and security. The legislative and policy instruments of the Maldives relevant to community health and safety in the context of the project include:

Table 4.6: Laws, regulations and policies relevant to community health, safety and security

Aspect Law/Regulation Implication Stakeholder Infrastructure Maldives The Building Act (4/2017) regulates construction MNPHI Design and Building Act of buildings and structures. It requires that all Safety buildings and structures be constructed in accordance with the Act and after obtaining the required permits from the concerned authorities. The Act gives legal empowerment to the Maldives Building Code. Maldives The Building Code Handbook of the Maldives MNPHI Building Code details the guidelines and standards that should be used for designing building in the Maldives. All construction projects are required to meet the standards specified in the building code. All construction activities of the project will follow the Building code. Construction waste and debris disposal must be undertaken in accordance with the requirements of the Building Code. Natural Disaster Planning for minimising disasters in NDMA Hazards Management infrastructure projects, sectoral disaster risk Act management plan formulation as well as budgeting for disasters. Prevention of Public Health Malé City Council must take measures if they MWSC Community Protection Act notice any activities from the project that might Exposure to endanger the public. Malé City Disease Council Construction waste will be generated during construction must be managed safely. Contractor

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Aspect Law/Regulation Implication Stakeholder Risk of communicable diseases spread from Ministry of workers shall be prevented through early Health screening and taking preventive measures COVID-19 spread shall be minimized HPA Regulation on The construction site and surrounding project Contractor Controlling boundary shall be well maintained to prevent Mosquito mosquito breeding MWSC Breeding HPA Vector Control Use of chemicals to eliminate mosquito larvae Contractor Guide and mosquitoes. Informing HPA when spraying and fogging. MWSC

HPA 4.7 Resource Efficiency

The objective of this section is to review and analyse the national laws, regulations and international commitments of the Maldives to promote more sustainable use of resources, including energy and water.

Table 4.7: Laws, regulations and policies relevant to resource efficiency

Aspect Law/Regulation Implication Stakeholder

Sustainable Maldives Energy The guiding principle of the policy is to Energy Department – Use of Policy and reduce the reliance on fossil fuels through Ministry of Energy Strategy the diversification of the energy section, Environment improving energy efficiency & energy conservation, and encouraging the adoption of low carbon and renewable technologies. Sustainable Dewatering If dewatering is to be carried out for any Utilities Regulatory use of Regulation for development purposes in the Maldives, it Authority water construction and shall be done by gaining a written approval industrial from the enforcing agency or an agency projects assigned by the enforcing body. (2021/R-20) Dewatering can only be to be carried out, after gaining approval by submitting “the dewatering approval form” in the annex 1 to the enforcing body for approval with all the required documents expressed and with an administrative fee of MVR 100/-. Water quality tests results also have to be submitted as one of the required components. The regulation also guides on where and how the extracted water shall be disposed of, and how it has to be handled. According to the regulation, permission can be granted for dewatering at a stretch for a maximum of 28 days, for which a sum of MVR 500/-

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Aspect Law/Regulation Implication Stakeholder

should be paid per day. This amount is liable to be increased with the number of days increased. A fine not exceeding MVR 50,000/- may be charged for providing false information regarding dewatering, and a fine not exceeding MVR 5000/- for delays in providing requested information without a reasonable cause. A fine between MVR 5000 – MVR 25,000/- may be charged for impeding works of regulatory authority. This project is likely to require pumping during excavation works. In the event that pumping is required, the proponent will be required to get an approval from Utilities Regulatory Authority before commencing excavation.

4.8 Pollution Prevention

The objective of this section is to review and analyse the national laws, regulations and international commitments of the Maldives to reduce GHG emissions; and to avoid or minimize pollution.

Maldives is a party to the: Paris Agreement on Climate Change (2016); Kyoto Protocol to United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1997); and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992). The legislative and policy instruments that are relevant for climate change in the Maldives include: Maldives Climate Change Policy Framework; Maldives Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC); and the Second National Communication of Maldives to the UNFCCC.

Table 4.8: Laws, regulations and policies relevant to pollution prevention

Aspect Law/Regulation Implication Stakeholders Greenhouse Updated Maldives intends to reduce 26% of its Climate Change Gases Intended GHG emissions by 2030 and achieve net Department/ Nationally zero by 2030 following assistance from Ministry of Determined international authorities. Environment Contribution 2020 (NDC) The total GHG emission in 2015 was 1536.04 Gg CO2e, of which 95.8% is from energy sector while 4.2% is from the waste sector.

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Aspect Law/Regulation Implication Stakeholders Climate Change Urges the use of climate friendly Climate Change Policy technologies Department/Ministry Framework and outlines a policy on a low emission of Environment development future and ensuring energy security in the Maldives. The objectives of this policy include ensuring that transport and electricity systems have minimal undesirable impacts on the environment and society and moving towards environment friendly modes of transport. Air Environmental Prohibits the release of toxic gases which EPA Pollution Protection and may harm the environment of Maldives Preservation Act (Article 7) Environment Areas that have been affected by air EPA Liability pollution shall be determined based on Regulation the volume of substances released (Appendix 2) National Action The plan includes mitigation measures Ministry of Plan on Air that have been included in the Maldives Environment Pollutants long term climate goals also known as the Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) as well as planned sectoral measures collectively termed “air quality measures”. Strategic Action Strategy 2.6 of the SAP aims to maintain Implementing Plan (SAP) an acceptable level of ambient air quality agency for this in the Maldives through low emission strategy is Ministry development by shifting towards cleaner, of Environment and efficient technologies, fuels and other implementing practices. It includes developing a agencies include construction air quality management plan MNPHI, MH, EPA to manage and minimize impacts during and Local Councils construction projects. HCFC This regulation manages the HCFC usage Ministry of Regulation and phase-out in line with the obligations Environment under the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. This regulation controls the importation, sale and usage of HCFC and HCFC blends in the Maldives. International Air WHO has established global guidelines EPA Quality for emission control, to reduce the danger Standards posed by air pollution and deaths associated with it. The guidelines recommend the reduction of PM10 to as low as 50 per year (WHO, 2005). The Clean Air Act in the United States requires USEPA to set National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for pollutants that are common in outdoor air, considered harmful to public health and

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Aspect Law/Regulation Implication Stakeholders the environment, and that come from numerous and diverse sources. The EPA has set National Ambient Air Quality Standards for six principal pollutants, which are called "criteria" air pollutants. Water National The guidelines deal with domestic EPA pollution Wastewater wastewater quality for discharge into Quality deep sea and provide the maximum Guidelines concentration of listed components that (NWQG) have to be complied with at all times including coliform, pH and suspended solid levels. The NWQGs also provides maximum concentration levels for domestic and industrial wastewater combined, but does not specifically provide guidance on dealing with industrial effluents or leachates of any kind. The NWQGs also stipulate that the guidelines are generic and conservative, the standards state that in the event the capacity of the receiving environment to deal with additional wastewater, has been exceeded or when the activity generating the wastewater is envisioned to produce wastewater at extreme lower or higher levels than the standards set in the NWQGs, an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is required and need to be completed by accredited Assessors approved by EPA. In addition, the producer has to prove to government that best international Clean Production protocols are followed. Based on the recommendations of the EIA report and proof of Clean Production practice, EPA will issue site specific guidelines for the discharge of wastewaters. No exemptions to the Guidelines will be allowed without site specific guidelines to that.

4.9 Waste Management

The following is a summary of legal compliance requirements for waste minimization, recycling, and disposal in the Maldives. The summary also includes compliance requirements for hazardous waste management and export of wastes. There are also specific compliance requirements for import, handling, use, storage and disposal of chemicals in the Maldives.

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Table 4.9: Laws, regulations and policies relevant to waste management

Aspect Law/Regulation Implication Stakeholders Waste Strategic Action By 2023, phase out importation, production and Waste Minimization Plan (SAP) use of single use plastics in the country will be Management & recycling enforced Department – Need to give attention to minimize single use Ministry of plastics during construction phase of the project Environment Strategy 2.1d: Enforce regulation and develop Health SOPs on healthcare and hazardous waste Protection Agency, Ministry of Health Waste Encourages recycling and reduction of waste Waste Management generated Management Policy Department – Ministry of Environment Waste Management Corporation (WAMCO) Waste Environmental Prohibits the disposal of waste, oil and gases in a EPA Disposal Protection and way that damages the environment. Preservation Act In cases where the disposal of the substances EPA (Article 7) becomes absolutely necessary, they shall be Waste disposed only within the areas designated for the Management purpose by the government. Department – Ministry of Waste disposal shall only be at a pre-approved Environment location and waste storage sites shall be monitored Waste on a daily basis. Management Corporation (WAMCO) Waste Ensure safe disposal of solid waste and develop Waste Management guidelines on waste management and disposal and Management Policy advocate to enforce such guidelines through inter- Department – sectoral collaboration Ministry of Environment Waste Storage, transportation and handling of waste shall EPA Management conform to the standards specified in WMR. Waste Regulation Management Department – Ministry of Environment Waste Environmental If such waste is to be incinerated, appropriate EPA Incineration Protection and precaution should be taken to avoid any harm to HPA Preservation Act the health of the population. (Article 7)

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Aspect Law/Regulation Implication Stakeholders Hazardous Environmental Hazardous/ Toxic or Nuclear Wastes that is EPA Waste Protection and harmful to human health and the environment shall Waste Preservation Act not be disposed anywhere within the territory of Management (Article 8) the country Department – Ministry of Environment Waste Ensure safe disposal of chemical, hazardous and EPA Management industrial waste Policy Waste If any hazardous waste is to be disposed in the EPA Management Maldives, waste sites specifically approved to Waste Regulation manage hazardous and Special Category waste Management should handle it. Department – Ministry of Environment Export of Waste If waste is to be exported for reuse or disposal in EPA Waste Management another country, an application needs to be Regulation submitted to EPA 03 months prior to the shipping date. EPA will issue an approval based on compliance with WMR clauses and international conventions. Import of Hazardous A permit from the MoD is required prior to the Ministry of Chemicals Chemicals importing of hazardous chemicals. A list of Defence Regulation chemicals that do not require a permit for import (2019) has been included in the annex of the regulation. Labelling of Hazardous All chemicals should be labelled as specified in Ministry of Chemicals Chemicals this regulation during import, transport and trade. Defence Regulation The label should indicate that the substance is (2019) hazardous in both English and Dhivehi. If any chemicals are transferred from their original container the container it is transferred to must be fit for storage of the chemical. The new container must also have the appropriate labelling and must not be any type of container which is usually used to store liquids for human consumption. Handling of Hazardous All chemicals should be handled according to the Ministry of Chemicals Chemicals safety measures specified in Annex 1 of this Defence Regulation Regulation (2019) Chemicals shall only be imported after prior approval is obtained from MoD Storage of Hazardous Chemical storage facilities for chemicals that Ministry of Chemicals Chemicals require approval must be registered at MoD and Defence Regulation must fit the specifications specified in Annex 3 of (2019) this Regulation If any chemicals that require prior approval are imported for this project the place of storage shall be registered at MoD. Use of Hazardous All chemicals imported with approval from MoD Ministry of Chemicals Chemicals must be used only for approved uses with the Defence Regulation safety measures specified in this regulation (2019) Disposal of Hazardous Disposal of chemicals that require a permit for Ministry of Chemicals Chemicals import must be carried out my MoD. The party Defence

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Aspect Law/Regulation Implication Stakeholders Regulation applying for disposal shall bear the costs of (2019) chemical disposal.

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5 EXISTING ENVIRONMENT

5.1 Physical Environment

5.1.1 Meteorology

5.1.1.1 Climate

The climate in Maldives is warm and humid, typical of the tropics. Long-term data is available for 5 weather stations across the Maldives, which are Hdh. Hanimaadhoo, K. Hulhulé, L. Kadhdhoo, Gdh. Kaadehdhoo and S. Gan. Data from the Maldives Meteorological Service (MMS) for the weather station at Hulhulé has been used to describe the climatic conditions of the project site as it is the nearest station to Hulhumalé. The available data for Hulhulé spans from 1985 to 2016 – except for temperature data which is available from 1974 onwards.

The mean daily temperature varies between 24.1°C and 31.5°C and relative humidity varies from 73 percent to 85 percent. The annual average rainfall is approximately 1967 mm. Maldives receives plenty of sunshine throughout the year. Hulhulé receives 2809 hours of sunshine per year on average with very little variation (Standard Deviation < 100). There are observable differences in the climate between the northern and the southern atolls. The annual average rainfall in the southern atolls is higher than the northern atolls. In addition, greater extremes of temperature are also recorded in the southern atolls.

Key meteorological information from MMS is summarized in the Table 5.1.

Table 5.1: Key Meteorological Information of the Maldives (Maldives Meteorological Service, 2018)

Parameter Data Average Rainfall 9.1 mm/day in May, November; 1.1 mm/day in February Maximum Rainfall 184.5 mm/day in October 1994 Average air temperature 30.0 °C in November 1973; 31.7 °C in April Extreme Air Temperature 34.1 °C in April 1973;17.2 °C in April 1978 Average wind speed 3.7 m/s in March; 5.7 m/s in January, June Maximum wind speed W 31.9 m/s in November 1978 Average air pressure 1012 mb in December; 1010 mb in April

5.1.1.2 Monsoons

The climate of Maldives is characterized by the monsoons of the Indian Ocean with monsoonal wind reversal significantly affecting weather patterns. Two monsoon seasons are observed: the

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Northeast (Iruvai) and the Southwest (Hulhangu) monsoon. The parameters that best distinguish the two monsoons are wind and rainfall patterns. The southwest monsoon is the rainy season while the northeast monsoon is the dry season. The southwest monsoon occurs from May to September and the northeast monsoon is from December to February. The transition period of southwest monsoon occurs between March and April while that of northeast monsoon occurs from October to November.

5.1.1.3 Winds

The winds that occur across Maldives are mostly determined by the monsoon seasons. The two monsoons are considered mild given that Maldives is located close to the equator. As a result, strong winds and gales are infrequent although storms and squall lines can occur, usually in the period May to July. During stormy conditions, gusts of up to 111 km/hr have been recorded at Malé.

Wind direction and speeds show considerable uniformity in the Maldives since the records began in Hulhulé Island (Naseer, 2003). Figures 5.1 and 5.2, which show the frequencies of predominant wind directions in Hulhulé, show no discernible change in the annual wind frequencies. Wind speed is usually higher in central region of Maldives during both monsoons, with a maximum wind speed recorded at 31.9 ms-1 for the period 1975 to 2010. Mean wind speed is highest during the months May and October in the central region. Wind analysis indicates that the monsoon is considerably stronger in central and northern region of Maldives compared to the south (Naseer, 2003).

Besides the annual monsoonal wind variations there are occasional tropical climatic disturbances (tropical storms or low intensity tropical cyclones) in the central region which increases wind speeds up to 110 km/h, precipitation of 30 to 40 cm over a 24 hour period and storm surges up to 3 m in open ocean (UNDP, 2006).

Table 5.2 summarizes the wind conditions in central Maldives throughout a year. Medium term meteorological data from MMS located in Hulhulé (Figure 5.1, Figure 5.2 and Figure 5.3) and findings from long-term Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (COADS) are used in this analysis.

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Table 5.2: Summary of General Wind Conditions from National Meteorological Centre

Season Month Wind December Predominantly from NW-NE. NE - Monsoon January High Speeds from W February From all directions. Mainly Transition Period 1 March W. High Speeds from W. April May Mainly from W. SW - Monsoon June July High Speeds from W. August September October Mainly from W. Transition Period 2 November High Speeds from W

Figure 5.1 shows the monthly frequencies of wind direction recorded at Hulhulé. The transition between monsoon can be seen in the change in predominant wind direction from the west to east and north east.

) Years Frequency (

Figure 5.1: Monthly Frequencies of Wind Direction in Hulhulé (MMS, 2018)

Figure 5.2 shows the monthly predominant directions through the years 1992 to 2016. The distribution of wind direction between the western and eastern and north eastern directions have been fairly uniform.

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Figure 5.2: Yearly frequencies of predominant wind direction in Hulhulé

Figure 5.3: Wind frequencies recorded at Hulhulé between 1998 – 2016

June and July, along with January, are the windiest months at Hulhulé, with a mean wind speed of 17 km/hr. The strongest winds recorded at Hulhulé has also been during these two months. The transition into the South-Western monsoon from the North-Eastern monsoon occurs in March and is indicated by winds which approach from variable directions (Figure 5.1).

Wind rose for Hulhulé Island is presented in Figure 5.3. The dominance of westerly winds and North Easterly winds during the two monsoons are readily apparent. The South-Western monsoon lasts longer than the North-Eastern monsoon. Westerly winds dominate during the months April

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The Disaster Risk Profile of Maldives (UNDP, 2006) reports 11 cyclonic events over the Maldives in the last 128 years and only one event over the central Maldives. All of these events were category 1 cyclones. There have been no cyclonic events since 1993.

Hulhumalé is located in a moderate risk cyclonic hazard zone (UNDP, 2006). The project site is expected to receive regular annual strong winds during the peak SW monsoon.

Figure 5.4: Mean daily wind speed and direction recorded at Hulhulé by Maldives Meterological Service (1992-2016)

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Figure 5.5: Maximum wind speeds recoded at Hulhulé from 1992 – 2016

5.1.1.4 Rainfall

The average annual rainfall at Hulhulé is 1967 mm. There are regional variations in average annual rainfall: southern atolls receive approximately 2280 mm, and northern atolls receive approximately 1790 mm annually (MEC, 2004). The distribution of rainfall across the months is uneven as seen in Figure 5.6 with the months of January, February, March and April getting dramatically low rainfall. This is regarded as the dry season in the Maldives. February is the driest month of the year with an average rainfall of around 40. The wettest month in the Maldives is October with a mean rainfall of 234 mm.

This pattern is less prominent in the southern half, however. The proportions of flood and drought years are relatively small throughout the archipelago, and the southern half is less prone to drought (UNDP, 2006).

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Figure 5.6: Monthly distribution of rainfall in Hulhulé (1975 – 2016)

The wettest year in record is 2006 with a total rainfall of 2711mm which is more than 2 standard deviations (294 x 2) from the observed mean. Severe outliers can also be seen from Figure 5.7.

Figure 5.7: Annual rainfall in Hulhulé (1985 – 2016)

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Figure 5.8: Maximum daily rainfall by year (1985 – 2016)

The number of dry days experienced at Hulhulé is fairly constant year by year. On average 204 days of the year are expected to be dry, with 161 wet days (Figure 5.9). No apparent long-term trend has been identified in the precipitation data available for Hulhulé.

Figure 5.9: Number of dry days oer year in Hulhulé (1985 – 2016)

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The probable maximum precipitations predicted for Hulhulé by UNDP (2006) are shown in Table 5.3.

Table 5.3 Probable Maximum Precipitation for various Return periods in Hulhulé (UNDP, 2006)

Return Period Station 50 year 100 year 200 year 500 year Hulhulé 187.4 203.6 219.8 241.1

5.1.1.5 Temperature

Daily temperatures of Maldives vary little throughout the year with a mean annual temperature of 28°C. The annual mean maximum temperature recorded for Malé during the period 1967-1995 was 30.4°C and the annual mean minimum temperature for the same period was 25.7°C. The highest recorded temperature for Malé was 34.1°C on 16th and 28th of April 1973. The hottest month recorded was April 1975 with a maximum monthly average temperature of 32.7°C, the next highest being 32.6°C in April 1998. The lowest minimum monthly average temperature of 23.7°C was recorded in July 1992.

There is considerable inter annual variability in extreme temperatures for Hulhulé as shown in Figure 4.6. A maximum temperature of at least 33.5oC is rare at Hulhulé and has a return period of 20 years (Hays, 2006).

Figure 5.10: Maximum temperature by year in Hulhulé (1975 – 2016)

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5.1.2 Hydrology

5.1.2.1 Tidal Pattern

Tides in the Maldives are mixed and semi-diurnal/diurnal. Water levels at the site vary mainly in response to tides, storm surge or tsunamis. Tidal variations are referred to the tidal station at Hulhulé Island. Typical spring and neap tidal ranges are approximately 1.0 m and 0.3 m, respectively (MEC, 2004). Maximum spring tidal range in Hulhulé is approximately 1.1 m. There is also a 0.2 m seasonal fluctuation in regional mean sea level, with an increase of about 0.1 m during February to April and a decrease of 0.1 m during September to November. Table 5.4 summarizes the tidal elevations reported at Hulhulé, which is representative of tidal conditions at the project site.

Table 5.4: Tidal Variations at Hulhulé International Airport

Tide Level Referred to Mean Sea level Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) +0.64 Mean Higher High Water (MHHW) +0.34 Mean Lower High Water (MLHW) +0.14 Mean Sea Level (MSL) 0.00 Mean Higher Low Water (MHLW) -0.16 Mean Lower Low Water (MHLW) -0.36 Lowest Astronomical Tide (LAT) -0.56

5.1.2.2 Wave Conditions

There are two major types of waves observed along the islands of Maldives. The first type is wave generated by local monsoon wind with a period of 3-8 seconds and the second type is swells generated by distant storms with a period of 14-20 seconds (Binnie Black & Veatch, 2000; DHI, 1999; Kench et al., 2006; Lanka Hydraulic Institution, 1988) Lanka Hydraulic Institute, 1988) . The local monsoon predominantly generates wind waves, which are typically strongest during April-July in the southwest monsoon period. Wave data for Malé and Hulhulé between June 1988 and January 1990 (Lanka Hydraulic Institute, 1988) shows that the maximum significant wave height (Hs) recorded for June was 1.23 m with a mean period (Tm) of 7.53s. The maximum recorded Hs for July was 1.51 m with a Tm of 7.74s. The mean wave periods were 5.0 – 9.0s and the peak wave periods were within 8.0 – 13.0s.

The wave roses on the Eastern and Western side of the Maldives are presented in Figure 5.11. On the Eastern side of the Maldives, Westerly swells are uncommon due to the sheltering of the

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Maldivian Atolls. North-Easterly waves are typically locally generated waves driven by local wind conditions and generally have short periods of less than 10 seconds (Figure 5.11). South-Westerly and Southerly waves in comparison are generated in the Southern Indian Ocean and have longer periods of up to 24 seconds (Figure 5.12).

Western Point Eastern Point 167046E;498080N UTM 43N 389060E; 497471N UTM 43N

Figure 5.11: Open ocean wave rose for Western site Ari Atoll and Eastern Side of North Malé Atoll

On the Western side of the Maldives, Easterly waves are uncommon due to the sheltering of the Atolls. South-Westerly waves are generated in the Southern Indian Ocean and are typically decoupled from local weather patterns and have long periods (Figure 5.12). Westerly and North- Westerly waves are locally generated and linked to strong monsoon winds.

Waves studies around Maldives have also identified the presence of swell waves approaching predominantly from a southwest to a south easterly direction (Binnie Black & Veatch, 2000; DHI, 1999; Kench et al., 2006; Naseer, 2003).

Maldives experiences occasional flooding caused by long distance swell waves that are generated by South Indian Ocean storms (Goda, 1988). The swell waves of height 3 meters that flooded Malé and Hulhulé in 1987 are said to have originated from a low-pressure system off the west coast of Australia. In addition, Maldives has recently been subject to an earthquake generated tsunami reaching heights of 4.0 m on land (UNEP, 2005). Historical wave data from Indian Ocean countries show that tsunamis have occurred in more than 1 occasion, most notably has been the 1883 tsunami resulting from the volcanic explosion of Krakatau (Choi et al., 2003).

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The proposed project site is exposed to SE Indian Ocean swell waves and NE monsoon swells. Strong waves are expected during the NE monsoon between June and July due to swells. Hence work may be hampered if it is being carried out between June and July.

5.1.2.3 Currents

Currents that affect Hulhumalé can be caused by tidal, wind-induced or wave-induced currents. Generally current flow through the country is defined by the two-monsoon season winds. These winds generate ocean currents that are directed westward during the NE Monsoon and eastward during SW Monsoon (Kench et al., 2006). In April the westward currents become weak while the eastward currents start to take over. In December the eastward currents are weak with the westward currents becoming more prominent. Hence, currents within the site are likely to be heavily influenced by monsoons. In between the seasons, a band of Indian Ocean equatorial westerlies are established, enforcing strong eastward-flowing surface currents with velocities up to 1.3 m/s. (Tomczak and Godfrey 2003).

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Figure 5.12: Estimated wave patterns at project site

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Figure 5.13: Observed surface currents using drogue method (August 2020)

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5.1.2.4 Sea Level Rise

There is large inter-annual variability in sea level as well as a long-term trend of increasing relative sea level (Figure 5.14) The observed long-term trend in sea level is 1.7 mm/yr (Hays, 2006). This value is towards the upper end of the predicted global sea level rise values as described in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report (IPCC, 2007). Extreme sea levels are also present in the mean hourly sea-level data from Hulhulé which shows a long term trend of 7 mm/yr (Hays, 2006). These values suggest abnormal storm or swell activities which has the potential to cause flooding in low lying islands.

Figure 5.14: Daily mean values of sea level for Hulhulé (1989 to 2005), relative to mean sea level. Also shown is the linear trend in sea level over the same period (Hays, 2006)

For Hulhulé, an hourly sea level of 70 cm above mean sea level is currently a 100-year event. It will likely be at least an annual event by 2050, based on the current sea level rise predictions.

Global level models compiled by IPCC predict that the mean sea level will rise by 0.32 m by 2050 and by 0.98 m by year 2100. These figures are considered medium level predictions.

5.2 Natural Hazards and Disaster Risks

According to the UNDP Disaster Risk Assessment Report of Maldives, Hulhumalé is located in an area exposed to windstorms, storm surges, swell waves and tsunamis (UNDP, 2006). The following parameters can be deduced for the Malé Region based on Disaster Assessment Report and the Detailed Island Risk Assessment Reports (UNDP, 2009).

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• Tsunami: Maximum probable wave height range 3.2 – 4.5 m • Cyclone or storm (wind): Probable maximum wind speed 69.6 knots • Storm surge: predicted storm surge height – 0.60 m; predicted storm tide height 1.53 m • Rainfall: probable maximum daily rainfall for Malé for a 500-year return period 203.6 mm

5.3 Water quality assessment

The aim of water quality assessment was to establish the baseline condition of ground and sea water at project site.

5.3.1 Groundwater Quality

Groundwater samples were collected from three locations of Hulhumalé. Table 5.5 provides a summary of test results and Appendix G presents the lab report for the water tests. pH of all the samples were neutral, and all samples showed very low salinity. However all three samples showed very high number of total and fecal coliform, indicator of contamination.

Table 5.5: Groundwater quality test results

Results Parameter GW1 GW2 GW3 Physical Appearance Clear with Clear with Clear with particles particles particles pH 7.47 7.78 7.39 o Salinity ( /oo) 0.54 1.54 5.61 Total Coliform (MPN/100ml) >2420 687 >2420 Faecal Coliform (MPN/100ml) >2420 50 23

5.3.2 Seawater Quality

Seawater samples were collected from three locations of the Hulhumalé Reef (SW1, SW2 and SW3) (Figure 2.1). Appendix G presents the lab reports for the water tests.

The investigations of seawater revealed that the pH and salinity level of all the samples tested was within the acceptable levels (Table 5.5). pH level for all of the sampling locations was found to be at 8.16 – 8.17, and salinity was between 32.92 and 33.01 ppt, well within the specified optimal range of seawater provided by EPA.

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High total coliform was recorded from all samples, and minute levels of fecal coliform was recorded from all the samples.

Table 5.6: Seawater quality test results

Results Parameter SW1 SW2 SW3 Physical Appearance Clear with Clear with Clear with particles particles particles pH 8.16 8.16 8.17 o Salinity ( /oo) 32.94 33.01 32.92 Total Coliform (MPN/100ml) 80 150 370 Faecal Coliform (MPN/100ml) 7 4 11

5.4 Coastal Environment

5.4.1 Beach Characteristics

Given that Hulhumalé is a reclaimed island, the average elevation is higher (~+2 mMSL) than the natural islands of Maldives.

Beach material at the sewage outfall landing site is mainly fine to slightly coarse sand.

The crest of the beach is lined with concrete-filled bags (Figure 5.15) as an erosion protection measure. The beach is gradually sloped with no sharp scarps observed. The beach is evidently stable with no apparent signs of exceptionally high-energy waves incidences. The beach seems to have a robust longshore transport regime, with an even distance between the low and high tide lines. Long term monitoring is required to better understand the precise morphology of the beach.

The width of the dry beach was around 5 meters at surveyed locations with a wet beach that extends between 15-20m from the existing vegetation line.

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Figure 5.15: Beach area near the proposed sewage outfall pipeline location

5.5 Marine Environment

5.5.1 Coral Reef Assessment

Quantitative benthic substrate and fish census survey was carried out at selection locations of Hulhumalé reef within the vicinity of the proposed project activities.

5.5.1.1 Transect 1

The transect was deployed at 6 m along the oceanward upper reef slope on the eastern side of the island. The predominant benthic substrate at this site was 93.2 % ± 3.32 SE rocky pavement. Live coral coverage along the transect was low at 2.4% ± 0.88 SE.

Figure 5.16: Select photos showing a summary of benthic composition along Transect 1

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Figure 5.17: Benthic substrate composition along Transect 1

A total of 17 fish species belonging to 8 different families were recorded along the Transect 1. The highest abundance of fish species recorded was Two-tone Wrasse, which predominantly feeds on benthic invertebrates and zooplanktons.

Table 5.7: Summary of Fish Census survey along Transect 1

Abundance Species Common Name T-1 (6m) Parupeneus cyclostomus Yellow-saddle Goatfish 2 Parupeneus trifasciatus Double-bar Goatfish 2 Mulloidichthys vanicolensis Yellow-stripe Goatfish 2 Chaetodon citrinellus Citron Butterflyfish 2 Pomacentrus indicus Indian Damsel 2 Pomacentrus chrysurus White-tail Damsel 2 Labroides dimidiatus Blue-streak Cleaner Wrasse 2 Thalassoma amblycephalum Two-tone Wrasse 4 Thalassoma janseni Jansen's Wrasse 2 Hipposcarus harid Longnose Parrotfish 2 Acanthurus leucosternon Powder-blue Surgeonfish 2 Acanthurus nigricauda Eye-line Surgeonfish 2 Acanthurus lineatus Lined Surgeonfish 2

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Abundance Species Common Name T-1 (6m) Siganus argenteus Schooling Rabbitfish 2 Balistapus undulatus Striped Triggerfish 2 Melichthys indicus Indian Triggerfish 2 Rhinecanthus rectangulus Wedge-tail Triggerfish 2

5.5.1.2 Transect 2

The transect was deployed at 6 m along the oceanward upper reef slope on the eastern side of the island. The predominant benthic substrate at this site was 95.6 % ± 2.10 SE rocky pavement. Live coral coverage along the transect was low at 3.4% ± 1.55 SE.

Figure 5.18: Select photos showing a summary of benthic composition along Transect 2

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Figure 5.19: Benthic substrate composition along Transect 2

A total of 18 fish species belonging to 8 different families were recorded along the Transect 2. Similar to the previous transect, the highest abundance of fish species recorded was Two-tone Wrasse.

Table 5.8: Summary of Fish Census survey along Transect 2

Abundance Species Common Name T-2 (6m) Parupeneus trifasciatus Double-bar Goatfish 2 Chaetodon auriga Threadfin Butterflyfish 2 Pomacentrus indicus Indian Damsel 2 Pomacentrus chrysurus White-tail Damsel 2 Abudefduf vaigiensis Sergeant Major 2 Thalassoma amblycephalum Two-tone Wrasse 5 Hipposcarus harid Longnose Parrotfish 2 Acanthurus leucosternon Powder-blue Surgeonfish 2 Acanthurus nigricauda Eye-line Surgeonfish 2 Acanthurus lineatus Lined Surgeonfish 2 Acanthurus triostegus Convict Surgeonfish 2 Naso lituratus Orange-spine Unicornfish 2 Naso brachycentron Humpback Unicornfish 2

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Abundance Species Common Name T-2 (6m) Balistapus undulatus Striped Triggerfish 2 Melichthys indicus Indian Triggerfish 2 Odonus niger Blue Triggerfish 2 Rhinecanthus rectangulus Wedge-tail Triggerfish 2 Cantherhines pardalis Honeycomb Filefish 2

5.5.2 Visual Snorkelling survey

Visual observation survey was carried out along the shallow reef flat, algal ridge and reef edge along the proposed sewage outfall line.

Shallow reef flat on the oceanward side comprised mainly of sand and unconsolidated rubble and algal patches of Padina sp. Few massive coral colonies belonging to genera Porites were observed along this area. The average depth varied between 0.5 – 2.0 m.

Figure 5.20: Left panel shows Porites (massive colony), right panel shows Padina sp. patch

Large boulder shaped coral colonies were observed on the reef flat closer to the algal ridge.

Figure 5.21: Boulder shaped corals observed on the reef flat

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The area beyond the reef flat is the algal ridge zone. This zone experiences high wave activity and no significant live coral colonies were observed here. This was followed by a reef slope with poor live coral cover.

5.6 Marine Protected Areas and Sensitive Sites

There are 8 Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in North Malé Atoll.

The nearest MPA to the project site is Banana Reef located about 2 km NE of the project site. All other MPAs are outside 5 km radius of the project site.

The following is a list of MPAs in North Malé Atoll

Table 5.9: Marine Protected Areas in North Male’ Atoll

Name Description Date - Directive number 1. Banana Reef The site is a famous dive site, with rich marine 1st October 1995 (Gaathu Giri) biodiversity. The north-eastern end of the reef is -E/95/32 arguably the best place to dive with plenty of large caves, fascinating overhangs and deep gutters along the majestic rock face. There is a large cave between 1m- 15 m of the western end of the site, with plenty of fishes.

Nearest Environmentally Sensitive Area to the project site is Masgiri (located about 4.8 km NE of Hulhumalé).

5.7 Bathymetry

A bathymetry survey was conducted along the proposed sewage outfall line. The average depth of the foreshore is between -1 and -2 mMSL. The reef slopes gradually to the ocean (Figure 5.16).

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Figure 5.22: Bathymetric profile along the proposed sewage outfall pipeline route

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5.8 Terrestrial Environment

5.8.1 Flora and Fauna

The project boundary falls within a highly urbanized area. The proposed pipeline route along Chanbeylee Magu is a two-lane asphalt road with two-way traffic (one lane going from south to north, and the other lane north to south) with footpaths on both sides of the road. There are no trees located on the road that will be affected by the proposed project activities.

Figure 5.23: View of Chanbeylee Magu

The proposed pipeline route along Huvandhumaa Hingun follows existing footpath area. No trees are located on the proposed pipeline route. Huvandhumaa Hingun is also two-lane asphalt road with two-way traffic (one lane going east to west and the other land west to east), with footpaths on both sides of the road. Madras Pine Trees are grown on side of the footpath.

Figure 5.24: View of Huvandhumaa Hingun and the footpath along the proposed pipeline route, Madras Pine trees grown on the side of the road

The proposed pipeline route along Nirolhu Magu is a two-lane asphalt road with two-way traffic (one lane going south to north, and other going from north to south), with footpaths on both sides

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Figure 5.25: View of Nirolhu Magu

The proposed pipeline route along Nirolhu Magu Goalhi 11 follows existing footpath. No trees are located on the proposed route. Nirolhu Magu Goalhi 11 is a one-lane asphalt road with one way traffic moving from west to east with footpaths on both sides of the road.

Figure 5.26: View of Nirolhu Goalhi 11

There are two coconut palms near the proposed pipeline route, which may need to be relocated. There is also a Hut by Maldives Watersports (business outlet for watersports activities) nearby the route.

Figure 5.27: Beach Area near the proposed pipeline route

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5.9 Socio-Economic Setting

This section provides a summary of the socio-economic setting of the Hulhumalé.

5.9.1 Population

The total resident population of Hulhumalé recorded during 2014 census was 17,930. Table 5.21 provides a breakdown of resident population categorized by nationality and sex.

Table 5.10: Resident population of Hulhumalé by sex and nationality

Island Maldivian Foreigners Grand Total Female Male Total Female Male Total Hulhumalé 7,340 7,636 14,976 290 2,664 2954 17,930

Source: Statistical Release 1: Households and Population (National Bureau of Statistics, 2016)

Population density of Hulhumalé was 44.4 person per hectare, which is significantly lower than population densities of Malé and Villingili (National Bureau of Statistics, 2015).

The projected population for 2021 is 25,919 (15,801 Male and 10,118 Female).

Census 2014 reported 2868 households in Hulhumalé, and the average size of Maldivian households was 5.8 and for other nationalities was 6.6 (National Bureau of Statistics, 2015).

5.9.2 Land Use

Hulhumalé is a residential island. The land use plan for Hulhumalé is provided in Appendix I.

5.9.3 Utilities

5.9.3.1 Electricity

According to Island Electricity Databook (2018), Hulhumalé Phase I has a total power generating capacity of 17 MW. Peak load is 11 MW.

STELCO is currently in the process of installing a 50 MW power generating capacity in Hulhumalé Phase I which will be able to provide power to Hulhumalé Phase II and Malé as well. Phase 2 of this project involves installing another 50 MW which will provide a total power generating capacity of 100 MW in Hulhumalé once the project is complete.

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5.9.3.2 Water Supply

Water facilities are provided by MWSC. Their plans are intended to cater for 240,000 population over a 35-year period. Hulhumalé has an installed capacity of 2500 m3 water plant and the demand is at 2,200 m3 per day. According to MWSC, the daily demand is at 980 m3 in 2019 which is a 23% from 2015.

5.9.3.3 Sewerage System

Sewerage network in Hulhumalé is managed MWSC. Hulhumalé sewerage systems is a gravity system, managed through pumping stations which pumps out wastewater through sea outfalls.

5.9.4 Sites with historical or cultural interest and sacred places

There are no sites of historical or cultural interest in project area.

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6 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS 6.1 Introduction

The following is a list of stakeholders that were consulted for this EIA.

1. Government Institutions a. Ministry of Environment b. Utilities Regulatory Authority c. Maldives Marine Research Institute 2. Corporations a. Housing Development Corporation

The methodology adopted to carry out the stakeholder consultation is provided in section 2.5.3.

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6.2 Government Institutions

6.2.1 Ministry of Environment

Date: 2nd March 2021 Time: 10:00 AM – 10:45 AM

Meeting Participant(s):

Name Designation Contact Information Afsal Hussain Director, MoE [email protected] Aishath Shafiyya Environmental Analyst, MoE [email protected] Mohamed Ali Manager – Projects, MWSC [email protected] Aishath Nadha Engineer – Internal Projects, [email protected] Gasim MWSC Mohamed Faisal MWSC [email protected] Mohamed Faizan Consultant, CDE Consulting [email protected]

Discussions: # Issues/concerns/recommendations/queries Proponents Responses 1 MoE: Was any alternative location MWSC: Alternative locations were considered for installation of the sewage explored in the concept design phase of outfall pipeline, especially as this area is used the project; main challenge in placing for recreational purposes. sewage outfall line in a location away from recreational use area is the need for higher capacity pump stations and limitations in land at Hulhumalé for expansion of the pump stations.

MWSC has considered the recommendations by HDC to bury the pipeline along the reef flat area so that there is no obstruction to watersports activities in the area like Jet Ski movements. In addition, the outfall pipeline is planned to be located 30 m depth so as to minimize impact on recreational users.

MWSC carryout regular monitoring of seawater in the area and also routine monitoring and maintenance of the existing outfall lines and have not

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# Issues/concerns/recommendations/queries Proponents Responses identified significant issues that can impact recreational users in the area.

2 MoE: Will sewage be diverted to the Sewage MWSC: STP installation in Hulhumalé is Treatment Plant (STP) once it is established? a project by World Bank. MWSC recommended to include pumping main diversion as part of the STP project.

Even if the STP is installed the proposed sewage outfall line will be required in emergencies when it is required to by- pass the STP.

3 MWSC: Main recommendation by HDC was MWSC: The management of MWSC is to use micro-tunneling method instead of planning to undertake discussions with asphalt cutting and excavation at the road the management of HDC along with crossings at Chanbeylee Magu and Nirolhu Utilities Regulatory Authority regarding Magu. this issue to find a solution. At the moment there are no contractors in Note: HDC has since agreed to allow Maldives that provide micro-tunneling and asphalt cutting and excavation at the HDC also does not have the machineries to road crossing (see Section 6.3.1). provide this service.

If HDC cannot come to agreement on an alternative method MWSC will not be able to continue with the project.

MoE: MWSC should discuss with HDC on possibility of using conventional asphalt cutting and excavation method for this project. As prolonging the project may lead to hazardous conditions for the residents in the area. It is important for quick implementation of the project before it reaches this stage.

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6.2.2 Utilities Regulatory Authority

Date: 22nd February 2021 Time: 13:00 PM – 14:00 PM

Meeting Participants:

Name Designation Contact Information Adam Mubeen Assistant Director, URA - Mohamed Ali Manager – Projects, MWSC [email protected] Aishath Nadha Gasim Engineer – Internal Projects, [email protected] MWSC Mohamed Faisal MWSC [email protected] Mohamed Faizan Consultant, CDE Consulting [email protected]

Discussions: # Issues/concerns/recommendations/queries Response by Proponent 1 MWSC: The current sewerage system is MWSC: Land will be required to performing at maximum capacity, and during increase the capacity of the existing peak days and hours there are incidences of pump stations. Limited land overflow in the pump stations PS5 and PS7 availability in Hulhumalé is a major areas. challenge to increase the existing pumping capacity. URA: Is it possible to expand the capacity of existing pump stations? 2 URA: Will there be provisions connect the MWSC: Provisions will be made in sewerage system to the STP? the sewerage system for connection to the STP.

3 URA: Will the outfall pipeline impact coastal MWSC: The pipeline will be buried sediment movement? along the coastline and also on that reef flat area so that there will be minimum disturbance to the coastal sediment movement.

4 URA: Will the proposed sewage outfall line be MWSC: The proposed outfall line is able to cater for the projected population designed to meet the demand of the increase in Hulhumalé? projected population increase for Hulhumalé Phase 1 by HDC for the 5 years.

5 URA: How deep on the ocean side will the MWSC: It is proposed to install the outfall pipeline be located? outfall pipeline at 30 m depth on the ocean side.

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# Issues/concerns/recommendations/queries Response by Proponent

URA: No objections to installation of outfall line to 30 m depth.

6.2.3 Maldives Marine Research Institute

Date: 21st February 2021 Time: 13:00 PM – 13:30 PM

Meeting Participants:

Name Designation Contact Information Nizam Ibrahim Senior Research Officer [email protected] Mohamed Faizan Consultant, CDE Consulting [email protected]

Discussions: # Issues/concerns/recommendations/queries Response by Proponent 1 MMRI: Recommends relocation of live coral Relocation of corals is now included as colonies within the direct footprint of the sewage a mitigation measure. outfall pipeline outside the impact footprint.

6.3 Corporations

6.3.1 Housing Development Corporation

Date: 22nd February 2021 Time: 10:00 AM – 10:45 AM

Date: 9th March 2021

Meeting Participants:

Name Designation Contact Information Ahmed Fathhee Assistant Director, HDC [email protected] Ahmed Sofwan Municipal Services, HDC [email protected] Mohamed Ali Manager – Projects, MWSC [email protected] Aishath Nadha Engineer – Internal Projects, [email protected] Gasim MWSC Mohamed Nahaas Assistant Officer, MWSC [email protected] Mohamed Faizan Consultant, CDE Consulting [email protected] Discussions:

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# Issues/concerns/recommendations/queries Response by Proponent 1 CDE: The approved concept plan by HDC states MWSC: Detailed work methodologies micro-tunneling is proposed for pipe installation will be submitted to HDC prior to works at Nirolhu and Chanbeylee Magu, kindly commencement of physical works clarify who will undertake this work?

HDC: Asphalt-cutting works for the roads are carried out by HDC. In principle the management of HDC has decided to use micro- tunnelling method instead of excavation for all major roads. However, at present HDC does not have the machineries to carryout micro- tunnelling. Hence, HDC will have an internal management discussion on this issue and inform on a decision on whether to allow an alternative work method at these sites.

If asphalt cutting and excavation is to be used at these roads, it will need to be done in phases, so as to allow traffic movement on one side of the road at any given time.

HDC (9th March 2021): Upon further discussion, HDC has come to a conclusion to go with Asphalt cutting to lay the pipe crossing. Also, the rest of the pipes shall run through the footpath area as mentioned in the drawing provided by HDC.

And to submit that detailed methodologies to HDC prior physical works.

2 HDC: Recommends the outfall pipeline to be MWSC: Outfall pipeline will be buried along the reef flat until the house reef buried from the beach along the reef area (red line in the image shown below), flat until the house reef. similarly the pipeline must be buried in the beach section as well.

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7 ASSESSMENT OF ENVIROMENTAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS & MITAGATION MEASURES

Potential adverse and beneficial impacts of the project are identified and evaluated in this section. Significant impacts are identified and evaluated in two stages. The first stage identifies the environmental and socio-economic components that may be impacted from key project activities. The second stage determines the significance of impacts of each component. The following sections provide details of the evaluation of impacts.

7.1 Boundaries of Affected Areas

The estimated boundary of affected areas is summarized in Figure 7.1 below. These boundaries are based on physical conditions and work methods proposed in the project without any mitigation measures. The extents shown are not absolute and should be treated as the best-guess scenario based on past projects.

7.2 Initial screening of potential impacts

Table 7.1 below provides initial screening and nature of potential impacts from the proposed project on environmental and socio-economic aspects by the project components. Nature of potential impacts is defined here as No Impact (NA), Adverse Impact (-) or Beneficial Impact (+).

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Figure 7.1: Estimated Affected Area

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Table 7.1: Initial Impact identification matrix – Physical, biological and chemical components

Environmental Components

Project activities fauna scenery Groundwater Soil condition Marine Water GHG emissions Hydrodynamics Terrestrial flora Unique Habitats Marine flora and Terrestrial fauna Coastal processes Ambient noise level Ambient air quality Protected Areas and Landscape integrity/ Natural Hazard Risk Equipment mobilization & site setup NA NA - NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Onshore pipeline installation - - - NA NA - - NA - NA - NA NA NA Offshore pipeline installation ------NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Site Management (waste, wastewater, power, NA NA NA NA NA - - NA NA NA NA NA NA NA water, safety) Demobilization NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Operations NA NA - NA NA - - NA + NA NA NA NA NA Monitoring and Maintenance NA NA - NA NA - - NA + NA NA NA NA NA

* Note: (-) Negative impact; (+) Positive impacts; (-/+) Negative and positive impacts; (NA) Not applicable or negligible

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Table 7.2: Impact identification matrix (Socio-economic components)

Socio-economic Components

Project activities Safety Conflict Tourism & Safety Fisheries Activities Land Use Demand for Recreational Employment Resource Use Marine Traffic Social cohesion Public Health & Resources/Services Occupational Health Equipment mobilization & site setup - NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Onshore pipeline installation - - NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Offshore pipeline installation - - NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Site Management (waste, wastewater, power, water, safety) - NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Demobilization - NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Operations - + NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Monitoring and Maintenance - + NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

* Note: (-) Negative impact; (+) Positive impacts; (-/+) Negative and positive impacts; (NA) Not applicable or negligible

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7.3 Ambient Noise pollution

7.3.1 Predicted Changes

Construction stage

Operation of construction machinery/equipment is expected to generate noise pollution during this stage. Specific construction machinery/equipment and project activities that may result in noise pollution are:

- Excavator operations for trenching works on the roads and beach area - Asphalt cutting at Chanbeylee Magu and Nirolhu Magu

Operation stage

No major additional noise pollution is expected during operation stage compared to the baseline.

7.3.2 Sensitive Receptors

The main receptors will be residential and businesses in the area, and the construction workers onsite.

7.3.3 Impact Significance

Given the urban setting and short duration of operation of the machineries the noise impacts are expected to be of minor significance.

7.3.4 Mitigation Measures

1. Inform businesses, and residences in the project area on the overall plans of the project. 2. Regularly tune and maintain all vehicles and machinery. 3. Monitor all occupation areas (construction areas) to ensure noise levels do not exceed OHSA standards and provide appropriate PPE (e.g. ear muffs) where noise levels cannot be reduced. 4. Plan to complete project activities in the shortest time period possible. 5. Where possible, avoid noisy activities from 11:00 PM and 6:00 AM, and during prayer times.

No additional costs anticipated to implement these measures.

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7.3.5 Residual Impacts

The proposed mitigation measures for noise is likely reduce noise impacts to negligible levels.

7.4 Ambient Air Quality

7.4.1 Predicted Changes

Construction stage

The main source of air pollutants during the construction stage are from operation of excavator, asphalt cutting works and operation of vehicles and vessels used for transportation of materials/equipment for the project.

However these are not expected to bring about major changes to the ambient air quality. Given the open nature of the project sites, emissions from these are expected to disperse quickly.

Operation stage

No major air pollution is expected during operation stage.

7.4.2 Sensitive Receptors

The main sensitive receptor of air pollutants are workers in the project sites.

7.4.3 Impact Significance

Exhaust emissions from construction equipment and vessels used for transportation can reduce ambient air quality at this site. However as these will be operated periodically over the construction stage, the magnitude of impact is expected to be low and overall significance of the impact is expected to negligible.

Similarly proposed asphalt cutting at Chanbeylee Magu and Nirolhu Magu is also is for short- duration, the magnitude of the impact is expected to be low and overall significance of the impact is expected to be negligible.

7.4.4 Mitigation Measures

1. Provide face-masks and goggles to workers on-site during asphalt cutting. 2. Use wet cutting process to suppress dust during asphalt cutting.

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3. All vehicles and construction equipment must be maintained and properly tuned in accordance with manufacturer’s specifications. 4. All equipment shall be checked to determine if they are in proper condition prior to commencement of construction activities. 5. Construction equipment idling times shall be minimised by shutting equipment off when not in use.

No additional costs anticipated to implement these measures.

7.4.1 Residual Impacts

The proposed mitigation measures for air emissions is likely to reduce ambient air quality impacts to negligible levels.

7.5 GHG Emissions

7.5.1 Predicted Changes

Construction stage

Construction stage activities that can contribute to GHG emission include operation of machineries, vehicles and vessels.

Operation stage

No significant increase in GHG emission compared to the current status is expected during the operation stage.

7.5.2 Sensitive Receptors

Increase in GHG emission into the atmosphere will contribute to global warming, hence the sensitive receptors in this case will be countries/states like the Maldives that are most vulnerable to the sea level rise caused by global warming.

7.5.3 Impact Significance

GHG emission from the project will be insignificant compared to the national GHG emissions.

7.5.4 Mitigation Measures

1. Regularly tune and maintain construction machineries, vehicles and vessels.

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2. Use energy efficient machineries in construction.

No additional costs are anticipated to implement the proposed mitigation measures. 7.6 Changes to Hydrodynamics and Coastal Processes

7.6.1 Predicted Changes

Construction stage

Construction stage of the project requires temporary modification of the shoreline such as removal of small section of the beach revetment, and excavation of the trench on the reef flat. This may temporarily alter the hydrodynamics in the area.

Operation stage

The pipeline will be buried along the beach and reef flat area; hence the pipeline is not expected to bring out major changes to hydrodynamics or coastal processes during operation stage.

7.6.2 Sensitive Receptors

The eastern shoreline of the island is the main sensitive receptor.

7.6.3 Impact Significance

Changes to the hydrodynamics and coastal processes by the project is expected to be negligible.

7.6.4 Mitigation Measures

1. Ensure that construction material and waste is not left behind on the lagoon or reef flat. 2. Ensure the trench on the reef flat is properly backfilled and levelled.

The cost of beach monitoring is provided in Environmental Monitoring Plan (Chapter 10).

7.6.5 Residual impacts

The impacts are expected to be negligible.

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7.7 Marine Water Quality

7.7.1 Predicted Changes

Construction stage

Increase in turbidity and suspended solids in the water column due to disturbances to the seabed during excavation and placement of the sea outfall pipeline. Impact footprint is expected to be around 200 m - 500 m of the excavation site and will depend on the prevailing current and tidal movement at the site. Suspended solids and turbidity are expected to subside quickly given the open nature of the site and current movement.

There is also possibility of leakage of fuel from excavator and vessels used for the project, especially during handling of fuel or refueling.

Operation stage

Currently, raw sewage is discharged on the ocean side of Hulhumalé Phase- 1 at two locations. Raw sewage comprises of multiple contaminants that act as stressors for the coral reef ecosystem such as toxins, endocrine disruptors, heavy metals, pathogens, nutrients, solids and freshwater (Wear & Thurber, 2015). This project will add one more discharge point few meters south of Sea Outfall-2.

The discharge location is open ocean with high current movement which is expected to mix and dilute the effluent released into the ocean, in addition the T-diffuser at the discharge point will help in the rapid dispersal.

7.7.2 Sensitive Receptors

The islands coral reef and associated marine organism are the main sensitive receptors.

7.7.3 Impact Significance

Impact on the seawater during the construction and operation phase is expected to be moderately significant.

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7.7.4 Mitigation Measures

1. Plan and complete the offshore sea outfall construction works in the shortest time period possible. 2. Carryout the offshore sea outfall construction works during low-tide hours in calm sea conditions where possible. 3. Regularly monitor site for spillages and leakages (e.g. oil leakage) and undertake regular water quality monitoring for turbidity and total suspended solids during construction phase. 4. Ensure provisions are in place for connection to the Sewage Treatment Plant when it is operational 5. Regularly monitor the seawater quality during the operation phase.

The cost of seawater quality monitoring is provided in Environmental Monitoring Plan (Chapter 10). No other additional costs are expected to implement the measures proposed.

7.7.5 Residual Impacts

Raw sewage will be discharged into the sea throughout the operation stage, until such time when the sewerage treatment plant is installed. The proposed line has provisions in place to connect to the planned STP, once connected it is expected to significantly reduce this impact.

7.8 Marine Flora and Fauna

7.8.1 Predicted Changes

Construction phase

The main changes expected are:

1) Direct loss and physical damages to marine organism: - Burial of marine organisms, especially sessile lifeforms (e.g. corals) in the footprint of excavator operation pathway. The baseline survey along this site shows that the reef flat is predominantly made up of sand, rubble and patches of macroalgae and few isolated massive coral patches. Hence the direct loss of live corals is expected to be low. - There is also risk of direct physical damages to sessile lifeforms, fish, and other organisms in the project area placement of the sea outfall pipeline.

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2) Increased stress induced on marine ecosystem - Elevated suspended solids, and turbidity and sedimentation that may arise during excavation and backfilling work on the reef flat are major stressor on coral reef ecosystem (Rogers, 1990). Corals -with exception of azooxanthellae corals – rely on symbiotic (zooxanthellae) produce their energy requirements via photosynthesis. Elevated levels of turbidity and TSS reduce ambient light reaching the corals, decreasing the overall photosynthetic activity of zooxanthellae (Richmond, 1993). Prolonged periods of reduced photosynthetic activities may lead to malnourishment and starvation of coral colonies. Similarly, increased sedimentation and settlement of sediments on corals prevents ambient light from reaching zooxanthellae and reduces the overall photosynthetic productivity. Sedimentation also triggers corals to expend more energy to clear sediment (e.g. by production and shedding off mucus sheets). Energy which corals would otherwise utilize to grow, reproduce and carry out other metabolic activities (Riegl & Branch, 1995). Furthermore, increased sedimentation impedes successful coral reproduction, by reducing the success of coral larvae settlement, and survival rates of recruit and juvenile corals (Fabricius, 2005). Given that excavation works are on the eastern side of the reef open to the oceanic currents, sediment plumes generated by the project is not expected to persist in the area for long period.

Operation phase

As stated earlier the major change during the operation phase will be an additional sewage discharge point on the reef slope, and raw sewage comprises of multiple contaminants that can add stress to the coral reef ecosystem it will adversely impact the reef ecosystem.

7.8.2 Sensitive Receptors

The following are the main sensitive receptors:

- Corals, sessile marine lifeforms within the direct pipeline installation footprint on the reef. - Corals and other marine life within the sewage discharge impact footprint.

7.8.3 Impact Significance

Impacts on marine flora and fauna are expected to moderately significant given that the proposed outfall line site is very poor in terms of live coral coverage.

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7.8.4 Mitigation Measures

1. All workers involved in the project must be briefed on the sensitivity of the reef and the mitigation measures proposed in the EIA. 2. Demarcate the construction area and restrict all construction activities to these boundaries. 3. Supervise the project to ensure that construction activities are not carried out outside the demarcated boundaries. 4. Relocate live coral colonies with the excavator operation footprint to an area outside this footprint within the eastern lagoon. The following options should be considered: a. Relocate as many smaller colonies as possible from the excavator operation footprint to suitable nearby locations of Hulhumalé reef (eastern lagoon). Summary of key steps involved in relocation of smaller corals are as follows: i. Small to medium sized live coral colonies within the direct footprint of excavator operation will be carefully harvested, using tools such as chisel and hammer. ii. The harvested colonies, coral fragments will be placed in plastic flow through boxes. These boxes will be kept underwater, using floaters, and towed from the collection site to the relocation site. iii. Hard substrate (e.g. rock) at the site will be cleaned using a brush to clear the base onto which the corals will be reattached. iv. Coral colonies, and fragments collected will be attached onto the base using epoxy glue, or cement. v. Once reattached, these colonies will be monitored periodically to ensure success rate of establishment. b. Attempts could be made to move some of the moderately large coral colonies, Summary of key steps involved in relocation of larger coral colonies is provided below: i. Attach a steel frame or a steel chain mesh to the bottom of the colonies, and lift them to about within 1 – 2 m from water level. A high-bed excavator can be used for this purpose. ii. The suspended coral laden frame can be transported to the site relocation spot and placed with the assistance of experienced scuba divers/snorkelers. 5. Ensure that experienced and qualified personnel operate vessels and machineries used in the project to minimise accidental grounding and damage to the reef. 6. Undertake project activities in calm sea conditions. 7. Complete the sea outfall construction activities in the shortest time period possible.

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The cost of relocating the corals is estimated at USD 3000.00. No additional costs are expected to implement the remaining measures.

7.9 Groundwater and Soil Contamination

7.9.1 Predicted Changes

Construction stage

Excavation can expose the groundwater and deeper sections of the soil to contaminants such as oils and hydrocarbons from vehicles and other machineries used during construction.

Solid waste generation during construction stage can also affect the groundwater, if they are mishandled and mismanaged during the construction stage.

Operation stage

The project is expected to reduce the risk of potential sewage overflows on the ground that may contaminate the groundwater and soil.

7.9.2 Sensitive Receptors

The main sensitive receptor is groundwater lens of the island.

7.9.3 Impact Significance

The impact on groundwater during construction stage is expected to be moderately significant.

7.9.4 Mitigation Measures

1. Oil, solid waste & hazardous waste handled carefully & transported in sealed containers. 2. All paints, lubricants, and other chemicals used on site should be stored in a secure and bunded location. 3. General refuse should be collected and regularly disposed to the designated waste disposal site 4. Properly tune and maintain all machinery. 5. Carry out construction activities under the supervision of a suitably experienced person 6. Dewatering should be carried out only in areas where it is absolutely necessary. 7. During the operation phase regularly inspect and maintain pump stations and ensure pumps are in working order.

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The costs of most activities identified above are included in the contractor price as part of general site management and practices.

7.10 Terrestrial Fauna

7.10.1 Predicted Changes

Construction stage

Excavation works on the beach area may require removal of two coconut palms.

Operation stage

No changes are expected during operation phase.

7.10.2 Sensitive Receptors

The main sensitive receptor are the coconut palms in the beach area.

7.10.3 Impact Significance

The impact is expected to be minor significance.

7.10.4 Mitigation Measures

1. Avoid the coconut palms in the beach area during construction, if unavoidable relocate the palm trees in nearby area.

The costs of most activities identified above are included in the contractor price as part of general site management and practices.

7.11 Labour Recruitment and Working Conditions

Construction phase

Significant impacts during labour recruitment include recruitment of illegal and undocumented foreign migrant workers. There is growing concern regarding recruitment fees being charged from foreign workers, retention of passports and documents of foreign workers and delayed payment of wages.

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Additionally, lack of an employment contract outlining the details of the work and entitled salary for the workers is a serious issue. Such activities will deprive the workers from their rights. In the worst-case scenario such as work-related accidents or other grievances the employer will be held responsible by the respective authority and this will incur financial implications on the employer as well as the worker. Undocumented foreign migrant workers without health screens or medical insurance also puts the employer at risk if a worker passes away. In such cases it becomes challenging to inform his family and carry out the necessary arrangements.

Inadequate wage or delayed payments can dispirit the workers and this can have negative implications on the project timeline. The impact of this will be multi-fold as both the contractor and proponent will be bearing the negative impacts.

Furthermore, poor living conditions with inadequate ventilation and lack of clean water can put the worker’s health and safety at risk. Lack of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for workers and safety measures at the work site can also put the worker’s at risk. Accidents related to equipment use can lead to injury, and fatalities. Hence, it will be vital to ensure proper supervision and adequate PPEs are provided to all the workers.

In line with international best practices and efforts to prevent forced labour and trafficking it is essential to protect the basic rights of workers and develop a sound worker-manager relationship to prevent escalation of grievances of workers. The proponents of this project, the contractor and all sub-contractors shall take full responsibility for safeguarding the rights of all workers employed for this project and implementing the mitigation measures outlined in this report.

7.11.1 Mitigation measures

1. Conduct a health screen prior to recruitment and ensure a valid work permit visa is present. 2. Prepare a contract both in English and the language spoken by the worker and explain the terms and conditions of the contract clearly to the worker. 3. Identify an emergency contact for all the workers. 4. Safe drinking water shall be made available in sufficient quantity for the workers. 5. Adequate sleeping arrangement shall be provided for workers with adequate toilet and shower facilities. 6. Minimum 03 meals shall be provided to workers per day or appropriate meal break times shall be provided.

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7. All workers should be provided with health and safety information appropriate to the work they undertake. 8. All workers should be provided with safety gear and personal protective equipment at all times. 9. Working hours shall not exceed the maximum work hours stipulated in the Employment Act of the Maldives.

7.12 Occupational Health and Safety

7.12.1 Predicted Health and Safety Impacts

Health and safety risks arising from construction work is high due to use of specialized equipment/machineries (e.g. excavator), and handling of heavy construction material (e.g. pipes, and anchor block placement) can lead to injury and in extreme cases fatalities.

The project involves offshore and also underwater works. These include inherent risks to the workers involved such as drowning and decompression sickness.

At the time of preparation of this report there is an ongoing global pandemic of novel Corona Virus (COVID-19). In response to this the Health Protection Agency (HPA) has declared a health emergency in the Maldives. To prevent spread of COVID-19, HPA has imposed a mandatory 14- day quarantine for all incoming personnel to Maldives, and set guidelines on social distancing, and general hygiene. Strict adherence to these guidelines by the HPA will be necessary to minimize the risk of spreading COVID-19 among the workforces.

7.12.2 Significance of Impact

Given that the impacts may result in fatalities occupational health and safety impacts are of major significance.

7.12.3 Mitigation measures

1. Conduct awareness sessions on all health and safety risks and measures proposed to mitigate these risks prior to commencement of construction activities. 2. Conduct training/awareness session for all workers on all emergency procedures. 3. Provide necessary Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and train workers on proper usage of PPE. 4. Necessary safety gear will be worn at all times. These include safety gloves, construction boots, facemasks, earmuffs, etc. according to Job Hazard Analysis requirements

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5. Construction workers operating equipment that generates loud noise should be equipped with appropriate hearing protection. As a guide, workers operating equipment generating noise of > 80 dBA should wear ear mufflers and workers experiencing prolonged noise levels > 70 dBA must wear ear plugs. 6. Construction workers working off-shore on boats must be wear life vests. 7. Ensure all scuba divers are qualified and trained on the tasks to be performed and fit for duty during recruitment. 8. Verify physical and mental condition of each diver prior and after each dive. 9. Ensure all scuba gear are in proper working condition prior to each dive. 10. Dive flat must be displayed at the dive location in a manner that allow all around visibility. 11. Underwater works must be carried out only when site conditions are safe. 12. Continuous monitoring of surface conditions such as weather, currents or vessel traffic in the area that could adversely affect the safety of the divers. 13. Warning signs, barricades or warning devices will be provided and used. 14. Install warning signs, barricades and warning devices at the project site. 15. Ensure only experienced and qualified persons operate special machineries such as excavator. 16. Ensure sufficient First Aid kits available on the site. 17. Given that project will be undertaken during global pandemic of COVID-19 the following measures will be taken: a. All applicable restrictions by Health Protection Agency (HPA) will be followed. b. For any infections that may appear with the project teams on the project site, instructions from HPA will be followed. c. Proponent manage any outbreaks based on HPA guidance.

The costs of most activities identified above are included as part of general site management and practices.

7.13 Risks to public health and safety

7.13.1 Predicted public health and safety impacts

Construction phase

The main risk to public health and safety due to this project is from trenching works on the land for the pipeline installation. Unless strict safety measures are taken these sites could lead to accidents, injuries to members of public using these areas.

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In addition, the proposed pipeline installation site on the beach is frequently used by beach goers, unless measures are placed to restrict entry into these areas, it may result in accidents, and unwanted injuries.

As noted above, COVID-19 poses a risk to and from the project work force. Hence it is important to ensure all guidelines by HPA are followed to minimize risk of virus spreading from actions of the workforce.

Operation phase

The project is expected to significantly reduce the risk of sewage overflow on land exposing public to hazardous conditions. Hence the project is expected to reduce the health and safety risks to the public from potential sewage overflows.

7.13.2 Sensitive Receptors

Residences and visitors using the project areas.

7.13.3 Impact Significance

Given that the impacts may result in injuries, these impacts are considered as major significance.

7.13.4 Mitigation Measures

1. Coordinate with Housing Development Corporation and traffic police all activities related to works on the road, and road closures.

2. Close off construction sites to public, and use warning sign at the sites

No additional costs are anticipated to implement these measures.

7.14 Traffic

7.14.1 Predicted Changes

Construction phase

The project involves partial closure on 2 roads (Chanbeylee Magu and Nirolhu Magu), this will disturb the traffic flow in both roads.

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Pipeline installation in Huvandhumaa Hingun, and Nirolhu Goalhu-11 follows the existing footpath, hence will not impact on the traffic movement.

Operation phase

No traffic impacts are expected during operation phase.

7.14.1 Impact Significance

While partial closure of Nirolhu Magu and Chanbeylee Magu will disturb the traffic flow, the overall impact is will be of minor significance as traffic flow will be allowed on one half at any given time during the construction phase.

7.14.2 Mitigation Measures

1. Inform all road closure information to the residences and businesses in the project area. 2. Plan and complete the road works shortest time period possible. 3. All road closures must be undertaken as instructed and approved by Housing Development Corporation. 4. All road closures must ensure access to the road at least for pedestrian including those that live in the street and business that operate in the street. No costs are anticipated to implement these measures.

7.15 Social Conflicts

1. Inform and consult all stakeholders at all stages of the project 2. Where practical, avoid noisy work between 11:00 PM and 6:00 AM 3. Provide access to pedestrians, particularly for people who want access premises and businesses in the project area. 4. Formulate and implement a Grievance Redress Mechanism to address complaints regarding the project activities.

No costs are anticipated to implement these measures.

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Table 7.3: Summary of findings

Pre- Design enhancement Anticipated Impact Receptor mitigation Phase Residual Area Receptor or Mitigation Cost (USD) Impact Magnitude Sensitivity Impact significance Measures significance C O Ambient Noise Noise from Project Low Medium Minor adverse 1) Inform businesses ✓ Negligible Included in operation of workers and and residences in the general site excavator and residents project area of the management asphalt cutting located in overall plans of the costs close project. proximity to 2) Regularly tune and the work site maintain all vehicles and machinery. 3) Provide PPE (e.g. earmuffs) to workers on site. 4) Plan and complete project activities in the shortest time period possible. 5) Where possible avoid noisy activities from 11:00 PM and 6:00 AM and during prayer times.

Ambient Air Air emissions Project Low Low Negligible 1) Provide face-masks ✓ Negligible Included in Quality from operation workers and goggles to workers general site of construction on-site during asphalt management equipment and cutting. costs machineries. 2) Use wet cutting process to suppress dust during asphalt cutting 3) Regularly tune and maintain machineries

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Pre- Design enhancement Anticipated Impact Receptor mitigation Phase Residual Area Receptor or Mitigation Cost (USD) Impact Magnitude Sensitivity Impact significance Measures significance C O and equipment used for construction 2) Construction equipment idling times should be minimized by shutting equipment off when not in use.

GHG emissions Increase in Terrestrial & Negligible High Minor adverse 1) Tune and maintain ✓ Negligible Included in GHG marine machineries and general site emissions from biodiversity equipment used for management equipment, construction. costs machineries Residents and 2) Use energy efficient and vessels. infrastructure machineries in construction. Coastal Temporary Eastern Negligible Low Negligible 1) Ensure that ✓ Negligible Included in processes and changes to shoreline of construction material the contract hydrodynamics hydrodynamics the island and waste is not left value. and coastal behind on the lagoon or processes reef flat. Monitoring during 2) Ensure the trench on costs provided excavation the reef flat is properly in Chapter 10 works on the backfilled and levelled. reef flat. Marine water Increase in About 500 m Medium High Moderate 1) Plan and complete ✓ Minor adverse - quality turbidity and radius of adverse the offshore sea outfall total excavator, construction works in suspended depending on the shortest time period solids during prevailing possible. excavation currents. 2) Carryout the offshore works. sea outfall construction works during low-tide hours in calm sea

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Pre- Design enhancement Anticipated Impact Receptor mitigation Phase Residual Area Receptor or Mitigation Cost (USD) Impact Magnitude Sensitivity Impact significance Measures significance C O conditions where possible. 3) Regularly monitor site for spillages and leakages (e.g. oil leakage) and undertake regular water quality monitoring for turbidity and total suspended solids during construction phase. Marine water Raw sewage Corals and Medium High Moderate 1) Ensure provisions are ✓ Minor adverse Included in quality discharged will marine life in adverse in place for connection contract add pollutants the area to STP once it is value. into the sea operational. water. 2) Regularly monitor Monitoring the seawater quality costs provided during operation phase in Chapter 10. Marine flora Direct loss and Live coral Medium Medium Moderate 1) All workers involved ✓ Minor adverse 3,000.00 and fauna physical colonies adverse in the project must be damage to within the briefed on the marine sensitivity of reef and organisms mitigation measures within the proposed in the EIA. excavator 2) Demarcate the operation construction area and footprint on restrict footprints. the reef 3) Supervise the project to ensure that construction activities are not carried out outside the demarcated boundaries.

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Pre- Design enhancement Anticipated Impact Receptor mitigation Phase Residual Area Receptor or Mitigation Cost (USD) Impact Magnitude Sensitivity Impact significance Measures significance C O 4) Relocate live coral colonies within the direct footprint of the project. 5) Ensure experienced and qualified personnel operate vessels and machineries used in the project to minimize risk of accidental grounding and damage to the reef. 6) Under project activities in calm sea conditions. 7) Complete construction activities in the shortest time period possible. Labour There is Workers High High Major adverse 1) Conduct a health ✓ Negligible Included in recruitment and growing recruited for screen prior to the contract Working concern of the project recruitment and ensure Conditions illegal and a valid work visa is price. undocumented present. foreign 2) Prepare a contract workers. both in English and the language spoken by the worker and explain terms and conditions of the contract clearly to the worker. 3) Identify an emergency contact for all the workers.

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Pre- Design enhancement Anticipated Impact Receptor mitigation Phase Residual Area Receptor or Mitigation Cost (USD) Impact Magnitude Sensitivity Impact significance Measures significance C O 4) Safe drinking water shall be made available in sufficient quantity for the workers. 5) Adequate sleeping arrangements shall be provided with adequate toilet and shower facilities. 6) Minimum 03 meals shall be provided to workers per day or appropriate meal break times shall be provided. 7) All workers should be provided with health and safety information appropriate to the work they undertaken. 8) All workers should be provided with safety gear and personal protective equipment at all times. 9) Working hours shall not exceed the maximum work hours stipulated in the Employment Act of the Maldives Groundwater Excavation Groundwater Medium High Moderate 1) Oil, solid waste & ✓ Negligible Included in and Soil during the lens adverse hazardous waste the contract Contamination construction handled carefully & price.

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Pre- Design enhancement Anticipated Impact Receptor mitigation Phase Residual Area Receptor or Mitigation Cost (USD) Impact Magnitude Sensitivity Impact significance Measures significance C O phase will transported in sealed expose containers. groundwater 2) All paints, lubricants, and deeper and other chemicals sections of the used on site should be soil to stored in a secure and contaminants bunded location. such as oil. 3) General refuse should be collected and The operation regularly disposed to stage is the designated waste expected to disposal site. reduce the risk 4) Properly tune and of potential maintain all machinery sewage 5) Carry out overflows that construction activities can under supervision of a contaminate suitably experienced the person. groundwater 6) Dewatering should and soil. be carried out only in areas where it is absolutely necessary. 7) During the operation phase regularly inspect and maintain pump stations and ensure pumps are in working order.

Terrestrial Loss of 2 Coconut Palm Low Medium Minor adverse 1) Avoid coconut palms ✓ Negligible - Flora coconut palms trees during construction, if

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Pre- Design enhancement Anticipated Impact Receptor mitigation Phase Residual Area Receptor or Mitigation Cost (USD) Impact Magnitude Sensitivity Impact significance Measures significance C O unavoidable relocate the palms/ Occupational The project Workers at the High High Major adverse 1) Conduct awareness ✓ Minor adverse - Health and involves work project site sessions on all health Safety on the sea and and visitors. and safety risks and use of measures proposed to specialized mitigate these risks equipment prior to commencement such as of construction excavators activities. which has 2) Conduct inherent risks training/awareness to health and session for all workers safety of on all emergency workers. procedures. 3) Provide necessary Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and train workers on proper usage of PPE. 4) Necessary safety gear will be worn at all times. These include safety gloves, construction boots, facemasks, earmuffs, etc. according to Job Hazard Analysis requirements 5) Construction workers operating equipment that generates loud noise should be

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Pre- Design enhancement Anticipated Impact Receptor mitigation Phase Residual Area Receptor or Mitigation Cost (USD) Impact Magnitude Sensitivity Impact significance Measures significance C O equipped with appropriate hearing protection. As a guide, workers operating equipment generating noise of > 80 dBA should wear ear mufflers and workers experiencing prolonged noise levels > 70 dBA must wear ear plugs. 6) Construction workers working off-shore on boats must be wear life vests. 7) Ensure all scuba divers are qualified and trained on the tasks to be performed and fit for duty during recruitment. 8) Verify physical and mental condition of each diver prior and after each dive. 9) Ensure all scuba gear are in proper working condition prior to each dive. 10) Dive flat must be displayed at the dive location in a manner that allow all around visibility.

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Pre- Design enhancement Anticipated Impact Receptor mitigation Phase Residual Area Receptor or Mitigation Cost (USD) Impact Magnitude Sensitivity Impact significance Measures significance C O 11) Underwater works must be carried out only when site conditions are safe. 12) Continuous monitoring of surface conditions such as weather, currents or vessel traffic in the area that could adversely affect the safety of the divers. 13) Warning signs, barricades or warning devices will be provided and used. 14) Install warning signs, barricades and warning devices at the project site. 15) Ensure only experienced and qualified persons operate special machineries such as excavator. 16) Ensure sufficient First Aid kits available on the site. 17) Given that project will be undertaken during global pandemic of COVID-19 the

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Pre- Design enhancement Anticipated Impact Receptor mitigation Phase Residual Area Receptor or Mitigation Cost (USD) Impact Magnitude Sensitivity Impact significance Measures significance C O following measures will be taken: All applicable restrictions by Health Protection Agency (HPA) will be followed. For any infections that may appear with the project teams on the project site, instructions from HPA will be followed. Proponent manage any outbreaks based on HPA guidance.

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8 ALTERNATIVES

8.1 “No-Project” Alternative

Under the No Project alternative, the proponents will not undertake the project. The following table provides beneficial and adverse impacts of the No Project alternative.

Table 9.1: Summary of key beneficial and adverse impacts of the No Project Alternative

Beneficial Impacts Adverse Impacts • Avoid direct adverse environmental • Sewage overflow at pumping stations, and impacts related to the development. related hazardous impacts to humans • Avoid any temporary disruption to traffic exposed in these areas. flow in the project area. • Costly and more frequent clean-ups and maintenance to the existing sewerage

system.

The No Project alternative can avoid potential environmental impacts of the project. However selecting this option will be a significant opportunity lost to the proponent to ensure the sewerage system meets the demand of the population at Hulhumalé.

Going ahead with the project will minimize risk of disruptions to sewerage system at Hulhumalé and it is imperative ensure sewerage system is functioning efficiently. Hence it is recommended to discard the No project Alternative in favor of the proposed project.

8.2 Alternative work Method: Micro tunnelling

Micro tunnelling is a trenchless excavation method to make small diameter tunnels to install pipelines. Micro tunnels are excavated using remotely controlled and guided boring machine, and pipe jacking. This method can be used at road crossing section (Chanbeylee Magu and Nirolhu Magu).

In micro tunnelling soil cutting and crushing is achieved using a rotating cutting head attached to the boring machine. The machine cuts and crushes soil, it mixes it with water to remove via a

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Concrete pipes will be pushed into the tunnel until it reaches the receiving shaft. Bentonite will be pumped into the annular space around the pipes to reduce friction. Figure 8.1 provides the overall process.

Figure 8.1: Micro tunneling process (source: Mersing-group)

The main advantages of this method are:

• It can avoid the need to cut the asphalt and make trenches for pipe laying • Minimize disturbances to the road traffic.

The main challenges in using this method is unavailability of machineries, and experienced engineers/contractors that provides micro tunnelling in the Maldives. Hence, contractors and machineries will need to hired and mobilized to side from outside the country. For a project of small scale this is not a financially feasible option.

The Proponent with HDC has explored this option, and due to unavailability of machineries, significant costs and potential delays this could have on the implementation of this critical project this option was discarded.

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8.3 Alternative Sewage Outfall location

The alternative location explored for the installation of the pipeline was next to the existing Sea Outfall Pipeline – 2, located on the south- eastern side of Hulhumalé Phase 1 (Figure 8.2).

The main advantage of installing the pipeline at this location is that it will be further away from recreational activities (e.g. swimming, watersports activities).

The main challenges in locating the pipeline are:

- This option will require excavation of a larger footprint on land compared to the proposed location. - Given the larger distance the existing pump stations does not have the capacity to pump to pump out the sewage. Hence will require expansion of the pump station capacity. Due to limited land availability this is currently not an option.

Given these challenges this option was discarded by the proponent in favor of the proposed location.

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Figure 8.2: Alternative sewage outfall location (shown in orange)

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9 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is an important component of the EIA process, needed to determine the accuracy of impact prediction, the adequacy of mitigation measures, and level of compliance with commitments regarding implementation of mitigation measures and monitoring of relevant environmental aspects.

The main objectives of the environmental management plan are to:

• Produce a framework for managing anticipated impacts, including practicable and achievable performance requirements and systems for monitoring, reporting and implementing corrective actions. • Provide evidence of compliance to legislation, policies, guidelines and requirements of relevant authorities.

9.1 Environmental Management System

The environmental management framework for the proposed project is based on applicable standards and policies set out by the Ministry of Environment of the Maldives. - Environmental Management Planning: The EMP specifies environmental management measures and required performance standards. - Monitoring and corrective action: The implementation of EMP measures will be monitored. Any inconsistencies between the EMP and its on-site implementation will be identified and addressed through corrective actions. - Auditing, reviews and improvement: The EMP will be reviewed. Improvements to the EMP will be made as necessary to achieve desired environmental outcomes.

The environmental management strategy is demonstrated in the Figure 10.1.

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Figure 10.1: Environmental Management Strategy Flow Diagram

9.2 Management Structure and Responsibilities

The following parties are involved in the EMP of this project: - Project proponent (MWSC) - Contractor - Environmental consultant - Environment Protection Agency (EPA)

The roles and responsibilities of the parties involved are as follows.

9.2.1 Project proponent

- Execution of all project activities - Preparation of EMP - Detailed sewage outfall line - Monitoring of the project activities - Submission of environmental monitoring reports as required by the EPA

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9.2.2 Environmental Consultant

- Preparation of EMP - Monitoring of performance of project activities according to the EMP - Auditing the EMP to ensure desired outcomes are achieved - Making amendments to the EMP according to the results of the audits - Preparation of environmental monitoring report as required by EPA (detailed in Chapter 11 of this report)

9.2.3 Contractor

- Executing of the EMP - Recording and reporting of project progress - Recording and reporting breaches in Environmental Permit conditions

9.2.4 Environmental Protection Agency

- Review of environmental monitoring reports - Intervention in the event of a breach in environmental permit conditions

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Figure 10.2: Environmental Management Plan for construction phase

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Table 10.1: Summary of Environmental Management Measures for the Project

Management objective Key management measures Performance measure / Target Responsibility Ensure all involved in the project Technically competent personnel would be Number of workers attends Proponent/contractor are informed and aware of employed to brief and/or conduct training awareness sessions proposed mitigation measures in sessions for all contractors and their this document, and best practices to employees, specifying the desired practices minimize damage to environment. and consequences of non-compliance. Ensure all mitigation measures Technically competent and experienced Record of mitigation measures Proponent/contractor proposed in the EIA document are personnel would be employed to supervise that are followed during the followed during the construction and record the activities of the workforce construction and operation phase of the project. throughout the construction & operation activities. phase and ensure that the mitigation measures proposed in the EIA (Chapter 7) are strictly followed.

Ensure Environmental Monitoring Hire a licensed environmental consultant to Environmental Monitoring Proponent/ outlined in Chapter 11 in this undertake Environmental Monitoring Report(s) Environmental document is undertaken. outlined in Chapter 11 of this document and Consultant is submit the report for evaluation to the relevant authorities. Record all findings, and recommendations of the report. Ensure all relevant stakeholders at Assign a co-ordinator at project site to liaise Record of communications with Proponent/Contractor project site is informed about with key stakeholders. stakeholders project activities Record all communications with stakeholders. Conflict resolution and grievance The assigned co-ordinator at project site Record of complaints, conflicts Proponent/Contractor recording shall report any conflicts or complains from and steps taken to resolve issue. the public and relevant stakeholders to the proponent, and coordinate efforts to resolve any issues.

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Management objective Key management measures Performance measure / Target Responsibility Record all conflicts and complaints received, and steps taken to resolve and issue. Ensure all required permits for the Record and maintain. the permits received Type and number of permits Proponent/Contractor implementation of the project area for the projects. This should include but not received. obtained. limited to Environmental Permits, Dewatering Permits, Excavation Permit, and Road closure permits. Ensure inspection and maintenance Record of all inspection and maintenance Ensure there are no leaks, and Proponent of pipeline, is undertaken on the set undertaken. This should include record of the pipeline and pump stations schedule faults identified and corrective action taken. are in working order

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9.3 Non-Conformances and Corrective Action

All non-conformances to the environmental permit conditions, observed during monitoring will be documented.

Necessary corrective actions and preventative actions will be identified

Corrective actions will be implemented, with systematic follow-ups to ensure effectiveness of these measures.

9.4 Reporting

Reporting shall be undertaken to provide evidence of the ongoing implementation of the EMP and will cover any training activities, site conditions and operations, monitoring data, details of non- conformances, incidents, complaints and follow up action, results of audits and reviews. Reporting shall be undertaken by the project proponent and the Environmental Consultant.

The environmental reporting process is summarized in the Figure 10.2. All non-compliances and complaints during the execution of the project are to be reported to EPA.

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10 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN

10.1 Introduction

This chapter will outline the monitoring plan for the proposed project. Environmental monitoring is essential because, although the overall environmental damage can be significantly minimized with proper mitigation measures, an unforeseen impact may still occur. Furthermore, some of the impacts predicted may turn out to be far greater than predicted, making mitigation measures ineffective. Therefore, in order to avoid or reduce the chances of such events, regular and frequent environmental monitoring is vital.

10.2 Objectives of the Monitoring Plan

The main objectives of the monitoring plan are:

1) To identify whether the predicted impacts are accurate and mitigation measures taken are effective. 2) To identify any unforeseen impacts so that appropriate mitigation measures can be taken at the earliest. 3) To identify and resolve any issues of social unrest at the earliest. 4) To eliminate or reduce environmental costs.

10.3 Before Construction

The monitoring assessments prescribed in Table 11.1 are required before construction, if the construction activities begin more than 12 months after the approval of this EIA.

10.4 Monitoring during Construction Phase

Table 11.2 shows the details of the different monitoring attributes and parameters that must be monitored during construction phase of the project.

Additionally, the following aspects will be monitored during this phase to ensure that environmental impacts are minimized.

1) Daily monitoring to ensure that the construction processes are not creating any significant dust nuisance for the local environment. 2) Daily monitoring of vehicle refuelling and repair should be undertaken to ensure that these exercises are carried out on hardstands and to ensure that they are done properly. This is

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to reduce the potential of soil contamination from spills. Spot checks will be conducted by the site supervisor. 3) Daily inspection of site clearance activities to ensure that the proposed construction plans are followed. 4) Monitor and ensure that approved suppliers and sources of local materials are used.

10.5 Post Construction Monitoring

Post construction monitoring is proposed to capture any changes to the environment from the project. Table 11.3 below shows the details of different monitoring attributes, objective of monitoring the particular attribute and parameters which must be monitored during this phase, in relation to the works detailed in this EIA.

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Table 11.1: Monitoring Schedule for Pre-construction Stage (if required)

Monitoring Objective Indicator(s) Methodology Locations & samples Frequency Reference Guideline / Standard Est. Total Attribute Costs (USD) Seawater To establish the pH, salinity, Laboratory testing SW1, SW2 and SW3 Once prior to - Quality seawater quality at Total Coliform, commencement of USD 160.00 the project site Fecal Coliform construction activities

Ground To establish the pH, salinity, Laboratory testing GW1, GW2 and GW3 Once prior to - Water baseline Total Coliform, commencement of Quality groundwater Fecal Coliform construction activities USD 160.00 quality at the project site Vegetation To establish Trees Visual count Along the proposed sewage outfall line Once prior to - number of trees commencement of NA within the project construction activities boundary Coral reef To establish the Benthic Photo Quadrat T1 and T2 Once prior to - health baseline condition composition, and Survey, Fish commencement of USD 500.00 of coral reef fish species Census Survey construction activities composition * Costs are calculated excluding logistics and consultant fees.

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Table 11.2: Monitoring Schedule for Construction Phase

Est. Total Monitoring Objective Indicator Methodology Locations & samples Frequency Reference Guideline / Standard Costs / Attribute USD Ground Water To assess the ground water Oil spills Visual Observation All areas where oil is When an incident occurs. NA

Contamination contamination due to oil spills and handled. leakage. Oil leakage Maintenance and tuning NA from machinery of all machinery and

or vessels vessels. Groundwater To determine any changes the pH, salinity, Laboratory testing GW1, GW2 and GW3 Twice during -

Quality baseline groundwater quality at Total Coliform, construction period the project site Fecal Coliform USD 320.00 and Total

Petroleum Hydrocarbon Seawater To determine changes the pH, salinity, Laboratory testing SW1, SW2 and SW3 Twice during -

Quality seawater quality at the project site Total Coliform, construction of sea USD 320.00 Fecal Coliform outfall pipeline on the reef

Coral Reef To determine any changes to the Benthic Photo Quadrat Survey, T1 and T2 On completion of - Health baseline coral reef conditions on composition, Fish Census Survey construction of sea USD 500.00 site and fish species outfall

composition Solid Waste To quantify the number and type Waste type and Logs Waste collection site, and Per waste collection and Waste Regulation 2013

of waste disposed and their quantity final disposal site disposal event method of disposal NA Method of

disposal Labour force To quantify labour force and Number of Logs Project site Maintain logs as required NA record their accommodation site workers by

nationality and site of accommodation

To prevent and manage Number of occupational health and safety accidents and injuries NA

To ensure the workforce conform Valid work visa to the relevant laws and

regulations To ensure conflicts among A register of workers and other external groups complaints and

are avoided grievances maintained Social To ensure conflicts among Complaints Logs - Logs to be kept per NA

Cohesion workers and external groups are received and complaint NA avoided: actions taken

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Table 11.3: Monitoring Schedule for during Operation

Monitoring Reference Guideline / Standard Est. Total Objective Indicator Methodology Locations & samples Frequency Attribute Costs / USD Seawater To determine changes the pH, salinity, Total Laboratory testing SW1, SW2 and SW3 Bi-annually during - Quality seawater quality at the project Coliform, Fecal operation USD 320.00 site Coliform (annually)

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10.6 Monitoring Report

A detailed environmental monitoring report is required to be compiled and submitted to the EPA based on the data collected for monitoring the parameters included in the monitoring plan given in the EIA.

This report may be submitted to the relevant Government agencies in order to demonstrate compliance. The report will include details of the site, strategy of data collection and analysis, quality control measures, sampling frequency and monitoring analysis and details of methodologies and protocols followed. In addition to this more frequent reporting of environmental monitoring will be communicated among the environmental consultant, project proponent, the contractors and supervisors to ensure possible negative impacts are mitigated appropriately during and after the project.

10.7 Monitoring Report Format

There are three types of monitoring reports as per the EIA Regulation (2012/R-27): Summary monitoring reports, project completion monitoring reports and post-construction monitoring reports.

Summary Monitoring reports need to be submitted to EPA every 2 months from the start of the project.

The project completion report needs to be submitted during project decommissioning stage.

The Post-construction stage monitoring report needs to be submitted annually.

Format for the report are as follows:

Summary Environmental Monitoring Reports a. Report Information

– This section should include the reporting period and name(s) of Environmental Consultant(s) that was involved in the preparation of the report b. Project Brief

– Summary of project, and project progress at the time of reporting. c. Methodology

Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|130 EIA for the proposed Construction of a sewage outfall pipeline at Hulhumalé Phase I

– Detail of methods used to monitor environmental and socio-economic parameters, including monitoring locations and frequencies. d. Findings and Observations

– Summary of key findings for the monitoring period. Consideration must be given to any information amongst any results of the monitoring that may have significant impacts on the environment. e. Conclusion

Project Completion Environmental Monitoring Report

a. Report Information

– This section should include the reporting period and name(s) of Environmental Consultant(s) that was involved in the preparation of the report b. Executive summary

– This section provides a summary of the report c. Project Details

– This section should include details of the project, and photographic summary of the completed project site.

– This section should include details of the mitigation measures that were implemented to reduce adverse impacts of the project. d. Methodology

– This section should include detail of methods used to monitor environmental and socio-economic parameters, including monitoring frequencies and locations.

– In addition this section should describe limitations of the study methods. e. Findings and Observations

– This section should include detailed description of the results, and comparison of these against set standards where applicable. In an event where these results are below the set standards, explanations should be provided with potential impacts. In addition corrective measures/actions taken should also be included. f. Conclusion

Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|131 EIA for the proposed Construction of a sewage outfall pipeline at Hulhumalé Phase I

Post Construction Stage Environmental Monitoring Report

a. Report Information

– This section should include the reporting period and name(s) of Environmental Consultant(s) that was involved in the preparation of the report b. Project Brief

– Summary of project. c. Methodology

– Detail of methods used to monitor environmental and socio-economic parameters, including monitoring locations and frequencies. d. Findings and Observations

– Details of key findings for the monitoring period. Consideration must be given to any information amongst any results of the monitoring that may have significant impacts on the environment. e. Conclusion

10.8 Cost of Monitoring

The cost of monitoring based on market and existing laboratory rates are defined in the Tables above. The figures presented in the tables do not include logistics costs and professional fees for Monitoring report preparation.

The total cost of pre-construction phase monitoring is estimated around USD 3,000.00.

The total cost for the construction phase monitoring is estimated around USD 3,000.00.

The total annual cost of operation monitoring is estimated around UDS 2,000.00.

Monitoring cost is calculated excluding contingency costs.

Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|132 EIA for the proposed Construction of a sewage outfall pipeline at Hulhumalé Phase I

11 CONCLUSIONS

This project was formulated by MWSC to increase the efficiency of the sewerage network, reduce cost of maintenance and solve flow issues in the network. The project involves installing a separate outfall line for pump stations 02, 03, 04 and 07 next to the Sea Outfall-01. The pipeline is 586 m long, and goes through Chanbeylee Magu, Huvandhumaa Hingun, Nirolhu Magu and Nirolhu Goalhi-11 via underground trenches and extends towards the ocean via the reef flat. This outfall line is designed with a discharge capacity of 19,643 m3 per day to cater for a population of 37,567 people.

Given the scale of small scale of the project, it is not expected to result in significant environmental impacts during the construction phase. However, measures have been proposed to minimise any unwanted impacts that may result from the proposed construction activities. These include coordination with HDC and Traffic Police in all works that are planned on the roads to minimise disturbance to traffic flow and closing off the excavated areas for public to minimise safety risks to people using the roads.

Most significant impacts of the project is during excavation and installation of pipeline on the reef, this includes increase in turbidity of the seawater, and occupational health and safety risks to workers. Strict measures has been proposed to mitigate these risks.

The project is critical to ensure uninterrupted sewerage network operations in Hulhumalé. The adverse impacts are manageable with the mitigation measures proposed in this report. Hence it is recommended to go ahead with the project with the mitigation measures and the monitoring schedule proposed in this report.

Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|133 EIA for the proposed Construction of a sewage outfall pipeline at Hulhumalé Phase I

REFERENCES

Binnie Black & Veatch. (2000). Environmental/Technical study for dredging/reclamation works under Hulhumalé Project - Final Report. Choi, B. H., Pelinovsky, E., Kim, K. O., & Lee, J. S. (2003). Simulation of the trans-oceanic tsunami propagation due to the 1883 Krakatau volcanic eruption. Natural Hazards and Earth Science Systems, 3, 321–332. DHI. (1999). Physical modelling on wave disturbance and breakwater stability, Fuvahmulah Port Project. Fabricius, K. E. (2005). Effects of terrestrial runoff on the ecology of corals and coral reefs: Review and synthesis. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 50(2), 125–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.11.028 Goda, Y. (1988). Causes of high waves at Maldies in April 1987. Hays, J. (2006). Climate Risk Profile for the Maldives. IPCC. (2007). Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. https://doi.org/10.1038/446727a Kench, P. S., Brander, R. W., Parnell, K. E., & McLean, R. F. (2006). Wave energy gradients across a Maldivian atoll: Implications for island geomorphology. Geomorphology, 81(1–2), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.03.003 Kohler, K. E., & Gill, S. M. (2006). Coral Point Count with Excel extensions (CPCe): A Visual Basic program for the determination of coral and substrate coverage using random point count methodology. Computers and Geosciences, 32(9), 1259–1269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2005.11.009 Lanka Hydraulic Institution. (1988). Field measurement programme on tides and waves in the Republic of Maldives. Interim Report 1. MEC. (2004). Maldives: State of the Environment 2004. Naseer, A. (2003). The integrated growth response of coral reefs to environmental forcing: morphometric analysis of coral reefs of the Maldives. Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia. National Bureau of Statistics. (2016). Maldives Population & Household Census 2014. Richmond, R. H. (1993). Coral reefs: preent problems and future concerns resulting from anthropogenic disturbance. American Zoologist, 33, 524–536. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/33.6.524 Riegl, B., & Branch, G. M. (1995). Effects of sediment on the energy budgets of four scleractinian (Bourne 1900) and five alcyonacean (Lamouroux 1816) corals. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 186(2), 259–275. Rogers, C. S. (1990). Responses of coral reefs and reef organisms to sedimentation. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 62, 185–202. UNDP. (2006). Developing a Disaster Risk Profile for Maldives. UNEP. (2005). Post-Tsunami Environmental Assessment. Wear, S. L., & Thurber, R. V. (2015). Sewage pollution: Mitigation is key for coral reef stewardship. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1355(1), 15–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.12785

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APPENDIX A – Terms of Reference

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ސްނެޖެއ ްނަޝްކެޓޮރްޕ ްލަޓްނަމަރަޔަވްނެއ Environmental Protection Agency

No: 203-ECA/MWSC/2021/2

Terms of Reference for Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Construction of a Sea Outfall Pipeline at Hulhumalé Phase 1, Kaafu Atoll

The following is the Terms of Reference (ToR) following the scoping meeting held on 15th February 2021 for undertaking the EIA for the Proposed Construction of a Sea Outfall Pipeline at Hulhumalé Phase 1, Kaafu Atoll. The proponent of the project is Male’ Water and Sewerage Company Private limited. The EIA consultant of this project is Mr. Mohamed Faizan (EIA P02/2018).

While every attempt has been made to ensure that this ToR addresses all of the major issues associated with development proposal, they are not necessarily exhaustive. They should not be interpreted as excluding from consideration matters deemed to be significant but not incorporated in them, or matters currently unforeseen, that emerge as important or significant from environmental studies, or otherwise, during the course of preparation of the EIA report.

1. Introduction and rationale – Describe the purpose of the project and if applicable, background information of the project/activity and if applicable tasks already completed. Objectives of the development activities should be specific and if possible quantified. Define the arrangements required for the environmental assessment including how work carried out under this contract is linked to other activities that are carried out or that is being carried out within the project boundary. Identify the donors and the institutional arrangements relevant to this project.

2. Study area – The project involves of a sea outfall pipeline. Submit a minimum A3 size scaled plan with indications of all the proposed structures. Specify the agreed boundaries of the study area for the environmental impact assessment highlighting the proposed development location and size. The study area should include adjacent or remote areas, such as relevant developments and nearby environmentally sensitive sites (e.g. coral reef, sea grass, mangroves, marine protected areas, special birds site, sensitive species nursery and feeding grounds). Relevant developments in the areas must also be addressed including residential areas, all economic ventures and cultural sites

3. Scope of work – Identify and number tasks of the project including preparation, construction and decommissioning phases.

Task 1. Description of the proposed project – Provide a full description and justification of the relevant parts of the project activities, using maps at appropriate scales where necessary. The following should be provided (all inputs and outputs related to the proposed activities shall be justified):

Task 2. Description of the environment – Assemble, evaluate and present the environmental baseline study/data regarding the study area and timing of the project (e.g. monsoon season). Identify baseline data gaps and identify

Environmental Protection Agency ސްނެޖެއ ްނަޝްކެޓޮރްޕ ްލަޓްނަމަރަޔަވްނެއ Green Building, 3rd Floor, Handhuvaree Hingun ގްރ ން ބިލްޑިންގް، 3ވަނަ ފަންގިފިލާ، ހަނދުވަރ ހިނގުން Male', Rep. of Maldives, 20392 މާލެ، ދިވެހިރާއްޖެ، 20392 +960 333 5949 +960 798 0379 [email protected] www.epa.gov.mv

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ސްނެޖެއ ްނަޝްކެޓޮރްޕ ްލަޓްނަމަރަޔަވްނެއ Environmental Protection Agency studies and the level of detail to be carried out by consultant. Consideration of likely monitoring requirements should be borne in mind during survey planning, so that data collected is suitable for use as a baseline. As such all baseline data must be presented in such a way that they will be usefully applied to future monitoring. The report should outline detailed methodology of data collection utilized.

The baseline data will be collected before construction and from at least two benchmarks. All survey locations shall be referenced with Geographic Positioning System (GPS) including water sampling points, reef transects, vegetation transects and manta tows sites for posterior data comparison. Information should be divided into the categories shown below:

Climate  Temperature and Rainfall

Ecology  Identify marine protected areas (MPAs) and sensitive sites within the project boundary if any that may be affected by the project.  Characteristics of seabed sediments to assess direct habitat destruction and turbidity impacts during construction;

Groundwater Quality  Groundwater quality assessment measuring these parameters: pH, salinity, Total Coliform and Fecal Coliform from two locations along the proposed pipeline route and one control location.

Seawater Quality  Sea quality assessment measuring these parameters: pH, salinity, Total Coliform and Fecal Coliform from one location along the proposed pipeline route, outfall location and one control location.

The extent of the available data shall be characterized indicating significant information deficiencies and any uncertainties. The report should outline the detailed methodology of data collection utilized to describe the existing environment.

Task 3. Legislative and regulatory considerations – Identify the pertinent legislation, regulations and standards, and environmental policies that are relevant and applicable to the proposed project, and identify the appropriate authority jurisdictions that will specifically apply to the project. Include permits and approvals in the EIA document. Legal requirements: - Approval from Housing Development Corporation

Task 4. Potential impacts (environmental and socio-cultural) of proposed project, incl. all stages – The EIA report should identify all the impacts, direct and indirect, during and after construction, and evaluate the magnitude and significance of each. Particular attention shall be given to impacts associated with the following:

Environmental Protection Agency ސްނެޖެއ ްނަޝްކެޓޮރްޕ ްލަޓްނަމަރަޔަވްނެއ Green Building, 3rd Floor, Handhuvaree Hingun ގްރ ން ބިލްޑިންގް، 3ވަނަ ފަންގިފިލާ، ހަނދުވަރ ހިނގުން Male', Rep. of Maldives, 20392 މާލެ، ދިވެހިރާއްޖެ، 20392 +960 333 5949 +960 798 0379 [email protected] www.epa.gov.mv

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ސްނެޖެއ ްނަޝްކެޓޮރްޕ ްލަޓްނަމަރަޔަވްނެއ Environmental Protection Agency

Impacts  Impact on groundwater quality  Impact of seawater quality  Impacts on health and safety

The methods used to identify the significance of the impacts shall be outlined. One or more of the following methods must be utilized in determining impacts; checklists, matrices, overlays, networks, expert systems and professional judgment. Justification must be provided to the selected methodologies. The report should outline the uncertainties in impact prediction and also outline all positive and negative/short and long-term impacts. Identify impacts that are cumulative and unavoidable.

Task 5. Alternatives to proposed project – Describe alternatives for the proposed project that would achieve the same objective, including the “no action option”. This should include alternative work methodology. The comparison should yield the preferred alternative for implementation. Mitigation options should be specified for each component of the proposed project.

Task 6. Mitigation and management of negative impacts – Identify possible measures to prevent or reduce significant negative impacts to acceptable levels. These will include both environmental and socio-economic mitigation measures. Measures for both construction and operation phase shall be identified. Cost the mitigation measures, equipment and resources required to implement those measures. The confirmation of commitment of the proponent to implement the proposed mitigation measures shall also be included. An Environmental management plan for the proposed project, identifying responsible persons, their duties and commitments shall also be given. In cases where impacts are unavoidable arrangements to compensate for the environmental effect shall be given.

Task 7. Development of monitoring plan – Identify the critical issues requiring monitoring to ensure compliance to mitigation measures and present impact management and monitoring plan. The baseline study described in task 2 of section 2 of this document is required for data comparison. Detail of the monitoring program including the physical and biological parameters for monitoring, cost commitment from responsible person to conduct monitoring in the form of a commitment letter, detailed reporting scheduling, costs and methods of undertaking the monitoring program must be provided.  Groundwater quality.  Seawater quality.  Environmentally sound site clearance.

Task 8. Stakeholder consultation, Inter-Agency coordination and public/NGO participation) – Identify appropriate mechanisms for providing information on the development proposal and its progress to all stakeholders. Consultation should be undertaken with the following parties:  Housing Development Corporation  Ministry of Environment  Utilities Regulatory Authority  Maldives Marine Research Institute

Environmental Protection Agency ސްނެޖެއ ްނަޝްކެޓޮރްޕ ްލަޓްނަމަރަޔަވްނެއ Green Building, 3rd Floor, Handhuvaree Hingun ގްރ ން ބިލްޑިންގް، 3ވަނަ ފަންގިފިލާ، ހަނދުވަރ ހިނގުން Male', Rep. of Maldives, 20392 މާލެ، ދިވެހިރާއްޖެ، 20392 +960 333 5949 +960 798 0379 [email protected] www.epa.gov.mv

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ސްނެޖެއ ްނަޝްކެޓޮރްޕ ްލަޓްނަމަރަޔަވްނެއ Environmental Protection Agency

If the surveys are undertaken at a time where public health emergency is declared due to COVID 19, consultation with stakeholders can be undertaken via e-conference calls or telephone. The EIA report needs to be submitted to atoll council and evidence of submission needs to be included in the report. Meeting minutes shall be annexed and the report shall include a list of those who are consulted and their contacts

Presentation- The environmental impact assessment report, to be presented in digital format, will be concise and focus on significant environmental issues. It will contain the findings, conclusions and recommended actions supported by summaries of the data collected and citations f or any references used in interpreting those data. The environmental assessment report will be organized according to, but not necessarily limited by, the outline given in the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations 2012.

Timeframe for submitting the EIA report – The developer must submit the completed EIA report within 12 months from the date of this Term of Reference.

…………………………………

16th February 2021

Environmental Protection Agency ސްނެޖެއ ްނަޝްކެޓޮރްޕ ްލަޓްނަމަރަޔަވްނެއ Green Building, 3rd Floor, Handhuvaree Hingun ގްރ ން ބިލްޑިންގް، 3ވަނަ ފަންގިފިލާ، ހަނދުވަރ ހިނގުން Male', Rep. of Maldives, 20392 މާލެ، ދިވެހިރާއްޖެ، 20392 +960 333 5949 +960 798 0379 [email protected] www.epa.gov.mv

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EIA for the proposed Construction of a sewage outfall pipeline at Hulhumalé Phase I

APPENDIX B – Proponents Declaration and Commitment Letter

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EIA for the proposed Construction of a sewage outfall pipeline at Hulhumalé Phase I

APPENDIX C – Project Approvals

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EIA for the proposed Construction of a sewage outfall pipeline at Hulhumalé Phase I

APPENDIX D – Project Site Plan

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EIA for the proposed Construction of a sewage outfall pipeline at Hulhumalé Phase I

APPENDIX E – Preliminary Project Workplan

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EIA for the proposed Construction of a sewage outfall pipeline at Hulhumalé Phase I

APPENDIX F – Survey Location Map

Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|140

EIA for the proposed Construction of a sewage outfall pipeline at Hulhumalé Phase I

APPENDIX G –Water Quality Test Reports

Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|141 Male' Water & Sewerage Company Pvt Ltd Water Quality Assurance Laboratory Quality Assurance Building, 1st Floor, Male' Hingun, Vilimale', Male' City, Maldives Tel: +9603323209, Fax: +9603324306, Email: [email protected]

WATER QUALITY TEST REPORT Report No: 500186333 Customer Information: Report date: 01/03/2021 CDE Pvt Ltd Test Requisition Form No: 900191309 H.Orchidmaage, 4th Floor Sample(s) Recieved Date: 25/02/2021 Ameeru Ahmed Magu Date of Analysis: 25/02/2021 - 26/02/2021 Male K

Sample Description ~ GW1/MWSC Sewage Outfall/ GW2/MWSC Sewage Outfall/ SW1/MWSC Sewage Outfall/ Hulhumale' Hulhumale' Hulhumale'

Sample Type ~ Ground Water Ground Water Sea Water

Sample No 83216981 83216982 83216984

Sampled Date ~ 24/02/2021 12:00 24/02/2021 12:00 24/02/2021 12:00 TEST METHOD UNIT

PARAMETER ANALYSIS RESULT

Physical Appearance Clear with particles Clear with particles Clear with particles

pH * 7.47 7.78 8.16 Method 4500-H+ B. (adapted from Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water, 23rd edition) -

Salinity 0.54 1.64 32.94 Method 2520 B. (adapted from Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water, 23rd edition) ‰

Total Coliforms >2420 (25/02/2021 15:00) 687 (25/02/2021 15:00) 80 (25/02/2021 15:00) Colilert®-18/Quanti-Tray®2000 MPN/100ml

Faecal Coliforms >2420 (25/02/2021 15:00) 50 (25/02/2021 15:00) 7 (25/02/2021 15:00) Colilert®-18/Quanti-Tray®2000 MPN/100ml Keys: ‰ : Parts Per Thousand, MPN/100ml : Most Probable Number

Checked by Approved by

Aminath Sofa Mohamed Eyman Laboratory Executive Manager, Quality

Notes: Sampling Authority: Sampling was not done by MWSC Laboratory. This report shall not be reproduced except in full, without written approval of MWSC. This test report is ONLY FOR THE SAMPLES TESTED. ~ Information provided by the customer. This information may affect the validity of the test results. *Parameters accredited by EIAC under ISO/IEC 17025:2017

Page 1 of 2 MWSC-A5-F-92 Rev 00 Male' Water & Sewerage Company Pvt Ltd Water Quality Assurance Laboratory Quality Assurance Building, 1st Floor, Male' Hingun, Vilimale', Male' City, Maldives Tel: +9603323209, Fax: +9603324306, Email: [email protected]

WATER QUALITY TEST REPORT Report No: 500186333 Customer Information: Report date: 01/03/2021 CDE Pvt Ltd Test Requisition Form No: 900191309 H.Orchidmaage, 4th Floor Sample(s) Recieved Date: 25/02/2021 Ameeru Ahmed Magu Date of Analysis: 25/02/2021 - 26/02/2021 Male K

Sample Description ~ SW2/MWSC Sewage Outfall/ SW3 (Control) /MWSC Hulhumale' Sewage Outfall/ Hulhumale'

Sample Type ~ Sea Water Sea Water

Sample No 83216985 83216986

Sampled Date ~ 24/02/2021 12:00 24/02/2021 12:00 TEST METHOD UNIT

PARAMETER ANALYSIS RESULT

Physical Appearance Clear with particles Clear with particles

pH * 8.16 8.17 Method 4500-H+ B. (adapted from Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water, 23rd edition) -

Salinity 33.01 32.92 Method 2520 B. (adapted from Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water, 23rd edition) ‰

Total Coliforms 150 (25/02/2021 15:00) 370 (25/02/2021 15:00) Colilert®-18/Quanti-Tray®2000 MPN/100ml

Faecal Coliforms 4 (25/02/2021 15:00) 11 (25/02/2021 15:00) Colilert®-18/Quanti-Tray®2000 MPN/100ml Keys: ‰ : Parts Per Thousand, MPN/100ml : Most Probable Number

Checked by Approved by

Aminath Sofa Mohamed Eyman Laboratory Executive Manager, Quality

Notes: Sampling Authority: Sampling was not done by MWSC Laboratory. This report shall not be reproduced except in full, without written approval of MWSC. This test report is ONLY FOR THE SAMPLES TESTED. ~ Information provided by the customer. This information may affect the validity of the test results. *Parameters accredited by EIAC under ISO/IEC 17025:2017 ************************* END OF REPORT *************************

Page 2 of 2 MWSC-A5-F-92 Rev 00 Male' Water & Sewerage Company Pvt Ltd Water Quality Assurance Laboratory Quality Assurance Building, 1st Floor, Male' Hingun, Vilimale', Male' City, Maldives Tel: +9603323209, Fax: +9603324306, Email: [email protected]

WATER QUALITY TEST REPORT Report No: 500186343 Customer Information: Report date: 02/03/2021 CDE Pvt Ltd Test Requisition Form No: 900191325 H.Orchidmaage, 4th Floor Sample(s) Recieved Date: 25/02/2021 Ameeru Ahmed Magu Date of Analysis: 25/02/2021 - 25/02/2021 Male K

Sample Description ~ GW3 (Control) /MWSC Sewage Outfall/Hulhumale'

Sample Type ~ Ground Water

Sample No 83217001

Sampled Date ~ 25/02/2021 09:00 TEST METHOD UNIT

PARAMETER ANALYSIS RESULT

Physical Appearance Clear

pH * 7.39 Method 4500-H+ B. (adapted from Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water, 23rd edition) -

Salinity 5.61 Method 2520 B. (adapted from Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water, 23rd edition) ‰ Keys: ‰ : Parts Per Thousand

Checked by Approved by

Aminath Sofa Mohamed Eyman Laboratory Executive Manager, Quality

Notes: Sampling Authority: Sampling was not done by MWSC Laboratory. This report shall not be reproduced except in full, without written approval of MWSC. This test report is ONLY FOR THE SAMPLES TESTED. ~ Information provided by the customer. This information may affect the validity of the test results. *Parameters accredited by EIAC under ISO/IEC 17025:2017 ************************* END OF REPORT *************************

Page 1 of 1 MWSC-A5-F-92 Rev 00 Male' Water & Sewerage Company Pvt Ltd Water Quality Assurance Laboratory Quality Assurance Building, 1st Floor, Male' Hingun, Vilimale', Male' City, Maldives Tel: +9603323209, Fax: +9603324306, Email: [email protected]

WATER QUALITY TEST REPORT Report No: 500186334 Customer Information: Report date: 01/03/2021 CDE Pvt Ltd Test Requisition Form No: 900191309 H.Orchidmaage, 4th Floor Sample(s) Recieved Date: 25/02/2021 Ameeru Ahmed Magu Date of Analysis: 25/02/2021 - 26/02/2021 Male K

Sample Description ~ GW3 (Control) /MWSC Sewage Outfall/ Hulhumale'

Sample Type ~ Ground Water

Sample No 83216983

Sampled Date ~ 24/02/2021 12:00 TEST METHOD UNIT

PARAMETER ANALYSIS RESULT

Physical Appearance Clear with particles

Total Coliforms >2420 (25/02/2021 15:00) Colilert®-18/Quanti-Tray®2000 MPN/100ml

Faecal Coliforms 23 (25/02/2021 15:00) Colilert®-18/Quanti-Tray®2000 MPN/100ml Keys: MPN/100ml : Most Probable Number

Checked by Approved by

Aminath Sofa Mohamed Eyman Laboratory Executive Manager, Quality

Notes: Sampling Authority: Sampling was not done by MWSC Laboratory. This report shall not be reproduced except in full, without written approval of MWSC. This test report is ONLY FOR THE SAMPLES TESTED. ~ Information provided by the customer. This information may affect the validity of the test results. *Parameters accredited by EIAC under ISO/IEC 17025:2017 ************************* END OF REPORT *************************

Page 1 of 1 MWSC-A5-F-92 Rev 00 EIA for the proposed Construction of a sewage outfall pipeline at Hulhumalé Phase I

APPENDIX H – CV of EIA Team

Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|142 Mohamed Faizan

CONTACT DETAILS

Address: H. Pent Land, Lansimoo Goalhi, 20041, Malé, Maldives Email: [email protected] Tel: +960-7501205

EDUCATION

University of Malaya (Malaysia) Master of Technology (Environmental Management) August 2012 – October 2014

International Islamic University Malaysia (Malaysia) Bachelor of Biotechnology (Honors) July 2006 – June 2010

Centre for Higher Secondary Education (Maldives) GCE Advanced Level Certificate June 2002 – June 2004 Higher Secondary Education Certificate

EMPLOYMENT RECORD

CDE Consulting (Maldives) Senior Consultant, Marine Environment July 2014 – Present Key Roles & Plan, organize and undertake Responsibilities: environmental baseline assessments, environmental impact assessments and environmental monitoring programs Supervisors: Dr. Ahmed Shaig, Director, Environmental Services Email: [email protected]

Mohamed Faizan Page 1 of 11 CDE Consulting (Maldives) Environmental Consultant June 2010– July 2012 Key Roles & Assist in preparation of Responsibilities: Environmental Impact Assessment reports; undertake environmental baseline surveys and monitoring. Supervisors: Dr. Ahmed Shaig, Director, Environmental Services Email: [email protected]

Integrated Climate Change Strategy (Project funded by UNDP/GEF, and implemented by the Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water, Maldives) Project Assistant February 2005– April 2006 Key Roles & Assist project manager in organizing Responsibilities: workshops and field visits related to the projects. Assist in financial management and reporting for the project. Prepare monthly newsletter to update all stakeholders on project activities. Helped in development of climate change awareness materials. Supervisors: - Dr. Mizna Mohamed, Former ICCS Project Manager Email: [email protected] - Ms. Lubna Moosa, Former ICCS Project Manager Email: [email protected]

TRANSLATION EXPERIENCE

From 2010 to present I have been involved in the preparation of multiple Environmental Impact Assessments, and Environmental and Social Impact Assessments. I have prepared the Dhivehi Translation of Executive Summaries of these documents. Two examples of translations prepared for select EIA’s are presented below.

Mohamed Faizan Page 2 of 11 NO. TASK PAGES CLIENT DETAILS 1 Preparation of EIA for G. 2 pages Mohamed Ziyad Gurahaage 12-storey building (June 2019). Tel: 7999415

This included translation of the English Executive Summary to Dhivehi

2 Compilation of the 2.5 pages Ministry of Environment & Environmental and Social Energy Impact Assessment for Zone 6 and 7 Waste Management Tel: 3301830 System (Dec 2018). Email: This included translation of the [email protected] English Executive Summary to Dhivehi.

CONSULTANCY EXPERIENCE

Client: Shangri-La’s Villingili Resort and Spa Title: Annual Coral Reef Monitoring 2013 - 2018 Contributions: - Plan, organize, and co-ordinate annual coral reef monitoring surveys.

- Preparation of Annual Coral Reef Monitoring Report, and Recommendations to protect and conserve reef.

Client: Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure Title: EIA for the proposed harbour development project at December 2017 Maakurathu Island, Raa Atoll EIA Approval: 203-EIARES/438/2018/3 Date: 3/01/2018 Contributions: - Plan, organize, and co-ordinate environmental assessment surveys.

- Environmental Impact Assessment.

Mohamed Faizan Page 3 of 11 - Environmental Impact Assessment report compilation.

Client: Ministry of Environment and Energy Title: EIA for the proposed sewerage facility at Gemanafushi December 2017 Island EIA Approval: 203-EIARES/438/2017/179 Date: 13/12/2017 Contributions: - Plan, organize, and co-ordinate environmental assessment surveys.

- Environmental Impact Assessment.

- Environmental Impact Assessment report compilation.

Client: Ministry of Environment and Energy Title: EIA for the proposed shore protection project at July 2017 Madaveli, Gaafu Dhaalu Atoll EIA Approval: 203-EIARES/438/2017/93 Date: 12/07/2017 Contributions: - Marine Assessment for the EIA.

- Impact Assessment

Client: China Harbour Engineering Company Limited Title: EIA for the proposed geotechnical studies at Thilafushi August 2017 Lagoon, Kaafu Atoll EIA Approval: 203-EIARES/PRIV/2017/744 Date: 28/08/2017 Contributions: - Marine Assessment for the EIA.

Client: Vita Heights Company Limited Title: Environmental Monitoring for the dredging and resort May 2017 – Dec 2018 development project at Bolidhuffaru Reef, Kaafu Atoll Contributions: - Plan, organize, and co-ordinate environmental monitoring surveys

Mohamed Faizan Page 4 of 11 - Seawater quality, sedimentation, and coral reef assessments

- Prepare environmental monitoring reports

Client: Vita Heights Company Limited Title: EIA for the proposed dredging component of the resort April 2017 development project at Bolidhuffaru Reef, Kaafu Atoll Contributions: - Plan, organize, and co-ordinate baseline survey

- Baseline environment, and impact assessment

Client: Fushifaru Investments Private Limited Title: First Addendum to the EIA prepared for the proposed March 2017 resort development in Fushifaru Island, Lhaviyani Atoll Contributions: - Marine baseline environment assessment, and impact assessment

Client: Ministry of Environment and Energy Title: EIA for the proposed Water Supply System in Rasdhoo March 2017 Alif Alif Atoll Contributions: - Marine baseline environment assessment

Client: Nakachaa Huraa Development Private Limited Title: EIA for the proposed land reclamation and resort March 2017 development project at Nakachaa Huraa, North Male’ Atoll Contributions: - Plan, organize, and co-ordinate baseline survey

- Baseline environment, and impact assessment

Client: Ithaafushi Investments Private Limited Title: Second Addendum to the EIA prepared for the proposed February 2017 land reclamation and resort development in Ithaafushi Reef, South Malé Atoll

Mohamed Faizan Page 5 of 11 Contributions: - Assessment of the marine environment and environmental impacts of the project.

Client: KASA Holdings Pvt Ltd Title: Meeru Island Resort and Spa, Coral Gardening Project January 2017 Contributions: - Design coral gardening project. - Preparation of Environmental Management Plan for the project - Monitoring and reporting

Client: Dredging International Services (Cyprus) Ltd Title: Construction phase environmental monitoring for the January 2017 Emboodoofinolhu Falhu Resort Development Project Contributions: - Plan, organize and co-ordinate Environmental monitoring schedule, and activities. - Seawater quality, sedimentation, and coral reef assessments - Prepare environmental monitoring reports

Client: Mesa RF Private Limited Title: First Addendum to the EIA for the proposed January 2017 Rahfalhuhuraa Resort Development Project at Mai Falhu, Kaafu Atoll Contributions: - Plan, organize, and co-ordinate baseline survey

- Baseline environment, and impact assessment and compile EIA report

Client: Vita Heights Company Ltd Title: EIA for the proposed land reclamation and resort October 2016 development project at Bolidhuffaru Reef, Kaafu Atoll Contributions: - Plan, organize and co-ordinate environmental baseline surveys. - Undertake coral reef assessment - Impacts assessment for of EIA report.

Mohamed Faizan Page 6 of 11 Title: Construction phase environmental monitoring for the May 2016 - Ongoing China-Maldives Friendship Bridge Contributions: - Plan, organize and co-ordinate Environmental monitoring schedule, and activities. - Undertake coral reef monitoring - Prepare environmental monitoring reports

Client: Ooredoo Maldives Title: EIA for the proposed Nationwide Submarine Cable by May 2016 Ooredoo Maldives Contributions: Undertook marine baseline assessments, and prepared marine assessment report and impacts section of EIA report.

Client: MESA RF Private Limited Title: EIA for the proposed Rahfalhuhuraa Resort April 2016 Development Project, at Maifalhu, Kaafu Atoll Contributions: Undertook marine baseline assessments, and prepared marine assessment report. Undertook marine impact assessments.

Client: Big Stone Investment Title: EIA for the proposed land reclamation and resort April 2016 development project in Maagaa North Ari Atoll Contributions: Undertook marine baseline assessments, and prepared marine assessment report. Undertook marine impact assessments.

Client: Ocean Islands Pvt Ltd Title: EIA for the proposed land reclamation and resort April 2016 development project in Maagaa North Ari Atoll Contributions: Undertook marine baseline assessments, and prepared marine assessment report. Undertook marine impact assessments.

Client: Champalars Holdings Pvt Ltd Title: EIA for the proposed tourist resort development at December 2015 Kudadhoo Island, Lhaviyani Atoll Contributions: Undertook marine baseline assessments, and prepared marine assessment report. Prepared the overall EIA Report.

Mohamed Faizan Page 7 of 11

Client: Maldives Inflight Catering Private Limited Title: EIA for the proposed tourist resort development at December 2015 Madifushi Island, Meemu Atoll Contributions: Undertook marine baseline assessments, and prepared marine assessment report. Prepared the overall EIA Report.

Client: Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure Title: EIA for the proposed Malé – Hulhulé Bridge July 2015 Contributions: Undertook marine baseline assessments, and prepared marine assessment report. Prepared the overall EIA Report.

Client: Nasandhura Palace Hotel Investments Private Limited Title: EIA for the proposed redevelopment of Nasandhura June 2015 Palace Hotel Contributions: Undertook marine baseline assessments, and prepared marine assessment report. Prepared the overall EIA Report.

Client: Shuaz Investment Private Limited Title: EIA for the proposed resort development in Madivaru, May 2015 Kaafu Atoll Contributions: Undertook marine baseline assessments, and prepared marine assessment report.

Client: Velaa Private Island Title: EIA for the proposed coral rejuvenation project at Velaa March 2015 Private Island Contributions: Undertook marine baseline assessment surveys, including stakeholder consultations. Prepared and complied the EIA report.

Client: Shangri-La’s Villingili Resort and Spa Title: Coral gardening project Shangri-la’s Villingili Resort and February 2015 Spa Contributions: Undertook baseline coral reef assessment of Shangri-La’s reef. Designed the coral gardening programme.

Mohamed Faizan Page 8 of 11 Undertook the EIA for the coral gardening programme.

Client: Malé Water and Sewerage Company Pvt Ltd Title: EIA for the proposed sewerage system project at April 2014 Kanditheem, Shaviyani Atoll Contributions: Marine environment assessment and section for EIA report

Client: Holiday Inn Resort Kandooma Maldives Title: EIA for the proposed beach replenishment project in April 2014 Holiday Inn Resort Kandooma, South Malé Atoll Contributions: Marine environment assessment and section for EIA report

Client: Mr. Ibrahim Shazyl, Venture Maldives Pvt Ltd Title: EIA for the proposed sewerage system Maduvvari, Raa February 2012 Atoll Contributions: Undertook the baseline assessment surveys, including stakeholder consultations. Prepared and complied the EIA report

Client: Mr. Ismail Shafeeu, Static Company Pvt Ltd Title: EIA for the proposed installation and operation of January 2012 desalination plant at Hithaadhoo, Baa Atoll Contributions: Preparation and compilation of EIA report

Client: Tatva Global Renewable Energy (Maldives) Pvt Ltd Title: EIA for the proposed Solid Waste Management facility at December 2011 Thilafushi Contributions: Undertook marine baseline surveys, and prepared the marine assessment section for the EIA report. Complied the overall EIA report

Client: Bonnavvista (Maldives) Private Limited Singapore Title: EIA for the development of a domestic airport on October 2011 Koodoo, GA Atoll Contributions: Undertook environmental baseline surveys for the EIA and prepared the Existing Environment chapter for the EIA report.

Client: Ministry of Housing and Environment

Mohamed Faizan Page 9 of 11 Title: EIA for the proposed harbor entrance channel dredging August 2011 project in Bodufolhudhoo Island, North Ari Atoll Contributions: Undertook environmental baseline surveys for the EIA, and prepared the Existing Environment chapter for the EIA report and complied the overall EIA report

Client: Mr. Hussain Afeef Title: EIA for the proposed redevelopment Phase I of July 2011 Gasfinolhu Island Resort, Kaafu Atoll Contributions: Undertook environmental baseline surveys for the EIA, and prepared the marine environment section for the EIA report

Client: Ministry of Housing and Environment Title: EIA for the proposed reconstruction of Shaviyani March 2011 Foakaidhoo Harbour Contributions: Undertook environmental baseline surveys for the EIA, and prepared the marine environment section for the EIA report

Client: Bi-Water Title: EIA for Water and Sewerage Network at Addu May 2011 Contributions: - Plan, and co-ordinate coral reef assessments at Hithadhoo, Maradhoo, Maradhoo-Feydhoo, Feydhoo, Hulhu-Meedhoo, and Gan

- Preparation of Coral Reef Assessment Report for the EIA reports

Client: Department of National Planning Title: Household Income and Expenditure Survey for March 2011 Foreigners Contributions: Lead and organized the survey for 82 households in Malé

Client: Works Corporation Limited Title: EIA for the sewerage system development in N. September 2010 Miladhoo

Mohamed Faizan Page 10 of 11 Contributions: Undertook baseline surveys, and prepared the marine environment section

KEY WORKSHOPS, AND TRAININGS ATTENDED

Coral Database Training, organized by Lim Geomatics, Malé, November 2013 Maldives

Workshop on Training and Capacity Building in Coral Reef May 2012 Monitoring Identifying Indicators for Regional Adaptation and Resilience, Hikkaduwa, Sri Lanka

PADI Open Water Dive Certification, Malé, Maldives July 2009

South Asia MCPA Managers Training Course June 2008

Regional Workshop on Climate Change Negotiations in South and October 2005 South Asia, Bangladesh, Dhaka

REFERENCES

Dr. Simad Saeed Dr. A. Sasekumar Managing Director Senior Research Fellow (Retired) CDE Consulting University of Malaya Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

Dr. Ahmed Shaig Director, Environmental Services CDE Consulting Email: [email protected]

Mohamed Faizan Page 11 of 11 ALI MOOSA DIDI 4th floor, MA. Rose Villa • Dhevina Magu • Male' • Maldives • 00 960 791-2001• [email protected]

A highly motivated individual with a hardworking attitude and over ten years of experience in the surveying industry of the Maldives.

Personal

Name: Ali Moosa Didi Date of Birth: 18th June 1985 Gender: Male Marital Status: Single NID No: A-154179

Education

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE, GCE ORDINARY LEVEL (JAN 1997) Madharasthul Islamiya School Male’, Rep of Maldives

Employment

SURVEYOR (FULL TIME) (January 2010 – PRESENT) CDE Pvt Ltd Male', Rep of Maldives Conducting field based surveying activities; including shoreline mapping exercises, vegetation assessments, topographic surveys and hydrographic surveys. Work duties also include the consequent data processing and mapping activities of all the surveys conducted at the office.

HUMAN RESOURCES OFFICER (FULL TIME) (January 2010 – PRESENT) Ryco Investment Pvt Ltd Male', Rep of Maldives Assisted the Office Manager in handling all the human resources related duties of the Office, including Payroll processing.

ASSISTANT SURVEYOR (FULL TIME) (January 2010 – PRESENT) CDE Pvt Ltd Male', Rep of Maldives Assiting field based surveying activities; including shoreline mapping exercises, vegetation assessments, topographic surveys and hydrographic surveys. Work duties also included the consequent data processing and mapping activities of all the surveys conducted at the office.

俀A Skills

 Competent in using Surveying Equipment and Accessories  Intermediate in Microsoft Applications  Intermediate in ArcGIS application

俀A

Work Experience

• Travelled to all 20 atolls of the Maldives • Over 100+ islands in the Maldives; including 20+ Resorts, 50+ Inhabited islands and 30+ Uninhabited islands and their associated reef systems Some of the EIA’s that I have worked on as a member of the team, or contributed to the field surveying work (Past 5 years only); • Tourism Development Projects: . Adh. Bodukaashihuraa Resort Development EIA . B. Dhigufaruvinagandu Resort Development EIA . K. Madivaru Resort Development EIA . Lh. Fushifaru Resort Development EIA . N. Thanburudhuffushi Picnic Island Development EIA . K. Gasfinolhu Addendum EIA (Palm transplanting) . K. Taj Vivanta Resort Shore Protection EIA . Lh. Maabinhuraa Resort Development EIA . Aa. Maagaa Resort Development EIA . Aa. Madivaru Finolhu Resort Development EIA . Olhuveli Lagoon Reclamation EIA . Dh. Aluvifushi Resort Development EIA . Lh. Huruvalhi Resort Development EIA • Agricultural Development Projects: . Sh. Madidhoo Agricultural Development EIA . Lh. Maduvarri Agricultural Development EIA . N. Minaavaru Agricultural Development EIA • Airport Development Projects: . R. Ifuru Airport Development EIA . N. Maafaru Airport Development EIA • Major public/ private sector Projects: . Tree Top Hospital Development EIA . Nasandhura Palace Hotel Redevelopment EIA . Thilafushi Harbor Development EIA . Male-Hulhule Bridge, Borehole Drilling EIA . Male-Hulhule Bridge EIA . Addu and Fuvahmulah ESIA for Wetland Project

References

Simad Saeed, PhD Ahmed Shaig, PhD Managing Director Director CDE Pvt Ltd CDE Pvt Ltd 4th Floor, Orchidmaage, Ameeruahmed Magu, 4th Floor, Orchidmaage, Ameeruahmed Magu, Male’Maldives Male’Maldives [email protected] [email protected] Tel: +960 331 2514 Tel: +960 331 2514 Fax: +960 331 5926 Fax: +960 331 5926

Mohamed Ali

ID #: A 094918 Nationality: Maldivian Languages: English, Sinhalese, Dhivehi Date of Birth: 13/09/1983 Telephone: 960-790-6007 Email: [email protected]

Experience Marine Environmental Specialist June 2011- Present CDE Consulting

Marine Environment Officer July 2008 – May 2011 Banyan Tree Vabbinfaru

Freelance Lobster Hunter, Shark Fisherman Jan 2007 - July 2008 Laamu Atoll

Dock Assistant Sep 2006 - Jan 2007 Tourist Submarine Maldives

Education and Certifications PADI Rescue Diver June 2011 PADI Enriched Air Diver June 2011 Emergency First Responder May 2011

Basic Computer Science 2001 - 2006 Singapore Informatics, Colombo Sri Lanka

Profile I am very passionate about protecting the marine environment. After having worked as both a fisherman and a marine environment officer I am aware of the impact that human activity has on our fragile marine environment. My favorite activities are reef monitoring and planting coral gardens. With my undying passion for the underwater world and also with my vast experience diving all over the Maldives, educating people on the marine environment is my greatest mission, to ensure the preservation and protection of our most valuable treasure. Furthermore, I have got the opportunity to work besides the greatest marine experts in the world namely Prof. J.E.N. Veron,Dr. Norman Queen and Dr. Daphne G. Fautin.

References

N.D. Abdul Azeez Abdul Hakeem Former Director of Conservation Mobile: + 960 7784263 Banyan Tree Maldives

Dr. Steve Newman Former Marine Lab Manager at Banyan Tree [email protected]

Robert James Former Marine Lab Manager at Banyan Tree

CURRICULUM VITAE

MAMDHOOH SAEED

ADDRESS: M. Unimaa Villa, Orchid Magu, 20256, Male’, Maldives

CONTACT NO: +960 7717790

E-MAIL: [email protected]

NATIONALITY: Maldivian

LANGUAGES: English & Dhivehi

Qualifications and Education

2015-2019 Bachelor of Science in Environmental Science Mahidol University International College, Nakon Pathom, Thailand.

2010-2011 General Certificate in Education Advanced Level & Higher Secondary School Certificate Villa International High School, Male’, Maldives

2009 –2010 General Certificate in Education Advanced Level & Higher Secondary School Certificate CHSE, Male’, Maldives 2006 – 2008 General Certificate in Education Ordinary Level & Secondary School Certificate Dharumavantha School, Male’, Maldives

Consultancy Experience

ROAD DEVELOPMENT

EIA for The Proposed Road Development Project at Hulhumeedhoo, Addu City Year: 2019 Location: Male' Client: MNPI Tasks completed: Contribution to report writing

EIA for The Proposed Road Development Project at Fuvahmulah Year: 2019 Location: Fuvahmulah Client: MNPI Tasks completed: Terrestrial assessments & contribution to report writing

EIA for The Proposed Road Development Project at Year: 2020 Location: Addu City Client: MNPI Tasks completed: Drone Imagery, Terrestrial assessments & contribution to report writing

EIA for The Proposed Streetscaping of Roads to the West of Maafannu, Male' City Year: 2020 Location: Male’ Client: Male’ City Council Tasks completed: Terrestrial assessments & contribution to report writing

DEVELOPMENT AND OPERATION OF SEAPLANE PLATFORMS

Environmental Management Plan for the Proposed Construction and Operation of Seaplane Platforms at Kihaa Maldives Year: 2020 Location: Kihaa Maldives, B. Kihaaduffaru Client: Manta Air Tasks completed: Drone Mapping & Imagery

Environmental Management Plan for the Proposed Installation and Operation of Seaplane Platforms at Brennia Kottefaru Year: 2020 Location: Brennia Kottefaru, R. Kottefaru Client: Island Aviation Services Limited Tasks completed: Drone Mapping & Imagery

Environmental Management Plan for the Proposed Construction and Operation of Seaplane Platforms at Cinnamon Veli Fushi Year: 2020 Location: Cinnamon Veli Fushi, V. Aarah Client: Trans Maldivian Airways Private Limited Tasks completed: Drone Mapping & Imagery

Environmental Management Plan for the Proposed Construction and Operation of Seaplane Platforms at Joali Year: 2020 Location: Joali, R. Muravandhoo Client: Trans Maldivian Airways Private Limited Tasks completed: Drone Mapping & Imagery

Environmental Management Plan for the Proposed Construction and Operation of Seaplane Platforms at The Standard, Maldives Year: 2020 Location: The Standard, R. Huruvalhi Client: Trans Maldivian Airways Private Limited Tasks completed: Drone Mapping & Imagery

DESALINATION PLANT REGISTRATION

Desalination Plant Registration for Centara Grand Island Resort & Spa Maldives Year: 2019 Location: Centara Grand Island Resort & Spa, A.Dh. Machchafushi Client: Centara Grand Island Resort & Spa Tasks completed: Water Sampling and Form filling

Desalination Plant Registration for Laamu Gan Regional Hospital Year: 2019 Location: L. Gan Client: Static Tasks completed: Water Sampling and Form filling

Desalination Plant Registration for Cheval Blanc Randheli Year: 2019 Location: Cheval Blanc, N. Randheli Client: Cheval Blanc Tasks completed: Water Sampling and Form filling

Desalination Plant Registration for Atmosphere Kanifushi Maldives Year: 2019 Location: Lh. Kanifushi Client: Kanifushi Investment Tasks completed: Drone Mapping, Water Sampling and Form filling

Desalination Plant Registration for Shangri-La’s Villingili Resort & Spa Year: 2020 Location: Shangri-La's Villingili Resort & Spa, S. Villingili Client: Shangri-La's Villingili Resort & Spa Tasks completed: Water Sampling and Form filling

Desalination Plant Registration for The Sun Siyam Iru Fushi Maldives Year: 2020 Location: Medhafushi / The Sun Siyam Iru Fushi Maldives Client: Sun Travel & Tours Pvt Ltd Tasks completed: Water Sampling and Form filling

WATER AND SEWERAGE NETWORK DEVELOPMENT

EIA for the Proposed Development of a Water and Sewerage Network at Goidhoo, Baa Atoll Year: 2019 Location: B. Goidhoo Client: MNPI Tasks completed: Marine survey, Terrestrial survey & contribution to report writing

EIA for the Proposed Development of a Water and Sewerage Network at Kinolhas, Raa Atoll Year: 2019 Location: R. Kinolhas Client: MNPI Tasks completed: Marine survey, Terrestrial survey & contribution to report writing

HARBOUR DEVELOPMENT

EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development at Omadhoo, Thaa Atoll Year: 2019 Location: Th. Omadhoo Client: MNPI Tasks completed: Marine survey & contribution to report writing

EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development at Felidhoo, Vaavu Atoll Year: 2019 Location: V. Felidhoo Client: MNPI Tasks completed: Marine survey, terrestrial assessment & contribution to report writing

EIA for the Proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project at Hangaameedhoo, Alifu Dhaalu Atoll Year: 2020 Location: A.Dh. Hangaameedhoo Client: MNPI Tasks completed: Contribution to report writing

EIA for the Proposed Harbour Redevelopment at Meedhoo, Dhaalu Atoll Year: 2020 Location: Dh. Meedhoo Client: MNPI Tasks completed: Contribution to report writing

EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project at Himmafushi, Kaafu Atoll Year: 2020 Location: K. Himmafushi Client: MNPI Tasks completed: Terrestrial assessment & contribution to report writing

EIA for the Proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project at Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll Year: 2020 Location: Sh. Feydhoo Client: MNPI Tasks completed: Contribution to report writing

EIA for the Proposed Harbour Redevelopment at Foakaidhoo, Shaviyani Atoll Year: 2020 Location: Sh. Foakaidhoo Client: MNPI Tasks completed: Contribution to report writing

ICE PLANT DEVELOPMENT

EIA for the Development of an Ice Plant at Gaafaru, Kaafu Atoll Year: 2019 Location: K. Gaafaru Client: VAMCO Tasks completed: Drone Mapping, Water Sampling & contribution to report writing

EIA for the Development of an Ice Plant at Maduvvari, Raa Atoll Year: 2019 Location: R. Maduvvari Client: VAMCO Tasks completed: Marine Survey, Terrestrial Assessment & contribution to report writing

MONITORING

Ithaafushi STP Monitoring Year: 2019 – 2020 Location: Waldorf Astoria, K. Ithaafushi Tasks completed: Water Sampling

Ocean Glory Barge Monitoring Date: 2020 Location: K. Hulhumale’ Tasks completed: Water Sampling & report preparation

Gulhifalhu Monitoring Year: 2020 – Present Location: K. Gulhifalhu Tasks completed: Onsite Water Testing, Water Sampling & Report preparation EIA for the proposed Construction of a sewage outfall pipeline at Hulhumalé Phase I

APPENDIX I - Proof of submission to Council

Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|143 Mohamed Faizan

EIA - Construction of sewage outfall pipeline at Hulhumale' Phase - 1 1 message

Mohamed Faizan Fri, Apr 23, 2021 at 10:35 AM To: [email protected] Cc: Aishath Nadha Gasim , Mohamed Nahaas

Dear Madam Sifa,

Greetings from CDE Consulting.

We are sharing a copy of the EIA report that was prepared for the Construction of a sewage outfall line at Hulhumale' Phase-1 with this report.

Kindly acknowledge receipt of the report by filling the slip attached with the Cover Letter.

If you have any questions, do not hesitate to contact us.

Thank you very much,

Mohamed Faizan Senior Environmental Consultant

CDE Consulting, 4th Floor, H.Orchidmaage, Ameeru Ahmed Magu, Malé 20095, Maldives. T: (960) 3312514, F: (960) 3315926. E: [email protected] W: http://www.cde.com.mv

2 attachments Letter to Male City Council.pdf 152K EIA - Construction of sewage outfall pipeline at Hulhumale Phase I _ v3 (optimized).pdf 10869K