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Mabelle CHEDID NNT° : 2019IAVF0016 THESE DE DOCTORAT préparée à l’Institut des sciences et industries du vivant et de l’environnement (AgroParisTech) pour obtenir le grade de Docteur de l’Institut agronomique vétérinaire et forestier de France Spécialité : Sciences agronomiques École doctorale n°581 Agriculture, alimentation, biologie, environnement et santé (ABIES) par Mabelle CHEDID Sustainability of agro-pastoralist systems undergoing global changes as reflected by farmers’ perception and value chain analysis: a Lebanese case-study Directeur de thèse : Jean-François TOURRAND Co-encadrement de la thèse : Shadi HAMADEH Thèse présentée et soutenue à Paris, le 12 Juillet 2019 : Composition du jury : M. Philippe LESCOAT, Professeur, AgroParisTech, Paris Président M. Benoit DEDIEU, Directeur de recherche, INRA, Clermont-Ferrand Rapporteur M. Taher SRAIRI, Professeur, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II de Rabat, Maroc Rapporteur Mme Valérie BERTHELOT, Maitre de Conférences, AgroParisTech, Paris Examinatrice Mme Marie-Odile NOZIERES-PETIT, Ingénieur de Recherche, INRA, Montpellier Examinatrice M. Shadi HAMADEH, Professeur, American University of Beirut, Liban Co-Directeur de thèse M. Jean-François TOURRAND, Directeur de Recherche, Cirad-Green, Montpellier Directeur de thèse UR Green – CIRAD Avenue Agropolis, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5 Université Américaine de Beyrouth Durabilité des systèmes agropastoraux soumis aux changements globaux reflétée par l'analyse de la perception des pasteurs et de la filière: une étude de cas libanaise Mots‐clés: durabilité, agro‐pastoralisme, parcours, perception des pasteurs, filière, Liban. Sustainability of agro‐pastoralist systems undergoing global changes as reflected by farmers’ perception and value chain analysis: a Lebanese case‐study Keywords: sustainability, agro‐pastoralism, rangeland, farmers’ perception, value chain, Lebanon Mabelle G. Chedid Travail réalisé sous la responsabilité scientifique de J‐F. Tourrand et avec le co‐encadrement de S. Hamadeh UR Green – CIRAD Université Américaine de Beyrouth ii DEDICATION To my loving father Ghassan, my all-time supporter and friend, To my husband Jean, my best friend, the gin to my tonic, To my beautiful Maria…I see a bright future in your big round eyes! Thank you for your love, strength and patience! To the soul of my grandmother Meybol, my idol. Mabelle iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am grateful to everyone who has contributed to this research. My sincere appreciation goes to my advisors and mentors Prof. Jean‐Francois Tourrand and Prof. Shadi Hamadeh who believed in me and guided me throughout my work. Thank you for the opportunities and continuous support! I am thankful for my colleagues in ESDU (Environment and sustainable Development Unit at the American University of Beirut – AUB) for encouraging me throughout this experience. A special thank you to Lina for your friendship, advices and feedback. Big thank you to Sarah, Salwa and Ali for your support and contribution. I am also grateful to the University Research Board (URB) of AUB and the Lebanese National Council for Scientific Research (CNRS) for the financial support, particularly in the absence of a specific fund for my research. I would also like to thank Cirad and more specifically UR‐GREEN team for hosting me several times in Montpellier to work on my data, discuss my work and exchange with people working in different parts of the world. This experience has enriched my mind and I hope it was well translated into my work. I want to acknowledge all the farmers I visited during my field work and who have warmly welcomed me at their homes and farms and shared their stories with me. I wouldn’t have done this without you! I cannot thank enough my family for their unconditional love during my ups and downs while working on my thesis. Thank you all for your encouragement! iv Contents DEDICATION .................................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..................................................................................................................... iv PUBLICATIONS BASED ON THE THESIS ............................................................................................ vi LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................................. vii LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................. ix LIST OF ANNEXES .............................................................................................................................. x SUMMARY IN FRENCH ..................................................................................................................... xi INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 21 CHAPTER I: CHALLENGES FACING AGRO‐PASTORAL SYSTEMS IN THE DRY ARAB REGION: A CASE STUDY FROM LEBANON ................................................................................................................ 25 CHAPTER II: MATERIAL AND METHODS ........................................................................................ 41 RESULTS ......................................................................................................................................... 87 CHAPTER III: FARMERS’ PERCEPTION TO CHANGE AND ADAPTATION STRATEGIES OF SMALL RUMINANT SYSTEMS IN THE WEST BEKAA OF LEBANON ............................................................. 88 CHAPTER IV: THE LEBANESE KISHK: A TRADITIONAL DAIRY PRODUCT IN A CHANGING LOCAL FOOD SYSTEM .............................................................................................................................. 106 Developing strategies for different systems of small ruminant production based on farmers’ perceptions of change ................................................................................................................. 119 CHAPTER V: INTENSIFICATION AS A SET OF POSSIBLE SCENARIOS FOR THE FUTURE OF AGRO‐ PASTORALISM: CASE STUDY OF DAIRY SYSTEMS IN THE WEST BEKAA AND CHOUF OF LEBANON ..................................................................................................................................................... 121 DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................................. 146 CHAPTER VI: RANGELAND CHALLENGES MANAGEMENT: CROSSING AGRO‐PASTORALISTS’ TALKS AND PERCEPTIONS IN CONTRASTED AREAS ................................................................................ 146 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 162 ANNEXES ...................................................................................................................................... 163 ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... 198 v PUBLICATIONS BASED ON THE THESIS Abstracts 1. Chedid, M., Diehl, K. and Hamadeh, S.K., 2019. Developing strategies for different systems of small ruminant production based on farmers perceptions of change. The 3rd Agriculture and Climate Change Conference, Budapest Hungary, 24‐26 March 2019. (Poster) Articles in peer‐reviewed journals 2. Chedid, M., Tourrand, J.F., Jaber, L.S. and Hamadeh, S.K., 2018. Farmers’ perception to change and adaptation strategies of small ruminant systems in the West Bekaa of Lebanon. Small Rum Res 167: 16‐21. 3. Chedid, M., Tawk, S.T., Chalak, A., Karam, S. and Hamadeh, S.K., 2018. The Lebanese Kishk: a traditional dairy product in a changing local food system. Journal of Food Research 7(5): 16‐23. https://doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v7n5p16 Book chapters 4. Chedid M., Vendreuscolo R., Pozo C., Opplert, M., Pachoud, C., Waquil P., and Tourrand J.F., (2019). Rangeland Challenges Management: Crossing Breeders’ Talks and Points of View in Contrasted Areas. Specific Environments Global Integrated Management, Ed. Luiz Osterbeek, UNESCO publications. Accepted for publication. 5. Chedid, M., Jaber, L. and Hamadeh, S.K., (2019). Challenges facing agro‐pastoral systems in the dry Arab region: a case study from Lebanon. Livestock Policy, edited by UFRGS University Editions, Brazil. Accepted for publication. vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Evolution of small ruminants herds from 2003 to 2010 (thousands of heads). Source: Compiled from MoA (2005, 2007, 2010) ....................................................................................... 29 Figure 2: Lebanon’s location on the world map (Source: Google maps, 2019) ............................ 43 Figure 3: Distribution of the villages in the West Bekaa where small ruminant farmers were surveyed (Source: Google maps) ................................................................................................... 44 Figure 4: The Chouf expanding from the shorelines of Damour to the highest peaks of Mount Barouk (Source: Google maps) ...................................................................................................... 45 Figure 5: The Litani river during winter time: Mount Lebanon (in the background) covered with snow and separating the valley from the Chouf. Picture taken by the author on 13.01.13 in her hometown Saghbine ....................................................................................................................
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