DOCSLIB.ORG

Chromium, Vanadium and Ascorbate Effects on Lipids, Cortisol

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chromium, Vanadium and Ascorbate Effects on Lipids, Cortisol CHROMIUM, VANADIUM AND ASCORBATE EFFECTS ON LIPIDS, CORTISOL, GLUCOSE AND TISSUE ASCORBATE OF GUINEA PIGS by WOLE KOLA OLADUT, B.S., M.S. A DISSERTATION IN HOME ECONOMICS Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Texas Tech University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Approved áxigust. tq^ 11;^ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS - <"-^ f/K^ 1 would like to express my sincere gratitude and respect to Dr. Barbara J. Stoecker for her patience, encouragment and direction throughout my graduate program and research project. I am also grateful to other members of my committee, Professors Elizabeth Fox, Donald Oberleas, Marvin Shetlar and Shiang P. Yang. My appreciation is extended to my colleagues, Dr. Reza Zolfaghari for his technical advice, Ms. Gay Riggan, my typist and my coworkers at Methodist Hospital Laboratory. Special thanks are extended to my mother, Mrs. Comfort Oladutemu, my brother, Jide Oladutemu, Dr. Bayode Lasekan and all other family members and friends for their love, help and encouragement during the completion of my graduate education. 11 CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS il LIST OF TABLES v LIST OF FIGURES viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Ix I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 4 Ascorbate and Carbohydrate Metabolism 4 Ascorbate and Lipid Metabolism 6 Chromium and Carbohydrate Metabolism 12 Chromium and Lipid Metabolism 15 Vanadium and Carbohydrate Metabolism 19 Vanadium and Lipid Metabolism 20 Cholesterol-fed Guinea Pigs 22 Conclusion 27 III. ADRENAL ASCORBATE AND CORTISOL CONCENTRATIONS OF GUINEA PIGS SUPPLEMENTED WITH CHROMIUM AND/OR VANADIUM .... 29 Abstract 29 Introduction 30 Materials and Methods 32 Results and Discussion 36 IV. TISSUE ASCORBATE, ADRENAL 4-'^^C-CH0LESTER0L AND PLASMA CORTISOL OF GUINEA PIGS SUPPLEMENTED WITH CHROMIUM AND/OR ASCORBATE 46 Abstract 46 Introduction 47 Materials and Methods 49 Results and Discussion 52 V. PLASMA AND TISSUE ASCORBATE CONCENTRATIONS OF CHOLESTEROL-FED GUINEA PIGS SUPPLEMENTED WITH VANADIUM AND/OR ASCORBATE 65 Abstract 65 Introduction 66 Materials and Methods 67 Results and Discussion 70 111 Page VI. LIPIDS, GLUCOSE AND HEMATOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF CHOLESTEROL-FED GUINEA PIGS SUPPLEMENTED WITH VANADIUM AND/OR ASCORBATE 77 Abstract 77 Introduction 78 Materials and Methods 81 Results and Discussion 83 VII. EPIDIDYMAL FAT PAD LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE AND TISSUE ASCORBATES OF CHOLESTEROL-FED GUINEA PIGS SUPPLEMENTED WITH CHROMIUM AND/OR ASCORBATE 92 Abstract 92 Introduction 92 Materials and Methods 93 Results and Discussion 96 LIST OF REFERENCES 102 APPENDIX 112 IV LIST OF TABLES Page 3.1 Basal diet composition for guinea pigs supplemented with chromium and/or vanadium 33 3.2 Initial and final body weights of guinea pigs supplemented with chromium and/or vanadium 36 3.3 Organ weights of guinea pigs supplemented with chromium and/or vanadium 39 3.4 Tissue ascorbate of guinea pigs supplemented with chromium and/or vanadium 41 3.5 Plasma and adrenal cortisol of guinea pigs supplemented with chromium and/or vanadium 42 3.6 Epididymal fat-pad lipoprotein lipase of guinea pigs supplemented with chromium and/or vanadium 44 14 3.7 4- C-cholesterol activity of guinea pig tissues after supplementation with chromium and/or vanadium 45 4.1 Basal diet composition for guinea pigs supplemented with chromium and/or ascorbate 50 4.2 Initial and final body weight of guinea pigs supplemented with chromium and/or ascorbate 53 4.3 Organ weights of guinea pigs supplemented with chromium and/or ascorbate 57 4.4 Tissue ascorbate of guinea pigs supplemented with chromium and/or ascorbate 58 4.5 Plasma and adrenal cortisol of guinea pigs supplemented with chromium and/or ascorbate 60 4.6 Epididymal fat pad lipoprotein lipase of guinea pigs supplemented with chromium and/or ascorbate 63 14 4.7 4- C-cholesterol of guinea pigs supplemented with chromium and/or ascorbate 64 5.1 Basal diet composition for cholesterol-fed guinea pigs supplemented with vanadium and/or ascorbate 68 5.2 Initial and final body weights of cholesterol-fed guinea pigs supplemented with vanadium and/or ascorbate 71 v Page 5.3 Tissue weights of cholesterol-fed guinea pigs supplemented with vanadium and/or ascorbate 74 5.4 Tissue ascorbate of cholesterol-fed guinea pigs supplemented with vanadium and/or ascorbate 75 6.1 Plasma cholesterol of cholesterol-fed guinea pigs supplemented with vanadium and/or ascorbate 84 6.2 Plasma triglyceride of cholesterol-fed guinea pigs supplemented with vanadium and/or ascorbate 85 6.3 Biliary cholesterol of cholesterol-fed guinea pigs supplemented with vanadium and/or ascorbate 86 6.4 Hematocrit and zlnc protoporphyrin of cholesterol-fed guinea pigs supplemented with vanadium and/or ascorbate. • . 87 6.5 Plasma glucose at fasting and 2 hours after 2 g/kg body weight glucose loading of cholesterol-fed guinea pigs supplemented with vanadium and/or ascorbate 88 6.6 Morphological evaluation of blood smears of cholesterol-fed guinea pigs supplemented with vanadium and/or ascorbate. 89 6.7 Epididjnnal fat pad lipoprotein lipase activity of cholesterol-fed guinea pigs supplemented with vanadium and/or ascorbate 90 7.1 Basal diet composition for cholesterol-fed guinea pigs supplemented with chromium and/or ascorbate 94 7.2 Initial and final body weights of cholesterol-fed guinea pigs supplemented with chromium and/or ascorbate 97 7.3 Plasma and tissue ascorbates of cholesterol-fed guinea pigs supplemented with chromium and/or ascorbate 100 7.4 Epididymal fat pad lipoprotein lipase of cholesterol-fed guinea pigs supplemented with chromium and/or ascorbate. 101 A.l Furnace program for dietary chromium analysis 113 A.2 Furnace program for dietary vanadium analysis 114 A.3 Complete blood counts of cholesterol-fed guinea pigs supplemented with vanadium and/or ascorbate 115 VI Page A.4 Differential analysis of blood smears of cholesterol-fed guinea pigs supplemented with vanadium and/or ascorbate. 116 A.5 Morphological evaluation of blood smears of cholesterol-fed guinea pigs supplemented with vanadium and/or ascorbate. 117 A.6 Lipoprotein lipase activity of frozen tissue and acetone powder of epididymal fat pad of guinea pigs 118 vii LIST OF FIGURES Page 2.1 Metabolic pathway for cortisol formation 10 3.1 Body weights of guinea pigs supplemented with chromium and/or vanadium 37 4.1 Body weights of guinea pigs supplemented with chromium and/or ascorbate 54 5.1 Body weights of guinea pigs supplemented with vanadium and/or ascorbate 72 7.1 Body weights of cholesterol-fed guinea pigs supplemented with chromium and/or ascorbate 98 Vlll LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AA Ascorbic acid ACTH Adrenal corticotrophic h( ADCC Antibody-dependent phagoi cytotoxicity Aniso Anisocytosis Baso Basophils BS Basophilic stipplings +C Ascorbate adequate -C Ascorbate deprived CE Cholesterol esters co^ Carbon dioxide CrCl^ Chromium chloride -Cr Chromium deprived +Cr Chromium supplemented CPM Counts per minute D Decreased DHAA Dehydroascorbic acid dL deciliter Eosin Eosinophils Fe Iron 8 gram GRR Glucose removal rate GTF Glucose tolerance factor HCl Hydrochloric acid IX Mono Monocytes N Normal NADH Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NaK-ATPase Sodium-Potassium adenine triphosphatase NH^VOg Ammonium vanadate NIDDM Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus OGTT Oral glucose tolerance test Pest Platelet estimate PLT Platelet count ppb Parts per billion ppm Parts per million poik Poikilocytosis Poly Polychromasia PUFA Polyunsaturated fatty acids RBC Red blood cells RCR Relative chromium response RDW Red cell distribution rpm revolution per minute RQ Respiratory quotient SAS Statistical analysis system Seg Segmented neutrophils SEM Standard error of the mean TCA Tricholoroacetic acid TGL Triglyceride TPN Total parenteral nutrition XI UC Unesterified cholesterol ug microgram umol micromoles -V Vanadium deprived +V Vanadium supplemented V02+ Vanadayl ion VO3 Vanadate VLDL Very low density lipoproteins WBC White blood cells Wk Week w/v weight per volume ZPP Zinc protoporphyrin Xll CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Ascorbate is essential for guinea pig and primates. The role of ascorbate in a variety of stressful situations including burns, severe injuries, surgery and infection, was elucidated in the 1940's and 1950's. The involvement of ascorbate in key regulatory enzjnnes such as cortisol formation in the adrenal and bile acid formation in the liver has been of major interest to scientists in recent years. Studies by Ginter and coworkers (37-41) have shown the importance of ascorbate. In ascorbate deprivation, there was elevation of serum cholesterol (41). Holloway and Rivers (48) have also studied long-term effects of inadequate and excessive dietary ascorbate on bile acid metabolism in guinea pigs. Chromium may have a function in maintaining normal serum lipids. Abraham and colleagues (1-3) have associated chromium deprivation with cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis. Hyperlipidemia and impaired glucose tolerance in adult men were reversed by chromium supplementation in a 12 week double blind study by Riales and Albrink (92). Mertz had earlier hypothesized that chromium may function as a cofactor for insulin. An in vitro study by Mertz and colleagues (76) showed a significant glucose uptake into the epididymal fat tissue of rats in the presence of insulin when trivalent chromium chloride was supplemented. Studies conducted by Schroeder and coworkers (101, 102) found no significant changes in total lipid content or the incidence of aortic 1 plaques in rats, but they observed a decreased serum cholesterol in animals receiving 5 ppm chromium in drinking water. However, a short term study by Preston and colleagues (89) demonstrated that 0.125 ppm chromium had no effect on weight gain and serum cholesterol in guinea pigs. Dietary experiments in animals have indicated an effect of vanadium on glucose, lipid metabolism and body growth. Addition of vanadate has been shown to stimulate the activity of phospho- glucomutase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. The rate limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis and the HMG-CoA inactivating enzyme have been reported by Menon and coworkers (71) to be inhibited by vanadate.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Essential Trace Elements in Human Health: a Physician's View
    Margarita G. Skalnaya, Anatoly V. Skalny ESSENTIAL TRACE ELEMENTS IN HUMAN HEALTH: A PHYSICIAN'S VIEW Reviewers: Philippe Collery, M.D., Ph.D. Ivan V. Radysh, M.D., Ph.D., D.Sc. Tomsk Publishing House of Tomsk State University 2018 2 Essential trace elements in human health UDK 612:577.1 LBC 52.57 S66 Skalnaya Margarita G., Skalny Anatoly V. S66 Essential trace elements in human health: a physician's view. – Tomsk : Publishing House of Tomsk State University, 2018. – 224 p. ISBN 978-5-94621-683-8 Disturbances in trace element homeostasis may result in the development of pathologic states and diseases. The most characteristic patterns of a modern human being are deficiency of essential and excess of toxic trace elements. Such a deficiency frequently occurs due to insufficient trace element content in diets or increased requirements of an organism. All these changes of trace element homeostasis form an individual trace element portrait of a person. Consequently, impaired balance of every trace element should be analyzed in the view of other patterns of trace element portrait. Only personalized approach to diagnosis can meet these requirements and result in successful treatment. Effective management and timely diagnosis of trace element deficiency and toxicity may occur only in the case of adequate assessment of trace element status of every individual based on recent data on trace element metabolism. Therefore, the most recent basic data on participation of essential trace elements in physiological processes, metabolism, routes and volumes of entering to the body, relation to various diseases, medical applications with a special focus on iron (Fe), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), selenium (Se), iodine (I), cobalt (Co), chromium, and molybdenum (Mo) are reviewed.
    [Show full text]
  • Vitamins and Minerals for the Gastroenterologist
    VitaminsVitamins andand MineralsMinerals forfor thethe GastroenterologistGastroenterologist AmyAmy Tiu,Tiu, MDMD Feb.Feb. 9,9, 20062006 7:00AM7:00AM conferenceconference ObjectivesObjectives DescriptionDescription fatfat--solublesoluble andand waterwater solublesoluble vitaminsvitamins TraceTrace mineralsminerals (zinc,(zinc, selenium,selenium, iodide,iodide, copper,copper, chromium)chromium) DeficiencyDeficiency andand ToxicityToxicity SourcesSources andand RecommendationsRecommendations ClinicalClinical implicationimplication HistoryHistory 18351835 BritishBritish ParliamentParliament passedpassed thethe MerchantMerchant SeamanSeaman’’ss ActAct thatthat requiredrequired lemonlemon juicejuice toto bebe includedincluded inin thethe rationsrations ofof sailorssailors toto preventprevent scurvyscurvy 19121912 CasimirCasimir FunkFunk coinedcoined thethe termterm vitaminevitamine DailyDaily ValuesValues (DV(DV waswas RDA)RDA) establishedestablished byby thethe NationalNational AcademyAcademy ofof SciencesSciences andand NationalNational ResearchResearch CouncilCouncil asas thethe amountamount toto preventprevent grossgross deficiencydeficiency syndromessyndromes WhichWhich foodfood hashas thethe mostmost vitaminvitamin A?A? Sweet potatoes Beef liver Cantoloupe 1 RE = 10 IU MVI = 3500 IU TPN = 3300 IU VitaminVitamin AA Prevents xerophthalmia (abnormalities in corneal and conjunctival development) Phototransduction Cellular differentiation and integrity of the eye Ancient Egyptians used liver to treat night blindness VitaminVitamin AA
    [Show full text]
  • Vitamin and Minerals and Neurologic Disease
    Vitamin and Minerals and Neurologic Disease Steven L. Lewis, MD World Congress of Neurology October 2019 Dubai, UAE [email protected] Disclosures . Dr. Lewis has received personal compensation from the American Academy of Neurology for serving as Editor-in-Chief of Continuum: Lifelong Learning in Neurology and for activities related to his role as a director of the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology, and has received royalty payments from the publishers Wolters Kluwer and Wiley-Blackwell for book authorship. He has no disclosures related to the content or topic of this talk. Objective . Discuss the association of trace mineral deficiencies and vitamin deficiencies (and excess) with neuropathy and myeloneuropathy and other peripheral neurologic syndromes Outline of Presentation . List minerals relevant to neuropathy or myeloneuropathy . Proceed through each mineral and its associated clinical syndrome . List vitamins relevant to neuropathy or myeloneuropathy . Proceed through each vitamin and its associated clinical syndrome Minerals . Naturally occurring nonorganic homogeneous substances . Elements . Required for optimal metabolic and structural processes . Both cations and anions . Essential trace minerals: must be supplied in the diet . Some have recommended daily allowances (RDA) Macrominerals . Sodium . Potassium . Calcium . Magnesium . Phosphorus . Sulfur Macrominerals . Sodium . Potassium . Calcium . Magnesium . Phosphorus . Sulfur Trace Minerals . Chromium . Cobalt . Copper . Iodine . Iron . Manganese . Molybdenum . Selenium . Zinc Trace Minerals . Chromium . Cobalt . Copper . Iodine . Iron . Manganese . Molybdenum . Selenium . Zinc Generalized dose-reponse curve for an essential nutrient Howd and Fan, 2007 Copper . Essential trace element . Human body contains approximately 100 mg Cu . Cofactor of many redox enzymes . Ceruloplasmin most abundant of the cuproenzymes . Involved in antioxidant defense, neuropeptide and blood cell synthesis, and immune function1 1 Bost, J Trace Elements 2016 Copper Deficiency .
    [Show full text]
  • Nutrition Journal of Parenteral and Enteral
    Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition http://pen.sagepub.com/ Micronutrient Supplementation in Adult Nutrition Therapy: Practical Considerations Krishnan Sriram and Vassyl A. Lonchyna JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2009 33: 548 originally published online 19 May 2009 DOI: 10.1177/0148607108328470 The online version of this article can be found at: http://pen.sagepub.com/content/33/5/548 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com On behalf of: The American Society for Parenteral & Enteral Nutrition Additional services and information for Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition can be found at: Email Alerts: http://pen.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://pen.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav >> Version of Record - Aug 27, 2009 OnlineFirst Version of Record - May 19, 2009 What is This? Downloaded from pen.sagepub.com by Karrie Derenski on April 1, 2013 Review Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition Volume 33 Number 5 September/October 2009 548-562 Micronutrient Supplementation in © 2009 American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 10.1177/0148607108328470 Adult Nutrition Therapy: http://jpen.sagepub.com hosted at Practical Considerations http://online.sagepub.com Krishnan Sriram, MD, FRCS(C) FACS1; and Vassyl A. Lonchyna, MD, FACS2 Financial disclosure: none declared. Preexisting micronutrient (vitamins and trace elements) defi- for selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn). In practice, a multivitamin ciencies are often present in hospitalized patients. Deficiencies preparation and a multiple trace element admixture (containing occur due to inadequate or inappropriate administration, Zn, Se, copper, chromium, and manganese) are added to par- increased or altered requirements, and increased losses, affect- enteral nutrition formulations.
    [Show full text]
  • Vitamins and Minerals: a Brief Guide
    Vitamins and minerals: a brief guide A Sight and Life publication Vitamins and minerals: a brief guide Vitamins are organic nutrients that are essential for life. Our bodies need vitamins to function properly. We cannot produce most vitamins ourselves, at least not in sufficient quantities to meet our needs. Therefore, they have to be obtained through the food we eat. What are vitamins A mineral is an element that originates in the Earth and always retains its chemical identity. Minerals occur as inorganic crystalline salts. Once minerals enter the body, they remain there until and minerals? excreted. They cannot be changed into anything else. Minerals cannot be destroyed by heat, air, acid, or mixing. Compared to other nutrients such as protein, carbohydrates and fat, vitamins and minerals are present in food in tiny quantities. This is why vitamins and minerals are called micronutrients, because we consume them only in small amounts. Each of the vitamins and minerals known today has specific functions in the body, which makes them unique and irreplaceable. No single food contains the full range of vitamins and minerals, and inadequate nutrient intake results in deficiencies. A variety of foods is therefore vital to meet the body’s vitamin and mineral requirements. Of the known vitamins, four are fat-soluble. This means that fat or oil must be consumed for the vitamins to be absorbed by the body. These fat-soluble vitamins are A, D, E and K. The others are water-soluble: these are vitamin C and the B-complex, consisting of vitamins B1, B2, B6, B12, niacin, folic acid, biotin, pantothenic acid and choline.
    [Show full text]
  • The Nutritional Relationships of Chromium David L
    The Nutritional Relationships of Chromium David L. Watts, Ph.D., F.A.C.E.P.1 In 1959 a physiological role for chromium was determined. It is known that chromium is a 1. Trace Elements, Inc., P.O. Box 514, Addison. Texas 75001. constituent of the glucose tolerance factor urine.10 Doisy and co-workers reported that both the (GTF) and is synergistic with insulin in liver and hair levels of chromium in diabetics were promoting cellular glucose uptake. Chromium decreased proportionately.11 The chromium content deficiency produces an increase in the found in the hair is apparently related to and requirement for insulin. Chromium facilitates reflective of chromium nutritional status.12 An insulin at intracellular sites including the increase in TMA chromium levels have been ribosomes, and is known to stimulate some reported in patients receiving chromium enzymes in vitro. Chromium is important for supplementation.13 Thus TMA is a useful tool for the structure and metabolism of nucleic acids.1 evaluating chromium nutrition and tissue storage, 2 3 particularly since biological GTF is significantly active in hair follicles.14 Body Content and Requirements The total body content of chromium in the Conditions Associated with Chromium adult is estimated at 5 to 6 milligrams. Animal Deficiency studies have shown that chromium A number of physiological and disease concentrations are high in the spleen, testes, conditions are related to chromium status and have epididymis, and bone marrow. Tissue shown a correlate with TMA chromium levels. chromium levels are highest at birth and decline with age. The daily requirement for Diabetes chromium based upon urinary excretion studies Hambidge, et al, reported that children with has been estimated at 1 microgram per day.
    [Show full text]
  • Chromium Deficiency: a New Public Health Problem?
    ORIGINAL ARTICLE Chromium deficiency: a new public health problem? Deficiência de cromo: um novo problema de saúde pública? Renato Barros Costa1 DOI: 10.5935/2238-3182.20140095 ABSTRACT 1 MD. Health and Assistance Management from the Introduction: just as noted in many asymptomatic people, the deficiency in vitamin D Legislative Assembly of the State of Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, MG – Brazil. plasma levels seems to occur with oligo-elements, especially chrome. So far, no causal relationship between these findings has been established. Methods: 42 patients without specific complaints have received doses of vitamin D and chromium in the blood, be- tween July and September 2012. Results: significant deficiency of vitamin D (81% of cas- es) and absolute deficiency of chromium (100% of cases) were observed. Conclusion: deficiencies of oligo-elements, especially chromium, with un known consequences, deserve to receive attention from the authorities responsible for public health. Need to investigate whether the phenomenon stems from some sort of pollution or environmen- tal degradation and scale their severity, as well as alert to the existence of new public health problem, with direct repercussions on the clinical and therapeutic conduct. Key words: Avitaminosis; Vitamin D Deficiency; Chromium/deficiency; Trace Ele- ments; Environmental Health; Environment and Public Health; Pandemics. RESUMO Introdução: assim como se observa em muitas pessoas assintomáticas, a deficiência dos níveis plasmáticos de vitamina D parece ocorrer com os oligoelementos, especialmente o cromo. Não existe, até o momento, nexo causal entre esses achados. Métodos: 42 pacientes sem queixas específicas foram submetidos a dosagens de vitamina D e cromo no sangue, no período de julho a setembro de 2012.
    [Show full text]
  • Nutrition Requirements, Standards, and Operating Bands For
    Nutrition Requirements, Standards, and Operating Bands for Exploration Missions Nutritional Biochemistry Laboratory Human Adaptation and Countermeasures Office Space Life Sciences Directorate NASA Johnson Space Center Initial Release (rev 1), December 2005 Executive Summary The challenge was brought forward in early 2005 to define the nutritional requirements for Exploration missions, and to define the relevant standards and associated operating bands related to nutrition. This document is the result of this charge. An extensive review of existing knowledge was conducted with participation of intramural and extramural experts, and the findings are summarized herein. In short, the approach taken was to define the nutrient intake requirements, that is, the amount of each nutrient expected to be available in the food system. The standards are defined as markers of nutritional status, with optimal (green), sub-optimal (yellow), and critical (red) levels for each. For many of the nutrient requirements, it is not known if they are altered during space flight. Furthermore, in many cases the intake of a nutrient may act as a countermeasure to one or more negative effects of space flight, but these potential countermeasures, too, are not well defined. Thus, we have also documented herein the areas where further research is required. Accordingly, while this document is intended as a comprehensive summary of our knowledge to date, it is expected that this is the first edition of these requirements and standards. As we learn more about space-flight nutrition, and as relationships between disease and nutrients are further defined in Earth-based populations, this document, and the approach to nutrition in the space rogram, will need to be updated accordingly.
    [Show full text]
  • Magnesium, Zinc, and Chromium Nutriture and Physical Activity1–3
    Magnesium, zinc, and chromium nutriture and physical activity1–3 Henry C Lukaski ABSTRACT Magnesium, zinc, and chromium are mineral to fuel the body during work, to maintain hydration (water), and elements required in modest amounts to maintain health and to provide the body structure (protein) for performing work. optimal physiologic function. For physically active persons, ade- Magnesium, zinc, and chromium, despite their relative paucity quate amounts of these micronutrients are needed in the diet to in the diet and the body, perform important roles in regulating ensure the capacity for increased energy expenditure and work whole-body metabolism, including energy utilization and work performance. Most physically active individuals consume diets performance. that provide amounts of magnesium and zinc sufficient to meet The importance of these micronutrients is revealed by the population standards. Women tend to consume less of these min- diversity of metabolic processes they help to regulate. Magne- erals than is recommended, in part because they eat less food sium, a ubiquitous element that plays a fundamental role in many than men. Inadequate intakes of magnesium and zinc have been cellular reactions, is involved in >300 enzymatic reactions in reported for participants in activities requiring restriction of which food is catabolized and new chemical products are formed body weight. Dietary chromium is difficult to estimate because (2). Examples include glycogen breakdown, fat oxidation, pro- of a lack of appropriate reference databases. Acute, intense activ- tein synthesis, ATP synthesis, and the second messenger system. ity results in short-term increases in both urine and sweat losses Magnesium also serves as a physiologic regulator of membrane of minerals that apparently diminish during recovery in the days stability and is involved in neuromuscular, cardiovascular, after exercise.
    [Show full text]
  • Nutritional Disorders in the Proposed 11Th Revision of the International Classification of Diseases: Feedback from a Survey of Stakeholders
    Public Health Nutrition: 19(17), 3135–3141 doi:10.1017/S1368980016001427 Nutritional disorders in the proposed 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases: feedback from a survey of stakeholders Mercedes de Onis1,*, Julia Zeitlhuber2 and Cecilia Martínez-Costa3 1Department of Nutrition for Health and Development, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland: 2Department of Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria: 3Department of Pediatrics, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain Submitted 18 January 2016: Final revision received 3 May 2016: Accepted 5 May 2016: First published online 13 June 2016 Abstract Objective: To receive stakeholders’ feedback on the new structure of the Nutritional Disorders section of the International Classification of Diseases, 11th Revision (ICD-11). Design: A twenty-five-item survey questionnaire on the ICD-11 Nutritional Disorders section was developed and sent out via email. The international online survey investigated participants’ current use of the ICD and their opinion of the new structure being proposed for ICD-11. The LimeSurvey® software was used to conduct the survey. Summary statistical analyses were performed using the survey tool. Setting: Worldwide. Subjects: Individuals subscribed to the mailing list of the WHO Department of Nutrition for Health and Development. Results: Seventy-two participants currently using the ICD, mainly nutritionists, public health professionals and medical doctors, completed the questionnaire (response rate 16 %). Most participants (n 69) reported the proposed new structure will be a useful improvement over ICD-10 and 78 % (n 56) considered that all nutritional disorders encountered in their work were represented. Overall, participants expressed satisfaction with the comprehensiveness, clarity and life cycle approach.
    [Show full text]
  • Clinical Deficiencies: When to Suspect There Is a Problem
    Trace Elements in Nutrition of Children, edited by R. K. Chandra. Nestia Nutrition, Vevey/Raven Press, New York © 1985. Clinical Deficiencies: When to Suspect There Is a Problem K. Michael Hambidge Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262 Despite notable recent advances in our appreciation of the role of trace elements in human nutrition and disease, clinical detection of trace-element-deficiency states usually remains extraordinarily difficult. There are several outstanding reasons for the continuing difficulties in diagnosis. These include a lack of specificity of symptoms and signs of individual trace deficiencies, a lack of sensitive reliable laboratory assays for the detection or confirmation of trace deficiencies, and con- tinuing uncertainty about the occurrence of human deficiencies of some of the "newer" trace elements. If such deficiencies do occur, their clinical presentation in man has not been documented. Despite the recent growth of interest in and the expanding list of trace elements of probable or proved mammalian nutritional importance, there are relatively few of these that we know with certainty can be associated with deficiency diseases in man. Nevertheless, experience gained over the past 20 years indicates that we cannot afford to be complacent about the role of trace elements in human nutrition and disease, even in the case of those elements for which no specific roles have yet been identified. Meanwhile, the trace elements that have been shown to be associated with human deficiency diseases and which provide a basis for this discussion are seven or eight in number. These are iron, iodine, zinc, copper, selenium, molybdenum, chro- mium, and possibly manganese.
    [Show full text]
  • Trace Elements in Health and Disease: a Review
    ISSN: 0975-8585 Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences Trace Elements in Health and Disease: A Review. .and Sai Kumar P2 ,٭Sitalakshmi R1 Department of Physiology, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Bharath University, # 7, Works Road, Chromepet, Chennai - 44, Tamil Nadu, India. ABSTRACT Trace elements are essential for normal physiological activities. They are present in minute/ trace quantities in our body and the term “micronutrients” is also used to refer to them. They are essential for many enzymatic reactions and are components of the food chain. Enzymatic reactions form the basis of metabolism (catabolism and anabolism) in many biological organisms including the human beings. When metabolism is affected as in diseased states, homeostasis is disrupted. Hence, deficiency or excess states of these elements can lead to adversities. Copper, Zinc, Chromium, Selenium, Nickel and Iodine are common trace elements present in varying amounts in both vegetarian and non-vegetarian diet. Knowledge on these trace elements, their dietary sources, recommended dietary intake, deficiency states and hazards of excessive consumption is very less, even in practicing clinicians. The process of adding trace elements to soil/ food is gaining popularity and is an effective method to increase the consumption. Throwing light in this area can help to reduce the incidence and severity of many diseases. Keywords: Trace elements, deficiency, excess, disease *Corresponding author September - October 2014 RJPBCS 5(5) Page No. 450 ISSN: 0975-8585 INTRODUCTION Trace elements constitute 0.005% of the total body weight. Estimation of these elements was difficult in earlier days. As these elements are present in minute quantities, their deficiency or excess states could not be determined precisely.
    [Show full text]