Int. Res. J. of Science & Engineering, 2018; Special Issue A3 :165-172 SJIF Impact Factor 4.11 ISSN: 2322-0015 UGC Approved Journal No. 63628 RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS

Recent developments in Actiniopteris radiata

Pingale1 Shirish S, Deokar2 Dinesh E, Punde3 Vikas M

1PG Department of Chemistry Gramonnati Mandal’s Arts, Commerce and Science College, Narayangaon, Junnar, Pune, Maharashtra, Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, 2JJTU Research Scholar, 3Department of Chemistry, Dnyaneshwar Gramonnati Mandal’s Arts, Commerce and Science College, Ale, Junnar, Pune, Maharashtra. Email: [email protected],[email protected],[email protected];

Manuscript Details ABSTRACT Available online on http://www.irjse.in Actiniopterisradiata (family: Actiniopteridaceae) is ISSN: 2322-0015 commonly used as Indian traditional medicine. Actiniopteris radiata has the common names of Editor: Dr. Arvind Chavhan Morpankhi, Mayurishika and Peacock’s tail. Traditionally Actiniopteris radiata is used alone or with Cite this article as: other medicinal plants to treat a variety of ailments. The

Pingale Shirish S, Deokar Dinesh E, Punde Vikas plant contains rich in tannins, flavanoids, steroids, M. Recent developments in Actiniopteris radiata, glycosides, hydrocarbons, Coumarins, triterpenoids and Int. Res. Journal of Science & Engineering, January phenolic compounds. The plant used injaundice, typhoid 2018, Special Issue A3 : 165-172. fever, epilepsy, diarrhea, tuberculosis, etc. The plant © The Author(s). 2018 Open Access extract also possesses different pharmacological activities This article is distributed under the terms such as, anti-microbial activity, analgesic activity, anti- of the Creative Commons Attribution oxidants, anthelmintic, anti-stress and anti-allergic 4.0 International License activities. The present review could form a sound basis (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), for further investigation in the potential discovery of new which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and natural bioactive compounds and provide preliminary reproduction in any medium, provided you give information for future research.

appropriate credit to the original author(s) and Keywords: Actiniopterisradiata, bioactive compounds, the source, provide a link to the Creative medicine. Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. INTRODUCTION

The history of herbal medicine beginning from the ancient human civilization [1], man has familiarized himself with plants and used them in a variety of ways throughout the ages. In search of food, man began to differentiate those plants suitable for alimentary purpose from others with definitive pharmacological action [2]. The use of plants as herbal medicines is as old as human civilization and number of the ancient medicinal systems

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166 | State level Conference on “Recent Approaches in Environmental Protection & Sustainable Development” 2018 such as Ayurveda, homeopathy, naturopathy, siddha, Mayurashikhaa (A.radiata) is used as astringent, anti- unani and other alternative medicinal systems has inflammatory, tonic to genitourinary tract, alleviates been utilizing plants as effective source of medicines vitilated blood, indicated in cough, bronchitis, asthma, to cure many diseases [3]. Herbal medicine, as an diarrhea, dysentery, dysuria, Antihistaminic and alternative to synthetic drugs, have played an Anticholinergic Activity, used internally as well as important role at the level of basic, public health care externally for infected wounds, ulcers, erysipelas, A. in various countries, especially in Asia. During the radiatahas been reported to possess anti-helminthic previous several years, number of various natural and styptic property [3,4,7,8]. products from plants has been characterized as useful as pharmaceuticals or nutraceuticals, due to this Geographical distribution number of the herbal medicine have drastically Actiniopteris radiata belonging to family increased in market availability and public usage (Actiniopteridaceae) is a tiny terrestrial fern, commonly worldwide [4]. In a report of World Health known as Peacock`s tail. It is an important medicinal Organization (WHO), medicinal plants would be the plant widely distributed throughout India and also in best source to obtain a variety of drugs. It is reported Burma, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, Iran, Arabia, Yemen, that more than rocky crevices 400, 000 plant species of South Eastern Egypt, Tropical Africa, Australia and tropical origin have medicinal properties. About 80 % Madagascar. It is of limited distribution, and in areas of individuals in developed countries are using where it occurs, is restricted to depleted walls and traditional medicine, of plant origin and the natural rocky crevices of steep slops of exposed hilly areas, product for their health due to minimal side effect and roadside, up to the altitude of 1200 m [9]. Black or cost effective Therefore, in Current research by major reddish gravelly soil is best suited for its growth. pharmaceutical companies such plants should be investigated to understand their properties, safety and Morphology of Actiniopterisradiata efficacy and for a search of new potent activity [3,5,6] The Small xerophytic plantis 8-25 cm high rooting in .Actiniopteris radiatais a tiny terrestrial fern found the crevices of rocks or in between in the joints of throughout India. It is also called as Peacock`s tail. It is bricks walls in most and rocky soil long roadside of limited distribution, and in areas where it occurs is usually in lime rich/alluvia soil. The rhizomes is restricted to depleted walls and of steep slopes of oblique to horizontal, 1.5 to 2.0 cm in length, densely exposed hilly areas, up to the altitude of 1200 m above covered with wiry roots, palaea and leaf bases The msl. Actiniopteris radiata(Sw.) Link. Belonging to young leaves show cricinate venation but the lamina Actiniopteridaceae family is an herb with great becomes flat at an early stage of development. medicinal value. According to Ayurvedic texts

Table: Scientific Classification and Local names of Actiniopterisradiata Scientific Classification: [1,10] Local names:[1,7] • Kingdom: Plantae – Plants. • Hindi– Morpankhi. • Phylum: Magnoliophyta– Flowering. • Class: Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons. • Sanskrit – Mayurishika , • Order: Malpighiales. Madhuchhadaa,Sahastrahi, Vahrishikhaa. • Family: Actiniopteridaceae. • Subfamily:Euphorbioideae. • Telugu– Nemaliadugu. • Synonym : A. australis (L. f.) Link. A. radiata (Sw.) Link. • Tamil–Mayilatumshikhai. A. dichotoma Kuhn. • Tribe :Euphorbieae. • English– Peacock’s tail. • Genus :Actiniopteris- Linnaeus, 1753. • Specific epithet: radiate. • Botanical name: Actiniopterisradiata

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Fig.No.1 Whole plant of Actiniopteris radiata

The laminae are fan-like, stiff and rough to touch. The taken orally in morning for control of blood pressure sporangia are sub-marginal on an inter-marginal vein and decoction of leaves is also used in tuberculosis covering almost the entire biaxial surface of .The whole plant is also use for the treatment asthma, dichotomously segment [11, 12]. fever, leprosy and hair growth. The juice extracted from the stem is taken orally twice a day to treat Ethno-medicaluses diarrhea[17,18]. Whole plant paste is directly applied on cuts surface and wounds: past with sugar is given to kill intestinal worms twice for 3 days. The plant paste with sugar PHYTOCHEMICAL: candy is given as a cooling agent in case of syphilis Several chemicals have been identified from .The paste of two fronds is given daily two times a Actiniopteris radiate plant are known to be alkane day to children to cure rickets. The whole plant paste hydrocarbon chains (hentriacontane, hentriacontanol) mixed with cow’s milk is given for the treatment of and flavonoid glycoside (quercetin-3-rutinoside) piles and leucorrhoea. In milk is given twice a day for (Rutin) ,steroidal compounds (β-sitosterol, β-sitosterol 2-3 days. In case of epilepsy, plant paste with sugar palmitate, β-sitosterol-D-glucoside)[19] .glycosides are candy is given[1]. 5-6 leaves paste with sugar is also ( 2-(3, 4-O – Diglucos cinnamoyl) – 4 – hydroxyl furan given two times a day as an aphrodisiac, also used as and 1-Heptaloyl, 8-hexyl, 3-(O – diglucos), 10 – tonic to increase the potency[11].The whole plant is methyl, 9. 10 – dihydro naphthalene.)[20].The other also use for the treatment Typhoid[13]. The Fresh Phytochemical are Dec-3-enyl, 2-(heptyloxy)-1- paste/dried powder of leaves (5-6) with 1 tsp. honey mercaptpoethyl terephthalate and 1-(Phenylethy- is given twice a day for the treatment of leucorrhoea lbutanoate ether), 2-(3-ene heptanoate) ethane [21]. and also increase fertility. The paste of 5-6 leaves Glucose, fructose, alkaloids, Flavonoids, tannins, mixed with fresh cow milk (nearly 200ml) is taken for Saponins, Quinones, Cardio glycosides, Terpenoids, a week or so, to overcome irregularly in menstrual Coumarins, betacyanin and phenols [22] period. The leaves or leaves ash (approx. 2-3 g) of the plant mixed with fresh cow milk (200 ml) is given to a lady for fortnight after menses for conception. On the PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES other hand the paste of 8-10 leaves mixed with thin Analgesic activity: curd (nearly 250 ml) is given for birth control. Paste The effect of the aqueous and ethanolic extract of with sugar is used orally for twice a day, as strength plant Actinopteris radiata has been investigated in tonic to increasing the potency in women [14,15,16]. mice to evaluate the analgesic activity by using Acetic Plants are dried and one tea spoonful powder is taken acid induced writhing and Tail flick method. orally, once a day for four days in the case of cough. Administration of A. radiata extracts shown effective Plants are soaked overnight in a glass of water and analgesic activity in the Acetic acid induced Writhing

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168 | State level Conference on “Recent Approaches in Environmental Protection & Sustainable Development” 2018 method, whereas both extracts shown non-significant Invitro Antihistaminic and Anti cholinergic activity: analgesic activity in Tail flick method. Therefore it is The crude ethanolic extract Actiniopteris radiata (Sw.) indicated that both plant extracts shows only potent Link has been investigated to assess the spasmolytic peripheral mediated analgesic activity and inhibits effect on isolated rat ileum. The crude extract at a dose predominantly peripheral pain mechanism. The of 2, 4, 10 mg/ml dose dependently relaxed the rat extracts have found to produce marked analgesic ileum which was contracted due to the presence of effect due to the presence of alkaloids, tannins, agonist like histamine and acetylcholine [1,8]. flavonoids and phenolic acid. [1]

Name of compound Structure

CH Alkane Hydrocarbon Chains 3

• hentriacontane CH3

Hentriacontane

OH • hentriacontanol CH 3 Hentriacontanol

OH OH

HO O

Flavonoid Glycoside O OH O OH O • quercetin-3-rutinoside HO OH OH Quercetin-3-rutinoside

Steroidal Compounds a) β-sitosterol H H H HO ß- Sitosterol

CH3

H3C CH3 CH3 CH b) β-sitosterol palmitate 3 CH3 O O

CH3

ß-sitosterol palmitate

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CH 3

H C CH c) β-sitosterol-D-glucoside 3 3 CH 3 CH3

CH3 CH2OH O OH OH O OH ß-sitosterol-D-glucoside OH

HO O OH

OH Glycosides O OH a) 2-(3, 4-O – Diglucoscinnamoyl) O O – 4 – hydroxyl furan. HO

OH O O OH HO b) 1-Heptaloyl, 8-hexyl, 3-(O – 2-(3, 4-O–Diglucos cinnamoyl) – 4 – hydroxyl furan diglucos), 10 –methyl, 9. 10 – dihydro naphthalene.)

c)Dec-3-enyl, 2-(heptyloxy)-1- mercaptpoethyl terephthalate

d)1-(Phenylethylbutanoate ether), 2-(3-ene heptanoate) ethane

Antimicrobial activity The results of the shows that water and methanolic Anti-bacterial activity extracts of the plant had strong antibacterial activity in Thestudy was undertaken to investigate the all the concentrations than the other solvents used. antibacterial activity of the fern, Actenopteris radiata whole plant methanol and water extracts inhibits by well diffusion method. The whole plant was effectively the growth of the Gram-positive bacteria extracted successively with certain alcoholic and viz.,Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus and aqueous solvents (petroleum ether, chloroform, Gram-negative bacteria viz., Escherichia coli and acetone, methanol and water). Different Salmonella paratyphii at all concentrations (100 to concentrations of crude extracts such as 100, 200 and 300μg/mL) than that of other solvent extracts used 300 μg/mL were prepared to found antibacterial Therefore, the plant extract may be used to control the activity. Chloramphenicol was used as standard drug. diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria[3].

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Antifungal Activity Antioxidant and Radical Scavenging Activity Plant extract of Actiniopteris radiata and Caralluma Medicinal plants are recognized as sources of natural adscendens was evaluated against Candida Albicans, antioxidants that can protect biological system from Aspergillus niger and Mucor by Cup-plate method at oxidative stress. In this study, the antioxidative the concentration of 150 mg/mland 300mg/ml using potential of different solvent extracts (n-hexane, Griseofulvin used as standard drug. Diameters of the chloroform and ethyl acetate, ethanol and aqueous) of zones of inhibition were determined as an indication plant Actiniopteris radiata (Sw.) link were evaluated of activity after incubating the plates at 250C for 72 using different in vitro methods. From all the solvent hrs. An average of three independent determinations extracts, ethanol extract of A. radiata, showed potent was recorded. The anti-microbial activity was shown activity and the inhibitory concentrations of extract at significant results due to the presence of flavonoids, 50% (IC50) were 742.11, 670.80, 505.902, 372.43 and tannins and sterols [9]. 425.23 μg/mL for DPPH, superoxide and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities, metal chelating and anti- Wound healing activity lipid peroxidation activities, respectively and has The ethanolic extract of the Actinopteris radiata has nearly similar to that of the standard antioxidant been investigated toevaluated for its wound healing tested. Moreover, ethanol extract of A. radiata showed activity in rats. Wound healing activity was studied strong reducing power, which denotes the antioxidant using Excision, Incision and Dead space wound capacity of the extract. The results shown that the models in rats following topical application and ethanolic extract of A. radiata is a good source of compared with a standard 5% w/w Povidone-iodine natural antioxidants [4]. ointment. 10% w/w Actinopteris radiata ointment was prepared for topical application and 5% w/w The antioxidant activities of methanolic extracts of Povidone-iodine ointment was used as a standard. On Actiniopteris radiata and Equisetum ramosissimum. The excision and incision wound models the alcoholic analyses carried out were DPPH radical scavenging, extract of Actinopteris radiata produces good wound ABTS·+, reducing power. From the analyses, healing activity and comparable with that of 5% w/w Actiniopteris radiata and Equisetum ramosissimum, were Povidoneiodine ointment. The alcoholic extract of found to have potent antioxidant activity against Actiniopteris radiata shown dose dependent effect on DPPH with the IC50 value of 93.48 and 78.58 granulation tissue and hydroxyproline content. The respectively. Actiniopteris radiata had the highest results clearly indicated good wound healing activity values for ABTS·+ radical scavenging activity [1] (2523.11μ TE/g) and reducing power assay (0.853 absorbance at 700μg/ml)[24]. Antitubercular activity The Antitubercular activity of n-Hexane, Chloroform, Ethanol extracts was prepared from whole plant of Anthelmentic activity Actiniopteris radiata Linn was evaluated against The Ethanol extract of whole plant of Actiniopteris Mycobacterium tuberculaeusing Microplate Alamar Blue radiata Linn. has been evaluated for invitro assay. Minimum inhibitiory concentration (MIC) was anthelminthic effect. In present study different taken to assess antitubercular activity. The minimum concentration of Extract 50 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml, 200 inhibitory concentration of n-Hexane, Chloroform and mg/ml were investigated for its anthelminticactivity. Ethanolic extracts was (12.5, 3.125, 25μg/ml) The paralysis time [P] and death time [D] was respectively and compared with Pyrazinamide comparable with standard Albendazole 20 mg/ml.The (3.125μg/ml) and Streptomycin (6.25μg/ml) was result indicates that the 200 mg/ml Extract posses taken as standard drug. The results shown that significant anthelmentic activity. Dose dependent Chloroform extract has more significant antitubercular effects were observed with 50 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml, activity as compared to n-Hexane, Ethanolic extracts and 200 mg/ml [25] [23].

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Anti-stress and anti-allergic effect CONCLUSION The extracts of whole plant of Actiniopteris radiata wasscreened for its therapeutic potential as an From the detailed literature review, it is concluded antiallergic and antistress agent in asthma using that the plant is a potential source of drugs that can be specific in vivo animal models. Only ethanol extract at used in the treatment of different dermal ailments and a higher dose of 100 mg/kg i.p significantly (p<0.05) disease areas. This plant is important traditional plant decreased milk induced eosinophilia by 16.20 ± 2.235 containing different steroidal and glucosidal compou- when compared with control group while even lower nds which can be used in skin disease treatment and doses of 50 mg/kg, i.p exhibited significant inhibition owning different anti-microbial activities. A complete (P<0.05) of leukocytosis induced by milk in mice. exploration and development work should be comme- Other extracts like petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and nced for the preservation of Actiniopteris radiata and methanol unable to exhibit that significant potential. development of products for their restored fiscal and Results obtained thus validate the traditional claim of therapeutic application. Furthermore, there is a space the Actiniopteris radiata utilization in different aspect of for exploration to establish lead compounds for drug asthma due to presence of various polar secondary development. This evidence will be supportive for metabolites in ethanol extract [26] pharmacognosists, ethnobotanists, botanists and pharmacologists. Hepatoprotective Activity The study has been investigated phytoconstituents, Acknowledgement: acute oral toxicity and Hepatoprotective Activity of The authors are thankful to Head of Department, ethanolic extract of Actiniopteris radiata by using CCL4 department of chemistry and Principal, Hon. B.J. ACS induced Hepatotoxicity in wistar albino rat. The College, Ale for their timely support and guidance. ethanolic extract at the dose of 100,200,400 mg/kg p.o and standered drug used as silymarin 100mg/kg was Conflicts of interest: The authors stated that no administered in rat and Hepatoprotective Activity conflicts of interest. was assessed by estimating various bicohemical parameters like SGPT, SGOT, ALP, serum bilirubin, followed by histo pathological studies. Ethanolic REFERENCES extract of Actiniopteris radiata at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg (p.o.) offered significant (p<0.01) 1. Ramalingeswara Reddy P. and Sreenivasulu M, hepatoprotective activity by reducing the serum Chand Basha. S,Actiniopteris radiata (linn.): a marker enzymes like SGPT, SGOT, ALP, bilirubin. comprehensive review, Journal of Global Trends Whereas at the dose of 100 mg/kg (p.o) EEAR in Pharmaceutical Sciences, April–June 2012, exhibited moderate hepatoprotection (p<0.05) Vol.3, pp. 612-618. 2. R. Ansari and k. Ekhlasi-kazaj, a review on compared with the of the standard silymarin adiantum capillus-veneris. L, j adv sci res, 2012, (p<0.001). Histo pathological studies of ethanolic 3(4): 15-20. extract of Actiniopteris radiata revealed that, the normal 3. Moorthy D, S. Paulsamy, K. Nandha Kumar1 and cellular architecture was retained as compared to M. Saradha, In vitro antibacterial activity of the silymarin, there by further confirming the potent fern, Actiniopteris radiata (Sw.) Link.inhabiting the hepatoprotective effect. Hepatoprotection exhibited Shervaroyan Hills, the Eastern Ghats. J. of Chem. and Pharmaceutical Research, 2013, 5(7):211-214. by ethanolic extract of Actiniopteris radiata against 4. M. Manjunath, G. Lavanya, R. Sivajyothi and CCI4 induced hepato toxicity was found to be dose O.V.S. Reddy, Antioxidant and Radical dependent and significant as evidenced by the Scavenging Activity of Actiniopteris radiata (Sw.) biochemical and histo pathological parameters. The Link., Asian J. Exp. Sci., Vol. 25, No. 1, 2011; 73-80. protective effect of ethanolic extract of Actiniopteris 5. Santhosh Kumar s, samydurai p, ramakrishnan r radiata against CCL4 may be due to the presence of and n nagarajan, gas chromatography and mass flavonoids, sterols, triterpenoids and phenolic spectrometry analysis of bioactiveconstituents of adiantum capillus-veneris l.,international journal compounds [27].

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