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Home , El Capitolio, History of Havana, Hotel Nacional de Cuba, La Rampa, Moncada Barracks, Roberto Gottardi

VIVA LA CUBANIDAD! PRESERVING MODERN ARCHITECTURE IN HAVANA, CUBA VIVA LA CUBANIDAD! PRESERVING MODERN ARCHITECTURE IN HAVANA, CUBA Historic Preservation Studio: PR 840 Pratt Institute, Graduate Center for Planning and the Environment Spring 2016

Beth Bingham, Visiting Assistant Professor Nadya Nenadich, Adjunct Associate Professor

Mercedes Bellino, Inna Branzburg, Dominique Cuoco, Lian Farhi, Jacob Gavigan, Fareen Islam, Rebecca Krucoff, Idil Magil, Stephanie Morabito, Kristen Oliver, Andrew Salimian, Anya Seepaul, Karol Xuan

Report Design and Layout: Inna Branzburg Cover Image: Edificio Solimar, Center Havana, Cuba. Ecopoliticstoday’s Blog Website, 2012.

2 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABOUT OUR STUDIO

5...... ABOUT THE STUDIO

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION HP Flicker 8...... CUBA HISTORY CUBAN INDEPENDENCE This following report was created by the Pratt Historic Preservation Studio of Spring, 2016. The Batista Era historic preservation studio began by learning that our client was Docomomo US, a branch of Cuban Revolution Docomomo International whose mission is dedicated to the preservation of modern architec- The Special Period ture, landscape and design. Through advocacy education and documentation, they provide 11...... HISTORY OF MODERNISM & MODERN ARCHITECTURE IN LATIN AMERICA leadership and knowledge by demonstrating the importance of modern design principles in- History of Modern Architecture cluding the social context, technical merits, aesthetics and settings of these important pieces Modern Architecture & Preservation of American history (Docomomo US, n.d). Throughout the studio we would be considering and Modern Architecture in Havana studying the preservation of modern architecture in Havana. It was a bit surprising as we associ- Historic Preservation in Cuba ated Cuban architecture with colonial architecture. This proved a challenge being that colonial architecture still is the most prominent, well known and recognized architectural style in Cuba. 20...... CHAPTER 2: RECOMMENDATIONS 22...... CUBAN PEOPLE The studio began with our class knowing very little about Cuba. After conducting our initial re- Introduction & Call to Action search we discovered Cuba was home to several architectural styles each corresponding to Background History & Context its own set of political, social and cultural values. Modernism was no exception, it has also been Recommendations for Consideration adapted to the climate and the culture of Cuba. During our trip to Cuba we attended lectures 35...... CUBAN GOVERNMENT and tours where we met architects and preservationist, and learned about the different tools An Introduction & Call to Action used to preserve architecture in Cuba. We saw many great modern buildings particularly in the Background History & Context Vedado neighborhood. Through our discussions we learned a lot about the model that Cuba was Recommendations for Consideration using to preserve colonial architecture in the Old City as well as some of the possible hindrances to 46...... OFFICE OF THE HISTORIAN the preservation of modern architecture. Beyond what was happening in Cuba itself, we learned An Introduction & Call to Action about the complicated relationship between the Cuban government and foreign entities. Background History & Context Recommendations for Consideration Through the knowledge gained we understood that in order to promote architecture many 53...... INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES of the typical tools used to carry out historic preservation in the US would not work. We had to An Introduction & Call to Action think outside the box to even begin to address our client’s mandate. This being to promote Background History & Context the preservation and recognition of modern architecture in Cuba. Our recommendations Recommendations for Consideration speak to four main audiences: the Cuban people; the Cuban government , the Office of the City Historian and the International community. The proposed actions are modest and set the 68...... CONCLUSION stage for a more concrete effort, and most importantly we aimed to build on tools and models that are already in place within the Cuban culture. Ultimately, achieving the client’s goals 69...... BIBILIOGRAPHY through the utilizing of tools that were already used by the Cuban government and people.

73...... APPENDIX We would like to thank our professors, Nadya Nenadich and Beth Bingham, and visiting professor John Shapiro for their guidance and support throughout this entire process.

Additional thank you to the following professionals who spent time to educate our class on many Cuban subjects: Victor Marin, Carlos Rodriguez, Eduardo Luis Rodriguez, Ron Shiffman, David Burney, Jill Hamberg, Norma Barbacci, Angel Ayón, Alian Alejandro and Medina Cabrera.

4 5 INTRODUCTION CUBA HISTORY HISTORY OF MODERNISM & MODERN ARCHITECTURE IN LATIN AMERICA HISTORY OF MODERN ARCHITECTURE MODERN ARCHITECTURE & PRESERVATION MODERN ARCHITECTURE IN HAVANA HISTORIC PRESERVATION IN CUBA

PSPD Flicker INTRODUCTION CUBA HISTORY

This report is a product created by the Pratt Historic Preservation Studio conducted in Spring Cuba’s history is rich and diverse, but for the purpose of this report, we we will expand upon 2016. Our Client of the Studio was DOCOMOMO International whose mission is to document specific instances in time, which provide a logical framework for understanding the causes of and promote the preservation of architecture worldwide. Our assigned study area was Hava- the revolution, communism and how they fit into the construction of modern architecture in na, Cuba with the task to focus on Historic Preservation issues pertaining Havana’s modern ar- Havana . Following a brief look at Cuba’s history, will look more specifically at the built environ- chitecture. This proved a little challenging at first because colonial architecture was the most ment which will be followed by several recommendations that aim to utilize already function- prominent, well known and most recognized Architectural style in Cuba. The studio began ing models in Cuba to promote and preserve modern architecture. with our class knowing very little about Cuba with much of what we knew was incorrect. Af- ter conducting some research we discovered Cuba was home to several architectural styles 1896 1933 1959 1972 1989 each corresponding to its own set of political, social and cultural values. Modernism was no exception, it was all adapted to the climate and the culture of Cuba. During our trip to Cuba we attended lectures and tours where we meet architects and preservationist and learnt how best we to promote the saving of heritage. We saw many great modern buildings particularly Colonial Independence Batista E a r l y S o v i e t S p e c i a l in the Vedado neighborhood. Through our discussions we learnt a lot about the model that Castro Castro Period Cuba was using to preserve colonial architecture in the Old city as well as some of the possible hindrances to the preservation of modern architecture. Beyond what was happening in Cuba itself we learnt of the complicated relationship between the Cuban government and foreign entities. Through the knowledge gained we understood that in order to promote architecture -- CUBAN INDEPENDENCE some many of the typical tools used for Historic Preservation would not work. We had to think For both the United States and Cuba, 1898 marked one of the most pivotal moments in their outside the box to even begin to address our clients mandate. Our recommendations speak history. It was in this year that Cuba finally succeeded in formally severing ties from Spain, its to three main audiences: the Cuban People, the Cuban Government and the International Colonial overlord. In many ways this marked a new era in the Western world, where the United community the proposed actions are modest and set the stage for a more concerted effort States had become the dominant regional economic and military power. This time represent- and most importantly we aim to build on tools and models that are already in place in the ed a period when American businessmen and industrialists were able to quickly take control of Cuban culture. Ultimately achieving the client's goals utilizing tools that were already used by Cuba’s resources, namely sugarcane production, which in turn shaped the built and physical the Cuban government and people. environment very quickly.

Built Environment There are two major public work projects built during this period, and both show the extent of American influence on the built environment. The major architectural work during this period is Cuba’s Capitolio, modeled off of the United States’ legislature. Construction on the Cuban monument began in 1926 and, though it took $17 million and over 5,000 workers to complete, the building was finished in just three years. As Nick Miroff of the Washington Post pointed out, “No expense was spared. Framing the Capitolio’s grand entrance are 12 massive stone columns, each five feet thick, and two 21-foot bronze figures representing Work and Virtue by the Italian sculptor Angelo Zanelli. Inside, under the soaring steel-and-stone dome, is Zanel- li’s 48-foot bronze Statue of the Republic, an Athena-like female figure plated in gold that weighs 30 tons and remains one of the larg- El Capitolio de La Habana, bajo construcción, est indoor statues in the world.” entre 1925 y 1928. Wikimedia Commons. 8 9 The building, though similar to the US Capitol, has certain Cuban adaptations, with interior courtyards that encourage air circulation through the building. Although the building is sym- bolic of the problems of the Cuban Republic, it is currently undergoing a major restoration -- CUBAN REVOLUTION project, under the direction of the Office of the City Historian (Miroff, 2015). In January 1959 after Batista fled by air to the Dominican Republic, Castro took over Cuba. The new government of Cuba made loyalty the primary criteria for all governmental appoint- On the opposite spectrum of public works, arguably the most widely utilized project from this ments. Organizations that opposed the revolutionary government became illegal while many period is the Malecón. Originally built as a pro- governmental opponents were exiled or executed. tective seawall to prevent seasonal flooding, the seawall boulevard is an important cultural space for the people for Havana. Construc- tion of the road began in 1901 under the direction of the US Navy Civil Engineers and the US military, in two initial sections. By 1902, the first short section was completed. The second section was constructed between 1902 and 1921. This American intervention slowly became part of Havana’s built heritage. And finally, between 1948-52 the Republic of Cuba completed the Malecón as we now know it. (Havana Malecón)

On the Malecon, Havana, Cuba [between 1890 and 1910]. Library of Congress.

Cuban peasants receiving A young Pioneer participates A member of a Cuban med- land titles,1959 in Cuba's program to ical detachment travels by -- BATISTA ERA eliminate illiteracy, 1961 horseback in rural Cuba,1970 Fulgencio Batista controlled Cuba throughout the 1940s and 1950s, leaving behind a legacy Pictures Source: Communist Party of Canada Website, 2013. of dictatorship and corruption, essentially laying the groundwork for revolution (Britannica, 2014). Havana’s reputation grew to be known as the Latin Las Vegas, backed by the Ameri- can Mafia, whom Batista shared his profits. Foreign dollars were the result of this effort, as direct -- THE SPECIAL PERIOD “U.S. business investments in Cuba grew from $142 million to $952” by the end of the 1950s After the implementation of the US embargo of Cuba in the 1960s, the country entered into a (English, 2008). trade agreement with the Soviet Union. After the dissolution of USSR in 1989, the Russian Fed-

eration made clear that it would no longer carry out any export relationships with Cuba (Ritter, A certain group of revolutionaries led by Fidel 2012). As a result and almost overnight, the Cuban economy fell into sharp decline. This con- Castro, which represented the underserved sisted of a breakdown in transportation and agriculture because of decreased fossil fuels. Per- populations aforementioned, formed a coa- sistent hunger and malnutrition became one of Cuba’s largest problems: food consumption lition and attacked the Moncada Barracks in became 1/5 of previous levels; famine; increased food rationing; power outages; and closure Santiago in the summer of 1953. At this point, of factories and loss of jobs soon folloWwed. (Museum of the City of New York). anti-Batista enemies and movements were high. In 1959, Batista fled Cuba with his support- The dire situation of the special period forced regular Cubans as well as the government to ers, family, and millions in cash and possessions become more innovative. Land redistribution gave private farms to people from government (Britannica, 2014). The Batista Era was over in lands to grow their own food. This prompted many Cubans to create urban agriculture in Cuba, and with exile, came great change. empty lots and on rooftops (Museum of the City of New York). During the Special Period there was little money to allocate towards the built environment. This resulted in a collapse of building infrastructure and the increase of empty lots. There also increased a use of spare parts for building technology, such as gas tanks as plumbing, and tin sheets as window cover. While the Cuban economy is in better shape today, and likely to improve due to the change in Illustration by Alberto Ruggieri via Getty Images US-Cuba relations, deterioration and building neglect is an unfortunate legacy of the special period which is still evident in the structures of the city. (Museum of the City of New York). 10 11 Common Characteristics While there were distinctive variations within the architecture of the modern movement in MODERN ARCHITECTURE MOVEMENT & the 20s, there were several characteristics most of which the early European practitioners had in common: simple, clean design, modern materials and technologies, and an emphasis on MODERN ARCHITECTURE IN LATIN AMERICA geometric forms, asymmetrical compositions, functional planning, large windows and an absence of ornamentation (Frampton,1992). -- THE HISTORY OF MODERN ARCHITECTURE Villa Savoye, France. 1931 Architects: Le Corbusier and Pierre Jeanneret Modern Architecture, an architectural style emerged after World War I. It was based on the Photo by Cemal Emden principles of functionalist planning, and the rejection of historical precedents and ornaments. This style has been generally designated as modern, however it can also be referred to as: the International style; Neue Sachlichkeit, and Functionalism. Evolving first in Europe, the European -- MODERN ARCHITECTURE & PRESERVATION modernists associated with left-wing politics, intrigued by the emerging technologies of the day, embraced concrete, glass, and steel in their revolutionary creations. And in turn, reject- Philosophies of preservation such as: what to preserve; how to preserve and what is the inten- ed ornament and began to believe in function dictating form. The prominent figures of the tion of preservation has been under discussion for decades. However, as modern architecture movement were – Le Corbusier, Walter Gropius, and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, the latter two is becoming part of our recent past, it only makes sense to place it under the microscope from the German Bauhaus school (Bose, 2008). and debate how to tackle this period. Historically, when thinking about preservation, the initial reaction is to retain architectural detail, the physical building and its materiality. However, modern architecture goes beyond this scope of thought. In June 1995, ICOMOS organized TECHNOLOGICAL REVOLUTION a seminar in Helsinki to analyze the significance of our heritage through the lens of twentieth At the turn of the 20th century, the primary force driving the development of modern architec- century architecture. This seminar discussed the threats in our recent past and how to safe- ture was the continued technological revolution that was a product of the modern age. Ad- guard against them, which is reiterated by Susan Macdonald, a specialist in modern heritage vancements in engineering, materials, and construction techniques were allowing architects conservation. Reevaluating traditional methodologies of preservation and translating them to envision the world in a whole new way. New products, such as steel, sheet glass, aluminum into twentieth century architecture was brought to the spotlight and continues to challenge and reinforced concrete opened up dramatic new opportunities for design. New manufac- preservation approaches. turing techniques eventually led to the mass production and prefabrication of building construction materials, ultimately reinventing how buildings were constructed. The Helsinki seminar questioned if preserving and evaluating modern architecture is different than preserving and evaluating traditional heritage. It was stated that the concept of preser- REJECT HISTORICAL PRECEDENTS vation and its heritage is shifting from architecture, monuments, craftsmanship and materiality Democratic institutions had taken a hold in much of Europe (where most of the development to the ideals of the Venice Charter, 1964 to a broader scope to addressing other modern con- of modern design philosophy evolved), which led to a fermentation of thought about how cerns. The concern is not solely based off the physical but the intangible and even different architecture should respond to the new human condition. Urban and architectural problems cultural resources that are present: urban and rural communities, transportation, and vernac- were to be solved by rational thought rather than through the pre-determined models of the ular architecture. The seminar concluded with general recommendations on approaching past. The first step was to reject historical precedents that were associated with the tyrannies twentieth century architecture, such as: aristocracies of the past, reflecting a distrust of existing political and cultural institutions. 1. Architectural form should not be the only component evaluated but take into consideration ecological, social, anthropological, economic and cultural aspects RESPOND TO HOUSING NEEDS AFTER WWI 2. Memory should be highly considered After the war, dramatic social changes took place in Germany, the Soviet Union and else- 3. Preservation and conservation master plans should be strategically implemented where. The moratorium on construction during the war coupled with an explosion in popula- 4. Materiality should be considered tion growth led to an increased demand for housing. The task to provide housing fell onto pub- 5. Research should be a priority to further understand the problematic techniques and mate- lic entities, as the scope of work exceeded the capacity of the private sector. But the limited rials to ensure proper restorations financial resources required this housing be built cost effectively. Architects of the new modern philosophy seized this opportunity. Responding to this pressing need, architects began to For modern architecture, craftsmanship and monumentality are becoming less of a concern produce housing on a larger scale, creating utilitarian housing blocks that were derived from as they were in the Venice Charter: setting forth international standards and principles in con- the functional requirements and the new methods of construction that were available. The first servation practices, authenticity, and preserving a monuments value through historically and dozen years or so after the war were an incredibly innovative time for architecture. physically appropriate and authentic maintenance practices. 12 13 During a lecture given by Susan Macdonald, she reiterates the concerns and philosophies of ART DECO the Helsinki Statement. She states that today the boundaries of preservation are expanding, By the end of the 1920s, Art deco exceeded neoclassi- modern architecture as the moment where the past, present and future collide. Similar to the cism in Cuba. Mostly influenced by United States and open progressive thinking of the Helsinki Statement, Macdonald states we are entering into France, this movement became popular between 1920s the concept of the personal and social connection to a structure. Twentieth century archi- and 1950s. Examples of these types of architecture can tecture is part of the “living memory”, opening up a new aspect of preservation that cannot be seen when looking at the House of Francisco Arguelles be perceived the same as evaluating traditional heritage. The ability to access and connect built in 1937 by Jose A. Mendiguita and the Bacardi Build- with those who designed, constructed and experienced the structure influences the way we ing built in 1930 by Rafael Fernández Ruenes, Esteban Ro- should preserve and assess its significance. The time and duration of a building's creation and dríguez Castell and José Menéndez. protection has never been as compressed as they are today. Macdonald and the Helsinki Statement both discuss the importance new and innovative research and practice has on twentieth century preservation. Research is a key component in properly understanding the INTERNATIONAL STYLE Parallel to Art Deco we can observe the first examples of experimental metals and construction techniques that were once innovative but yet now international style in Cuba. The apartment building of Jus- have limited conservation resources. to Carillo, built in 1931 and located in El Vedado Plaza,

illustrates the principle of rationalism, expressed in a com- These new philosophies highlight the significance in terms of design authenticity, intention and plete absence of decoration, primary volumes, and unin- innovation. Material authenticity is still a main component, however plays a more subtle roll. terrupted balconies raking the facade. Twentieth century architecture, in many instances highlights the idea of memory and interaction, innovation in construction design and use of modern materials and techniques to which The Paris Exhibition of 1937 was driven by Cuban architects have pushed the envelope in terms of scale and design. The Helsinki statement doesn't not in- to study and adapt modernism and international style to troduce any restrictions on materials, reuse or reconstruction but the sole idea of preservation Rafael Fernández Ruenes, Cuba. No more than a year later, the use of technology as an all encompassing platform of preserving our heritage. Bacardi Building, Havana, Cuba and function was underlined and executed into new ar-

chitectonics. Buildings in this period have the transitional Heritage of the 20th century can be seen as a cross-linking of ideas. The Helsinki Seminar ap- abstract neo-colonial style, which arose in a opposition to the fake colonialism; elimination of plies to architecture today in the sense that it does not solely attribute significance to the visual colonial decorations and ornaments. Modifications attributes and traditional ideas of preservation. It goes beyond “age value”. These buildings of the international style started and continued can be seen as aesthetically simplistic, not necessarily radiating the previously perceived idea during the later period. The most recognized princi- of a landmark, a celebrated structure for its antiquity, ornament and beautifully aged exteri- ple of adjusting modern buildings according to local or. For twentieth century architecture under the Helsinki Statement, we are encompassing all climate is “3Ps”: patios persiennes and porticos. The previously established charters and statements and introducing a newer, broader interpreta- first examples of this style can be observed indo- tion of authenticity and significance. In this respect, the more comprehensive interpretation mestic architecture. encourages significance, thus preservation. Example Eugenio Batista’s Falla Bonet House built in 1937- 1939, Batista was an innovative thinker and an ar- -- MODERN ARCHITECTURE IN HAVANA chitect that created both theoretical and physical Eugenio Batista, Falla Bonet House. (materials) itinerary for the birth of Cuban modern Havana, Cuba The modern movement in Cuba evolved into two distinct stages. The first stage, mostly was architecture an example of this is the Falla Bonet Pepe Navarro, Courtesy of Eduardo about the introduction of formation of the early 20th century architecture in Europe and the House with a creole mural behind the bathtub. Luis Rodriguez US, which took place between 1925 and 1945. The apogee of the modernism movement in Cuba is roughly from 1945 to 1965 (Batista and Early Revolution Era), however in both periods APOGEE OF MODERNISM IN CUBA it was always first the domestic architecture that set the stage of the form in this movement. This aligns with the Batista Era. From 1940-1944 and 1952-1959, a lot of investments in Havana took place. Searching for modernism through identity, Cuba’s modernism aimed to break free EARLY PERIOD: START OF THE MODERN ARCHITECTURE WITH ART DECO & INTERNATIONAL STYLE from Colonial architecture. The frontiers of this movement were Nicolas Arroyo and Mario Ro- The diversified range of artistic movements reflected the political opening brought by inde- manach who graduated from Harvard in 1941 and 1945 respectively. This generation stepped pendence. This period began with the diffusion of the first essays about functionalism in archi- straight into advanced modernity. The economy recovered after the war with the increase tecture. In quick and often overlapping succession came the Franco-Belgian, Viennese and in international trading. Many different building systems and techniques came into use with Catalan versions of Art Nouveau and an eclecticism that included various revival trends that contemporary materials. could be adopted or invited by architects (Rodríguez, 2000). Italian modern monumentalism in the 1940s inspired many architects who were working for Fulgencio Batista after the Universal Exhibition 1942 in Rome. Modernism also impacted city 14 15 and regional planning, establishing the National Later, during a renovation, the facade of the building was replaced with jaminiatas stone The Planning Board in 1955, Regulatory Plan for Havana original cladding material was Travertine. This building is considered as the finest civic building by Sert (1955-1958). in Havana, winning a Gold Medal Prize from the National College of Architects.

Example A Later example of fine Cuban Architecture for civic architecture was by Ernesto Gomez House of Jose Noval Cueto, built in 1949 is seen as Sampera and Martin Dominguez: The Fosca Building, built in 1956 is one of the biggest con- the masterpiece of Cuban architecture. The mile- crete buildings in Cuba. This building symbolizes the efficiency of Cuban Modernism with retails stone in the quest of finding the rational aesthetic on the ground floor, underground parking, extensive gardens & recreational areas. The Fosca architecture in a tropical environment. The birth of Building made a powerful mark on the cityscape in 50s. ‘Cubbannes”: long overhanging eaves were used for protection against sun and rain as well as smart solutions for ventilation. Mario Romanach, Noval Cueto House. Havana, Cuba. Docomomo International MAMBO-STYLE This style can be described as post-rationalism, orthodox modernism with loose, sinuous forms and curves. An example of this is the Max Borges Recio apartment building of Ildefonsa Someillan built in 1950, Solimare. This is one of the most notable buildings in Havana with its dynamic facade design. As a reaction to modern apartment buildings in Havana with monotonous facade designs, this building is a futuristic and astonishing piece of architecture. In his design, Borges Recio created an analogy with the waves of the ocean nearby: sol meaning sun, and mar meaning sea in Spanish.

The Max Borges Recio Club Nautico built between 1951 and 1956, was a new building designed for this prestigious club. He was inspired by organic forms of traditional Cuban architecture. Harrison & Abramovitz: US Interest Building. The Fosca Building. Havana, Cuba. ArchDaily Havana, Cuba. Hmaglione10

EARLY CASTRO This period, between 1959-1965, it is described as Utopian Modernism & Cuban architecture. The National School of Art by Ricardo Porro, Vittorio Garatti and Robert Gattardi is a prime example of this period. It is still in use however in a deteriorating state. This is the largest architectural achievements of the Cuban Revolution, encapsulated by the radical, utopian vision of the Revolution. The buildings never reached their full and intended potential. They were left to decay even before being fully completed and were never fully integrated into character of the site’s landscape. Sec- ondly, to use locally-produced Max Borges Recio, Solimar Building. Max Borges Recio, Club Nautico. bricks and terracotta tiles Havana, Cuba. Ali Karimi , 2015 Havana, Cuba. Curbed which, following the US embargo on Cuba became difficult to acquire. CUBAN MODERNISM VS. INTERNATIONAL MODERNISM: CLIMATE ADAPTATION IN CIVIC BUILDINGS This type of building is best seen by Harrison & Abramovitz: US Interest Building / United States Embassy 1953. It is a design by a prestigious American firm from the 50s. Elegant monumentality, the building has rational pristine modernist detail such as the glass facade however failed due The National School of Art. to the hot climate in Cuba. This building is an example of how international style should have Havana, Cuba. been adapted to the climate as is seen in Eugenio Batista or Jose Noval Cueto’s buildings. Pratt HP Cuba Studio 16 17 SOVIET CASTRO The Soviet Castro period roughly spanned from 1965 to the end of Utopian Modernism which saw the birth of the Soviet Con- structivism and Brutalism in Havana. An example of this type of architecture is the Ciudad Universitaria Jose Antonio Echeverria (CUJAE) started in 1961, and the Girón Building built in 1967 by Antonio Quintana and Alberto Rodriguez).

SPECIAL PERIOD Disinvestment due to lack of resources.

Girón Building. Havana, Cuba. Antonio Quintana & Alberto Rodriguez.

-- HISTORIC PRESERVATION IN CUBA

Havana, as the largest and oldest city in Cuba, has experienced and is currently experiencing historic preservation efforts both internationally and domestically. Domestically, it is primarily seen in Havana as focusing on Havana Vieja. Internationally, Cuba received recognition of both its cultural and natural heritage sites through two international organizations, UNESCO and the World Monuments Fund.

18 19 RECOMMENDATIONS The report continues with several recommendations, written with four specific audiences in mind: THE CUBAN PEOPLE THE CUBAN GOVERNMENT THE OFFICE OF THE CITY HISTORIAN THE INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES The recommendations aim to build on programs, policies and economic tools already in practice within the Cuban system, and to encourage the recognition and preservation of modern architecture in Cuba.

HP Flicker 1. People who do not have money cannot fix conditions 2. People with money will not fix the bigger problems themselves 3. People who are willing to perform restoration work do not follow design guidelines and THE CUBAN PEOPLE safety standards, and can often worsen deterioration by by using the wrong materials or systems. These different situations present a reason to organize a grassroots stewardship model, meant to sustain the buildings while encouraging a more cohesive and unified approach to preservation and building modifications.

Existing regulatory systems are often disregarded due to lack of enforcement on part of the Cuban government. Furthermore, construction guidelines are often misinterpreted, leading to challenges that can be seen throughout Havana. In many cases there are instances where the housing stock cannot fit into the already established protection statuses regulated by the Monuments Commission. For example, residential architecture does not fit into one of the three categories. The regulations themselves are ambiguous, lacking of an independent enforcement agency, and fail to provide direction and focus to locals. Guidelines are not acces- PSPD Flicker sible and realistic for the average Cuban, and therefore people commonly adapt and modify their environments in reaction to their immediate needs. These realities degrade architecture -- INTRODUCTION aesthetically as well as may accelerate deterioration, and can reduce design characteristics that were meant to adapt buildings to their environments. (Dirección) The Cuban people have proven resilient to adverse circumstances throughout their history, proving that social capital is immensely valuable to them. By combining the people-centric A lack of materials and tools over decades had to the loss to a of standardized restoration networks of identity and social cohesion, we see reason and opportunity to preserve modern knowledge that is unique conserving modern buildings. For example, Cubans may be able architecture for the people of Havana. Buildings are currently degrading at a rate faster than to perform restoration of brick or wood buildings, but there is specialized knowledge that is the government is capable of addressing. Because of this, there needs to be a preservation needed to conserve buildings made of concrete or glass. Technical and material education model for Havana that enables locals and homeowners to restore their built fabric. This new pertaining to modern architecture is lacking. Beginning to provide these skill sets to the peo- model will help to retain the post-Revolutionary built fabric, which is largely neglected by Cu- ple of Havana is a necessary step in order to better the current conditions and to extend the ban preservation efforts. lifespan of both the existing buildings and social communities. It is important that there are resources established that will enable people to gain an understanding of how saving modern The Cuban Revolution provided the country with a moment of national triumph in which the architecture is fundamental to their community character. In a city where residents are often Cuban identity was expressed as part of the built environment. Modern Movement architec- displaced from building collapse, preservation of modern architecture would help to prevent ture in Cuba signified a moment of innovation, creativity and holistic ideology that drew upon further displacement while maintaining a continuity of urban fabric. Cuban arts, climatic environments, and social values. Havana’s modern icons are cultural symbols with a colorful history. However, we now see these symbols facing and evident state Amongst those most affected by the disinvestment in modernist architecture are the inhabi- of collapse, spurred on by dire disinvestment and disinterest. Both public and private buildings, tants of buildings built in the 1950s or later. Modern structures that have dealt with the extremes that were meant to benefit the people and environment are now seriously degraded due of seaside Caribbean weather for years with little to no holistic maintenance are swiftly de- to lack of personal or collective ownership, suppressed monetary investment, and incorrect teriorating. Partial and total building collapse leave families displaced and communities de- methods of rehabilitation. crepit. Although the Cuban people can often find creative solutions to housing problems, they cannot depend on the security of housing in the future. However, we see today as a pivotal EVALUATIVE CRITERIA time in Cuba’s history. With developing international relationships and a possible economic boon coming to Cuba, we seek to recommend the following suggestions towards preserving In order to preserve Havana’s degrading built environment, there are technical, monetary the modern architecture of Havana. and organizational challenges that must be addressed before moving forward. Insufficient funding for preservation and sustainability of the built fabric has been problematic since the 1960s and the American embargo, when construction and resources came to a virtual halt. Much of the vernacular architecture was left to the mercy of the elements, leaving Cubans with inadequate funding to address the ever-decreasing condition of the architecture. Work- ing and living with buildings and infrastructure in various states of deterioration is becoming more challenging as conditions worsen. Secondly, the lack of common space stewardship creates multi-layered challenges. Within a single household several homestead conditions

may be present: PSPD Flicker 22 23 Acknowledging and understanding the challenges the Cuban people are faced with allows that tie them to one another. To add to that is their skim resource capital and pride of own- for a more comprehensive approach in creating solutions to address these challenges. The ership, that holds them to a home that may not necessarily safe to inhabit. Often there are ultimate goal is to promote and protect cultural heritage through architecture. The following families that remain in near-collapsing residential buildings because the social, economic and objectives are derived from an analysis of the challenges currently facing Cubans: cultural ties associated to this place are what they live in fear of losing. Sweat equity is an opportunity for both laypeople and professionals to contribute to the living built fabric and to 1. Encourage collective ownership and responsibility, by means of cooperative action better prepare the urban environment for long-term, perpetual use. Because the socio-cul- 2. Implement programs to teach homeowners/residents proper construction techniques and tural environment is inherently embedded into the city’s fabric, it is important that the narrow material knowledge intentions of technocrats or developers are not given priority over those that have a compre- 3. Promote sustainable development through restoration and preservation tools hensive understanding of the complex social, environmental and economic processes that 4. Incorporate sweat equity values into the preservation efforts live in locals livelihoods. In Havana, it is the residential citizens who should be treated as the experts and the professionals that come in as the knowledgeable assistants to the work. Sweat Equity Sweat equity works past the lack of monetary investment of a project by putting an equitable The goal of raising the values, knowledge and opportunities for communities in Havana is to focus on property improvements based on labor investment that goes into getting a building activate the skills that are already known but underutilized, and to build upon the capacity of or neighborhood built by the residents of a community. place to a more sustainable level, where people feel secure that their buildings and neighborhoods collectively are truly reinforced. Another goal is to use the social capital that conglom- Impromptu and informal building adjustments by individual residents have provided tempo- erates the pride and sense of place within their communities and generate positive influences rary improvements to neglected properties in Havana over the years. Besides their ingenuity, internally to the communities. these alterations have not been lasting nor have provided authentic solutions to the vernacular of the environment. Cubans have successfully sustained themselves for decades with very limited resources but have reached a period where scholars and professionals from around -- RECOMMENDATIONS the world can now lend a hand. Doing so through technical assistance as well as providing resources for restoration. The world outside Cuba can spur an authentic revival and long-term Ciudad Abierta Havana (Open City Havana) sustainable approach to the redevelopment of post-revolutionary Cuban culture.

To avoid the clearance of what can be salvaged, we must tap into the supply with the exper- GENERAL DESCRIPTION tise of the outside eye that can offer sustainable options for restoring and maintaining these Ciudad Abierta Havana is an annual festival for a wide range of audiences meant to cele- buildings for the long-term. Historic preservation through sweat equity allows for the chance to brate and provide open access to much of the city’s extraordinary architecture. Exploring increase the value of an existing neighborhood or building within the momentum of charac- buildings and spaces in the city could foster discussions of preservation, architecture and de- ter-building attention in the unique Cuban economy. Values-based preservation through the sign, while creating new and personal experiences. use of sweat equity invests residents to something tangible that can be passed on for genera- tions to come, while allowing tourists a community-driven model to marvel at. RATIONALE Havana has a great number of buildings that are Ultimately, sweat equity takes advantage of an already existing environment and allows its internationally known and celebrated, yet the dwellers to improve upon it in an organic way- reflecting their needs, wants and preferences. Cuban people may be unaware of this. Cubans Architect Eduardo Luis Rodríguez, a scholar on the subject of modern architecture, has said have a great sense of place, awareness and ap- that it was in concurrence with the climax of the Modern Movement that Cuba reached the preciation of their for built environment, and this level of developed countries in terms of form and function (Salinas, 2016). We see examples program would be yet another way for the peo- of sweat equity embedded in the Cuban economy already: Cuban permaculture and car ple to reiterate their unique and exciting culture. culture are prime examples. Green tech and eco-tourism exist in Cuba and are based on a Interaction with the built fabric provides a sub- sweat equity model, and thus we believe it may serve as an important prototype for commu- conscious daily activity as Cubans move around nity-based restoration. In a way, sweat equity relies on learning by doing. Painting, laying con- the city, but by opening access to significant crete, and structural understanding are skills that can be taught or transferred between com- buildings. Cubans would be allowed to create munity members as social exchange and positive change. Sweat equity will engage residents stories they can identify with. People form linear with their environment and develop a basis for which they understand the measures that are and two-dimensional relationships with architec- Stephanie Morabito, Pratt Institute. 2016 most needed to enhance the quality of life towards sustainable progression. By attending work- ture on their daily routines, walking past buildings shops and educational opportunities fostered by community restoration programs, neighbors that serve as mere stage-set-like façades. Unparalleled access to buildings would transform can work together to physically grow neighborhood knowledge, permanence, and memory. this linear activity into a woven thread, as the public moves in and out of spectacular spaces.

Today, what Cuban people value more than money or material culture are the social connections 24 25 PROJECT PARTNERS AND IMPLEMENTATIONS public about this built environment. By highlighting prominent Cuban architects, the instal- Involvement with the Office of the City Historian would be a great opportunity to gain access lation would help bolster Cuban pride, and reaffirm Modern architecture as fundamentally to many of the extraordinary building in Havana. Incorporation of the local Cuban people as Cuban. volunteers is suggested to help organize and facilitate this annual event. PROJECT PARTNERS AND IMPLEMENTATIONS Open House Havana could be linked to the suggestion of a Vedado Cultural District. The Cul- The Office of the City Historian can promote the installations through its media publications tural District will set boundaries within an area that is deemed architecturally significant, thus and serve as a contact for the local artists to get the necessary information, names of modern the Open House would be an opening to celebrate these structures. buildings and their architects.

Venues for the installation may include: 1. La Fábrica del Arte 2. Yara, or modern theaters, video installation can be a short independent film 3. Society of Architecture

EXAMPLE Lázaro Saavedra’s video installation at Wilfredo Lam Centre of Contemporary Art sheds light on the most varied problems of contemporary Cuban society, with emphasis on current social-economic and political conditions. The installation is temporary to this location and is a good example to base the “Living Heritage” video installation on (Lázaro, 2016).

LINKAGE Open House New York Office of the City Historian

EXAMPLE Restoration workshop program for foreigners Open House New York, is a non-profit organization, is part of a worldwide movement to engage the public about their built environment and the future of it all. Founded in London in 1992, it allowed Londoners to gain access to buildings that the public passes by daily, but GENERAL DESCRIPTION This volunteer opportunity will provide tourists a unique opportunity to gain restoration work- has access to never, this allows for a great appreciation and sense of place. In 2001, the shop and fieldwork experience in Cuba. Not only will they gain technical experience and Open House idea was adopted into New York City. Open House New York not only engag- learn how preservation is implemented in Cuba, but will provide first-hands experience to work es the public through its open doors but encourages volunteerism during the event where alongside Cubans and leave a lasting and fulfilling mark on the Cuban fabric. This may be ide- they further engage with the site and visitors, thus creating memories and connections to the al for individuals in architecture, preservation or restoration field, and to like-minded individuals building (Open House, n.d). who want to make a change in the world while learning new skills along the way.

LINKAGE Office of the City Historian RATIONALE Volunteering abroad encourages people from all over the world to see different cultures and Government their way of life in a new light. Volunteering in Cuba will allow foreigners to become a part of a different community while making a real impact that will positively affect the Cuban people. “Living Heritage” Project PROJECT PARTNERS AND IMPLEMENTATIONS GENERAL DESCRIPTION Government To create and install temporary video installations at targeted venues or sites to exhibit a film Office of the City Historian depicting interviews of modern architects speaking about the modern fabric of Havana, jux- taposed with interviews of the Cuban people and their take on modern architecture. EXAMPLE Habitat for Humanity, is an international non-profit Christian ministry organization founded on RATIONALE the basis to provide safe, decent, and affordable housing around the world. Through the use The history of many of the modern building in Havana are still very much in the present and of volunteers, Habitat for Humanity is able to put their mission into fruition. Volunteers work alive today, literally and figuratively. The program would be a way to bring awareness to the under a site-manager who teach them how to built wood frame homes, install windows and

26 27 installation, landscaping. Habitat for Humanity’s homeowners, families who buy the houses any material library that may form, in a way to support co-operative-based preservation. that Habitat builds and renovates, also invest their own labor and hours; sweat equity. These homeowners work alongside the volunteers (Habitat, n.d). Sample We would like to envision a hypothetical block-by-block co-op, illustrated by an imaginary WWOOF, World Wide Opportunities on Organic Farms is an organization, “linking volunteers conditions assessment. The sample co-op has twelve various buildings, ranging from a two-sto- with organic farmers and growers to promote cultural and educational experiences based ry single family home, to an eight-story apartment building. There may be 150 to 200 families on trust and non monetary exchanges thereby helping to build a sustainable global commu- on the block, and a co-op would allow them to pool resources. The families would elect a nity,” (WWOOF, n.d). Volunteers live with their host and jump into the daily activities that are board of about a dozen members to make administrative decisions, but every resident would undertaken such as seeding, composting, gardening, planting, making mud-brick to making be an equal member, including children and elderly individuals. Each member would have an wine, cheese and bread. WWOOF is an opportunity for those interested in an alternative way equal voice in group decisions and could contribute towards preservation efforts. The board of living to invest their time through sweat equity while getting a unique internal experience to may decide to repair the roof of building 8, and would assign people with the appropriate organic farming (World Wide, n.d). skills to carry out the work. However, unskilled members may be assigned to be helpers, giving them a chance to learn as they go. For unskilled work like painting, the board may ask some LINKAGE of the younger members of the co-op to help out. The concept of sweat equity is crucial to our co-op model. We also recognize the need for professionalB9 technical assistance, and thus Government Multi-family, 7 sty Structural: have outlined programs to help achieve this as well. exposed rebar on porch roof, heavily B12 B11 B10 deteriorated roof B9 Single-family, (MFU), Multi-family, 8 sty Single-family, (MFU), detached roofing tile, Multi-family, 7 sty 5 sty Structural: 6 sty Cosmetic: Structural: Community Restoration Cooperatives Structural: exposed repar on Structural: stucco and paint N/A portico roof N/A deterioration, damaged exposed rebar on porch Cosmetic: Cosmetic: Cosmetic: decorative tile, rusted roof, heavily stucco and paint missing louvers, stucco andB12 paint wrought iron fench andB11 B10 deteriorated roof deterioration inoperable windows, deterioration,Single-family, semi- railing(MFU), Multi-family, 8 sty Single-family, (MFU), detached roofing tile, 5 sty Structural: 6 sty Cosmetic: GENERAL DESCRIPTION Structural: exposed repar on Structural: stucco and paint B1 N/A portico roof N/A deterioration, damaged Single-family, (MFU), 3 sty The mission of the Community Restoration Cooperatives is to create a network of people to Structural: Cosmetic: Cosmetic: Cosmetic: decorative tile, rusted missing half the roof and half of 3rd fl. stucco and paint missing louvers, stucco and paint wrought iron fench and missing window sashes, porch damage deterioration inoperable windows, deterioration, semi- railing preserve the buildings through an exchange of labor, knowledge and resources. The creation Cosmetic: heavily deteriorated cornice, exposed brick of cooperatives for the people by the people would provide an opportunity for Cubans to due to stucco deterioration B1 renovate or refurbish their own homes. Co-ops would be organized by neighbors on a block or Single-family, (MFU), 3 sty B2 Structural: Single-family, (MFU), 2 sty missing half the roof and half of 3rd fl. Structural: within a large apartment building. The size and scope of the co-op should be decided by the exposed rebar on porch roof, detached missing window sashes, porch damage roofing tiles Cosmetic: Cosmetic: heavily deteriorated cornice, exposed brick people who decide to collectivize into a co-op. For example, fifty apartment holders in a sin- stucco deterioration, broken louver hinges, missing window panes, rusted wrought iron due to stucco deterioration gle building could decide to form a collective organization, which would do piecemeal work decoration on the entire building. Such a model is based on the successes of some of the organizations B3 Multi-family, 3 sty B2 that came out of East Harlem and the Lower East Side in 1970s and 80s New York. Alternative- Structural: Single-family, (MFU), 2 sty exposed rebar on porch roof, detached Structural: roofing tiles, 2nd floor balcony exposed rebar on porch roof, detached ly, a group of individual homeowners with adjacent properties could form a block collective, collapsing Cosmetic: roofing tiles stucco deterioration, broken louver Cosmetic: which would allow them to take turns restoring their neighbors buildings. Communities that plan hinges, missing ornamentation stucco deterioration, broken louver hinges, missing window panes, rusted wrought iron decoration for preservation in their communities can even limit displacement due to construction. When B4 Single-family (MFU), 3 sty Structural: the Office of the City Historian initiates restoration of a building, families may be temporarily, or detached roofing tiles Cosmetic: even permanently moved to other neighborhoods. The co-op would work around the existing stucco deterioration, damaged B3 decorative tile Multi-family, 3 sty Structural: families, and neighbors could offer to temporarily house another member as a form of sweat exposed rebar on porch roof, detached roofing tiles, 2nd floor balcony equity, or the construction could be done at a time that does not disturb the family members. collapsing B5 Cosmetic: B6 B7 B8 stucco deterioration,Multi-family, broken 5 sty louver Multi-family, 5 sty Multi-family, 5 sty Multi-family, 7 sty Structural: Structural: Structural: Structural: hinges, missingdetached ornamentation roofing tiles, exposed repar on missing half of roof, missing half of roof, exposed repar on porch exposing 5th floor, exposing 5th floor, The main advantage of forming a co-operative is the pooling of resources and skill sets. Each porch/portico Cosmetic: missing window missing window Cosmetic: stucco/paint sashes, collapsing sashes, collapsing stucco deterioration, B4 deterioration, missing balcony and cornice balcony and cornice individual homeowner may not be able to restore an element of his or her place of residence, missing louvers, louvers Cosmetic: Cosmetic: Single-familybroken stained (MFU), glass 3 sty damaged roofing tiles, damaged roofing tiles, windows Structural: exposed brick and exposed brick and but a group would be able to accomplish it. The co-ops will initially have to address critical detached roofing tiles rebar on front facade, rebar on front facade Cosmetic: rusted wrought iron fence work, such as structurally-unsound conditions or elements that are in danger of collapse. Co- stucco deterioration, damaged ops also provide another key advantage: they may be more successful in obtaining building decorative tile materials or tools than just a single homeowner. While much of world slowly reopens up to Deterioration Conditions Housing Type Cosmetic Deterioration MF: Multi family (3+ fls) Cuba once more, there will be an expanding of opportunities from foreign non-profits and CD1: Window MFU: Multi-family use CD2: Facade finish SF: Single family (1-2 fls) B5 B6 B7 B8 NGOs. Some organizations have shown the willingness to provide building material to restore CD3: Ornamental Multi-family, 5 sty Multi-family, 5 sty Multi-family, 5 sty Multi-family, 7 sty CD4: Louvers Structural: Structural: Structural: Structural: detached roofing tiles, exposed repar on missing half of roof, missing half of roof, Cuban architecture, such as in the National Trust’s project to restore Ernest Hemingway’s per- Structural Deterioration exposed repar on porch exposing 5th floor, exposing 5th floor, SD1: Balancies porch/portico Cosmetic: missing window missing window sonal home (Welton, 2011). We suggest that Vedado develop a material bank, which would SD2: Porticos Cosmetic: stucco/paint sashes, collapsing sashes, collapsing stucco deterioration, deterioration, missing balcony and cornice SD3: Roofing balcony and cornice petition nonprofits for resources, or salvage material from collapses. A homeowners co-op missing louvers, louvers Cosmetic: Cosmetic: broken stained glass damaged roofing tiles, damaged roofing tiles, windows exposed brick and exposed brick and would then work with the material library to assign materials to restoration projects. We also en- rebar on front facade, rebar on front facade Source: Stephanie Morabito. Pratt Institute rusted wrought iron courage NGOs who are willing to aid preservation efforts in Cuba to direct resources towards fence 28 29

Deterioration Conditions Housing Type Cosmetic Deterioration MF: Multi family (3+ fls) CD1: Window MFU: Multi-family use CD2: Facade finish SF: Single family (1-2 fls) CD3: Ornamental CD4: Louvers

Structural Deterioration SD1: Balancies SD2: Porticos SD3: Rooﬁng Problem Community Restoration Program The reality of structural damage and architectural damage is an everyday problem in Hava- na. A portion of or a whole building collapses almost daily. This has led to a myriad of problems for residents of Havana, including unsuitable housing conditions, a severe lack of hous- GENERAL DESCRIPTION The aim of this recommendations is to teach Cubans how to properly preserve architecture for ing options, and loss of life. Due to the economic landscape of Cuba, and the widespread themselves. It would additionally encourage the Cuban people to work together in order to deterioration across the city, the Cuban government, despite their attempts, cannot secure efficiently restore homes to a structurally and aesthetically sound state. Just as the Special Pe- funding that would begin to restore and rehabilitate the architecture. The historic preservation riod was a time of a severe hunger crisis, the period after the Revolution was, and still is, a time efforts undertaken by the Office of the City Historian has been largely successful, restoring and of widespread building disrepair and neglect. These buildings have been severely neglected beautifying strategically picked sectors of the city in order to encourage tourism, but it is not creating unsafe and deteriorated living situations for the Cuban people. A major element of extensive enough to restore the whole city. There is a relative lack of preservation that can be the restoration program is the organization of community build days. These workshops and undertaken by locals, unless a new model emerges. group projects would be an opportunity for people of all different ages, skills, backgrounds,

and knowledge to begin to work together in restoring their homes while learning new skills and RATIONALE creating an even stronger sense of value within their community. Such skills and techniques Large swaths of Havana’s urban fabric is falling apart. Despite the relative success of some may consist of painting, cleaning, concrete and wood workshops, wrought iron restoration, of Cuba’s preservation programs, the large majority of Cuba’s building stock has virtually no leaded and stained glass window repair, to structural anchoring systems and roofing installa- resources for renovation. Therefore, there needs to be a model of preservation that can be tion. Ultimately the goal would be to tackle preservation housing efforts in conjunction with done by the locals in order to refurbish local architecture, encourage neighborhood steward- housing co-operatives in a house by house, block by block approach. ship, a further a sense of homeownership. The community restoration program will serve as a starting point to spread the knowledge and EXAMPLE skills to repair and rehabilitate buildings. This recommendation is heavily reliant on community In the late 70s and 80s, New York City went through a period of mass disinvestment. People participation and collaboration. People need to communicate and exchange knowledge, were leaving the city for more suburban areas, leaving behind buildings that were degrad- tools, and materials for this initiative to be successful. The restoration program has two pur- ed. The locals that remained were often low-income minorities, and had neither the know- poses, the first is to serve as an educational resource where people learn about the building how nor the money to restore their buildings. In neighborhoods like Harlem, the Lower East regulations of the city, material characteristics, and proper repair techniques. The second is side and “Brownstone Brooklyn,” low-income people took great advantage of this situation, to create a communication hub for people to connect with other neighbors and citizens, in and formed co-ops that began to fix the neighborhoods. One such organization was the 66 order to promote the proliferation of build days and cooperatives. Avenue C Homesteaders Association, which was the subject of a January 20, 1985 New York Times Article titled “Sweat Equity Producing a Co-Op on Lower East Side.” The homesteaders RATIONALE in the building all contributed labor towards the restoration of the building, and most of the The Cuban people have been remodeling, altering and restoring their homes with materials building material were donated by local church groups. The main group that helped in the found and informal skills for years. A community build day as part of the restoration program restoration was the Lower East Side Catholic Area Conference (LESCAC), a group of churches would be a way to continue this already established desire to restore architecture while en- that helped link co-ops to funding and materials. The group even hired two high school stu- couraging proper use of materials and techniques. The program depends heavily on sweat dents, both employed at minimum wage. Though the homesteaders were technically illegal, equity, which can be adapted from the Cuban social culture. once the restoration was complete the city sold the apartments to the association members for $250 each. Although Cubans already own their apartments and houses, the incentive to preserve the buildings is to prevent further destruction and displacement, as well as a strong PROJECT PARTNERS AND IMPLEMENTATIONS We recommend a partnership with the two month course sponsored by ICCROM in Cuba. This sense of place. program will focus and teach a group of chosen Cuban people about restoration modern

buildings and materials. This international partnership will give Cubans a crash course on how PROJECT PARTNERS AND IMPLEMENTATIONS to preserve their buildings while learning techniques and methodologies the rest of the world In order to obtain building materials, the co-ops would have to work with a material bank, or utilize to assess their built fabric. Like the permaculture case study, these individuals will then find partners willing to donate materials. The groups would also benefit from professional tech- be able to pass down their knowledge and skills to their neighbors whom are also homeowners nical assistance or access to micro loans. Our additional recommendations will serve to bolster and residents, alluding to the concept of the co-operative house-by-house, block-by-block the co-op program. approach. This two month course would provide educational documents on specialized trades and materials, such as concrete and can provide professional expertise on architec- LINKAGE ture, structural engineering, and modern restoration approaches. Community build days that develop construction know-how Technical workshops to aid in skilled labor In agreement with the ICCROM sponsored program, partnering with the Escuela Taller de la Local sweat equity Habana extension to focus specifically on modern materials and construction techniques is suggested. This collaboration can provide the training and educational resources needed to 30 31 preserve modern architecture on a local level. This collaborative effort will also help aid the Initially, UBPC was a cooperative that had little to no experience and low levels of production, block-by-block approach to restoring local architecture. Both of these programs, once inte- however within a decade, the cooperative succeeded into becoming a source of income, grated into the community restoration program and restoration cooperatives, will ensure the employment, and healthy organic produce for the community. Through a common interest proper work is being completed for the people, by the people, and in an appropriate and and desire to better their community, participants in this cooperative have created a home sustainable manner. and sense of camaraderie. Every individual works together performing the same jobs, no mat- ter the age or gender of the participant. Not only does this permaculture create jobs and These partnerships require minimal to medium funding. The main goals are to encourage the income, but has successfully improved the appearance and sense of place within the decay- passage of knowledge, skills and to educate the people about their built environment. ing urban fabric and spaces of Havana. All during a time of despair, Cuba has, “created the largest program in sustainable urban agriculture ever undertaken,” encompassing over 7,000 organoponicos (Organoponico, 2011). EXAMPLE Shea’s Performing Arts Center, Buffalo, New York, Antonio Núñez Jiménez Foundation for Nature and Humanity, an NGO was also founded in offers a unique volunteer opportunity to assist in 1993. Initially trained by Australians, it was not soon after that Cubans were able to train each the restoration of the 1926 movie house in down- other in permaculture and spread the ideas behind it. town Buffalo. This opportunity is highly successful due to the people’s great sense of personal stewardship in their history and cultural heritage. Un- LINKAGE der the supervision of a preservation consultant, International individuals of all ages, backgrounds and skills are Office of the City Historian welcome to leave their mark on an historic structure, while they learn hands on approaches to The Power of Solar restoration such as painting, plaster repair and fabrication, scagliola and frame restoration, gild- GENERAL DESCRIPTION ing, to scaffold installation and cleaning. This ap- To use resources from sustainability programs to aid in restoration and preservations of build- proach has saved the theater close to two million Doris Collins. Restoration Consultant, ings. After partnering with the government, a select group of Cubans would be sent to a train- dollars while saving and beautifying a piece of Shea’s Performing Arts Center. Buffalo, NY. ing center to learn about solar panel systems, how they are used, installed and maintained. Buffalo’s heritage. 2013 This group will bring back the knowledge, pass it on to the Cuban people creating a snowball effect. The mission of this solar panel initiative will initially encourage people to restore and fix Permacultures- Due to the country’s financial situation and food crisis during the Special Peri- their homes and roofing systems, thus give a structurally stable surface for homeowners to take od, in 1993, an agricultural revolution took hold of the urban fabric of Havana. Organopónicos advantage of the sustainable solar panel initiatives. are permacultures unique to Cuba and uniquely designed for the urban setting. The UBPC, a Basic Unit of Cooperative Production, and the Antonio Núñez Jiménez Foundation for Nature and Humanity, among others, are organizations run and managed by people within a com- RATIONALE munity to grow and produce for themselves. They are self sufficient market places. The sustainability movement has spread throughout the world, and there are nonprofit organizations that have created programs meant to aid people in installing solar panels in im- poverished areas. The climate in Cuba is ideal for harvesting solar energy and the majority of buildings in Havana have flat roofs which make it an ideal place for these programs to be implemented.

PROJECT PARTNERS & IMPLEMENTATION The Cuban government would have to partner with an organization and apply for small program grants. The approval of these grants would educate a select group of community leaders by bringing them to a place abroad where solar power initiatives are already being implemented. This would allow the group to bring their knowledge back to Cuba. The goal for implementation will be to use the grant money and gained knowledge to spread the integra- tion of solar power to modern architectural structures to the public.

EXAMPLE Honduras Exchange- Through a small grants program and the help of Barefoot College, four “Organoponico! An Agricultural Revolution”. short film, One World News. 2009 illiterate women were sent to a training school in India for 6 months to learn how to install and 32 33 maintain solar panels. These women then brought their skills and knowledge back to their communities. They taught people how to install and maintain a solar system, then the people were able to pass on the knowledge and skills they gained from those four women. This successful initiative has spread into 56 districts and positively affected over 52,000 people. THE CUBAN GOVERNMENT

LINKAGES Government

HP Flicker -- INTRODUCTION

Although the Office of the City Historian has done well to preserve Spanish era buildings, many modern buildings have been ignored. We believe that modern buildings also contribute to the historic patrimony of Cuba. In this essay, we highlight the importance of preserving modern buildings by provide practical steps to promote their well-being.

Problem Statement Although many colonial buildings have been restored, only a few modern buildings have been preserved. The challenge is to effectively advocate to the Cuban government to en- force its existing policy and be more equitable in representing and preserving all of Cuba’s architectural heritage.

In this study we propose to reflect on the central role the government possesses, to ensure the implementation and success of the preservation of modern buildings in a sustainable manner in accordance with the universal goals of the United Nations 2030 Agenda. The government empowers the cultural heritage and collective representations in contemporary planning. In order to strengthen and restore local territorial identity, a more democratic and inclusive framework should be implemented. For this purpose, this paper has produced an analysis of the different challenges facing modern preservation in a transitional Cuba and produced possible recommendations to help encourage and develop the protection of modern buildings as part of the UN 2030 agenda. The government of Cuba is already committed to achieve.

Challenges

1. Lack of resources and finance in Cuba 2. Lack of inspections and supervision for sustainable and feasible historic preservation 3. Lack of awareness in for modern architecture (Cuban government including municipali- ties, organizations and people) 4. Failure of the government to include community input/participation. 5. The dependent nature of communist economy 6. Ideology trumps economics 7. Wariness to government control can jeopardize preservation enforcement

34 35 Objectives: 1. Improve foreign affairs -- RECOMMENDATIONS 2. Raising awareness to the Heritage 3. Implementing sustainable preservation for modern architecture Improve foreign affairs through CEPAL and United Nations for his- 4. Improve and advocate existing programs & sustainable development plans toric preservation by teaming up with other Latin American nations 5. Collecting Resources for Preservation 6. Community Empowerment RATIONALE To improve foreign affairs for historic preservation in Cuba by teaming up with other Latin EVALUATIVE CRITERIA American countries that are a part of the UN2030 Agenda, and start new relations with oth- After the communist revolution, Cuba adopted a one party system, which has been and still er Latin American nations. As El Salvador, Colombia, Panamá, Perú, México, Jamaica, and managed by a single dictator today. The party is known as Partido Comunista de Cuba (Com- Cuba are working towards more integrated and sustainable economies, their common goals munist party of Cuba) or PCC. Membership to the PCC is often a prerequisite for advance- are climate change mitigation, immigration, and the eradication of poverty. Cooperation will ment in the Cuban government and thus Cuban society. Raul Castro, the Chief of State, the foster and be a catalyst for financial investments, educational exchange between universities, President, and the commander-in-Chief, directs all Cuban life and economy through the PCC. and will help develop a more liberal economic framework thus encouraging business enter- The PCC has oversight over all other organizations on the island, including the judiciary offic- prises. The preservation and retrofit of all of the buildings’ individual typologies is an economic es. There are 24 member political bureau that direct their agenda and work closely with and and intrinsic sub-goal, which is part of the movement towards a more sustainable society. under Castro (Pike, 2013). The PCC also appoints members to the Council of State of the National Assembly of Popular Power, which is the state’s highest decision-making body, and the Council of Ministers, which PROJECT PARTNERS & IMPLEMENTATION is the highest executive and administrative authority in Cuba. The National Assembly has the ECLAC/CEPAL power to approve the budget and the national economic plan, elect the members of the “The Economic Commission for Latin Amer- Supreme Court, and oversee the activities and electoral processes of lower offices, among ica and el Caribe (ECLAC) -the Span- other capacities. There are about 600 members to the National Assembly, who although are ish acronym is CEPAL- was established by elected by direct popular vote for five-year terms, are ultimately vetted by the PCC. The nine Economic and Social Council resolution members of the Council of Ministers operate administrative faculties related to the economy, 106(VI) of 25 February 1948 and began to which is completely controlled by the state, and is answerable to the National Assembly (Pike, function that same year. The scope of the 2013). Commission’s work was later broadened Three major episodes have shaken the foundations of the Cuban economy and its integra- to include the countries of the Caribbean, tion into international trade flows during the course of the 20th century: The Great Depression and by resolution 1984/67 of 27 July 1984, at the outset of the 1930s; the severance of relations with the United States at the beginning the Economic Council decided to change of the 1960s; and the collapse of the socialist countries in Europe at the outset of the 1990s its name to the Economic Commission for (ECLAC, no date). Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC); ECLAC Executive Secretary, Alicia Bárcena, and Shortly after the Cuban revolution and usurping of Baptista by Guevara and Castro, the Cu- the Spanish acronym, CEPAL, remains un- the President of the Council of State and the ban economy grew well especially with help and support from the USSR. Under Baptista, the changed” ECLAC, which is headquar- Council of Ministers, Raúl Castro. ECLAC, 2014 economy was marked by serious technological lacking and insufficient industrial infrastruc- tered in Santiago, Chile, is one of the five ture. Terrible wealth inequality and broad inhumane indifference to the many living in poverty regional commissions of the United Nations. It was founded with the purpose of contributing to became new living conditions in the country. From 1959 to 1989, the economy expanded by the economic development of Latin America, coordinating actions directed towards this end, about 4% annually (Altimir, 1998). and reinforcing economic ties among countries and with other nations of the world. The pro- However, shortcomings that usually drag on socialist countries began to take root. The govern- motion of the region’s social development was later included among its primary objectives” ment built over-sized projects, incorporated obsolete technologies, and neglected competi- (About ECLAC, 2016) tion. Albeit with aid from the USSR, Cuba had experienced much growth, and despite terrible and obvious inefficiencies, productivity had increased as well as the construction of dams, OXFAM roads, rails, and electrification throughout the island, which of course was an improvement As an international organization that has been working with local member states since 1993 on the economy. Overall, Cuba was successful at repelling unhelp influences from the United whom work to develop environmentally and economically sustainable agricultural practices States. Yet, with the fall of the USSR, Cuba’s main benefactor, Cuba fell as well (Alamir, 1998). that are fair and equal for both men and women, OXFAM already has an established relationship with Cuba, such as, Havana, Sancti Spiritus, and Santiago de Cuba. They have been working to develop, empower, and provide support to local communities and local women. (Oxfam Cuba, 2016). OXFAM can be a vehicle towards preserving modern housing in Cuba. They provide work training and better living conditions that lift communities out of poverty.

36 37 Case Study #1 Case Study #3 The new renovations of the recently re-open US embassy in Cuba is an example. The embassy originally features a post WW-II era design that was meant to boast United States power in the world. The modernist design was the work of Harrison & Abramovitz, the architectural partnership of Wallace K. Harrison and Max Abramovitz, who also played a major role in designing other notable structures like Lincoln Center and the United Nations headquarters in New York City. Due to the deterioration in Cuba and US relations, the embassy also deteriorated. Now the US state department has plans to renovate, repair, and make secure for the 21st century. Water damage has been discovered, and the security needs of today are very different from those of the Cold War, especially in terms of cyber security (Wise, 2014).

RATIONALE The increase in the US presence can also bolster the reuse and retro-fit of additional auxiliary buildings, such as the residence of the new Ambassador. The success of renovating the embassy can also show to the Cuban government Bricklayer Davy Libongani, 63, is from Sichaba Village in Mongu. With the assistance of OXFAM, the unique, historical, and aesthetic sig- he acquired bricklaying skills, and business management and entrepreneurship training, thus nificance post WWII buildings can have, keeping the work local without bringing in laborers from outside areas. (Oxfam Zambia, 2016) especially those designed by the Yan- kees (Wise, 2014). Case Study #2 The Barefoot College in Tilonia is training women in Honduras to install solar energy panels. A PROJECT PARTNERS & IMPLEMENTATION group of women travelled to Tilonia in order to take the Barefoot College Program so to bring The State Department can also work with electricity to their village in Honduras. Their trip was made possible with the collaboration of other Latin American countries and pro- the government of India, the Small Grants Program, and the Global Environment Fund (UNDP, vide a leading source of the protection The U.S. Embassy in Havana, Cuba. Wise, 2014 2016). This is an international collaboration between locals, international foundations, and and preservation for modern buildings. governments in order to exchange experiences and knowledge so to attain more environ- Other International Developments “The Special Economic Development Zone of Mariel is a mentally sustainable infrastructures and to empower local people. In addition, this case study project directed to encourage the nation’s sustainable economic development by attracting underlines the importance of international partnerships in achieving universal goals like sus- foreign investment, technological innovation and industrial concentration while at the same tainable development, green infrastructures, and cultural heritage preservation. time ensuring environmental protection. It covers an area of 465.4 square kilometers (180 sq. mi.), 45 Km. (28 mi.) west of Havana.”. P3: Advocate and implement Development Plans for El Vedado in order to promote and preserve modern architecture Establishing a governmental resources platform for historic preser- We are working towards connecting a service, function, or activity with a modern structure and thus develop additional sources of funding. The government should fund, bid adap- vation that can or will act as a governmental support system for historic tive-reuse projects in modern buildings, or do both. Converting modern buildings into public preservation and sustainable development spaces in the spirit of partnership and solidarity between the government and the people creates a sustainable solution that aids in the preservation of modern buildings. This govern- GENERAL DESCRIPTION ment approach promotes trust, camaraderie, and loyalty. It encourages people to serve their Government shall establish a governmental resource platform for historic preservation. This country, work together, and for one another. It gives people hope and a high moral when foundation can retain and distribute the international fundings and donations and the tax striving for higher goals, building communities, a balanced society, contributing to eradicating revenues that are collected by the government in order to facilitate: poverty. Initially the government has to take action and recruit experts in order to implement developmental plans that regulate building developments and restorations in El Vedado. It will 1. Start-up funds or loans for projects or investments that are conducted to preserve modern take a longer time if the government fails to participate. The El Vedado Development plans heritage. that were published by the Municipio Plaza de Revolucion can be a framework and reference 2. Funding cultural activities that are dedicated to raise awareness. Government shall facili- for the elected officials and experts to use when working on sustainable development plans tate resources and hosts public events to educate the general public about their buildings. for the preservation of the modern architecture in El Vedado. 3. Facilitate and fund more educational programs that will train more preservation and planning

38 39 professionals: collaborate with educational institutions, universities and schools in Cuba to Cooperate with ECLAC/CEPAL (Economic Commission of Latin organize and expand educational programs and degrees that are training professionals. 4. Sustain finances to fund conservation works of the landmarked monuments in the Nation- America and the Caribbean) to foster international trade for building al Register (Monumentos Nacionales). Starting from local level (El Vedado, Havana), this materials foundation can stimulate and foster revitalization and rehabilitation of the built environment with historic preservation along with projects to promote and celebrate the Cuban GENERAL DESCRIPTION heritage and it’s culture. Economic Commision of Latin America and the Caribbean, which is a regional United Nations 5. Help establishing a Tools and Materials Library to support People’s Build-Days and Resto- commission, established to reinforce and coordinate economic ties and strategies among ration Co-Operatives. This platform shall not only contain monetary capital, it should run the participating nations. Alicia Barcena, who is the current Executive Secretary of the Com- and administer the tool libraries and building materials that is imported or donated for his- mission, paid a visit to Cuba in April 2015, meeting many senior authorities including First Vice toric preservation of architecture in Cuba. President of the Councils of State and of Ministers, Miguel Díaz-Canel. She underlined the importance of economical reforms that will reconstruct these economical ties especially in the RATIONALE sectors that are essential for Cuba (CEPAL, 2015). The Cuban government shall reach out to By establishing an entity, possibly as an section of the Ministry of Culture, that will be in charge the Commission to cooperate and initiate new economic relations and strategies to expand of distribution of resources in the country will help the Cuban government monitor and collect international trade. With this expansion, the Cuban government can provide more resources every local, national and international contribution and tax revenue that are dedicated to and building materials that will be in need for the conservation of the modern architecture. the preservation of built fabric. CEPAL Participator Latin American States: PROJECT PARTNERS & IMPLEMENTATIONS The member states are: Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, This platform must directly work and partner with UNESCO who has many partners from private El Salvador, France, Germany, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Italy, Jamaica, sector, academic realm and non-profit organizations in place around the globe (UNESCO). Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Saint Cuba has always worked with United Nations, CEPAL and UNESCO to support projects in sus- Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, South Korea, Spain, Suriname, tainable development, resiliency and historic preservation. In addition, both this governmen- Trinidad and Tobago, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of tal initiative and its commercial arms will monitor the monetary flow, and partner with the America, Uruguay, and Venezuela. non-governmental private organizations like WMF.

The associate members are: Anguilla, Aruba, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, EXAMPLE Curaçao, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Montserrat, Puerto Rico, Sint Maarten, Turks and Caicos Similar national programs like Fondo Ambiente Italiano in Italy are designed to spare financial Islands, and United States Virgin Islands (CEPAL, n.d.). support for preservation usually adapt to the non-profit organization model of National Trust of England (Fondo). The National Trust of England is an “independent charity”, the governance of the foundation is not controlled by the British government. There are both executive (direc- RATIONALE With the economical reform, an emerging “Middle-Income” is anticipated to happen, as the tory) team and non-executive team (National Trust of England). The executive team runs the state now extended the options of sectors in “Self-Employed” and “Co-Operative” businesses. Trust Administration. However, the non-executive team has a board of trustees. Twelve trustees Cuba started to sustain its own resources especially in agriculture. According to Feinberg with are appointed or elected by the trust members run the trust’s nominations, however the core the economical reform, Cuba will save $2 billion in its imports (Piccone, 2014). This surplus can of the Trust is the “Council”. Fifty two council members work on issues regarding possible strat- generate import and export opportunities in other sectors, which can be used to satisfy the egies the trust must follow to preserve the nation’s heritage, (National Trust of England, 2015). need of building materials, tools and related technologies. This model can be adapted as a government body of the Ministry of Culture rather than an “independent charity” such that the trust can suit in the Cuban economy and regulations. The Ministry of Culture can appoint the executive team. The non-executive team can be consisted PROJECT PARTNERS & IMPLEMENTATIONS of sustainable development and preservation professionals that work as advisory council for This recommendation requires CEPAL’s participation in order to establish better trade connec- preservation. With this, the government can benefit from Cuban preservation professionals’ tions with other member states. expertise in their ministry. A commercial arm shall be established as a governmental enterprise (e.g. National Trust Enterprises Ltd.) in order to collect, monitor and distribute the funds and do- EXAMPLE nations including international contributions (National Trust of England, 2015, Annual Report). FIHAV: Inviting more international companies to the Havana International Trade Fair to establish relationships and trade strategies. LINKAGE International CEPAL is a strategic mediator between Cuba, participator Latin American countries and oth- People er members of the United Nations. The International Trade Fair of Havana (FIHAV 2016), the Office of the City Historian biggest trade fair in Cuba, is an important annual meeting that brings many companies and 40 41 enterprises together. CEPAL should cooperate with Cuba and invest resources in order to ex- The building is located in historic Hongkou District, Shanghai, China. Originally intended for use pand the capacity of the fair to host more participators. With more participators FIHAV should as a slaughterhouse, and served a number of purposes over the years from a medicine facto- help professionals to establish relationships and stronger trade strategies (Feria Havana, n.d.). ry, to a cold storage facility. Now the building is converted to its current use as a commercial and art hub, and used holds a multipurposed LINKAGE event center: weddings, club nights, inde- People pendent markets, social events, art galleries, International Organizations etc. The project is located in Beijing 798 Art District. Designed by TAO(Trace Architec- ture Office), it is a conversion of former TV- Adaptive Reuse Plans transforming iconic modern buildings for cathode-tube factory into a film production public use space and theater (China Film Director Cen- ter, n.d.). China Film Director Center, former C9 Factory GENERAL DESCRIPTION Inujima Art Project is located in Naoshima, Ja- Iconic modern buildings that are decaying and not in use could be restored by adaptive pan. Created by Yukinori Yanagi, it is a proj- reuse plans that transform the buildings for public uses. The new use is public accessible and ect that gives new life to the ruins of a former enjoyable, such as youth center, senior center, health facility, sport center, museum, etc. copper refinery. The idea is to use what exists

to create what is to be. The design uses the RATIONALE existing smokestacks and karami bricks from To maintain a building that is not in use is costly and fairly unreasonable in the context of a the refinery as well as solar, geothermal and city like Havana. It would be difficult to relate to the history and value of a building if it is not other natural energies, minimizing the con- accessible for the general public. An Adaptive Reuse Plan may solve these two problems by struction's environmental impact. This project providing a new place for education and entertainment purpose at the same time giving embraces the concept of a recycling-based modern buildings a new life. society through its focus on industrial heritage, architecture, art, and the environment. PROJECT PARTNERS & IMPLEMENTATIONS Inujima Art Project Allowing design competition is a fairly low cost way of generating creative proposal as a de- LINKAGE sign initiative. The competition can be hosted and evaluated by Institute of Planning and the Office of Historian Ministry of Culture, and face all architecture firms, studios, and Institution. Public involvement is National Organization also needed in the process. The new purpose should be related with the history of the building and the evolving urban context. The new transformed building will be used as a cultural hub that can create more tourism interest and promote the development of surrounding area. Create Wifi spots near modern buildings and structures

EXAMPLE GENERAL DESCRIPTION Fabrica de Arte Cubano in Havana is a good example of an adaptive reuse plan for indus- Connect iconic modern buildings and structures with internet service to give spaces new uses. trial buildings and supported by the Ministry of Culture. The space is used for gallery, lecture, There are already several WiFi hotspots spread throughout El Vedado. When considering spac- performance, music venue, nightlife, etc. and spans the topics of architecture, music, dance, es for Internet installation, promoting sites in close proximities to iconic modern buildings is photography, dance, cinema, visual art. It is educational and recreational. A place that is suggested. enjoyed by both local young generation and tourists. The founder X Alfonso revealed that it RATIONALE didn’t cost millions to create the Art Factory as Places that are internet accessible are usually public space, such as plazas, and parks. It is the original structure remained unchanged. clear WiFi hotspots gather crowds in different times of the day, becoming social hangout places. There are 54 exustung WiFi hotspots throughout Cuba, most of which are in Havana Vieja. Other case studies include Shanghai 1933 Creating more WiFi hotspots in El Vedado will bring both locals and tourists to a certain building Slaughterhouse (refurbished into art and cul- or structure, as a starting step of raising awareness of these sites. tural hub), China Film Director Center (renovated from C9 Factory), and Inujima Art Proj- This may be a temporary and short term recommendation as internet regulations may change, ect (Inujima Art Project, n.d.). nonetheless, with internet service, people can interact with these spaces and ultimately post information on social media as a way to promote the buildings. Shanghai 1933 Slaughterhouse 42 43 PROJECT PARTNERS & IMPLEMENTATIONS and foreigners, publications can educate local people to have a better understanding about Mapping a list of iconic modern buildings and compare it to the existing WiFi hotspots map. their heritage, associating buildings with patrimony. The publications can also be handed out When considering adding new spots, analyze the possibility of connecting the building list during international conferences about heritage preservation, as an insider's’ representation to internet service to create public space which facilitates interaction between people and of modern architecture in Cuba. modern buildings. Using this strategy as a starting step of adaptive reuse can raise awareness Encourage bottom-up renovation and mixed use neighborhood of a certain building or block. More creative ideas about how to reuse buildings may come up after people start to interact with surrounding environment. GENERAL DESCRIPTION Self-renovation is already a common way of restoring residential housing in many neighbor- EXAMPLE hoods. The problem still exists in a lack of materials and guidelines. The guidelines do not have Located at Calle 23 (La Rampa, Havana), Pabellón Cuba was built to host the 7th Confer- to be standardized aesthetics but focus more on safety criterion. The government can provide ence of the Unión Nacional de Arquitectos (National Union of Architects), one of the first major materials, guidelines and governance on these bottom up self-renovation and restoration international events held in Havana after the tri- projects. umph of the Revolution. Today, it is used for fairs, exhibitions and larger events of varying kinds. In addition to art and science exhibitions, sympo- RATIONALE siums on cultural topics and recreational activi- Self-restoration and collaboration between neighbors as a model can be implemented from ties for children and young adults. The Pabellón one neighborhood to another as a fairly low cost and efficient way of saving buildings and Cuba hosts Arte en La Rampa (Art on La Ram- community. pa), one of Havana’s major fairs that includes shows for children, concerts and fashion shows EXAMPLE (La Habana, n.d.). It’s internet accessibility also Located on Taikang Road in Shanghai, China, Tianzifang is a traditional Shikumen Linong hous- gathers people to come and socialize in the ing that gradually transformed by the locals to a mix functioned neighborhood (Hiroyuki, 2009). public space. ‘Without having a typical gentrification process by a large-scale redevelopment project, this old neighborhood located in the center of the city is transforming itself. The neighborhood is Research cultural values behind modern buildings in Havana to getting more diverse in functional, socially inclusive and economically uplifting as the renovation of existing traditional buildings proceeds (Hiroyuki, 2009). The development of Tianzi- celebrate the architecture contribution of post-Revolution period fang neighborhood is operated by multiple actors: governmental organization Administrative

Committee of Taikang Road Art Street, non-government organization of Shikumen Owners GENERAL DESCRIPTION Management committee and individual of residents artists and tenants. Cooperate with Institutions to research and produce publication to educate people about the importance of modern buildings that represent a period of time after the Revolution. There are already a number of publication about Cuba’s modern architecture, such as Eduardo Luis Rodriguez’s article Theory and practice of modern regionalism in Cuba. However, most research focuses on the architectural merits rather than cultural and social value of these buildings. Unlike colonial architecture, modern architecture represents a unique characteristic of Cuba’s climate and social life.

RATIONALE Cultural values may be recognized by the public more easily than architectural merits. Aes- thetic values are vague to determine and may be subject to personal interest of a certain style. However, the value and preservation of modern buildings is not limited to aesthetics. More importantly, they tell a story of the past and may represent a special period of history, during or after the Revolution. This value, based on historical events, can be easier to recognize and understand by a larger group of people, instead of the elite. It is a direction toward discovering intangible heritage behind tangible heritage.

PROJECT PARTNERS & IMPLEMENTATIONS Cooperate with institutions to research on modern buildings in Havana. Publications produced based on the research can be handed out to multiple audiences. Valuable to both residents 44 45 HP Flicker In 1993 a law was passed by the Cuban government which enabled the Office to establish a commercial division, all profits from which are immediately invested in further restoration. According to information from the Havana Historian’s Office, “60 percent of the profits” derived from its enterprises (a number of businesses the Office has established in the tourism and service sectors to raise funds for its work) “are devoted to projects which continue to yield financial benefits for the restoration work, and approximately 40 percent are spent on social projects.” -- RECOMMENDATIONS Designate and develop the La Rampa Cultural District to promote and celebrate modern architecture.

The Objectives: • Create network of modern buildings for cultural activities (art exhibitions, music shows, artists performances, etc.). • Establish educational tours of modern buildings and sites. THE OFFICE OF THE CITY HISTORIAN • Support and allocate resources to local creative artists. • Reinvest development fees into the cultural district and support the cultural activity in mod- -- INTRODUCTION ern buildings.

This section focuses on the role that the Office of the City Historian (OCH) can play in preserv- GENERAL DESCRIPTION ing modern heritage in all Havana. We acknowledge the potential for the office to become a Create a Cultural District of modern architecture in Havana, which includes a dynamic art dominant stakeholder in future preservation and planning efforts outside old Havana, based and entertainment scene of local creative artists to celebrate the modern architecture of on its rich experience and resources and successful model. Currently the OCH focuses its ef- Havana. The Culture District consists of a network of modern buildings that would function as forts in Old Havana. Its work includes supporting a trade school for the preservation of Colonial venues of cultural activities and entertainment, including restaurants and commercial busi- architecture and uses different media tools (newspaper, radio, TV) for advocacy and educa- ness to educate and promote awareness of modern architecture among tourists and locals, tion regarding the Colonial style. Yet, the work neglects a significant part of Cuba’s heritage and promote local economic development. and culture. Also, the Office’s work does not address the issue of collapsing buildings and neglect of maintenance in Vedado or in other parts of the city. RATIONALE The Office of the City Historian operates tourist and commercial activities within Old Havana We call on the OCH to expand its scope of work to include the modern narrative for the and uses the revenues, which include foreign money and local business taxes, to preserve its social-economic development of all Havana. We suggest three recommendations that ad- cultural assets and redevelop the area. Therefore, the OCH could expand its scope of work dress cultural aspects, community initiatives and education efforts. The recommendations are to include the modern narrative for social-economic development of Havana. Moreover, the based on successful case studies and the economic model implemented by the OCH such as Office can impose fees on new foreign development to reinvest in the Cultural District since reinvesting development fees into the reconstruction and preservation of historic buildings. By the Office authorizes to establish development projects with foreign investors. including a socio-economic component to each of our recommendations, we anticipate a greater success in preserving modern heritage in the long term. PROJECT PARTNERS & IMPLEMENTATIONS The Office of the City Historian would establish the Cultural District, which include restaurants, bars and other commercial business, and engage local artists and performers to create cul- -- BACKGROUND tural activities and tours The OCH of Havana is an organisation responsible for the restoration of the historical centre of Cuba’s capital. It was set up in the 1930s by the first City Historian, Emilio Roig de Leuchsen- LINKAGE ring. When Dr. Roig died in the early sixties he was succeeded by Eusebio Leal Spengler, who People has steered the organisation to the world-renowned position it holds today. The Office is now Government a large and complex institution employing over 7,000 people in the restoration of the colonial heart of the city, not only in terms of its built heritage but also in the way of life of its inhabitants. Leal and his team are also dedicated to bringing about a social renaissance in Old Havana. 47 48 EXAMPLE Create community centers in modern buildings based on the ex- “La Rampa Cultural District” isting models in Old Havana

GENERAL DESCRIPTION Create civic centers in modern buildings in Havana to include social services for elderly and youth. A civic center located in modern building would function also as a way to educate about the importance of the modern movement and the unique local modern esthetics in Havana.

RATIONALE In many cases, as part of the historic redevelopment work, the Office of the City Historian included the expansion of services for local residents. Parks, medical facilities, community cen- The “Culture District” include the following buildings, among others: ters, and schools are commonly added to renovated buildings. Since the Office has the experience and resources to operate a civil center that could benefit the local community, we Hotel Nacional de Cuba, 1930 The RadioCentro, 1947 Hotel Habana Libre, 1958 suggest to expend this model to other modern structures. The idea is to develop community centers in existing hubs and meeting point, and add recreation activities, art exhibitions and education programs about modern architecture in the city. The model of preserving an historic building and combining it with community center could be replicated in different locations.

PROJECT PARTNERS & IMPLEMENTATIONS • Ministerio de Salud Pública (MINSAP) - located in Calle 23 No. 201 entre M y N, Vedado could provide information and support regarding health and wellness. • Wifredo Lam Centre of Contemporary Art - organizer of the Havana Biennial could offer Designed by McKim, Mead and Designed by Welton Designed by Junco, Gastón art classes that will incorporate the building characteristics with the artwork (photography, White Beckett & Associates and Domínguez drawing, etc.) The De Schulthess House, 1956 The Cuban Pavilion, 1963 Seguro Medico building,1956 • Cuban Art News - a project of The Farber Foundation, an independent private foundation dedicated to advocating, promoting, supporting, and fostering connoisseurship of contemporary Cuban art and culture could conduct workshops that create content for media (radio/ television/ internet/ newspaper) about modern architecture.

EXAMPLE Belen Community Center A portion of this historic convent has been converted to a community center serving low in- Designed by Richard Neutra in Designed by Juan Campos Designed by Quintana, come residents in the surrounding section of Old Havana. The ground floor services elderly collaboration with Raul Alvarez and Lorenzo Medrano Rubio and Perez Beato residents (exercise equipment, games, sewing machines). The second floor offers services for and Enrique Gutierrez middle school-aged children to take part in the Office of the City Historian’s “Classroom in the Museum” program learning about the city’s unique cultural heritage in one of the restored La Copelia pavilion, 1966 Viguma Real Estate Co., 1950 The Capri Hotel, 1953 buildings, and down the corridor to the left is a preschool for local children too young to enter primary school.

Pabellón Cuba The Pabellón Cuba, designed by architect Juan Campos Almanza, was the headquarters of Cuba’s most important International Congress in 1963. The clean, simple, monumental architecture includes a system of reinforced concrete columns which were not only functional, but expressed a solution that depended on the materials available at the time such as concrete, marble, siporex, gardening, water, glass and some wood. Designed by Mario Girona Designed by Benavent and Designed by José Malinovski Canaves Ugalde 49 50 RATIONALE This recommendation goes hand in hand with the other recommendations from our studio. In order for this recommendation to be necessary, there has to be a desire to preserve and restore the modern fabric. As the OCH operates and utilizes the expertise the Escuela Taller provides, the Office is the best candidate to oversee this program (“Gaspar Melchor De Jo- vellanos,” 2015).

PROJECT PARTNERS & IMPLEMENTATIONS • Office of the City Historian • Escuelas Taller- Network Workshop Latin American School and the Caribbean. • Potential Partners: - Engage with Trade schools that have expertise in the preservation of modern architecture particularly in Latin America. Pabellón Cuba, La Habana (Ave. 23and Calle O)- Plan and Elevations - Spanish Agency for International Cooperation Development Cooperation (AECID)- ARQUITECTURA CUBA Havana & Cuban Architecture designing, implementing and managing development cooperation projects and La Coppelia programmes for Spain’s international development Policy (The Spanish Agency for Havana's Coppelia building is located on block between Calles 23 and 21, and Calles K and L International Cooperation for Development, 2016). in El Vedado district. The building can host 1000 guests and has been a major city landmark for both locals and visitors since its opening in 1966. Building on the success of the place, there is EXAMPLE an opportunity to promote civil services, that are taking place in other modern buildings. Also, Escuela Taller (Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos 1992) was established following an agreement the place can host activities related to modern architecture such as workshops that would be between the Spanish Agency for International Cooperation and the Office of the City Histo- curated into an exhibition about modern building. rian. This already existing school in Havana provides an education in skilled and specialized labor in different specialties for building restoration: masonry, archeology, painting, sculpting, carpentry, stonework, electricity, forging, gardening .Students between the ages of 17 and 25 years old have the opportunity to apply and begin a desired course of study in this two year program.

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Establish a Trade School in Cuba that is similar in operation and practice of the current preservation trade school. In efforts to help preserve and promote modern architecture in Cuba.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION Cuba has done a great job of preserving Colonial architecture. In the last 20 years through the Office of the City Historian and Escuela Taller, there has been extensive restoration to Co- Habana Patrimonial, 2008, Escuela Taller Gasper Melchor Jovellanos lonial buildings within Cuba. The school trains local residents in the skills needed to restore the buildings listed on the plan set out by the Office of the City Historian. • Expand the trade school (Escuela Taller) to encompass training for the preservation of mod- LINKAGE ern architecture. International • Create an exchange program for colonial and modern preservation expertise • Foster relationships with training schools in many Latin American countries

51 52 Development fees to expend this educational mechanism to the HP Flicker rest of the city including modern buildings, to be able to invest back into infrastructures and public amenities.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION A trade school for preservation of modern construction would be an exchange program with Escuela Taller (for professionals and students). Cities or places that have more knowledge and expertise regarding preservation of modern materials and techniques can exchange their knowledge for those who might need more training of traditional style preservation. This may be implemented through existing networks of preservation trade schools in Latin America.

INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES -- INTRODUCTION

Cuba has been successful in many of its historic preservation efforts specifically pertaining to Old Havana and many of its landmarks. However, there are other preservation issues that have been identified on both a local and international scale. Here it is discussed what international parties have conducted and addressed for preservation in Cuba. With their previous vested interest in preservation of Cuba’s built heritage, we propose seven recommendations that our international parties can perform to address the preservation issues of Modern Architecture in Havana, Cuba.

The five key international leaders that have engaged in preservation efforts in Cuba and have the necessary structure to carry out our set of recommendations are UNESCO, ICOMOS, IC- CROM, DOCOMOMO, and the World Monuments Fund (WMF). These five organizations have the capacity to provide advocacy, education, training, funding, among other initiatives for historic preservation of modern architecture in Havana.

Here we make a call to action to these five accomplished organizations to work further, together and individually on the issue of preserving Havana’s modern architecture. UNESCO, ICOMOS, ICCROM, Docomomo, and WMF have made clear statements that this 20th century architecture is under threat and is of importance to preserve. Those statements are warranted and require further action in order to implement preservation actions on modern buildings within Havana. We ask that they use their current stature to further preservation efforts specially towards a specific agenda; Havana’s 20th century modern architecture.

EVALUATIVE CRITERIA The organizations we are targeting include UNESCO, ICOMOS, ICCROM, DOCOMO- MO and WMF, all of whom are dedicated to preserving world heritage. Each of these organizations’ missions focus on specific preservation priorities ranging from identifying sites of cultural heritage, to technical support, to raising and distributing funds, to broad- ening awareness for world heritage. The criteria we are using to evaluate our specific 53 54 recommendations is based upon the missions of these organizations and the challenges we have identified as needing to be met in order to preserve Cuba’s modern heritage.

CHALLENGES for the Organizations • Finding people and other resources to create materials • Finding the vehicle to distribute and market those materials • It is challenging to bring US funding • There are more pressing needs than modern architecture in Cuba • People prefer Colonial architecture in Cuba • Current funding favors specific projects not modern architecture in general • One country or organization would need to take charge • These organizations have other priorities • It is difficult to arrange exchanges in Cuba • It is difficult to find a common ground for all organizations/competition between organizations

-- BACKGROUND UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Cuba. UNESCO, 2016

UNESCO Tentative: National Schools of Art, Cubanacan d. 2003 The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, UN- National Schools Art have been on UNESCO’s tentative list since 2003. It is the only modern ESCO, is an agency created for the United Nations in 1945 with the be- architecture site within Cuba that have been identified by UNESCO. Though it is with great lief that “peace must be established on the basis of humanity’s mor- strides that UNESCO has identified the schools as being a possible World Heritage Site, it does al and intellectual solidarity” (UNESCO, 2016). One way in which this has not serve the schools any assistance that they desperately need to secure the structures and been carried out is through the creation of the idea of “World Heritage” begin a restoration (UNESCO, 2016). Please read on page 66 more regarding current efforts to that aims to protect sites, both cultural and natural that have universal value. UNESCO has restore and complete the National Schools of Art. now designated thousands of World Heritage Sites on their World Heritage List that they have recognized as holding universal value. ICOMOS The International Council on Monuments and Sites, ICOMOS, is a UNESCO in Cuba nongovernmental organization that conserves and protects cul- Cuba has been well incorporated into the list with a total of nine World Heritage Sites. These tural heritage around the world that is associated with UNESCO. nine sites (including an additional three on a tentative list) have a level of protection from UN- ICOMOS does so by applying theory and methodology, along ESCO through World Heritage Funding and International Assistance. All States Parties, which with scientific techniques to specific sites of both architectural and archeological heritage. includes Cuba, to the World Heritage Convention can apply for International Assistance and ICOMOS employs these theories, methodologies, and techniques through a network of ex- funding where priority is given to properties that are threatened the most (UNESCO, 2016). perts that consists of architects, archaeologists, historians, art historians, anthropologists, engi- Though funding and assistance is not guaranteed, under severe circumstances these sites on neers, geographers, and town planners. Its efforts are based on its grounded mission with the the World Heritage List have a higher chance of support and protection than if they were not role “to promote the conservation, protection, use and enhancement of monuments, building inscribed on the World Heritage List. complexes and sites” that is rooted in its value to “unite around Heritage” (ICOMOS, 2015). Within Cuba, UNESCO has designated seven cultural World Heritage Sites (WHS), one cultural site on the tentative list, and two natural World Heritage Sites, with an additional two natural One of ICOMOS’ many actions to conserve heritage is by disseminating knowledge through sites on the tentative list. To best adhere to the context of this paper only the cultural sites will the Documentation Center, open archive, publications, and newsletters. The Documentation be addressed. The seven cultural WHS that UNESCO has designated are dispersed throughout Center is documenting sites on the UNESCO World Heritage List. If UNESCO chooses to add the the Island of Cuba, wich can be seen on the map below. International Schools of Art onto its World Heritage List, ICOMOS would be responsible for the 1. Old Havana and Its Fortification System d. 1982 documentation of the current condition of the schools. Along with the Documentation Center, 2. Trinidad and the Valley de los Ingenios d. 1988 ICOMOS own publications serve as great resources to those requiring historic, scientific, and 3. San Pedro de la Roca Castel, Santiago de Cuba d. 1997 technological support for heritage topics and issues around the world. ICOMOS has an on- 4. Vinales Valley d. 1999 going publications titled “Monuments and Sites” where a publication on Cuba has not been 5. Archaeological Landscape of the First Coffee Plantations in the South-East of Cuba d. 2000 published since 1996 (ICOMOS, 2015). 6. Urban Historic Centre of Cienfuegos d. 2005 7. Historic Centre of Camagüey d. 2008 55 56 ICOMOS in Cuba World Monuments Fund (WMF) ICOMOS Cuba has been active when discussing heritage preservation issues in accordance The World Monuments Fund (WMF) is a private, nonprofit organization “ded- with the Office of the City Historian through a recent symposium in March 2016 that focused on icated to saving the world’s most treasured places” (World Monuments Industrial Heritage. Another effort conducted by ICOMOS Cuba was a brainstorming session Fund, 2016). WMF engages in both advocacy and implementation efforts published in 2001 identifying four types of Cuban heritage at risk, one being its “20th century to protect sites of cultural significance. The organization, founded in 1965, legacy” largely discussing modern architecture of the first half of the century. These discussions offers both technical and financial support to projects worldwide that directly supports sites on are a great starting point for action to be put into place by ICOMOS (ICOMOS Cuba, 2001). the World Monuments Watch, which identifies endangered cultural heritage sites. The Watch changes every year making it a real time list of sites that are considered to be in danger of nat- ICCROM ural threats and may be or are being impacted by political, social, and economic change. The International Center for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of (World Monuments Fund, 2016). Though the sites are only listed for one year, WMF provides Cultural Property (ICCROM), is an intergovernmental organization headquar- updates on the past listed site’s current state. tered in Rome, Italy serving its Member States throughout the world. ICCROM promotes preservation and conservation of all types of cultural heritage, WMF in Cuba including architecture. ICCROM roots its involvement within preservation through ideas be- WMF has identified many sites within Cuba as important places of world heritage. With a total hind Human Rights in that caring for heritage can promote societal well being by providing of ten sites on their Watch to date, three of those are on the current 2016 Watch List including knowledge, training, and tools to those who work towards preserving their cultural heritage the neighborhood of El Vedado (Havana), the National Art Schools (Havana), and the Colo- (ICCROM, 2016). ICCROM has five focus areas through which they contribute to the preserva- nial Churches of Santiago de Cuba (Santiago de Cuba). tion and conservation of cultural heritage: Past sites in Cuba on the World Monuments Watch: 1. Calzada del Cerro: Havana, 2004 (on Watch) • Training: develops new educational materials, tools and organizes training activities through 2. Reina Cemetery: Cienfuegos, 2011 (last updated) specialized coursework that has involved over 6,900 professionals 3. Convent of Santa Clara of Assisi: Havana, 2014 (last updated) • Information: holds one of the leading conservation libraries that includes 115,000 entries 4. Santa Teresa de Jesus Cloisters: Havana 2011 (last updated) consisting of books, journals, reports, and other material that is available in over 60 lan- 5. Finca Vigia (Hemingway’s House): San Francisco de Paula, 2014 (last updated) guages. The web-based portal also provides information on international events and train- 6. Sand Isidro de Los Destiladeros: Trinidad, Valle De Los Ingenios, 2000 (on Watch) 2011 (last ing opportunities that pertain to conservation and restoration. updated) • Research: organizes and coordinates meetings to create common approaches, method- 7. Parish Church of San Juan Bautistsa de Los Remedios: San Juan Bautista de Los Remedios, ologies and promotes definitions of internationally agreed ethics, technical standards and 2012 (on Watch) 2013 (last updated) criteria for conservation practices. ICCROM Laboratory acts as a resource and reference point for conservation experts It is an important occurrence that this year two of the three sites in Cuba on Watch consist of • Cooperation: contribute in collaboration with other entities through providing technical modern architecture. This represents an increased interest in preserving Cuba’s, or more spe- advice, collaborative visits, training and education. cifically Havana’s, postcolonial modern architecture of both the republic and the revolution • Advocacy: raises public awareness; support for conservation through organizing workshops periods (World Monuments Fund, 2016). El Vedado is identified at risk due to faint regulations and distributing teaching materials (ICCROM, 2016). on protection of buildings, lack of investment, and inappropriate alterations. The National Schools of Art, though identified by many as landmarks of revolutionary modernism in Cuba ICCROM in Cuba and is listed as a National Landmark in Cuba, have not received a proper plan to care for Cuba is a Member State of ICCROM making their resources available to them. When uncov- and manage the buildings that continue to remain both occupied and vacant (World Mon- ering recent initiatives held in or regarding Cuban cultural heritage, two events emerge. The uments Fund, 2016). most current effort will be a symposium held in Havana from October 31 to November 4 this year (2016) which will be the 14th International Congress of Information conference that will include the symposium on the preservation of documentary heritage and the forum on the management of libraries, archives, and museums. A past effort was a course that focused on the methodologies for cataloguing pigment samples and identification of painting materials used by contemporary artists. It was held in Havana by Miriem Santander Borrego of the IC- CROM Laboratory, Conservation research Group.

Cuba is also a part of ICCROM’s Boletin LATAM which connects conservation professionals in Latin America and the Caribbean by sharing research, projects, and finding professionals with common interests with whom to exchange work (ICCROM, 2016).

El Vedado. Havana, Cuba. PSPD Flicker 57 58 El Vedado and the National Schools of Art have the • Real estate speculations (makes it difficult to retain modern buildings on economic grounds). opportunity to host a WMF “Watch Day” at their re- • The obsolescence of the construction materials used, and the buildings’ functions. spective sites. A Watch Day is meant to serve as an • Even when the building has status protection there are the technical issues rising from the event to bring awareness to the site and advocate for conservation process. its preservation. Though WMF does not organize the • The lack of experience, skills and knowledge, resulting in poorly executed detailing and Watch Days, they do provide minor funding and re- ensuing damage, leaving structures vulnerable to material decay and failure. sources to those in the respective cities to make it fea- sibly possible. El Vedado and the National Schools of Docomomo Register Selection Criteria Art have until March 2017 to maximize the use of funds • Technological Merit and resources to host a Watch Day. the National Schools of Art. PSPD Flicker Does the work employ innovative and expressive modern technology to solve structural, programmatic, or aesthetic challenges? DOCOMOMO • Social Merit DOCOMOMO stands for the Documentation and Conservation of Building Does the design reflect the changing social patterns of 20th century life? sites and neighborhoods of the Modern Movement. Docomomo aims to Did the designer attempt to improve either living or working conditions, or human act as a watchdog whenever important Modern Movements buildings are behaviors, through the under threat. They do this using a variety of methods, which include exchanging ideas relating work’s form or function? to conservation technology, history and education; fostering interest in the ideas and heritage • Artistic and Aesthetic Merit of the Modern Movement beyond their own circle and reminding those in power of their re- Does the work exhibit skill at composition, handling of proportion, scale, material, and sponsibilities towards this recent architectural inheritance (Pearce, 2003). DOCOMOMO was detail? founded in 1988 (1990) on the belief that the preservation of modern architecture presented • Canonic Merit an urgent worldwide challenge, one that required cross country collaboration (Pearce, 2003). Is the work and the architect famous or influential? Docomomo is an interdisciplinary network consisting of over 2500 architects, conservation Is it exemplary work? officers, architectural historians, urban and landscape architects, preservation practitioners, • Referential Value researchers, teachers and students with more than 50 chapters throughout the world. Since Is the work and the architect famous or influential? 1992 Docomomo has conducted a number of conferences, symposiums, seminars, workshops Is it exemplary work? and campaigns. DOCOMOMO International is accompanied by many individual chapters in • Integrity countries all over the world. Is the original design intent apparent? Have material changes been made which compromise the architectural integrity of the Docomomo International structure or site? The International Secretariat organizes an international DOCOMOMO conference held every two years.The organization is governed by an elected Executive Committee with represen- Current Effort and Collaboration to Renovate the National Schools of Art tation from each national chapter.It publishes the biannual periodical DOCOMOMO Jour- The most prioritized effort in regards to preserving modern architecture in Havana, Cuba by nal— the only international periodical devoted to current events and recent research on the both international organizations and the Ministry of Culture is the restoration and completion Modern Movement. DOCOMOMO International assists UNESCO, the World Heritage Center, of the National Schools of Art. Through this example of collaboration, we may look forward to ICOMOS, IUA, and other organizations in compiling lists of cultural properties to be protected. other ways collaborations such as this could be utilized to executive other preservation initiatives within Havana, though they are still trying to solve the funding issue which is inhibiting the Docomomo US full restoration and completion of the schools. The US chapter of Docomomo International is the leading national organization working to promote public interest in the preservation of modern architecture and design. It was found- Fidel Castro and Che Guevara idealized the National Art Schools of Cubanacan in Havana ed in 1995 as a volunteer organization composed of a regional chapter and friend organiza- in 1961 in an effort to bring “cultural literacy” to Cuba (WMF, 2016). Designed on a golf course tions throughout the United States. Docomomo New York/Tri- State (NY, NJ, Ct) chapter is one and country club that was built by Fulgencio Batista during the Republic period, the five build- of 17 regional chapters around the country that are part of DOCOMOMO US. It administrates ing complexes were designed to incorporate city and landscape to create one inimitable membership and serves as an umbrella organization for state/regional chapters. and unified ensemble (Zequiera, 2005). Though the designs, ideologies and mission behind building the actual structures were deemed important, only two of the schools were finished Docomomo has identified several issues regarding the preservation of architecture. The Mod- and then inhabited by students: the School of Modern Dance and the School of Plastic Arts de- ern Movement is not conventionally recognized nor perceived by the public and specialists as signed by Cuban Architect Ricardo Porro. The School of Ballet and School of Music designed belonging to ‘the past’ (Pearce, 2003). It requires a new set of tools and methods because the by Italian Architect Vittorio Garatti and the School of Dramatic Arts designed by Italian Archi- identification and selection criteria vastly differ from those applied before: chronologically, tect Roberto Gottardi were never finished due to halting construction in 1965 due to Soviet in- historically, and stylistically. In addition to these issues, the following are also present: fluence and lack of funding, and have primarily been left vacant for their entirety (WMF, 2016). • The lack of consistent legislation for its protection.

59 60 It took these amazing structures nearly 35 years to be recognized as places of significant cul- the restoration and completion of the tural and architectural heritage on a global level. In 2000, with aid from the City Historian School of Dramatic Arts (Barbacci, 2016). Eusebio Leal, the National Art Schools were included on the World Monuments Fund Watch These funds, though not enough to com- List (Barbacci, 2016). Putting the School on the Watch List aided in the designated by Cuba’s plete the project, are an integral start- National Council of Cultural Heritage as a Protected Area, eventually being inscribed as a Na- ing point to take that specific restoration tional Monument in 2011 (WMF, 2016). After receiving recognition, a restoration was executed off the ground. As of yet, no additional from 2000 to 2010, which primarily focused on the School of Plastic Arts and the School of Mod- funding has been publicized or pledged, ern Dance. During that time, the Schools were placed on UNESCO’s Tentative List for World though is highly recognized as a priority Heritage Listing and are still not inscribed to this day. While the restoration and rehabilitation al- need. The importance of the National lowed for relatively better facilities, poor materials and improper conservation practices were Schools of Art has clearly been identified included (Barbacci, 2016). However, the three other unfinished schools received cleaning and by Cuba and other partnering interna- stabilization (WMF, 2016), and important effort that has allowed them to carry a certain level tional organizations. It is here where we of security and possibility for restoration and completion in the future. need to come together for solutions in aiding those involved with planning man- The restoration efforts ceased in 2010 due to lack of funds, though the thoughts of restoration agement of the future restoration and and completion of the buildings has not. The National Art Schools are again on the World Mon- completion of these pieces of Cuban Original Plan of the National Schools of Art. uments Fund Watch List, and are in direct aid for planning efforts to continue the restoration. heritage. Courtesy of Archinect. Hansel Hernandez On January 25, 26, and 27 a meeting was held in Havana regarding the future of the National Schools of Art. Those included in the discussion was the Vice Minister of Culture Dr. Fernando Ro- jas Gutierrez, Garcia Lorenzo also representing the Ministry of Culture, Angela Rojas represent- -- RECOMMENDATIONS ing ICOMOS, Jose Fornes, President of ICOMOS Cuba, Norma Barbacci Program Direct at WMF, a representative of DOCOMOMO Cuba, among other leading professionals (Gutierrez, 2016). Increase Literature on Cuban Modernism

An important piece that was discussed in this meeting was that the Cuban Government does GENERAL DESCRIPTION not have the funds to undergo the restoration and completion of the schools. However, Vice Publications are one of the major methods ICOMOS uses to circulate knowledge about the Minister of Culture Dr. Gutierrez has stated that they are open to receiving the necessary funds conservation of heritage. One of the organization’s publications, “Monuments and Sites”, that from anywhere illustrating the openness they are in collaborating with outside governments can highlights a specific type of architecture or heritage site or focus on a specific region. In and organizations. The three-day meeting also resulted in a list of general recommendations 1996 ICOMOS produced Monuments and Sites: Cuba which discussed many aspects of heri- for moving forward with the restoration and completion along with a Commitment to Work tage within Cuba, focusing on several sites and types of architecture. The last chapter of the signed by many of the named professionals to be involved in the planned efforts. publication discussed the legacy of the 20th Century in Cuba, which represents the modern and post-revolutionary periods. Within the recommendations, immediate actions were addressed that should be implemented as soon as possible to the School of Ballet and School of Music. Those immediate actions We recommend that ICOMOS create a new edition of “Monuments and Sites: Cuba” focusing largely include the cutting and removal of plants on the structures, disposing of debris, and specifically on 20th century heritage in Havana. The publication could be multifaceted as the stabilization. The School of Dramatic Arts was addressed to needing immediate removal of 1996 publication, however focused on the modern legacy within Havana. Those involved in sludge waste and mitigation of nearby bushes that are encroaching on the building. They are writing could range from local Cuban architects, historians, and city planners, as well as inter- also addressing the need to begin working with the original architect Roberto Gottardi for the national organization personnel such as the World Monuments Fund. DOCOMOMO, with their restoration and completion plans. Many other recommendations were given however the emphasis on Modern architecture, would be a key write of the publication, helping to identify most time sensitive interventions should first be addressed. important structures and structures that are at risk. In addition to this recent meeting, there are other outside efforts being given to restoration and completion of the National Schools of Art. Cuban dancer Carlos Acosta through the Car- RATIONALE los Acosta International Dance Foundation has signed an agreement with the Cuban Govern- ICOMOS publishes these magazines regularly which means that they already have the staff- ment the authorization to use the School of Ballet structure as his future International Dance ing and resources to create it. They have not focused an issue on Cuba for 20 years, and Center. The Foundation in place primarily seeks donations to begin the restoration and com- within the past 20 years heritage ideas, needs, and interests have changed. With imminent pletion. According to the 2014 Unaudited Financial Statements the Foundation had 148,563 change on the precipice for Cuba, the creation of a magazine with the country as its focus is Euros as unrestricted funds. The foundation is working in accordance with original architect particularly timely. The publication of this issue could aid many professionals who may even- Vittorio Garatti and local architect Garcia Lorenzo. tually work towards conservation of Cuban modern architecture, as well as create a strong foundation to identify the need to preserve these modern structures. Additional funding has also by pledged by the Italian Government of 2 Million Euros to go towards 61 62 PROJECT PARTNERS & IMPLEMENTATION PROJECT PARTNERS & IMPLEMENTATION The creation of this edition of Monuments and Sites has the potential to poise ICOMOS in This forum would be sponsored by Pratt Institute and could be organized by current students a partnership with many other international organizations. By inviting a variety of authors, and alumni of the historic preservation department as well as all departments under the Pro- project partners could arise from, WMF, UNESCO, DOCOMOMO (International, U.S. and Cuba grams for Sustainable Planning and Development. Pratt would invite Local Projectspartici- Chapters), ISA, and the Office of the City Historian in Havana. ICOMOS will be responsible pate, to share ideas for who else could be invited, to host discussions, and to help with orga- for the publication expense associated with it, however those writing the chapters will be ap- nization of the day. The forum would specifically invite WMF, Docomomo US, and other New proached to contribute services pro bono. York based organizations. Additionally, Cuban architects and preservationists would be invited attend that have worked with Pratt and the other organizations in the past. EXAMPLE Past publication, Monuments and Sites: Cuba 1996. ICOMOS LINKAGES This forum can link to every recommendation that we have given in this report. Each recommendation could be discussed at this forum, making it a possible starting point for any one of other listed recommendations.

Encourage UNESCO to create a world heritage site in El Vedado and give funding intended for the preservation of modern architecture

GENERAL DESCRIPTION El Vedado has recently been generating a high amount of interest as a place of importance not only for Cuban heritage but for world heritage. It is already been designated a site on the World Monuments Fund Watch List, and could incur greater support and recognition by additionally becoming a UNESCO World Heritage Site. We propose that the entire neighborhood Create Pratt Forum on Cuba of El Vedado need not be included as a World Heritage Site, but that UNESCO, along with aid from WMF, ICOMOS, and DOCOMOMO, could develop a specific area that holds a vast GENERAL DESCRIPTION majority of the important structures as well as vernacular structures that require immediate Pratt Institute and President Dr. Thomas Schutte would host a forum with Pratt departments and attention. NYC-based organizations that have researched or been involved with cooperative efforts in Cuba. This forum would be an opportunity to share resources and efforts, to encourage dia- RATIONALE logue, and to foster collaboration and coalition building possibility in the form of a one-day UNESCO provides the norms and categories that places need to envision a place as part of event, with a keynote address, and several panels. In addition to Pratt’s Programs for Sustain- global heritage. This has worked to great effect in Havana. UNESCO’s designation of Old able Planning and Development researching and visiting cuba, the Film, Industrial Design, Havana in 1982 provided the brand that Cuba needed to market itself as a global tourist des- Illustration, and others have also visited and focused their studies on Cuba. tination in the 1990s, when the country shifted its hard currency resources to attracting world

RATIONALE A forum of this type could potentially streamline efforts to engage in Cuba, including preservation efforts. By sharing experiences and resources, NYC-based organizations such as Local Projects, The Museum of the City of New York, and Pratt Institute, who each have contacts, relationships and experiences in Cuba, can inform one another’s efforts, share resources, and brainstorm solutions for raising awareness, funds, and exchanging technical support for many activities, in addition to our agenda to preserve modern architecture. Additionally, forums of this type have been successful in generating awareness and instilling excitement for ideas that have propelled initiatives. Pratt Institute is a sensible host for this forum because of current work with Cuba both in terms of new partnership with ISA, and its recent Cuba studios. In addition, Ron Shiffman, professor, Pratt Institute Graduate School of Architecture, and founder, Pratt Center for Community Development, has recently been invited to attend a preservation conference in Cuba as part of an international effort to address Cuban preservation. PSPD Flicker 63 64 tourism. Since the 1990s, Cuba has created a Ministry of Tourism, and has invested over $3.5 PROJECT PARTNERS & IMPLEMENTATION billion into the tourist economy. This effort has resulted in close to $3,000,000 tourists visiting The Spanish Funds-in-Trust, along with proposing to UNESCO, would benefit from partnering Cuba per year. According to Rueters, 2.8 million tourists visited Cuba in 2012, with numbers of with the World Monuments Fund, DOCOMOMO Cuba, and ICOMOS Cuba due to their recent American tourists increasingly yearly. Celebrating other neighborhoods will create districted efforts planning for the restoration and completion of the site. All organizations could provide tourism attractions. With the potential end to the US/Cuba embargo, the number of Ameri- the Trust with the necessary documentation and information to further propose to UNESCO for can tourists to Cuba will most likely drastically increase. UNESCO’s designation of El Vedado’s designation. modern architecture could potentially be leveraged by the Cuban government to attract tourism to the neighborhood, and to encourage investment in that neighborhood’s much deteriorating infrastructure. EXAMPLE The Spanish Funds-in-Trust has progressed the nominations of Cuenca Mirador in Guatamala, the archeological sites of the Cinchorro culture in Chile, and the Coffee Cultural Landscape in PROJECT PARTNERS & IMPLEMENTATION Columba to the World Heritage list (UNESCO, 2016) A Cuban governmental entity, such as the Ministry of Culture would have to apply to UNESCO for designation. Organizations such as the Spanish Funds in Trust and the World Monuments Fund could aid the Ministry of Culture in developing that application so UNESCO may desig- Create international foundation whose mission is to route funding nate the site. ICOMOS along with Docomomo could conduct documentation in addition to to ISA Docomomo and WMF aiding in identifying the specific site and provide other necessary resources that may be required. GENERAL DESCRIPTION We propose a foundation that would be a private entity supported and endorsed by UNESCO, EXAMPLE ICOMOS, ICCROM, WMF, and DOCOMOMO. The foundation would be run by several volun- UNESCO provided Cuba with a 1 million dollar loan to create scholarships for preservationists teering individuals or salaried if funding would allow. Partnering with other schools that spe- to study abroad, for Cuba to build a preservation technical training lab, and support for asses- cialize in art, music, dance, and theater would be essential for the success of this foundation sors to evaluate their preservation efforts. More importantly, UNESCO’s designation of Old Ha- as well. The foundation could be called “Arts from Afar”. “Arts from Afar” would raise money, vana as a World Heritage Site provided the Cuban government an additional tool to promote then take responsibility for sending funds ISA for the restoration and completion of the school.. tourism, a highly successful effort on its part to sustain the Cuban economy. The foundation would explicitly be meant for financing the restoration and completion of the School of Ballet, The School of Music, and the Theater School. Encourage the Spanish Funds-in-Trust to make The National Art Schools a World Heritage Site RATIONALE The primary reason the National Art Schools have not received restoration and completion, and and at the very least building stabilization, is due to the lack of funding both by the Cu- GENERAL DESCRIPTION ban Government as well as international resources. This foundation could be a key resource The National Art Schools have been on UNESCO’s tentative list as a World Heritage Site since in additional funding for the school’s completion. The Vice Minster of Culture in Cuba has 2003. They have clearly been identified by many as remarkable works that are currently in a outspokenly stated that they are open to receiving funds from any source to undergo the res- dire need of restoration and completion. The Spanish Funds-in-Trust is a Cooperation Agree- toration and completion. The “Arts from Afar” Foundation could be a primary way to channel ment between the Kingdom of Spain and UNESCO where its principal objective is to analyze and direct new and untapped resources to the school. sites on the Tentative List and push progress for actual nomination in Latin America and the Caribbean. Every year, the Trust allows 600,000 Euros to be allocated to projects along with funding two full time staff members to carry out the mission (UNESCO, 2016). The Trust should PROJECT PARTNERS & IMPLEMENTATION continue the necessary research and argument for UNESCO to go forward with the actual The “Arts from Afar” foundation would require support and advocacy from all of the interna- designation of the National Art Schools on the World Heritage List. tional organizations we have addressed. Though they would not be organizing the foundation, they would be key players in marketing the foundation to their current donors through their individual websites. UNESCO, WMF, and DOCOMOMO especially due to their involvement RATIONAL with studying the site. Other partners would have to include an arts, theater, music, and dance Due to the fact that the National Art Schools are on the tentative list and given the nature of school, preferably from the Caribbean, South America, or Europe to sponsor some funding to what the Spanish Funds-in-Trust seeks to accomplish, it is a rational choice to propose desig- the foundation with the promise that student and resource exchanges could be possible. nation on the World Heritage List. In addition to World Heritage designation, part of the yearly 600,000 Euro budget could be allocated the stabilization and plant mitigation that many of the buildings are in urgent need of. Though designation would allow for possible funds allo- EXAMPLE cated by the World Heritage Fund, and that option should be fully explored, the Trust specially Carlos Acosta International Dance Foundation allocates funds to sites in Latin America and the Caribbean making it a more possible source The Cuban ballet dancer Carlos Acosta has created the Carlos Acosta International Dance of funding for the National Art Schools. Foundation to fund the restoration and completion of the School of Ballet. The foundation is 65 66 working with an agreement with the Cuban government to complete the schools so they may LINKAGES be used as an international dance school upon completion. According to their unaudited Please refer to the Office of Historian’s recommendation, in Chapter 3, regarding expanding of financial statements for the year 2014 (year 2015 is not available) the foundation has a total Escuela Taller - an obvious and direct impact of the ERF, as well as the People’s recommendation of 148,563 Euros of unrestricted funds. Though a great start, the funds available as of 2014 are regarding Community Preservation Cooperatives - an indirect impact of the ERF. Yet, at heart, not enough for the completion of the school. this is the main goal, to empower the people of Cuba to take action in preserving and pro- tecting their homes, regardless of housing style. Emergency Resources Fund (La Escuela Taller Modernismo) Partnership to bring in specialized training for modern building. GENERAL DESCRIPTION Training in modern materials and methods/ Exchanges for preserva- The Emergency Resources Fund would be created for the purpose of ensuring resources are allocated and directed towards global emergency situations. The imagined pilot project of tion (ICCROM Course on Modern Architecture) this fund would be towards preventing and restoring building collapse in Cuba. The ERF would fund this endeavor, allocating funds in new ways.. Global monies could have a large impact GENERAL DESCRIPTION on preventing (and restoring) building collapses, through financing education. Collapses im- One of ICCROM’s core activities is offering training courses to professionals. Conserva- pact Cuban citizens every day, resulting in injury, homes and businesses lost, and sometimes tion and preservation of modern buildings is an area of expertise that has not been ful- tragically, death. The international community, beyond preservationists, care about such pre- ly developed within Havana, though there are great training and education programs for ventable disasters which could become scarce over time and training. This could begin with the preservation of colonial architecture. There are educational needs for working pro- a proper funding model. fessionals regarding specific best practices when dealing with materials used to building modern buildings. ICCROM has the platform to make a specialized course to teach prac- ticing professionals in Havana restoration techniques for modern buildings. We propose an 8 week free course for professionals in Havana that specially focuses on modern preservation techniques specifically highlighting best practices for repairing and replacing concrete in buildings. The course could also focus on how modern buildings were built so they may understand their built structure before administering interventions to the buildings.

“Inside La Escuela Taller Modernismo” RATIONALE This course should be developed by ICCROM because it is one of the key ways they car- PROJECT PARTNERS & IMPLEMENTATION ry out their mission. Cuba is a Member State of ICCROM, giving it the full right of ben- Escuela Taller, a trade school focusing on preserving colonial architecture in Cuba, encour- efits to use ICCROM as a resource for conservation and preservation. The needfor aged to expand under the Office of the City Historian section of this report, to include pre- education about properly handling interventions for modern buildings is high in Ha- serving modern building types. The school needs funding to expand their program. Increasing vana, and this is an opportunity for existing professionals to receive the training. education in Cuba creates a ripple effect of informal teaching and learning. The ERF would finance this first, yet crucial step. There are a few interesting ways that would help to involve PROJECT PARTNERS & IMPLEMENTATION and engage donors of many ages and backgrounds. Hosting a series of local-global events The project would require partnering with the Cuban Ministry of Culture to organize the course. for all ages provides access and an interesting experience gained. This could be achieved ICCROM may also find it necessary to work with DOCOMOMO and DOCOMOMO Cuba through multiple formats: experts giving talks about housing security & collapses at Architec- to formulate the course materials. Another partner may be the Escuela Taller to foster the ture & Planning schools (low cost admission rates, proceeds going to the ERF), hosting a TED location to have the course as well as find participants in the course through their alumni. talk (with major proceeds from the event going to the ERF rather than TED), having an arts and music event with diverse artists (proceeds going to the ERF), etc. EXAMPLE A recent example of a conservation specific course is the upcoming Wood Conserva- EXAMPLE tion Technology course that is taught is Oslo, Norway. The course has been a yearly oc- Examples of this recommendation in action are boundless - from the incredibly practical do- currence since 1984 and is offered free of charge to the chosen professionals. This year, nation sites such as World Vision (funds go directly to building schools in other countries), to the it will occur from May 19 to June 30 (ICCROM, 2015). This is an example of a very special- more engaging, of the Global Citizens Festival, which allows for more general attention to be ized course that focuses on conserving wood that has been used in heritage structures paid. The Global Citizens Festival is a music and arts event where citizens attend to not only which largely includes architecture. This could be a model for formulating a course on hear great music, but where world leaders pledge to help or donate to distant places. This, in modern materials conservation. In addition, this is a bi-yearly course that has continued particular, is what this recommendation aims to do - create awareness and cultivate humani- since 1984, giving Havana the ability to continue this proposed course for years to come. tarianism regardless of place. LINKAGES Community Restoration Co-Op 67 68 CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY Altimir, O. (1998). The Cuban Economy. Retrieved from CRESPIAL (2014). Proyecto Multinacional Salvaguar- Cuba has the best legal framework in support of their historic preservation than many other dia del Patrimonio Cultural Inmaterial de las Comuni- countries in the world. The environmental law No. 81 enacted in 1997 was the Cuban response Barbacci, N. (2016, April 12). Interview with Norma Bar- dades Aymara de Bolivia, Chile y Perú. (n.d.). to the UN 21 Agenda of 1992. It acknowledged Cuba’s role among nations for a sustain- bacci [Personal interview]. Retrieved from http://www.crespial.org/es/Proyec- able world, and it legitimized the importance of preserving the historic fabric already a part tos/index/0001/salvaguardia-del-patrimonio-cultur- Bond, Brittany. "Transformations in Cuba After the Spe- al-inmaterial-de-las-comunidades-aymara-de-boliv- of the Cuban constitution. 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(n.d.). UNDP. Retrieved from http://www. forms and Economic Performance in the 1990s . Re- new in a sustainable world which Cuba is committed to achieving in the UN 2030 agenda. latinamerica.undp.org/content/rblac/en/home/our- trieved from http://www.cepal.org/publicaciones/ work/climate-and-disaster-resilience/successstories/ xml/8/9458/R746-Rev1-Parte1.pdf women-from-honduras-learn-about-solar-energy-in-india.html ECLAC (2014). ECLAC’s Executive Secretary Con- con la UNESCO'. Retrieved from http://www.diariodecu- cludes Visit to Cuba. Retrieved from http://www. ba.com/cuba/1454433896_19933.html cepal.org/en/pressreleases/eclacs-executive-secretary-concludes-visit-cuba Council (2004). Retrieved from http://www.unep.org/ GC/GCSS-VIII/Cuba%20IWRM.pdf ECLAC (2016). About ECLAC. Retrieved from http:// www.cepal.org/en/about

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71 72 Wise, M. (2014). The Architectural Importance of the U.S. Embassy in Havana, Cuba. Retrieved from http://www. architectmagazine.com/design/the-architectural-importance-of-the-us-embassy-in-havana-cuba_o

Welcome to WWOOF. World Wide Opportunities on Organic Farms. Retrieved from http://www.wwoof.net/welcome-to-wwoof/ APPENDIX Welton, J. Michael. (2011, October 14). Hemingway’s Finca Vigia restored in partnership of Cuban, U.S. preserva- PRESERVATION LAWS AND POLICIES IN CUBA tionists. The Washington Post. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com

WMF. (2016). 2016 World Monuments Watch. Retrieved from https://www.wmf.org/watch/watch_year/2016 Legal Frame that support sustainability for historic preservation: Law 81 “The environmental law”- It decrees that future development must be done sustain- WMF. (2016). National Art Schools. Retrieved from https://www.wmf.org/project/national-art-schools ably (Houck, 2000). Law 81 has 14 titles and 163 articles that embrace: air, water, waste, noise, toxic substances, historic preservation, biological diversity, national parks, forests, wildlife ref- WMF. (2016). Who We Are. Retrieved from https://www.wmf.org/who-we-are uges, coastal zone management, education, research and technology, environmental im- Wright, R et al. (2009). Our Place in the Sun: Canada and Cuba in the Castro Era. University of Toronto Press. pact assessment and planning, inspection, enforcement, and penalty regimes." which CITMA manages and control (Houck, 2000). Zequeira, M. (2005). The National Art Schools of Havana. Docomomo Journal, 33, 20-26. Article 4 of Law 81 interprets sustainable development to mean that the state "Establish and “20th Century Heritage - Helsinki 1995.” 20th Century Heritage - Helsinki 1995. N.p., 24 Feb 2005. Accessed 27 Jan facilitate the necessary means and guarantees to protect the right to a sound environment in 2016. http://www.easybib.com/cite/view an adequate and timely manner" (Houck, 2000, p. 5).

Law 81 Article 65 creates a national fund for the environment in 1997 (Houck, 2000).

Article 66 establishes the required regulations and fees. CITMA – (El Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología y Medio Ambiente & Dirección de Relaciones Internacionales) (Regata, 2016). (Ministry of Science, Technology y the Environment & Inter- national relations) It was created in 1994 and It administrates all the environmental programs including the Historic Preservation program. Monuments, Legislations and International Prac- tices (Heritage Protection) 1964 - 1994 Chapter II “National Register of Cultural Properties”:

Article 3 Creates the Cuban National Register of Cultural Properties (NRCP), managed by the Ministry of Culture.

Article 5 All natural or juridical persons are obligated to declare possession of Cultural Properties to the National Register.

Article 6 Owners of properties included in the National Register shall guarantee its conservation and absolute integrity.

Law 80 decree No. 123 establish sanctions for administrative infractions. Third Section: Article 4, items 4, and 5: Whoever performs work or jobs in residential common areas of multi-family buildings without proper authorization will be fine 20 pesos 5) Anyone that obstructs in any way or form the common areas of a multi-family building will be fine 3 pesos. Source: http://www.medioambiente.cu/legislación/D-123.htm

Title 2 Article 18 establishes the tools to execute the law

Law 118 provides a legal framework for foreign Investments in Cuba.

Law 77 Article 12 Foreign investments act shall adopt one of the following forms: a) Joint venture; b) International economic-association contract; or c) Company with totally foreign capital. 1995

73 74 Law decree No. 147 was the reorganization of government and financial committees, which Cuba's Law of Foreign Investment provides a substantive standard for environmental protec- includes the consolidation of departments and the accepting of funds from non-governmen- tion and a process driven by CITMA for carrying it out (Houck,2000). tal agencies. OXFAM Law 81 Titulo XII They work to develop and empower local communities. Articles 141 -145 are dedicated in great detail la PRESERVACIÓN DEL PATRIMONIO CULTURAL Support when such situations are beyond the local community's ability to address. And the Environment. Source: http://www.sld.cu/galerias/pdf/sitios/insat/ley-81-citma.pdf, p. Oxfam has worked in close partnership with government institutions, local partners and com- 26.27 munities, the academic sector and Cuban civil society since 1991. At a regional level, they promote international exchanges, projects and initiatives, with the CUBAN CIVIL SOCIETIES involvement of Cuban counterparts in international networks. Oxfam is working with local partners in the following Cuban provinces: Antonio Nunez Jimenez y Lupe Velis (FANJ) Havana, Pinar del Río, Artemisa, Mayabeque, Sancti Spíritus, Camagüey, Source:http://www.fanj.cult.cu/pag_fundacion/misionvision.html Las Tunas, Holguín, Santiago de Cuba and Guantánamo (Oxfam Cuba, 2016).

Medio Ambiente.cu “Cambio” (Change) is a project financed by the European Union, WWF in joint adventure with http://www.medioambiente.cu/index.php/proyinternacionales?id=51 FANJ (foundation Antonio Nunez Jimenez) a Cuban civil society.

El Instituto de Planificación Física (The Institute of Physical Planning) UNDP (United Nation Development Program) 1) Under the direction of CITMA ( Ministry of science, Technology and the environment. In collaboration with the government provides Small Grants Program (SGP), a program sup- 2) Agencies of the United Nations with which the Institute has obtained international collabo- ported by the Global Environment Fund (GEF) and UNDP. UNDP has a long track record in ration from: Cuba and is trusted and valued by Cuban institutions.

HABITAT, (programas Mundial de asentamientos humanos)/HABITAT for Humanity WWF, World Wide Fund for Nature (also known as World Wildlife Fund)

PNUD, (programas de las Naciones Unidas para el desarrollo)/ United Nations Development ECLAC (El CEPAL) Economic Development for Latin America and El Caribe Programs (Headquartered in Santiago, Chile). It is an a social and economic council, and one of the five regional commissions of the United Nations. It contributes to the economic and social de- UNESCO (Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia Y la Cultura) velopment of Latin America and the Caribbean, and it coordinates actions directed towards All projects in Cuba are subject to the Planning Ministry review and approval per the this end. It reinforces economic relationships among the countries and with the other nations contents of these zoning plans, a process called "micro-localization” (González). of the world. They provide an overview of research in all areas, including population, labor Resolution 77/99 requires applicants for environmental licenses to have already received mi- market, poverty, education and training, health, housing, social security, gender and environ- cro-localization approvals. ment.

ONEI The Cuban environmental annual report of 2015 published by (La Oficina Nacional de CRESPIAL Estadisticas e Informacion, ONEI) declared an investment of 562.7 Million pesos on It is a regional center for the safeguarding of the intangible culture of Latin America. It is an environmental protection for every economic activity in the country including independent regional committee managed in alliance with UNESCO. There are fifteen (15) Construction.(ONEI, 2015). Construction was 76.4 million pesos of their total investment expen- LA countries, and Cuba is one of them. CRESPIAL was first funded by Peru. In 2013 Latin Ameri- diture in 2014. can countries direct contributions were US $483,372 (CRESPIAL January 2014). For instance The Multinational Project to Preserve the Cultural Patrimony of Latin America is a guide directed at that, preserving and valuing the traditional music and culture of Latin American. It is especially INTERNATIONAL COMPANIES CURRENTLY WORKING AND COLLABORATING IN CUBA directed at Bolivia, Chile and Peru (CRESPIAL, 2014).

Through the organization and investments listed below, these are the main objectives: ZED Mariel: “The Special Economic Development Zone of Mariel” • Attract foreign investment It is a project dedicated to the encouragement of the nation’s sustainable economic devel- • Achieve industrial development that permits generating exports and promotes the re- opment through attracting foreign investment, technological innovation and industrial con- placement of imports centration --all the while at the same time ensuring environmental protection. It covers an • Promote the transfer of cutting-edge technology, know-how and managerial skills area of 465.4 square kilometers (180 sq. mi.), 45 Km. (28 mi.) west of Havana.” (Zed, 2014). • Generate new sources of employment and long term financing • Develop infrastructures and services that allow providing an efficacious and efficient business platform, thereby contributing to the success of the investments being established there.

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