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Videogame Tourism: Spawning the Digital Into the Physical Realm in the British Isles University of Wisconsin Milwaukee UWM Digital Commons Theses and Dissertations December 2020 Videogame Tourism: Spawning the Digital into the Physical Realm in the British Isles Heather Rebecca Brinkman University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.uwm.edu/etd Part of the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Brinkman, Heather Rebecca, "Videogame Tourism: Spawning the Digital into the Physical Realm in the British Isles" (2020). Theses and Dissertations. 2467. https://dc.uwm.edu/etd/2467 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by UWM Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UWM Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. VIDEOGAME TOURISM: SPAWNING THE DIGITAL INTO THE PHYSICAL REALM IN THE BRITISH ISLES by Heather R. Brinkman A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology at The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee December 2020 ABSTRACT VIDEOGAME TOURISM: SPAWNING THE DIGITAL INTO THE PHYSICAL REALM IN THE BRITISH ISLES by Heather R. Brinkman The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 2020 Under the Supervision of Professors W. Warner Wood and Thomas M. Malaby Video game tourism is in its infancy but growing in popularity. This dissertation is an anthropological study of gamers’ attempts to interact with the physical environments in Scotland that influenced the virtual landscapes to which they have an emotional connection. Seven of the locations I identified as potential field sites provided some form of ethnographic material. I traveled with gamers to these seven sites. While at these sites, I observed and interviewed people that I met as well as did participant observations with those I went with. This project was able to demonstrate that gamers and tourists alike attempt to reach toward an unencumbered self but this process is fraught with obligations and is typically unattainable. Whether those obligations or encumbrances are created before or during their travels, there is always an underlying sense of connectivity that makes a complete break from the sociocultural world impossible. Nostalgia is the driving force behind reenactments of precious memories so it is no wonder that gamers who feel a strong connection to their virtual worlds would attempt to recreate those memories through interactions with the physical landscape that shape their virtual worlds. This dissertation demonstrates that while setting out to reenact specific nostalgic moments is one of the motivations for gaming tourists, they have a cyclical relationship with nostalgia. Once they return from their physical journeys to the virtual environment, they are hit ii with another form of nostalgic reenactment. Gaming tourism is a new phenomenon that allows for gamers to give in to their nostalgic sentiments and recursively represent their identities as gamers in a more public fashion through recreating scenes from the game within the physical landscape. iii © Heather R. Brinkman, 2020 All Rights Reserved iv To My amazing children, husband, and parents v TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures ............................................................................................................................ vi List of Appendices .................................................................................................................... vii Acknowledgements.………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. viii Chapter 1: Loading Page: Introduction ........................................................................................ 1 Chapter 2: Tangibility of the Virtual ........................................................................................... 21 Chapter 3: Stifling the Urge to Geek Out ................................................................................... 62 Chapter 4: Reintegration ........................................................................................................... 95 Chapter 5: Reaching for the Heavens: Legend, Myths, and Evocative Landscapes ................... 125 Chapter 6: Side Quests! Puzzle Game: Juxta Positioning of the Physical Sites .......................... 161 Chapter 7: TKO: Impact of Tourism on the Locals .................................................................... 185 Chapter 8: Virtually Touring .................................................................................................... 212 Chapter 9: Endgame: Where It All Comes Together ................................................................. 233 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................ 244 Appendices ............................................................................................................................. 261 Curriculum Vitae …………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………. 283 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Fingal's Cave on the Isle of Staffa which is nicknamed the "Minecraft Cave"…………. 7 Figure 2.1: Instant messages between myself and Gwen concerning the trip…………………………. 21 Figure 2.2: Screenshot of the map of the Timeless Isles from World of Warcraft……………………. 34 Figure 2.3: Screenshot of the noncombat pet awarded to players who have killed Garnia and received this rare drop ..…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 39 Figure 2.4: A screenshot of the achievement earned once a player a has killed all of the elite monsters on the Timeless Isles, which includes Garnia ……………………………………………… 39 Figure 3.1: Abandoned building on road leading to the FallOut Bunker……………………………………69 Figure 3.2: Cole’s attempt to parkour at St. Conan’s Kirk………………………………………………………… 72 Figure 3.3: Gwen attempting to recreate a scene from Uncharted 4………………………………………. 80 Figure 3.4: Tourist ignoring sign in Dunnottar Castle………………………………………………………………. 84 Figure 3.5: The above photo was taken from Alnwick Castle's website (alnwickcastle.com)…… 85 Figure 3.6: A photo from Skara Brae on Orkney……………………………………………………………………... 88 Figure 3.7: A screenshot from the original The Bard’s Tale of Skara Brae……………………………….. 88 Figure 4.1: This is an example of one of my participant’s social media posts…………………….….. 106 Figure 4.2: This is an example of the positive reactions to one of my participant’s social media posts ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 106 Figure 4.3: This is a screenshot showing positive responses to one of my participant’s social media posts.……………………………………………………………………………………………………….…….. 106 Figure 5.1: Glencoe and the descent of the heavens…………….…………………………….………………… 126 Figure 5.2: The Fairy Glen on the Isle of Skye …………………………………………………………….………… 128 Figure 5.3: The Fairy Glen on the Isle of Skye ………………………………………………………………………. 129 Figure 5.4: Screenshot from Playstation’s VR game Perfect …………………………………………………. 145 Figure 5.5: Photo of Brian Fargo at Skara Brae from Dungeons and Desktops: The History of Computer Role-Playing Games 2e ……………………………………………………………………………. 148 Figure 6.1: Map of Alnwick Castle: The four areas that are divided into different activities are circled with different colors to make them more apparent …................. 155 Figure 6.2: Two wizards attempt to demonstrate how to fly a broom at Alnwick Castle ……… 158 Figure 6.3: The sign outside the physical location of Dunnottar Castle ……………………………..…. 163 Figure 6.4: The map of Call of Duty: Ghosts …………………………………………………………………….…… 163 Figure 6.5: Alnwick Castle Harry Potter Broomstick Training Area ……………………………………..… 170 Figure 6.6: Cairns made by tourists on beach at Skara Brae …………………………………………………. 177 Figure 6.7: First sign into Skara Brae village ……………………………………………………………………..….. 182 Figure 6.8: The first of the timeline pavers taking the tourists back in time ……………………..….. 182 Figure 7.1: Rolling hills on the northern portion of the Isle of Skye ……………………………………... 192 Figure 8.1: The I Hotel in Taiwan is a state-of-the-art gaming hotel ………………………….....……… 220 Figure 8.2: Screenshot from Dear Esther. It shows a majestic version of a pier that is not on the physical island ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 227 Figure 8.3: Midmar’s recumbent stones and kirk ……………………………………………………….………… 229 vii LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix A: The History of Alnwick Castle …………………………………………………………………………… 261 Appendix B: The History of Harry Potter and the resulting videogame(s) ……………………...……… 264 Appendix C: Skara Brae.………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 267 Appendix D: The Bard’s Tale …………………………………………………………………………………...……………. 270 Appendix E: The History of St. Conan’s Kirk ……………………………………………………………….…………. 272 Appendix F: Explanation of Uncharted 4 ……………………………………………………………………….……… 274 Appendix G: The History of Scotland’s FallOut Shelter ………………………………………………….……... 275 Appendix H: FallOut Videogame Background ……………………...…………………………………...…………. 277 Appendix I: Assassin’s Creed ………………………………….…………………………………………………….………. 279 Appendix J: Dunnottar Castle …………………………………………………………………………………………….... 280 Appendix K: Call of Duty ……………………………………………………………………………………...………….…... 281 Appendix L: Dear Esther …………………………………………………………………………………………………………282 viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are so many people that I want to thank, but first and foremost my amazing family. You all have been so patient and supportive that I could not have done this without you. Celeste, Jonathan, Matthew, and Morgan: you all are the reason I push so hard to achieve my goals. I cannot
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