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Workshop on Telepresence-Enabled Exploration of the Caribbean Region White Paper Submissions

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Workshop on Telepresence-Enabled Exploration of the Caribbean Region White Paper Submissions Workshop on Telepresence-enabled Exploration of the Caribbean Region White Paper Submissions Ocean Exploration Trust October 5, 2012 Contents 1 Overview 4 2 Region 1: Yucat´anto Bahamas 6 2.1 Yucat´ancontinental slope and Yucat´anbasin ................. 6 2.2 Relict Reefs .................................... 8 2.3 Campeche and Yucat´anEscarpments ...................... 9 2.4 Escarpment biodiversity along the Campeche Bank .............. 11 2.5 Offshore sinkholes and caves Yucat´anMexico ................. 13 2.6 Yucat´anStrait .................................. 14 2.7 Chinchorro Bank Biosphere Reserve ...................... 16 2.8 Shipwrecks of the Belizean Cayes & coastal deep waters ........... 18 2.9 Belize Barrier Reef and the Gulf of Honduras ................. 19 2.10 Oil & gas cold seep benthic communities .................... 22 2.11 Exploring hidden ecosystems in the Straits of Florida ............. 23 2.12 The Exuma Sound ................................ 26 2.13 North Bahamas to Dominican Republic .................... 29 2.14 Using ROVs to explore Bahamas Blue Holes .................. 31 2.15 Mesophotic coral ecosystem ........................... 32 3 Region 2: Cayman Rise to Greater Antilles 35 3.1 Mid Cayman Rise ................................ 36 3.2 Cayman Trough ................................. 37 3.3 Gonave Bay, Haiti ................................ 37 3.4 Bobadilla’s Fleet ................................. 39 3.5 Mona Passage, Puerto Rico ........................... 40 3.6 Mona Channel .................................. 42 3.7 Puerto Rico Trench and Muertos Trough .................... 44 3.8 Glacial Shorelines and Reefs on Insular Slopes ................. 46 3.9 Corals as an indicator of SST Variation .................... 48 3.10 Anegada-Jungfern Passage Complex ...................... 50 2 CONTENTS 3 3.11 U.S. EEZ around Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands ............. 52 3.12 Spawning aggregation of mutton snapper ................... 55 3.13 Exploration of deep water fauna off the Virgin Islands shelf ......... 57 4 Region 3: Caribbean Basin 59 4.1 Bay Islands, Honduras ............................. 59 4.2 Chicxulub Ejecta Impacts ............................ 62 4.3 Caribbean Margin of Nicaragua ......................... 63 4.4 Oil Exploration .................................. 64 4.5 Regional tectonics, Geophysics ......................... 65 4.6 Colombian Caribbean deep water coral communities ............. 67 4.7 Islas del Rosario y San Bernardo ........................ 69 4.8 Sin´uBelt, Columbian Basin, S. Caribbean ................... 72 4.9 Bonaire, Mesophotic reefs and tsunami deposits ............... 75 4.10 Trinidad & Tobago Fish and Oil ........................ 78 5 Region 4: Lesser Antilles 80 5.1 Submarine slopes of Soufriere Hills volcano, Montserrat, Lesser Antilles .. 81 5.2 ROV Exploration of submarine debris avalanche deposits .......... 83 5.3 The Eastern Caribbean ............................. 87 5.4 Aves Ridge .................................... 92 5.5 Qualibou Caldera, Saint Lucia, Lesser Antilles ................ 93 5.6 Grenada undersea volcanoes and adjacent island slopes ........... 95 5.7 Kick’em Jenny submarine volcanic field, Grenada, Lesser Antilles ..... 97 5.8 Trinidad Barbados seep province ........................ 100 6 Caribbean-wide 103 6.1 Steep slopes of Cayman and Puerto Rico .................... 104 6.2 Benthic-pelagic coupling ............................. 106 6.3 Caribbean Seamounts .............................. 108 6.4 Naval Craft in the Caribbean .......................... 110 6.5 Deep sea corals .................................. 112 6.6 Deep water sponges and gorgonians ...................... 116 6.7 Biofluorescence/Bioluminescence ........................ 118 6.8 Former CARICOMP marine laboratory network sites ............. 120 6.9 Ciguatera Fish Poisoning in the Caribbean .................. 122 6.10 Ciguatera Fish Poisoning ............................ 123 6.11 Deep reefs .................................... 124 6.12 Marine Mammals ................................ 126 6.13 Fish Kills and Coral Bleaching ......................... 127 6.14 Burrow morphology and ichnofacies ...................... 128 4 CONTENTS 7 Technology 130 7.1 Caribbean Sea .................................. 130 7.2 Technology development ............................ 131 8 Terrestrial/Shallow 133 8.1 Novel Antibiotics and Anticancer Drugs .................... 133 8.2 Lost pre-Columbian landscapes of the Caribbean ............... 134 8.3 Historical Ecology ................................ 136 List of Figures 1.1 Map of target areas in the Caribbean Region. Yellow: Region 1. Red: Region 2. Blue: Region 3. Green: Region 4. .................. 5 2.1 Map of target areas in Region 1: Yucat´anto Bahamas ............ 6 3.1 Map of target areas in Region 2: Cayman Rise to Greater Antilles ..... 35 4.1 Map of target areas in the Bahamas ...................... 59 5.1 Map of target areas in the Lesser Antilles Region ............... 80 6.1 Map of target areas that span several regions of the Caribbean ....... 103 5 Chapter 1 Overview The Ocean Exploration Trust is pleased to announce a regional conference in October 2012 to enable stakeholders interested in exploration of the Caribbean region to discuss which specific areas are the most promising for making new discoveries and for developing collaborative region-wide research programs based upon these discoveries. The workshop builds upon a workshop hosted by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Office of Ocean Exploration and Research (OER) in May 2011, at the University of Rhode Island Graduate School of Oceanography. That workshop focused on the Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico. Fifty scientists, archaeologists, and agency representatives reviewed a series of white papers that had been solicited to define the biggest priorities for exploration in these regions, with 12 papers submitted for work in the Gulf of Mexico and 11 in the Caribbean Sea. Some of the papers extended or built upon existing primary research, and some of the papers laid out a more general program to survey unexplored terrain. The 2012 workshop and resulting plan will support the mandate to strengthen our un- derstanding of the Caribbean Sea through the use of mapping, deep submergence, and telepresence technology. The document will be used by the Nautilus Exploration Program to develop field programs during the 2013 field season period that Nautilus is operating in the region. The planning document will also provide valuable input to NOAA OER as it prepares for field programs on the NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer, which will be operat- ing in the Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean Sea for the foreseeable future. Operating two ships of exploration in the region will be key to successful implementation of the planning document but we also anticipate that other research platforms, perhaps from regional countries, can be enlisted to undertake exploration programs based on the plan. 6 7 In addition to identifying key priority areas for exploration, the planning process will include further development of the “Doctors on Call” model of engaging a broad range of scientific expertise through live satellite-based interaction with the ships of exploration. We also plan to include education and outreach programs in the plan for this region. This telepresence capability will enable us to work with partner countries to foster real- time interaction by their research communities and stakeholders, and open opportunities for engaging the next generation of regional scientists. Because of the possibility for live access to field programs, we expect that they will generate broader public support for and interest in exploration of the Caribbean Seas and ocean exploration in general. For more information on the Nautilus and Okeanos Explorer exploration programs, please see our latest supplement to Oceanography, which can be found here: http://www.tos.org/oceanography/archive/25-1 supplement.html Figure 1.1: Map of target areas in the Caribbean Region. Yellow: Region 1. Red: Region 2. Blue: Region 3. Green: Region 4. Chapter 2 Region 1: Yucat´anto Bahamas Figure 2.1: Map of target areas in Region 1: Yucat´anto Bahamas 2.1 Yucat´ancontinental slope and Yucat´anbasin Author and collaborators 8 2.1. YUCATAN´ CONTINENTAL SLOPE AND YUCATAN´ BASIN 9 Jose Luis Juanes [email protected] Institute of Oceanology. Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment. Cuba Manuel Iturralde-Vinent [email protected] Sociedad Cubana de Geolog´ıa Why this area may be of interest Biology The discovery of new species of fishes, benthic organisms and microorganisms contributes to marine biodiversity knowledge on the continental slope and basin. Marine macro and microorganisms are also a potential source for the production of biologically actives substance that would not be observed from terrestrial organisms. Geology The study of geological structures and sediments on the continental slope con- tribute to understanding the shelf origin. The information obtained may be useful to explore mineral resources, gas, and oil. Knowledge of the area is essential to understand the geologic constitution of the basin and deep, a key aspect to the un- derstanding of the origin of the Caribbean. Chemistry The chemical characterization of water and sediments contribute to under- standing the particularities of the environmental conditions on the continental slope and basin. Physical oceanography The physical
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