DOCSLIB.ORG

Historically Speaking Shiloh at 150

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Historically Speaking Shiloh at 150 Historically Speaking Shiloh at 150 n February’s “Historically Speaking,” By BG John S. Brown forces began arriving there on March 11, Iwe discussed MG Ulysses S. Grant’s U.S. Army retired 1862, and fanned out to occupy an assem- successful seizures of Forts Henry and bly area dominated by scenic Shiloh Donelson. Daringly exploiting the mechanized Church. Meanwhile the Confederates, led by advantages of steamboats, he pushed up- Generals Albert Sidney Johnston and P.G.T. stream on both the Tennessee and Cumber- Beauregard, recognized the hazards of their land Rivers. He cut Confederate rail commu- separation and the vulnerability of their rail nications across these rivers and stood line. They concentrated at Corinth, where poised for even deeper penetrations into the they amassed 40,000 troops to slightly out- middle South. His twin victories left the Con- number Grant’s force of 35,000. The Confed- federates in Tennessee momentarily split in erates decided to attack. two, but an opportunity to defeat either wing in For reasons that are not altogether clear, the detail evaporated because of dithering among security thrown up by Union forces around their Grant’s superiors as to who was in charge of what and what expansive Shiloh assembly area was grossly inadequate. they should do next. A next logical geographical target for There had been perturbations in leadership as command advancing Union forces was the rail line running from passed from Grant for a while and then came back to him. Memphis through Corinth, Miss.; Chattanooga and Knox- Grant had been injured when his horse fell, and he was ville to Petersburg and Richmond, Va. This was the only moving around on crutches. Grant’s soldiers were su- continuous rail line spanning the Confederacy from east to premely confident after their twin victories and went about west. One had to travel 150 miles south of this line to find training and preparing for future advances without giving another high-volume east-west route, rail and water, run- much thought to local security. Grant and his superiors re- ning from Vicksburg through Montgomery to Atlanta. alized he would have to be reinforced to advance. Accord- Now master of the Tennessee River by virtue of Fort ingly, he personally was positioned downstream at Savan- Henry and a fleet of armed steamboats, Grant’s Army of the nah, about 10 miles from Pittsburg Landing, to facilitate Tennessee had ready access to Pittsburg Landing, Tenn., the arrival of reinforcements from MG Don Carlos Buell’s within 20 miles of the strategic rail junction at Corinth. His neighboring Army of the Ohio. Ultimately, Grant was so A lithograph by Swedish-born artist Thure de Thulstrup depicts the two-day Battle of Shiloh, near Pittsburg Landing, Tenn., when Union forces struggled to hold the line against Confederate attack at the Sunken Road and the Hornet’s Nest in April 1862. Library of Congress 86 ARMY I April 2012 aggressive he is reputed to have given far more thought to what he was going to do to his adversary than to what his adversary was going to do to him. dvancing along poor roads in thickly wooded terrain, Athe Confederates came on line undetected within two miles of divisions commanded by Brigadier Generals William T. Sherman and Benjamin M. Prentiss. Prentiss sent out heavy patrols during the early morning of April 6, and these almost immediately came into heavy contact. The volume of fire animated the previously careless Union leadership. Sherman and Prentiss got their divisions on line quickly, and divisions commanded by MG John A. Mc- Clernand and BG Stephen A. Hurlburt marched immedi- ately to their relief. Nevertheless, the Confederate attack swept all before it for a time, forcing the embattled Union divisions back all along the line. Union camps were over- run. Union losses mounted. Unfortunately for the Confed- erates, they had oddly configured their deployment. One corps was on line in front and another on line behind. Nei- ther corps had actual reserves. As the battle developed in Archive M. Highsmith Library of Congress/Carol the thick terrain, unrelated units became hopelessly jum- A century and a half after some of the bloodiest bled together. On the few occasions that Confederates fighting of the Civil War, the Hornet’s Nest at punched through or overlapped Federal lines, they had no Shiloh is part of the Shiloh National Military Park. forces with which to exploit. Grant first heard the gunfire at 6:30 A.M. He sped by “Well Grant, we’ve had the Devil’s own day, haven’t we?” steamship to Pittsburg Landing, arriving at 8:30. En route, “Yes,” Grant replied, then puffed on his cigar and continued, he dispatched orders rushing three additional divisions “Lick ‘em tomorrow though.” Rallying from initial unpre- into the battle area. These were drawn from his own forces paredness, Grant and his lieutenants had demonstrated com- and those of MG Buell. Meanwhile, Grant’s chief of staff mendable initiative, leadership, energy and fortitude. They gathered all the artillery he could muster and massed it had also moved in 25,000 fresh troops in less than a day, facing east on a ridge extending south from Pittsburg whereas the Confederates had none. When the Union at- Landing. At positions now memorialized as the Sunken tacked on April 7, it inexorably pushed back the weakening Road and the Hornet’s Nest, embattled Union forces strug- Confederate line. At 2:30 P.M. Beauregard ordered a with- gled desperately to hold the line farther forward. When drawal. The surviving Confederates got away in the forested others were forced to withdraw, Prentiss squared off and terrain, their retreat covered by LTG Nathan Bedford For- fought on. He was finally overrun at 5:30 P.M., by which rest’s capable cavalry. time reinforcements were arriving and a new line had Corinth fell shortly thereafter. Battlefield losses totaled formed, extending from the artillery now bristling over about 13,700 for the Union and 10,700 for the Confederates. Pittsburg Landing. At 6:00 P.M. the Confederates—some One Union brigade started the battle on April 6 with 2,750 out of ammunition and relying on bayonets—attempted a men, resumed it on April 7 with 900, and ended that day final assault on this formidable line. The assault failed. with 58 combat-capable troops remaining. Some Northern- During the course of the day’s fighting, Johnston—re- ers, appalled by the casualties and put off by Grant’s al- garded by many at the time as the most promising of the leged drinking, lobbied President Lincoln for Grant’s relief. Confederate generals—was killed, an incalculable loss. Lincoln famously retorted, “I can’t spare this man, he Having been defeated on the first day at Shiloh, Grant con- fights.” This, as we shall see, remained true. ( templated the second. An iconic anecdote has Sherman com- ing up on Grant under a tree smoking a cigar and saying, Recommended Reading: BG John S. Brown, USA Ret., was chief of military history at Esposito, Vincent J., The West Point Atlas of American the U.S. Army Center of Military History from December Wars, Volume I: 1689–1900 (New York: Frederick A. 1998 to October 2005. He commanded the 2nd Battalion, 66th Praeger, 1959) Armor, in Iraq and Kuwait during the Gulf War and returned Foote, Shelby, The Civil War, A Narrative, Vol. I: Fort to Kuwait as commander of the 2nd Brigade, 1st Cavalry Di- Sumter to Perryville (New York: Random House, 1958) vision, in 1995. He has a doctorate in history from Indiana McPherson, James M., Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil University. His book, Kevlar Legions: A History of Army War Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988) Transformation 1989–2005, was published in 2011. April 2012 I ARMY 87.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Chapter One: the Campaign for Chattanooga, June to November 1863
    CHAPTER ONE: THE CAMPAIGN FOR CHATTANOOGA, JUNE TO NOVEMBER 1863 Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park commemorates and preserves the sites of important and bloody contests fought in the fall of 1863. A key prize in the fighting was Chattanooga, Tennessee, an important transportation hub and the gateway to Georgia and Alabama. In the Battle of Chickamauga (September 18-20, 1863), the Confederate Army of Tennessee soundly beat the Federal Army of the Cumberland and sent it in full retreat back to Chattanooga. After a brief siege, the reinforced Federals broke the Confeder- ate grip on the city in a series of engagements, known collectively as the Battles for Chatta- nooga. In action at Brown’s Ferry, Wauhatchie, and Lookout Mountain, Union forces eased the pressure on the city. Then, on November 25, 1863, Federal troops achieved an unex- pected breakthrough at Missionary Ridge just southeast of Chattanooga, forcing the Con- federates to fall back on Dalton, Georgia, and paving the way for General William T. Sherman’s advance into Georgia in the spring of 1864. These battles having been the sub- ject of exhaustive study, this context contains only the information needed to evaluate sur- viving historic structures in the park. Following the Battle of Stones River (December 31, 1862-January 2, 1863), the Federal Army of the Cumberland, commanded by Major General William S. Rosecrans, spent five and one-half months at Murfreesboro, Tennessee, reorganizing and resupplying in preparation for a further advance into Tennessee (Figure 2). General Braxton Bragg’s Confederate Army of Tennessee was concentrated in the Tullahoma, Tennessee, area.
    [Show full text]
  • [email protected] Website: Lawrence H
    P O L Y P H O N Y Post Office Box #515 Highland Park, Illinois 60035 FAX #847-831-5577 E-Mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.polyphonyrecordings.com Lawrence H. Jones, Proprietor Auction Catalog #147 [Closing: Noon, Central Standard Time; Wednesday, December 7th, 2016] Dear Fellow Record Collectors - WELCOME TO THE ONLINE VERSION OF POLYPHONY’S AUCTION CATALOG #147! All items are offered at auction; the minimum acceptable bid for each is shown at the end of its listing. The deadline for receipt of bids is Noon, Central Standard Time; Wednesday, December 7th, 2016. SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR ONLINE: The internet version is essentially the same as the print version which is sent worldwide except that no bidsheet is provided, since all you really need to do is send me an e-mail with careful notation of your bids and the lot numbers of the items in which you are interested. A brief description of the item helps in case of mis-readings of lot numbers. If you are a new bidder and I do not have your physical address, obviously I will need it. And if you wish to authorize me to charge your winnings to a Visa, Mastercard or American Express card which I do not already have on file, I do not suggest that you send this information via e-mail since it is not very secure. You are welcome to quote an account number for me via the phone/FAX number or via the physical address shown above – or you may wait for me to send you a copy of your invoice and quote the account number by return mail.
    [Show full text]
  • Battle of Shiloh
    Battle of Shiloh Essential Questions: What was the outcome of the Battle of Shiloh? What was the significance of the Battle of Shiloh? After victories at Fort Henry and Fort Donelson, the Union army in the West seemed ready to defeat the Confederates anywhere they were. The Union Army of the Tennessee, led by Ulysses S. Grant, pushed deep into the state with the idea of linking up with Don Carlos Buell’s Army of the Ohio and pursuing the rebel army in Mississippi. The Confederates wanted to force Grant out of Tennessee. Grant moved his army to a small port called Pittsburgh Landing located on the western section of the Tennessee river. A small church named Shiloh, meaning “place of peace” in Hebrew stood nearlby. It was there that the Confederates attacked on April 6, 1862. After two days of hard fighting, 20,000 men were either killed or wounded.1 It was, up to that time, the largest battle to ever take place in the Western Hemisphere. After defeating the Confederates at Fort Henry and Fort Donelson, Grant continued to chase the rebels. He knew the defeated rebel army was regrouping around Corinth, Mississippi, and it was Grant’s intention to build up his own forces and strike the enemy there. So, even with the “weather cold and roads impassable,” Grant went south toward Pittsburg Landing on the Tennessee River. Grant estimated the Confederate strength at Corinth to be between 50,000 and 60,000.2 When he arrived at Pittsburg Landing, Grant did not order his soldiers to entrench, but instead waited patiently for Major-General Don Carlos Buell’s Army of the Ohio to arrive from the north.
    [Show full text]
  • 21 DL Battle of Stones River
    Battle of Stones River The fall and early winter of 1862 was a difficult time for the Union army and northern morale. Although he had stopped a Confederate invasion, General George B. McClellan had failed to cut off the fleeing Confederates and destroy Robert E. Lee’s army after the Battle of Antietam. Instead, Lee’s army slipped quietly back into Virginia where it would continue to cause frustration for the Federal army. In December, the Union Army of the Potomac, commanded by General Ambrose Burnside, was soundly defeated at Fredericksburg. Also, General Ulysses S. Grant, the hero of Fort Donelson and Shiloh, had failed to capture the Mississippi River post at Vicksburg. This failure was largely due to Confederate cavalry raiders, such as Nathan Bedford Forrest and Earl Van Dorn, who ran circles around Grant’s plodding army cutting communication lines and confiscating supplies. Although a Confederate invasion of Kentucky had been repulsed at Perryville, General Don Carlos Buell seemingly refused to deploy his Army of the Cumberland to attack Confederate General Braxton Bragg’s Army of the Tennessee. In October, Buell was replaced by William S. Rosecrans. Lincoln made it clear that if Rosecrans wanted to keep his job, he had better march against Bragg.1 In essence, the Union needed a victory, and Lincoln hoped Rosecrans would provide it. In December, President Jefferson Davis visited Bragg’s headquarters at Murfreesboro, Tennessee. Citizens of the small town showered the beloved president with balls and dinners. While there, Davis sent a large number of Bragg’s men westward to slow Grant’s approach to Vicksburg.
    [Show full text]
  • Battle of Stones River
    Battle of Stones River Table of Contents Pages 1. Content Essay: 2-5 2. Primary Source 6 1 Battle of Stones River The fall and early winter of 1862 was a difficult time for the Union army and northern morale. Although he had stopped a Confederate invasion, General George B. McClellan had failed to cut off the fleeing Confederates and destroy Robert E. Lee’s army after the Battle of Antietam. Instead, Lee’s army slipped quietly back into Virginia where it would continue to cause frustration for the Federal army. In December, the Union Army of the Potomac, commanded by General Ambrose Burnside, was soundly defeated at Fredericksburg. Also, General Ulysses S. Grant, the hero of Fort Donelson and Shiloh, had failed to capture the Mississippi River post at Vicksburg. This failure was largely due to Confederate cavalry raiders, such as Nathan Bedford Forrest and Earl Van Dorn, who ran circles around Grant’s plodding army cutting communication lines and confiscating supplies. Although a Confederate invasion of Kentucky had been repulsed at Perryville, General Don Carlos Buell seemingly refused to deploy his Army of the Cumberland to attack Confederate General Braxton Bragg’s Army of the Tennessee. In October, Buell was replaced by William S. Rosecrans. Lincoln made it clear that if Rosecrans wanted to keep his job, he had better march against Bragg.1 In essence, the Union needed a victory, and Lincoln hoped Rosecrans would provide it. In December, President Jefferson Davis visited Bragg’s headquarters at Murfreesboro, Tennessee. Citizens of the small town showered the beloved president with balls and dinners.
    [Show full text]
  • Lincoln's Presidency and the Civil
    The Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens A NEW BIRTH OF FREEDOM: LINCOLN’S PRESIDENCY AND THE CIVIL WAR Grade 8 United States History and Geography I. Introduction n composing his first inaugural address, delivered March 4, 1861, Abraham Lincoln Ifocused on shoring up his support in the North without further alienating the South, where he was almost universally hated or feared. He avoided any mention of the Republican Party platform, which condemned all efforts to reopen the African slave trade and denied the authority of Congress or a territorial legislature to legalized slavery in the territories. The address also denied any plan on the part of the Lincoln administration to interfere with the institution of slavery in states where it existed. But to Lincoln, the Union, which he saw as older even than the Constitution, was perpetual and unbroken, and secession legally impossible. Until the final draft, Lincoln’s address had ended with a question for the South: “Shall it be peace or sword?” In the famous concluding paragraph, Lincoln moderated his tone dramatically and ended on a memorable note of conciliation: I am loth to close. We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be enemies. Though passion may have strained, it must not break our bonds of affection. The mystic chords of memory, stre[t]ching from every battle-field, and patriot grave, to every living heart and hearthstone, all over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus of the Union, when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 6 (The Civil War, 1861-1862)
    SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY Chapter 6: The Civil War, 1861-1862 Chapter 7: The Civil War, 1863-1865 The scholarship devoted to the Civil War, particularly in the past two decades, has been extraordinary, both in quantity and quality At the top of the "must read" list would be two exceptional general works by James McPherson, Ordeal By Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction, (4th ed., McGraw-Hill, 2010), which places the war in a broad nineteenth- century context, devoting approximately equal attention to the prewar era, the war, and the postwar decades, and the now classic Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (Oxford University Press, 1988), a masterpiece of scholarship on the war years that set the standard for the field. For an excellent traditional military history of the war, see Russell F. Weigley, A Great Civil War: A Military and Political History (Indiana University Press, 2000). Other outstanding surveys are Allen C. Guelzo, Fateful Lightning: A New History of the Civil War and Reconstruction (Oxford University Press, 2012); Charles P. Roland, An American Iliad: The Story of the Civil War (2nd ed., University of Kentucky Press, 2004); and Michael Fellman, Lesley Gordon, and Daniel Sutherland, This Terrible War: The Civil War and Its Aftermath (2nd ed., Prentice Hall, 2009). Louis Masur, The Civil War (Oxford University Press, 2011) is a brief yet valuable survey. Older but good multivolume works include Allan Nevins, The War for the Union (4 vols., Scribner, 1959-1971); Bruce Catton, The Centennial History of the Civil War (3 vols., Doubleday, 1961-1965); Shelby Foote, The Civil War (3 vols., Random House, 1958- 1974); and Kenneth P Williams, Lincoln Finds a General: A Military Study of the Civil War (5 vols., Macmillan, 1949-1959).
    [Show full text]
  • The Civil War C Ontent S 16.1 Introduction
    Chapter Sixteen: The Civil War C ontent s 16.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 703 16.1.1 Learning Outcomes ..................................................................................... 703 16.2THEROAD TO WAR ......................................................................................... 705 16.2.1From Secession to War ................................................................................. 705 The Confederacy Takes Shape ..............................................................................705 Lincoln Takes Over .............................................................................................707 16.2.2 Choosing Sides: The Dilemma of the Slave States .......................................... 711 16.2.3 Before You Move On... ................................................................................ 714 Key Concepts ................................................................................................... 714 Test Yourself .................................................................................................... 715 16.3THE MILITARY CONFLICT .............................................................................. 715 16.3.1 First Manassas or First Battle of Bull Run ....................................................... 716 16.3.2Shiloh...................................................................................................... 718 16.3.3Seven Days ..............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Civil War Soldier
    TENNESSEE’S TRAVELING TREASURES TEACHER’S FOR GRADES Lesson Plan 4 – 12 The Life of a Civil War Soldier An Educational Outreach Program of the TENNESSEE’S TRAVELING TREASURES The Life of a Civil War Soldier Introduction GOAL The goal of this treasure trunk is to learn about the impact of the Civil War on the personal life of a soldier. CONTENT The personal life of a soldier was extremely difficult. A nation had declared war, but individual men were sent to fight. They were husbands, sons, and brothers. They were farmers, tailors and local businessmen. The individual decision to fight for the Union or the Confederacy had a lasting impact on families and communities. Not only were families saying goodbye to loved ones, at times they sent them off to battle each other. O B J E C T I V E S • Specify personal sacrifices of soldiers and their families. • Identify impact of national decisions on individuals. • Understand the impact of individual decisions on families and communities. A MOTHER AND SON • Comprehend similarities and differences of social customs within the same country. DURING THE CIVIL WAR • List the personal items that a Civil War soldier might carry with them. • Understand the impact of the Civil War on Tennessee. INTRODUCTION Picture how scary it must have been for your brother or father to go off to fight in places you had never heard of until the war started. Think of the uncertainties: not knowing when or if you would ever see them alive again and having to continue your daily life without them.
    [Show full text]
  • Transformarelmundo2 Davidson.Pdf
    NEIL DAVIDSON TRANSFORMAR EL MUNDO Revoluciones burguesas y revolución social Prólogo de JOSEP FONTANA Traducción de JUANMARI MADARIAGA PRESENTE & PASADO 001-960 Libro Tranformar mundo.indb 5 29/07/2013 16:08:47 ÍNDICE Nota sobre las reproducciones............................. 9 Prólogo de Josep Fontana ............................. 13 Prefacio............................................. 17 primera parte PREHISTORIA: PERCEPCIONES Y LIMITACIONES 1. El concepto de «revolución»: De la tradición a la modernidad ................................ 33 2. Interpretación de las revolucionesPRESENTE inglesas: Hobbes, Harrington y Locke ..................... 55 3. Desarrollo por etapas: Los& fisiócratas franceses y la escuela histórica escocesa ................... 80 4. La teoría americana de la revolución política ....................................... 103 5. Las contradicciones de la Revolución Francesa (1): Barnave y sus contemporáneos ................... 114 6. Las contradicciones de la Revolución Francesa (2): Burke y sus críticos ............................. 126 7. LaPASADO burguesía y el concepto de revolución social: De la consolidación a la abdicación .............. 149 segunda parte ORÍGENES, DESARROLLO, ORTODOXIA 8. Marx y Engels (1): Entre la Ilustración y el materialismo histórico, 1843-1847............. 181 9. Marx y Engels (2): La revolución burguesa en la teoría y en la práctica, 1847-1852 ............ 209 001-960 Libro Tranformar mundo.indb 955 29/07/2013 16:10:18 956 transformar el mundo 10. Marx y Engels (3): Transiciones, revoluciones y agentes después de 1852 ........................ 235 11. El marxismo clásico (1) 1889-1905: La revolución burguesa según la visión del mundo socialdemócrata................................ 275 12. El marxismo clásico (2) 1905-1924: El crisol ruso . 298 13. El nacimiento y consolidación de la ortodoxia: 1924-1940 ...................................... 366 14. El marxismo clásico (3) 1924-1940: Repensando la revolución burguesa – estrategia, historia, tradición .....................................
    [Show full text]
  • TITLE Vicksburg National Military Park: Art/Music Educator's Guide. INSTITUTION National Park Service (Dept. of Interior), Washington, DC
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 437 313 SO 031 213 TITLE Vicksburg National Military Park: Art/Music Educator's Guide. INSTITUTION National Park Service (Dept. of Interior), Washington, DC. National Register of Historic Places. PUB DATE 1999-00-00 NOTE 82p.; For Vicksburg National Military Park Social Studies Educator's Guide, see SO 031 214. AVAILABLE FROM Teaching with Historic Places, National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service, 1849 C Street, NW, Suite NC400, Washington, DC 20240. For full text: <http://nps.gov/vick/eduguide/edguide/htm>. PUB TYPE Guides Classroom Teacher (052) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC04 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Art Activities; *Art Education; *Civil War (United States); *Cultural Enrichment; Elementary Secondary Education; Field Trips; Heritage Education; Historic Sites; *Music Education; Songs; *United States History; Units of Study IDENTIFIERS *Military Combat; Mississippi; Site Visits; *Vicksburg National Military Park MS ABSTRACT This guide seeks to help bring to life the human struggle that was endured in the Campaign for Vicksburg (Mississippi). The guide notes that the Campaign for Vicksburg, which took place from May to July of 1863, was considered the most strategic battle of the Civil War, but more than generals and maps, it featured the common soldier, sailor, and civilian who witnessed a lifetime in 47 days. The guide includes information about the park, the resources available, and planning a field trip. Activities in the guide have age group recommendations for K-12 and each section provides. supplemental
    [Show full text]
  • UNION MUSIC DURING the CIVIL WAR ERA an Honors Thesis
    UNION MUSIC DURING THE CIVIL WAR ERA An Honors Thesis (ID 499) By Jill D. Edwards Thesis Director Dr. William Eidson r i ( Ball State University Muncie, Indiana May, 1976 UNION MUSIC DURING THE CIVIL WAR ERA The story of the Civil War can be expressed through the music of that era. Battle tales were glorified, the call to arms was streng­ thened and many of the emotions and actual feelings during the war could be visualized, all through music. By the end of the conflict, more music had been written, sung and played, than in all other wars combined.1 John Scott, in his book The Ballad of America, states that Civil War music is "a commentary on human life and fatel it gives us a key to the moods, thoughts and agonies of a generation of Americans.,,2 Though the Union makes up only a part of the people involved in the Civil War, its music gives us a picture of conditions and feelings as they were allover the United States. A great encourager of music on the Union side was President Linc­ ol~. Although not musically inclined himself, the President thoroughly enjoyed music. Many Saturday afternoons, despite his pressured sche­ dule, he found time to sit on the South Porch of the White House and listen to Marine Band concerts.3 Lincoln was the inspiration for quite a few Union songs. Probably his first act that inspired song writers was his call for 300,000 volunteers in 1862. The call came at a time 1Kenneth A. Bernard, Lincoln and the Music of the Civil War (Caldwell, ID, Cayton Printers, Ltd., 1966), p.
    [Show full text]