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Large, Persistent Rhyolitic Magma Reservoirs Above Columbia River Basalt Storage Sites: the Dinner Creek Tuff Eruptive Center, Eastern Oregon

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Large, Persistent Rhyolitic Magma Reservoirs Above Columbia River Basalt Storage Sites: the Dinner Creek Tuff Eruptive Center, Eastern Oregon Cenozoic Tectonics, Magmatism, and Stratigraphy of the Snake River Plain–Yellowstone Region and Adjacent Areas themedStreck issue et al. Large, persistent rhyolitic magma reservoirs above Columbia River Basalt storage sites: The Dinner Creek Tuff Eruptive Center, eastern Oregon Martin J. Streck1,*, Mark L. Ferns2, and William McIntosh3 1Department of Geology, Portland State University, P.O. Box 751, Portland, Oregon 97207, USA 2College of Arts and Sciences, Eastern Oregon University, One University Boulevard, La Grande, Oregon 97850-3672, USA 3Earth and Environmental Science Department, New Mexico Tech, 801 Leroy Place, Socorro, New Mexico 87801, USA ABSTRACT basaltic andesite (~56 wt% SiO2) in compo- ern Oregon–northern Nevada have been a center- sition are found in two of the cooling units. piece in the model to connect fl ood basalts to Our understanding of the Yellowstone Major and trace element compositions of the present location of the Yellowstone hotspot hotspot and its connection to fl ood basalts of the more mafi c components match the com- (e.g., Pierce and Morgan, 1992, 2009). However, the Columbia River Basalt province (west- positions of nearby Grande Ronde Basalt rhyolites have not been associated much with ern and northwestern USA) has grown tre- flows and dikes. Compositional similari- the fl ood basalt stage until recently (Coble and mendously over the past decades since the ties between cognate mafi c components and Mahood, 2012; Streck and Ferns, 2012). model was fi rst proposed in 1972. Despite Grande Ronde Basalt fl ows are direct evi- We report our fi rst results on one of the main strong support for a plume origin of the dence for coeval mafi c and silicic magmatism silicic systems, the Dinner Creek Tuff eruptive entire Yellowstone–Columbia River Basalt linking DITEC and Grande Ronde Basalt center (DITEC), which was active near the cen- magmatic province, new non-plume mod- eruptions. Furthermore, finding Grande ter of fl ood basalt eruptive sites, where new age els have emerged to explain early fl ood Ronde Basalt magmas as coeruptive com- dates suggest that activity overlaps with main- basalt volcanism. Unresolved issues of the ponent in Dinner Creek Tuff suggests that stage CRBG activity, and where petrological early fl ood basalt stage include the location Grande Ronde Basalt magmas were stored data suggest tapping and interaction of CRBG of crustal magma reservoirs feeding these beneath Dinner Creek Tuff rhyolites, thereby magmas during explosive silicic eruptions. voluminous eruptions and to what extent providing the fi rst direct evidence for the The Dinner Creek Welded Tuff was originally these were associated with contemporaneous location of a storage site of Columbia River defi ned as a single ignimbrite that erupted from silicic reservoirs. Basalt magmas. Shallow crustal rhyolitic the Castle Rock caldera (Wood, 1976; Rytuba This study focuses on the newly defi ned reservoirs active during ca. 16–15 Ma that and Vander Meulen, 1991) and was found to ca. 16–15 Ma Dinner Creek Tuff Eruptive yielded tuffs of the DITEC and other sur- extend over an area of ~2000 km2 centered along Center that overlaps in time and space with rounding contemporaneous and widespread the Malheur River (Haddock, 1967). Our work fl ood basalt volcanism of the Columbia River rhyolites of the area likely imposed control shows that the original Dinner Creek Welded Basalt Group. New work on distribution, on timing and place of eruption of Columbia Tuff and other correlative ignimbrites mapped lithologic variations, geochemical composi- River Basalt Group lava fl ows. elsewhere in the same stratigraphic position tions, and eruption ages indicate that the consist of a minimum of four discrete ignimbrite extensive Dinner Creek Welded Tuff (herein INTRODUCTION sheets that we herein name the Dinner Creek Dinner Creek Tuff) and associated mapped Tuff, extending over an area >25,000 km2. We and unmapped ignimbrites include a mini- Our understanding of the Columbia River further propose that several well-known fallout mum of 4 discrete cooling units that spread Basalt province (western USA) and its likely tuff deposits of Oregon, Nevada, Idaho, and out over an area of ~25,000 km2. Widespread connection to the Yellowstone hotspot has grown Washington erupted from the same center, fallout deposits in northeast Oregon and the tremendously since the Yellowstone volcanic active from ca. 16 to ca. 15 Ma. Fallout tuffs neighboring states of Nevada, Idaho, and fi eld was fi rst proposed as the present location of either correlate with ignimbrites (cf. Nash and Washington have now been compositionally a continental hotspot (e.g., Morgan, 1972). There Perkins, 2012) or fall between ignimbrite erup- correlated with the redefi ned Dinner Creek is now strong support for a plume origin for tions. Minor amounts of mafi c magmas found Tuff. Compositional coherence between the the entire Yellowstone hotspot track and fl ood in the Dinner Creek Tuff match CRBG magmas ignimbrite sheets and fallout deposits indi- basalts of the Columbia River Basalt Group and thus provide direct evidence for CRBG cate a common source, herein referred to (CRBG) (Pierce and Morgan, 2009). However, fl ood basalt reservoirs beneath this large and as the Dinner Creek Tuff eruptive center the decades-long controversy as to whether this long-lived rhyolitic eruptive center. (DITEC). large igneous province (LIP) is due to the arrival Cognate mafi c components (glass shards, of a deep mantle plume continues, and new non- METHODS pumice shards, and mafi c globules) that plume models for the origin of the CRBG have range from dacite (~68 wt% SiO2) to Fe-rich been proposed (e.g., Liu and Stegman, 2012). Major and trace element compositions of bulk Age-progressive rhyolites of the Snake River tuff and pumices were determined by X-ray *Corresponding author email: [email protected]. Plain starting at the oldest centers in southeast- fl uores cence and by inductively coupled plasma– Geosphere; April 2015; v. 11; no. 2; p. 226–235; doi:10.1130/GES01086.1; 7 fi gures; 3 tables; 7 supplemental fi les. Received 3 June 2014 ♦ Revision received 12 November 2014 ♦ Accepted 15 January 2015 ♦ Published online 17 February 2015 226 For permissionGeosphere, to copy, contact April [email protected] 2015 © 2015 Geological Society of America Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geosphere/article-pdf/11/2/226/3333724/226.pdf by guest on 03 October 2021 The Dinner Creek Tuff Eruptive Center mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) at the Washington tance furnace. After each heating step, followed that the ash-fl ow tuff extended over an area of State University GeoAnalytical Laboratory. by gas cleanup, the isotopic composition of Ar ~2000 km2. Haddock (1967) and Wood (1976) Major element composition of glasses and was analyzed using a MAP 215–50 mass spec- proposed that the Dinner Creek Tuff erupted feldspars were determined with the Oregon trometer. ArArCALC software (Koppers, 2002) from a vent in the vicinity of Castle Rock (Fig. State University (OSU) CAMECA SX100 elec- was used to reduce the isotopic data and make 1A) in the area proposed to be part of the Castle tron microprobe, which was operated remotely age calculations. Further details of ana lyti- Rock caldera (Rytuba and Vander Meulen, from Portland State University. For analysis of cal procedures were described in Duncan and 1991). Thick sequences (~70 m) of rheomorphic the glass, we employed an accelerating volt- Keller (2004; see also the OSU laboratory web- tuff crop out north of Ironside Mountain and at age of 15 kV, a beam current of 8 nA, and a site, http:// www .coas .oregonstate .edu /research Castle Rock, along what we consider to be the de focused beam (10 µm diameter). Peak and /mgg /chronology .html). northern and southern margins of the DITEC. background counting was done as follows (in Single-crystal analyses were performed at the The DITEC has not been studied in any detail, seconds): 10/5 for Na, Al, Si, K; 20/10 for Ca, New Mexico Geochronology Research Labora- in part due to concealment by a thick sequence Fe, Ti, Mn, P; and 30/15 for S, Cl, and Mg. First tory at New Mexico Tech (Socorro). HF-cleaned of younger mafi c lava fl ows, which are probably and short counting of Na and K was targeted to alkali feldspar separates and interspersed related to the Strawberry Volcanics (cf. Steiner minimize loss under the electron beam. Natural Fish Canyon Tuff (FCT) sanidine monitors in and Streck, 2013). mineral standards were used for calibration. We machined Al discs were enclosed in evacuated monitored our calibration during each session quartz tubes and irradiated at the Denver U.S. DINNER CREEK TUFF—THIS STUDY with natural rhyolitic and basaltic glass stan- Geological Survey TRIGA reactor. Individual dards. Analysis conditions were similar for feld- grains were fused by CO2 laser and analyzed Our data on lithology, chemistry, and petrog- spar with the exception of a 15 nA beam current, using a Thermo Argus VI mass spectrometer. raphy combined with new age dates allow us a more focused beam, and analysis of a smaller Pychron software (Ross, 2014) was used to con- to update the distribution of the Dinner Creek range of elements. trol analysis and reduce data. Tuff, to determine chronostratigaphic eruptive Laser ablation ICP-MS analyses of trace ele- For all age calculations, we used a FCT age of units, to correlate the tuff with regional fallout ment concentrations in glasses were done in 28.201 Ma (Kuiper et al., 2008). tuffs, and to establish petrogenetic connections the W.M. Keck Collaboratory for Plasma Mass to mafi c magmas of the CRBG. Spectrometry at OSU using a Thermo XSeries DINNER CREEK TUFF—ORIGINAL II ICP-MS instrument coupled with a Photon WORK AND LIKELY SOURCE AREA Distribution Machines G2 ArF Excimer laser ablation sys- tem.
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