EDITORIAL STAFF E. L. Shaker Editor-in-Chief E. C. Kreutzberg Editor ,Vu jj, Rooney Irwin- H . S u c h fl'mt'i Editor Engineering Editor « 1, D- Knox G uv H u b b a rd Steel Plant Editor Machine Tool Editor A r th u r F. Macconochie Contributing Editor The Magazine of Metalworking and Metalproduelng D o n S. C a d o t Art Editor

ASSOCIATE EDITORS G. H. M a n lo v e , W . J. C a m p b e ll OCTOBER 30, 1944 ( ff, Bibdsall, F. R. Briggs, D. B. W ilkin iVeiB fork: B. K. Price, L. E. Browne Pittsburgh: R. L. H artford Jicago: E. F . R oss Detroit: A. H . A l l e n :e^ Washington: L. M. Lamm Volume 115—Number 18 London: Vincent D elport track !ís ¡ ¿ . ASSISTANT EDITORS I, c, S u lliv a n , J. M. K u r tz , R. W . S h e s ta g wiidi ay ¡W] J, M. W h e la n , A. J. F in g u li n imgedüT^ NEWS b is Skj EDITORIAL CORRESPONDENTS Large-Scale Building Boom Seen for Postwar E r a ...... 40 n e „ W. K in ce y L. C. Feldman Million homes annually will be needed in first decade K'SSE;-^} ßinningham, A la. Buffalo, N. Y. George R, R eiss Samuel S. Carr Formula for V oting ...... 39 Controlled M aterials...... 52 at ú ¿ a | Youngstown, O. Cincinnati, O. o i J. Vion Papin F. S. T o b in Present, Past and Pending . 42 WPB-OPA 53 St. Louis Toronto, Ont. Men of Industry ...... 58 aolst, War Production ...... 43 Luther Whiteman R ailroad s...... 44 O b itu a ries...... 60 jsini 5 3Y 1414 Paducah St., Los Angeles, Calif. ÉtedrS. Production Statistics...... 45 West Coast ...... 61 Robert B ottorff Prefabricated Harbors 66 1 tmcb Sää! 415 Bush St., San Francisco, Calif. Machine Tools ...... 46 Activities ...... lie in i^i R. C. H ill M e e tin g s ...... 47 68 B tk ssá 408 Marion St., Seattle, Wash. ms rark leHÍ| BUSINESS STAFF TECHNICAL íkt i 2$2’ G. O. H ay s ie tó à1 Business Manager Scientists at Metal Congress Review Technical Progress of Year. 72 Useí’M K. C. J a e n k e C. H. B a i le y .ge nebás Adc-ftising Manager Advertising Service An outline of some significant topics covered in technical sessions up aaási UmXak, E. W. Kreutzberg, K. A. Z ö l l n e r One-Shot Forging Produces Thin-Walled Shell in Single Stroke 74 Tmburgh, S. H. J a s p e r , B. C. S n e l l Problems of metal flow, strobe, punches, dies, lubrication solved Chicago, L. C. Pelott, V. W. V o lk 78 Cleteland, D. C. K ie f e r , H. G. R o w la n d Redesigned Bearing Separators Lighten Weight of Navy Equipment Los Angeles, F. J. F u l l e r Channel-shaped, rolled steel gun-mount components prove effective : Accuim J. W. Z u b e r Proper Joint Design Essential for Sound Welds in Aluminum 80 Circulation Manager Features V-type butt joints to minimize weakness and distortion afe (f so MAIN OFFICE Brazing Assemblies for Submersible Pumps Takes Close Control 96 Penton Building, Cleveland 13, Ohio iiel Jigs and fixtures specially designed aid joining and handling 102 tola BRANCH OFFICES Create “Tempered” Air for Plants by Burning Fuels in Air Stream uni Sew York 1 7 ...... 16 East 43rd St. Use of all heat, lower initial and operating costs recommend plan sciüM’ Ciicogo 11 ...... 520 North Michigan Ave. Wiremakers’ Meeting Deals with Drawing and Finishing Practices 107 Pittsburgh 19 ...... 2800 Koppers Building Detroit 2 ...... 6560 Cass Ave. Alloy pickling, hook wear, galvanizing and dies are discussed Washington 4 ...... 956 National Press Bldg. Cincinnati 2 ...... 2030 Carew Tower ca*fc»" his Angeles 4 . . . 130 N. New Hampshire Ave. ¡ce aiáS'g h^don 2 Caxton St., Westminster, S.W. 1 FEATURES §ï -1- "" • As the Editor Views the News 35 W ing Tips ...... 62 The Business Trend 70 jjublished by The Penton Publishing Co., Penton Postwar Previews 47 jg-’ Cleveland 13, Ohio, E. L. S h a n e r , President Industrial Equipment ...... 112 Ireasurer; G. O. H a y s , Vice President and General Windows of Washington 48 ■laaager; R- C. J a e n k e , Vice President; F. G. S t e i n e - Construction and Enterprise 146 ach, Vice President and Secretary; E. L. W e r n e r , Mirrors of Motordom 55 Assistant Treasurer. Member, Audit Bureau of Circulations; Associated • slQ.ess. Papers, Inc., and National Publishers* association. Published every Monday. Subscription in the United a l P°ssessi°as, Canada, Mexico, Cuba, Central MARKETS *na bouth America, one year $6; two years $10; all one year $12. Single copies (current War Needs for Steel Still Heavy, Says WPB 129 i*J3r Entered as second class matter at the PJa office at Cleveland, under the Act of March 3, Market Prices and Composites Copynght 1944 by the Penton Publishing Co. * 153 M Index to advertisers ...... 1

33 Union Finished Steel Roller Chain i$ manu­ factured in all stand­ ard sizes from H" to 214" pitch, in single and multiple strands.

LOOK OVER THE BALLOT, THEN VOT

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34 /TEEI AS THE EDITOR VIEWS THE NEWS

October 30, 1944

Engineers for Industry

It must be apparent to everybody that American industry will emerge from this war stronger, more capable and more resourceful than it has ever been before. It will be an industry keyed more to scientific developments and less to hit-or-miss meth­ ods than ever before. To maintain it in smooth running order and to insure con­ tinuing progress and refinement will require more research than ever before. To staff it adequately in all departments will necessitate a larger proportion and a greater number of technically trained men and women than it has ever required before. Knowing in advance that industry must rely more heavily upon technically trained personnel, industrial leaders will do well to examine the nation’s facilities for sup­ plying this need. Can industrial employers count upon a continuing, steady flow of graduates from technical schools and universities? The shocking answer is an emphatic “no.” Through what appears to be in­ excusable bungling on the part of officials in Washington, no adequate provision has been made for maintaining technical education even on a token basis. In a spell of unnecessary panic, the authorities— against the counsel and entreaties of some of the nations outstanding educators in technical fields—swept aside the remaining pro­ visions of selective service which would have insured a restricted but helpful flow of technical graduates to industry’s mills, shops and laboratories. The result is that today the enrollment in technical institutions is but 12 to 15 per cent of normal, and this includes thousands who will be subject to draft before they finish their first term. The cold fact is that American industry faces a period of several years during which time only a trickle of competent engineering graduates will be available. This situation is tragic in several ways. England, Canada, Russia and even China did not make our error; they provided for a continuance of technical training. Sec­ ondly, the scuttling of engineering education in the United States has made it difficult and in some instances impossible for technical schools to hold their faculties intact. Industry will feel the adverse effects of this situation for many years to come. The damage never can be fully repaired. However, industry should go to the aid of the heads of the technical schools, who almost single-handed are trying to in­ duce Washington to modify its policy. After all, industry has a tremendous stake in this problem. Its leaders should get into it with both feet.

STEEL AT -250 FAHR.: on the after- low zero, Fahr., gave way. The wreckage of this noon of the last day of the Metal Show in Cleve­ container, which in turn damaged another container, land scores of visitors about to enter Public Audi­ released large quantities of liquefied gas. Upon ex­ torium looked to the east and saw acres of flames posure to the air, it regasified and ignited from un­ high up in the sky. They were witnessing a most known causes. unusual accident, which exacted a heavy toll of life Naturally the question arises as to whether or not and property and which may involve some ques­ the exposure of the steel plates to a sub-zero tem­ tions as to the behavior of steel at low temperatures. perature for an extended period could have had any This is what happened. A steel container in which bearing upon the failure of the containers. Prob­ liquefied natural gas was stored at 250 degrees be- ably not. Metallurgists have made exhaustive tests

(OVER)

35 ¿ S THE EDITOR VIEWS THE NEWS

of steel at low temperatures, but do these reflect the NOT OUT OF WOODS: That smashing effect of prolonged exposure? In view of the increas­ naval victory in Philippine waters and the rather ing number of applications in which steel is sub­ static situation on the western front in Europe tend jected to low temperatures, and wholly aside from to emphasize the uncertainty of war. Possibly we the Cleveland disaster, we really need more positive are getting ahead of schedule in the Pacific and fall­ data on its behavior under such circumstances. ing behind on the continent. — p. 45 At any rate, these events affect the production picture at home. They warn us that we dare not go too deeply into reconversion until we have first EIGHT DAYS TO GO! Election day is provided for every contingency on the battle fronts. only eight days away. It goes without saying that For this reason, WPB’s resume of production of key «very employer should do everything possible to items in the war program is timely. There were encourage all employes who are eligible to vote to shortages in September, some of which verged upon cast their ballots on Nov. 7. WLB has ruled that serious dimensions. Cutbacks since June 15 have employers can give employes time off to vote, with affected only 85,000 employes of prime contractors. pay, without incurring penalties for violating wage We are not out of the woods on war production stabilization regulations. and it is important that we retain a proper sense of Some employers, in addition to making it easier balance as to the relative priority of war needs and for employes to get away to vote, may wish to em­ reconversion. — p. 43 phasize the importance of casting one’s vote intel­ ligently and in accordance with the individual’s best judgment. Anything that can be said to en­ WAGE VARIATIONS: A study by the courage independent thinking is all to the good. Bureau of Labor Statistics of wage rates prevailing We have eight days in which to work— eight days in 1943 in manufacturing establishments in 31 cities in which to get out the heaviest vote and the most shows greater variations than one would expect. intelligent vote that we can muster. This should On the basis that the average of wages in all be a “must” assignment for all progressive indus­ areas equals 100, Detroit leads with an index of 131. trialists. —p. 39 Other high-index cities are Portland. Oreg., 117; Seattle, 116; San Francisco, 114; Pittsburgh, 113; Cleveland, 111; Philadelphia, 107; and Los Angeles, CAN WE MATCH IT? An analysis of out­ 103. Kansas City’, Mo., stands at par with 100, Buf­ standing papers presented at the meetings compris­ falo and Chicago at 99. Low-index cities include ing the National Metal Congress in Cleveland and St. Louis, 87; Boston, 86; Birmingham, 78; and At­ at a number of conventions held in other cities dur­ lanta, 70. ing the past two weeks indicates that 1944 will be Manufacturers seeking advantageous locations for recorded as a memorable year for engineering prog­ future operations should not take these ratings too ress in the metalworking industries. seriously. They ignore efficiency of labor. Also the It is noteworthy that this progress is widely dis­ relation of labor supply to labor demand in 1946 tributed throughout many divisions of the industries. may be quite different from what it was in 1943, Apparently the influence of war has stimulated new Nevertheless, the study raises interesting ques­ developments in even the most backward sectors of tions. For instance, what accounts for the spread industrial activity at the same time it has accelerated of 13 points between St. Louis and Kansas City and research in the more progressive sections. It would be between Philadelphia and Baltimore? We need to' difficult, indeed, to find a phase of metalworking know more about the factors entering into wage which has not benefitted in some way from wartime scales. —p. 50 developments in materials, equipment or processes. How to apply these new advantages to peacetime conditions soon will be one of industry’s major prob­ lems. We know we have the technological skill to meet the challenge, but do we have the managerial ability and the proper knowledge of economic, social EDITOR-IN-CHIEF and political forces to match it? — pp. 46, 72, 107 C: W hen You Need Every type of steel from stainless to service man who will see that you get structurals is immediately available the steel you need—when you need it. from Ryerson stock. Just reach for JOSEPH T. RYERSON & SON, INC. the phone and call any one of the Steel Service Plants: Chicago, Mil­ eleven conveniently-located Ryerson waukee, Detroit, St. Louis, Cincinnati, service plants. Our operators will con­ Cleveland, Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, nect you at once with an experienced Buffalo, New York, Boston. ENDABLE SHIPMENT Illustration Courtesy of By-Products Steel Corp., div. ofLukensSteelCo., Coatesville, PĄ 8$ ^ (II Jit] CUTTING METAL PARTS : CUTTING COSTS with the AIRCO No. 6A OXYGRAPK The motor-driven Airco No. 6A Oxygraph is designed to prc'®^1' vide the speed, flexibility and accuracy essential to lowest ■* * cost production of flame-cut steel shapes in any quantity. It quickly cuts steel plate of light and heavy sections to an? tot 1« shape and size. It can be used for beveling, squaring, straight cu • Ml CENTRALIZED GAS CONTROL UNIT MAGNETIC TRACING DEVICE ting, stack cutting—changing from one job to another in mini ol fa Gives the operator remote control An exclusive Airco feature, this de­ mum time—usingup to eight torches with standard equipment of the pilot light, acetylene, preheat­ vice guides cutting torches by auto­ The listing below of some of the plus factors of the No. 6j ing and cutting oxygen from his sta­ matically following the contour of tion at the tracing device. a steel cam or template. Oxygraph provides an inkling of its wide acceptance throughout! the metal working industry as an important production tooi lor voti 1. Extreme accuracy under load—the pantograph design prc1*!»" vides maximum resistance to torsion and deflection. & Ik; 2. The rigid, sturdy base gives trouble-free support to thfeUl stout vertical posts and pantograph assembly. alb 3. Manual, magnetic or spindle type tracing devices can be usedsmatiDi 4. Ball-bearing mounted arms provide uniform, friction-fre s j,, response to tracing device movement. i>|ti( 5. Centralized gas control unit for individual flame contra:,,,. saves operator’s time. 6. Hose or cable lines can’t snarl or pinch. iml; For further details write Department IA, Nev'Sa i: York Office for Catalog ADC-628 — or ask you%;, local Air Reduction office. %-fc

INDEX SPEED CONTROL ADJUSTABLE TORCH HOLDER Permits easy, accurate adjustment Allows torch to be moved easily and ir eduction of torch travel speed during cutting. locked tightly at any desired posi­ A R General Offices: 60 East 42nd Street, New fork 17, N. Y. Speed is visible on the Tachometer tion along the bar or tilted up to 45° attached to the unit. for bevel cutting. In Texas: Mapolia tlrco Gas Products Co. > General Otllces- Houston 1, Texas O ffices in All Principal Cities AIRCO /7M a c á ¿ 4te 4 *1« _ ^ type and Size for ( f Every Cutting Need

IDEAL TOOLS FOR SPEED, FLEXIBILITY AND ACCURACY IN METAL SHAPING NATIONAL ELECTION

Formula for Voting on November 7th

« Before adjourning this meeting, which has been one of Certainly we do not wish to live in a country rided the all-too-infrequent occasions when most of the people or dominated by a few persons at the top of the social of the Penton Publishing Co. could be assembled around and economic scale. Nor do we wish to live in a country the luncheon table at one time, it seems appropriate that ruled or dominated by those at the bottom. Instead we we think seriously for a moment or two about the im­ wish to live in a country in which the middle class— portant obligation which will con­ our class—holds the balance of front us on Tuesday, Nov 7. On power. that day, as American citizens, it Therefore, in voting on Nov. will be our duty to vote in a you CAN HELP TO GET national election. That duty con­ 7, we will want to ask ourselves which candidate and which party sists not only of actually casting OUT THE VOTE! will be most likely to preserve our ballots, but also of voting in­ On Friday, Oct. 13, about 250 employes the balance of power for the telligently, according to our best of the Penton Publishing Co. and sub­ middle class. individual judgment and on the sidiary companies met at lunch in the ball­ basis of the best information ob­ room of Hotel Cleveland primarily for the purpose of honoring Ben K. Price, associate There is a second important tainable. editor of STEEL in New York, on the com­ reason why our selfish interest pletion of 30 years of continuous service runs parallel to the public interest. How should we vote? grapli!%lto¡J with the Penton organization. The Penton Publishing Co., per­ I think the best answer is to ■acy édite At the conclusion of the luncheon meet­ haps to a greater extent than most say that each of us should vote in ing, E. L. Shaner, president of the company, apesÉsrit business corporations, depends for the way that he or she thinks will emphasized to the assembled employes the importance of voting on Nov. 7—not hastily its prosperity upon the American result in benefits to the greatest or blindly—but carefully and intelligently, system of private enterprise. The number of deserving American according to one's best individual judgment. primary mission of our publica­ citizens. The following text of Mr. Shaner's remarks is presented here in the hope that it will be tions and the objective of our Unquestionably this is the ideal of suggestive value to other employers who work as individuals is to serve in­ formula for voting, but there are are desirous of talking to company per­ dustry to the best of our ability. sonnel on the importance of voting. persons who will say it is too Our company and our talents and idealistic. They will contend that —The Editors of STEEL. abilities as members of that com­ one’s first obligation is to his pany are integral parts of the le-fa family and to himself. After all, private enterprise system. Just as self-preservation is the first law the preservation of this system is of nature. How can a voter reconcile his idealistic desire of vital importance to the welfare of the nation as a to vote for the common good with his selfish urge to vote whole, just so is it important to us and to our company. for his own interest? Therefore, in voting on Nov. 7, we will want to ask ourselves which candidate and which party will be most Fortunately that question need not concern members of effective in preserving private enterprise in the nation. the Penton organization. It happens that our own selfish interests as individuals run parallel and are identical with Permit me to emphasize one more point. I do not the interests of the great majority of deserving citizens in feel that I could be very proud if after the election is this nation. We have no clash of interests to confound our over it could be said that every Penton employe who is thinking. eligible to vote had voted for Mr. Roosevelt. Nor could CTI01 I feel very proud if after Nov. 7 it could be said that Let me illustrate. We of the Penton companies belong every employe who was eligible to vote had cast his ballot „«i» « 1*1 to that section of the population which is generally known for Mr. Dewey. In either case the unanimous vote would as the “middle class.” None of us rates as a member of smack of regimentation or failure to do one’s own think­ the idle rich, with incomes derived from inheritances. ing. None of us belongs in income brackets so low that he is dependent upon the public purse. We are in the sub­ But I would be exceedingly proud if after election stantial, responsible and self-reliant middle class. History day it could be said that every person identified with shows that throughout the entire period of man’s struggle the company who was eligible to vote had cast his for existence a nation in which the middle class holds the ballot and had voted—not hastily or blindly—but carefully balance of power is a nation with a high standard of living. and intelligently, according to his or her best judgment.

39 CONSTRUCTION Large-Scale Building Boom Seen öi

Million homes annually will be needed in decade following in the postwar decade will be appr ,<»» mately double that in the 1930s and i ; ¿e# war's end. Each to take about 5 tons of metals. Total construc­ ahead of that in the 1920s. tion backlog estimated at $10.5 billion. Préfabrication to in­ In the residential building field, i'^nei predicted postwar activity will be .bj,e boil crease substantially, though gradually least three times that in the 1930s. F. W. Dodge Corp. estimates In', building in the first ten postwar y By W. J. CAMPBELL will average 820,000 units annually, ' Associate Editor, STEEL figure is somewhat lower than National Housing Authority’s estimat MOST fascinating of all potential employment was outlined recently by needs. The latter agency, however, cushions against postwar depression and Henry J. Kaiser, speaking before the its report is an “earnest effort to ji of all hopes for full employment are the New York Herald Tribune forum. Mr. the size of the nation’s housing nee3 prospects for large-scale construction Kaiser estimated the construction program — not an announcement of a prog] activity in the decade following the alone would provide jobs for 11.5 million Between the Dodge estimate of war. persons directly and reminded his listen­ 000 homes annually, and die NHA mate of 1,260,000 needed, are m A backlog of construction projects ers that the activity of each of these others. The average most generally _ awaiting the relaxation of government workers would provide jobs for two in is 1 million annually. These estim: ® controls and the availability of manpower the service industries. Thus a total of are predicated on tire measure of defer:* and building materials now exceeds $10.5 at least 30 million jobs could be provided. demand, the housing needs of return:! billion, according to a survey by the lead­ Housing Would Provide Employment servicemen and others establishing ygh ing fact-finding organization in the field. families, greater prosperity and war £ mud The National Housing Authority esti­ Discussing the problem of building mates the building of 12.6 million non­ ings, an expected favorable mortgil homes, Mr. Kaiser announced his con­ market and probable continuation of ps at farm houses and apartment units will viction that 2 million could be built in be required in the first ten years after ulation trends toward the suburbs 3 ft the first 18 months after conversion. This outlying districts. the war to meet the needs of American would mean, by his estimates, an ex­ Owing to numerous transition families and to make substantial progress penditure of $8 billion and immediate in replacing substandard structures. lems, it is likely the number of n employment for 4 million workers. In farm homes to be built in the first Added to what is considered a certain addition, he believes there is a demand heavy volume of residential building w'ill months after restrictions are lifted for $3 billion in repairs to existing houses not reach the average predicted for be a heavy demand for school and which would provide employment for postwar decade. Numerous compom 1 college buildings, hospitals, manufactur­ an additional 1.4 million. ing and office structures, churches and will not be available in sufficient qua, Mr. Kaiser’s estimate of the market municipal buildings. ties. Builders’ finish hardware for repairs coincides with that by the Heavy engineering construction, com­ tories, for example, are badly deplel __ Federal Housing Authority, which points prising largely public works and utilities, The 110 manufacturers producing tli out that the repair demands are the most also promises to be considerable. F. W. items have been heavily engaged in \ urgent and the ones that can be most Dodge Corp. has a list of contemplated work and a considerable time will readily satisfied. or planned projects in the latter field required to reconvert and build The consensus of most construction totaling $6.8 billion. Streets and high­ stocks. The same applies in large meas authorities, borne out by various fact­ ways represent the bulk of the heavy to manufacturers of plumbing suppl finding surveys, is that total construction engineering construction, although a heating equipm ent, electric supplies substantial volume is indicated for dams' and reservoirs, sewage systems, electric light and power plants and airports. Turning an eye to the end of the voar, Great Britain’s Ministry of Works has [' What a decade of high-volume con­ built a number of prefabricated, steel-frame, brick-and-mo-rtar houses, which1 / struction markets would mean to postwar are expected to serve as models in the postwar reconstruction. Shown below y are two of the homes at Northolt, Middlesex. NEA photo «

CONSTRUCTION

lighting fixtures, miscellaneous iron and feel items such as sash, medicine cabi­ ns, etc., and domestic appliances. A :larg; percentage of new home buyers are Lspeeted to insist on new appliances and L„y will want the built-in types. 1 Other delays are expected immediately due to general confusion of readjustment, H a general scarcity of materials, and possibly by hesitation as to price trends. Most of the homes built directly after tbe war will be owner-occupied. Investor- ¡builders -are expected to wait a while ïsL to observe price trends and new building methods. The investor builders also will ' await the lifting of rent ceilings. Single Houses, Apartments in Demand Most of the postwar homes are ex­ pected to be one family units or multiple unit apartments. Construction experts note declining : trend in demand for two and three-family houses. Although much has been said and printed about the “dream house of the future,” most authorities believe it is only a dream. Practical improvements in design and construction are a matter of iimaDWi »Mon rather than revolution and kek | * | they insist the first postwar Jiouses, like :o be Wà, the first postwar automobiles, will be restricts?! practically 1942 models. average p'i Most new houses will be built by the le. Xnnma conventional builder using improved on­ aikble is is site methods. This may mean the use of more prefabricated sections taken from production line. It generally is agreed ufactur® p eniea#^ mksà reconvert ti

More préfabrication is expected in America’s postwar homes. Above a roof section is lifted into place. At left is a four-room house, pre­ fabricated and constructed, to be erected in a day. Cost is less than $4000. Below the house at start of erection is shown CONSTRUCTION

the typical house will contain five or sis rooms and will cost $6000 or more. Préfabrication appears destined to in­ crease, although most builders believe the greatest increase will • come in the form of prefabricated sections rather than entire houses. Preparations, however, are being made by a number of manu­ facturers, including some newcomers to the field, to build entirely prefabricated units. One significant development in this direction was the acquisition several months ago by the United States Steel Corp. of a substantial interest in the Gunnison Housing Corp., New Albany, Ind. Gunnison, one of the better builders of prefabricated houses, has for the most part used wood and plywood almost en­ tirely. When U. S. Steel bought a major share of the company, many observers read into the action the intention of the combined outfit to use more steel in the homes they produce. This was partially substantiated by a statement by B. F. Fairless, U. S. Steel president, at the time of the purchase: This radical-appearing prefabricated steel home was designed to house del~ '-'c “One of the best means of meeting the large postwar demand for homes for ferise workers. Chief features are the rapidity with which it can be built. 1 people of modest means will be through doubt that this type of low-cost dwelling ( about $750) w ill find wide accept the application of mass production meth­ ance in the postwar period. NEA photo ods in the prefabricated housing field. To this end U. S. Steel believes that steel will make an important contribution wherever it meets the requirements of Present, Past and Pending p0si design, utility and cost.” A possible foreign market of consid­ ■ CAPACITY OF SHELL FORGING PLANT IN ALABAMA DOUBfi- erable proportions is envisioned for the BmvnxGHAM— Capacity of Tennessee Coal, Iron & Railroad Co.’s 155-mm she! flaswta prefabricated types, especially in devas­ ing plant at Ensley, Ala., has been doubled by the completion of a second fframige tated areas. The plant will operate at about 40 per cent of capacity until additional machfc'ffiEi Limited Favor Here is Teceived' ' TOOLS- For American consumption, most au­ H MACK TRUCKS RECONVERTING ALLENTOWN, PA., PLANT “ thorities believe the completely prefabri­ A llentow n, Pa. Mack Trucks Inc. is reconverting its plant here from airpl.::j_: cated house will find limited acceptance. production to civilian bus production. Plans have been completed for the ma-pgi;,,.- As one authority has said: “It is not a question of how many houses will be facture of city-type buses and requirements for the new program are now be prefabricated, but how much préfabri­ figured. MB-T cation will go into each house.” Regardless of the extent of préfabri­ a HOYT APPOINTED DIRECTOR OF SALVAGE DIVISION, W PSw cation, the residential housing program W a s h in g t o n W. Thomas Hoyt of New York city has been appointed director , , \ of the next ten years will be a more im­ the Salvage Division, War Production Board, effective Nov. 1. He was forme portant market for iron, steel, copper and deputy director of the division and succeeds Herbert M. Faust. other metals than ever before. A proba­ ble shortage of lumber will encourage ■ DPC PLANTS TO REMAIN IN OPERATION AS LONG AS NEED greater use of steel beams and in -many W a s h i n g t o n — Jesse H. Jones, secretary of commerce, mace it clear recently t cases er-tire steel frames than before the announcement that a war plant is to be offered for future lease or sale by the RecT war. This should increase the average -Tructkm Finance Corp., does not mean that production for war is to be stopped use of metals per house considerably. that plant or that workers are to be laid off. Ii In prewar years, the average five-room house costing about $4000 required about T™_J0HN T- T,ET?NEy' CHAIRMAN OF KOPPERS CO., DIES 4 tons of iron and steel, according to the . b u r g h Jo omas Tierney, 61, president and chairman of the executi American Iron and Steel Institute. The committee of the board of trustees, Koppers United Co., and board chairman postwar house will take about one ton Koppers Co here, died Oct. 25 in New York after a brief illness. He also was more per house. director of Westmghouse Air Brake Co., Wilmerding, Pa., and Union Switch' Thus, 10,000,000 new homes in the Signal Co., Swissvale, Pa. postwar decade will require approximate­ ly 50,000,000 tons of iron anc steel, 5,- B CARNEGIE-ILLINOIS BLOWS OUT NO. 2 MINGO BLAST FURNAC 000,000 tons a year. Milngo J u n c t i o n , 0.-Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp. blew out No. 2 blast furnace : It generally is agreed the postwar its Mmgo works here Oct 21. - house will cost more. Building costs since the beginning of hostilities have been " i o v SLS ' RESTRICTIONS ON ALLOY STEEL SCRAP riding the escalator and now are some rCV0ked dlrection 4 to order M-21-a (w hich had restricte 30 per cent above the 1935M0 level. The minimum advance in costs, builders iM M c ( \ v h h i 7 1 V 7 f ed pCrCentages for certaia kinds of steel) and orde say, will be 25 per cent. in a n h J had provided for segregation of specified types of allov scrap), plac observance of these procedures on a voluntaiy basis. MEETINGS

al Wholesale Hardware Association. nent i n affairs which affect us. Hardware Industry doing, we will help our own Other officers are: Henry J. Alli­ iej we will strengthen our indus- Groups Name New Officers son, Allison & Erwin, Charlotte, N. C.; all we will have the sat- John PI. Mize, Blish, Mize & Stillman of blowing that we have served At the eighty-ninth annual meeting Hardware Co., Atchison, Kans.; and try in a fundamental way.” of the American Hardware Manufac­ Bruce Haines, E. E. Souther Iron Co., St. Louis. E. H. McGin, Union H ard­ speakers who addressed the turers Association held recently in At­ ware & Metal Co., Los Angeles, has tool builders were: John S. lantic City, N. J., John S. Tomajan of director, Tools Division, W ar the Washburn Co., Worcester, Mass., been npmed to fill a term expiring this year on tire executive committee. ,on Board; Robert M. Gaylord, was elected president, succeeding S. T. Named to terms on this committee ex­ I, National Association of Manu- Olin, Western Cartridge Co. i; John H. Abbink, vice presi- Vice presidents named are: II. P. Ladds, piring in 1947 were: Charles L. Hil- cGraw-Hill Publishing Co.; Wil- National Screw & Mfg. Co., Cleveland; drelh, Emery Waterhouse Co., Portland, Me.; I. H. Stauffer, Stauffer, Eshleman j, Kirk, vice president, Pratt & G. H. Halpin, Minnesota Mining & Mfg. & Co., New Orleans; and E. W. Hardin, ; B. D. Kunkle, vice president, Co., St. Paul; and H. P. Seymour, Co­ Amarillo Hardware Co., Amarillo, Tex. Motors Corp., and Tell Berna, lumbian Vise & Mfg. Co., Cleveland. manager of the association, Elected to the executive committee officers of the association, in ad- for three years were: H. B. Megran, Radium” and X-Ray Society to President Joseph L. Trecker, Starling Inc., Harvard, III; B. E. Strader, 'illiam P. Kirk, first vice presi- Remington Arms Co. Inc., Bridgeport, Elects New Officers [erbert H. Pease, president, New Conn.; and R. L. White, Landers Frary Machine Co., New Britain, Conn., & Clark, New Britain, Conn. F. A. Roy W. Emerson, Pittsburgh Pipe & vice president; and Crawford N. Bond, McKay Co., Pittsburgh, was elect­ Equipment Co., Pittsburgh, was elected ick, president, Landis Machine ed chairman of the executive commit­ president of the American Industrial 'aynesboro, Pa., treasurer. New tee, and Charles F. Rockwell, New York, Radium and X-Ray Society Inc. at its b are: Herbert Pease; A. M. John- was again named secretary and treas­ fourth annual meeting held recently at president, Barnes Drill Co., Rock- urer. the Hotel Hollenden, Cleveland, in con­ ¡,111, and H. W. Brockhoff, presi- Edward F. Pritzlaff, John Pritz- junction with the 1944 National Metal i, National Automatic Tool Co., Rich- laff Hardware Co., Milwaukee, was Congress, named president of tire Nation- I Ind. Other officers elected were Kent R. Van Horn, Aluminum Co. of America, Cleveland, vice president; and Alvin F. Cota, A. O. Smith Corp., Milwaukee, treasurer. Newly elected directors are Po stw a r P review s Leslie W. Ball, Triplett & Barton Co., Burbank, Calif., and Don M. McCutcheon, HOUSING Large-scale construction boom anticipated in postwar de­ Ford Motor Co., Detroit. Phillip D. John­ cade. Million new homes annually will be needed. Building activity seen son, Radium Chemical Co., Chicago, as most important single cushion against depression and aid to full employ­ continues as secretary of the group. ment, See page 40. MACHINE T O O L S Builders’ association president says prices must he MEETINGS . . . low enough to assure continued large-scale buying. See page 46. iWN, PA, I Coal Division, American Institute of Min­ CONGRESS Postwar problems will occupy major attention when Con­ ing and Metallurgical Engineers, Central Ap­ palachian Section, A I.M.E. and West Virginia gress reconvenes Nov. 14. See page 48. Section, American Society of Mechanical En­ gineers: Fuel conference, Hotel Daniel Boone, AUTOMOBILES Ford Motor Co. to spend $150 million for reconver­ Charleston, W. Va., Oct. 30-31. sion and expansion. Pilot models of new cars displayed to regional American Institute of Steel Construction: Twenty-second annual meeting, Claridge hotel, managers. See page 55. Atlantic City, N. J., Oct. 31-Nov. 2. VETERANS' SEN IO RITY United Automobile Workers make bid for Packaging Institute: Sixth annual meeting, Hotel New Yorker, New York, Nov. 1-2. support of returning servicemen by proposing seniority clause for incorpora­ Industrial Management Society: National Time tion in union contracts. See page 56. and Motion Study Clinic, Chicago. Nov. 2-3. American Zinc Institute Inc.: Fifteenth meet­ AVIATION Hundreds of American colleges will offer aviation courses ing of the Galvanizers Committee, William ; LONS AS* Penn hotel, Pittsburgh, Nov. 9-10. r’e if clear after the war. Educators invited to join with industry in helping to formu­ Institute of the Aeronautical Sciences Inc.: late plans for disposing of surplus aircraft materials. See page 62. Fall meeting, Dayton, O., Nov. 9-10. iseorsali Society of Automotive Engineers Inc.: Na­ ffarbc DIRIGIBLES Lighter-tban-air ships proposed to supplement airplanes tional fuels and lubricants meeting, The Mayo, Tulsa, Okla., Nov. 9-10. and surface ships in postwar international trade. See page 62. International Business Conference, sponsored by American Section, International Chamber TECHNIQUES on PARADE Technical sessions at Metal Congress of Commerce, Chamber of Commerce of the focus attention on possibilities of many war-stimulated improvements in United States, National Association of Manu­ methods, machines and metals. Stressed are conversion of equipment, facturers, and National Foreign Trade Council Inc.: Westchester Country Club, Rye, N. Y., simplification of formulas and equations for lay use and utilization of new Nov. 10-18. research tools. See page 72. American Machine Tool Distributors’ Asso­ ciation: Fall meeting, The Homestead, Hot ONE-SHOT FORGING— Process for production of 155-millimeter Springs, Va., Nov. 13-14. shell creates thin-walled shape with single stroke of press. Solves problems National Chemical Exposition, sponsored by Chicago Section, American Chemical Society: of metal flow, stroke, punches, dies, and lubrication. See page 74. Coliseum, Chicago, Nov. 15-19. National Founders Association: Annual meet­ "TEMPERED" AIR— Use of all heat, lower initial and operating costs ing, Stevens hotel, Chicago, Nov. 16-17. recommended early adaptation of direct-fired unit heaters and other types American Society of Mechanical Engineers: Annual meeting, Hotel Pennsylvania, , New of space heaters to scheme for tempering industrial plant air by burning York, Nov. 27-Dec. 1. fuel directly in air stream. See page 102. Sixteenth National Exposition of Power & Mechanical Engineering: Madison Square Gar­ den, New York, Nov. 27-Dec. 2. WINDOWS of WASHINGTON

ing alive many companies that ought! be liquidated. J / I Congress Faces New Legislative To questions of this nature, SWPC 1 rector Maury Maverick has been abli I Tasks When It Reconvenes Nov. 14 return answers that have proved s; | factory to Congress. He has demonstrr that small business is absolutely dep< Several major questions slated for early attention after Nov. ent on private initiative, so that the i - 7 elections. Include legislation pertaining to small business, the government can do for small bu is help it lick its financial and other p foreign trade, taxation, federal grants, postwar military pro­ lems. The SWPC director has sh I gram, new federal agencies howllUW the KJSWPC T T J. has wu.vivvuconverted many v.j companies into strong, self-sustaiW ones, converting poor risks into # NO MATTER which part)' emerges of the Senate bills called for $1,000,000,- customers for private banks. from the November elections with a ma­ 000 for the SWPC. jority in Congress, certain legislative The Smaller War Plants Corp. is in a In addition, Mr. Maverick has tasks are slated for early attention by that splendid position to ask for whatever knack of adding new strings to his I body after it reconvenes Nov. 14. These amount of money it feels it needs. Not Of late, the SWPC has finished scree tasks fall into a number of classifications, only is this corporation, as the guardian out of the Alien Property Custod as follows: of small business, one of the particular file several hundred patents whic considers particularly promising for s SMALL BUSINESS—The Smaller pets of Congress, but its duties and re­ business; the SWPC regional offices War Plants Corp. will need more money. sponsibilities have been considerably en­ prepared to explain these patents in This organization has been making war larged by provisions of some new laws. loans which generally have been repaid The Contract Settlement act, the War tail to small companies interested in tl SWPC now is working on a numbe as soon as the contractors and subcon­ Mobilization and Reconversion act, and new activities aimed at: 1— Setting i, tractors involved were paid by the pro­ the Surplus Property act all designate the curement agencies. But after V-E Day, SWPC as one of the principal instruments permanent peacetime counterpart oi when contracts are terminated in large to carry out their objectives. wartime Office of Production Resi volume, and new contracts are placed and Development, for use in inves Fears Effect on Postwar Economy sparingly, borrowers will not be able to ing products and processes in the int. pay so promptly and receipts will fall The above should not be taken to imply of small industry; -improving off; at the same time it is expected ap­ that there are no mental reservations participation of small business in ea plications for loans will increase. While whatever in Congress about the Smaller trade; 3— lowering rates of into the SWPC has $18,000,000 left in its War Plants Corp. Fears have been ex­ charged by the banks on loans to smal treasury, its officers say this amount will pressed on a number of occasions as to dustry; also, a number of others. be inadequate to meet needs after V-E the eventual effect of this agency’s activi­ In addition to such action as ma; Day, particularly because SWPC has no ties in siphoning government money into taken to benefit the Smaller War PI power to issue bonds or borrow money small business; such a policy, followed Corp., Congress is expected to de at the banks. over an indefinite period, it has been said, considerable study to the eventual u^ The Senate approved a bill increasing might turn out to have the effect of some large government-owned plant« the SWPC’s original $150,000,000 to further undermining private business and which there now are no buyers in s* $350,000,000. This bill now is before the of increasing the government’s control of, W hile it is too early to discuss the House Banking and Currency Committee. and participation in, business. The ques­ gram that will develop, it now is expeiH Before Congress gets through, it is pos­ tion also has been raised in Congress the Senate Small Business Comm: sible the appropriation may be increased whether the SWPC may be serving to will conduct an investigation of the su still further; it will be recalled that one weaken the economic structure by keep- aluminum and machine tool industill with a view to analyzing the possibil for providing employment in those industries by subdividing them1’ occupancy by small firms. FOREIGN TRADE — Congressional:; j-T. terest in the formulation of postwar^;.-,:, eign trade policies at present is cent. -. in the Subcommittee on Foreign T)-:,„ ~ and Shipping of the House Special C L?ïSs mittee on Postwar Economic Policy Planning. One of the few congress!iTy groups to hold hearings during the p ent recess, this subcommittee has recei suggestions and complaints from prr . interests concerned with foreign ti __'1 and shipping, also from representative. a number of interested govemn agencies. Now this subcommittee has<;;. ceived word from State Department j resentatives that they expect to be rej about the middle of November to retf details of foreign trade agreeing POSTWAR PLANNERS: Active in formulating regulations for the postwar reached tentatively during the req era are these senators, left to right, front row: Joseph C. O'Mahoney, Dumbarton Oaks conference. It is Wyo.; Alben Barkley, Ky.; Walter F. George, Ga.; Charles L. McNary, pected that the information to be revea Oreg.; Arthur H. Vandenberg, Mich. Standing: Robert A. Taft, O.- at that time will be of great importarj Claude Pepper, Fla.; Scott W . Lucas, III.; W arren R. Austin, Vt.; and" Carl TAXATION — The congressional Hayden, Ariz. N EA photo position, as reflected by statements ing the month prior to the fall adjou ment, appears to favor a fiscal and fini 48 t TE SIDE FEED FOR TRUING TRAVERSE HANDWHEEL CONTROL DIAL DIAMOND L E V E R ARM-SWUNO OF WAY WHILE GRINDINO

to IM

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Manufacturers o f — Bowgage Wheelhead Unit» Multiple Precision Grinding Units, Spline Grinders, Cylindrical Grinders, Gear Grinders, Bath Full Universal Grinders and Special Purpose Grinders. y * WINDOWS of WASHINGTON .____:------

for extensive highway construction. cial policy that will: 1—Hold down fed­ must be authorized. For example, title eral expenditures; 2—raise enough money V of the War Mobilization and Reconver­ POSTWAR MILITARY PROGllM through taxation to service the debt and sion act authorized expenditures for Current indications are that Cong J . pay current expenses; 3—reduce taxes on public works projects; an appropriation eventually will vote to maintain the c industry and business to encourage busi­ will have to be voted to make these ex­ pulsory military training system, arid .. ness activity and employment. penditures possible. Indications are that adequate Army and a big Navy in After months of backing and filling as title V will be broadened to permit fed­ postwar period. The issue, therefore, ^ to the practicability of considering a eral expenditures to cover planning of one of much interest to business and postwar tax program while the war still public works, and also for housing con­ dustry, since maintenance of a big A was in progress, ranking members of the struction. and Navy would call for much la . House Ways and Means Committee and There also ire indications that further procurement programs by these sen / the Senate Finance Committee, both Re­ attempts will be made to equate the posi­ in the postwar period than has K J publicans and Democrats, in June or­ tion of the states in the financing of edu­ normal heretofore. This whole pro! : ganized themselves into the Congres­ cation, public works, security, etc., is in the hands of the House Special C sional Joint Committee on Internal through federal grants. There is a strong mittee on Postwar Military Policy w Revenue Taxation. For this joint com­ feeling that if the states are left to shift is expected to include a series of p .C- mittee able Cofin F. Stam is the director for themselves the eventual result will hearings in its activities on this sut of research. Mr. Stam and his staff since be a deepening of depressed conditions NEW AGENCIES— Congress wil have been working steadily with Roy in the poorer states. This is a subject of vote considerable attention to scrutin Blough, director of the Treasury’s Divi­ vital interest to many manufacturers with the activities of the agencies create sion of Tax Research, and Mr. Rlough’s national distribution of their products. carry out the provisions of the Su staff. Among other things, these two Undoubtedly hearings at which they Property act, the War Mobilization groups recently held a series of confer­ may express their views will materialize. Reconversion act, the Contract Si- "!: ences at which representatives of small The House is due to consider a Senate- m ent act, and the Contract Tertnin business, by invitation, expressed critic­ approved bill which would authorize ex­ act. The various congressional con ~ isms and suggestions in connection with penditure of $450,000,000 of federal tees charged with surveillance of the the federal tax system. Mr. Stam and Mr. funds annually for three years for high­ ministration of these laws will hold " Blough are due to report to the joint way construction, with state matching ings from time to time. Mar.ufaet committee some time in the latter part of funds on a 50-50 basis. It will be a and businessmen thus will have a - of November when the joint committee case of compromising between this bill opportunity to express complaints will agree on a further program. and H. R. 4915, approved by the House, make suggestions about these laws - -- Indications are that the recommenda­ which also would provide federal funds their administration. tions to be made by Mr. Stam and Mr. Blough will be far-reaching. There ap­ pears to be agreement that the excess- profits and the capital-stock and declared- value excess-profits taxes should be re­ Detroit and Seattle Pay Highest pealed in their entirety. Also, the entire income tax system should be drastically simplified to eliminate present confusion Wages in Nation, Study Shows jf and uncertainties, and to reduce the i • • amount of work required, not only in Bureau of Labor Statistics' report reveals various inter- filling out tax forms, but in preparing wage differences for 26 manufacturing and 9 nonmanufac information for these forms. While nothing has been decided about ing occupational classifications in 31 American cities with po the joint committee’s future activities, lations of 250,000 or more it seems logical to expect that it will hold m m public hearings at which taxpayers in general can express their grievances and MANUFACTURERS interested in re­ manufacturing. Other areas in 'T o ­ advance their suggestions. locating their plants, or in establishing wage rates are 10 per cent or more a . . .. Mr. Blough spoke as follows to the branch plants, during the reconversion the general average for both group : American Institute of Accountants in St. or postwar periods, can get some helpful occupations are San Francisco, Port. Louis on Oct. 19: “The next few years information from a study of inter-city Oreg., and Cleveland. promise to be an auspicious time to pro­ wage differences recently completed by Atlanta, Ga., Dallas, Tex., Bim mote simplification in the corporate tax the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washing­ ham, Ala., San Antonio, Tex., Mem; . structure. As revenue requirements re­ ton. Tenn., and New Orleans, were foun cede, it will be possible to make some tax In this study, wages for 26 manufac­ be the lowest-wage urban areas. B reductions. The task of reducing the turing and 9 nonmanufacturing occupa­ ton, Tex., and St. Louis are at leas number of taxes and eliminating provi­ tional classifications were examined in 31 per cent below the average for sions which cause major difficulties will American cities of 250,000 population groups. fjQ be easier after the war when reductions or more. In order to discount the in­ Most of the urban areas not mentu are being made than during the war when fluence of varying industrial composition above pay wages somewhere near revenue requirements are so high.” among these areas, identical occupations average, either in manufacturing or ' with uniform weights were studied in all manufacturing, or in both. The v FEDERAL GRANTS— A pronounced areas. The manufacturing occupations levels of some of these areas, in fact, economy wave was reflected in Congress, were selected mainly in the metalworking clustered -within a very narrow range ■ i among both Democrats and Republicans, industries, while financial institutions Areas in which the pay is higher 1 in the three or four weeks prior to the and power laundries accounted for 5 of average but less than 110 per cent of ~ fall adjournment. There is no reason to the 9 nonmanufacturing jobs. Since average for one or both groups believe that this trend will have lost any these industries are not equally represen­ Toledo, O., Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, y of its force when Congress reconvenes tative of all areas, says the report, the Angeles and Milwaukee. on Nov. 14. Attempts will be made to wage levels indicated should be recog­ “It is probable,” says the report, broaden the social security system and nized as rough approximations. N ew York city would fall in this clai . embark the government in other spend­ Detroit and Seattle were found to have sufficient data were available to Pel ing; proponents of such schemes are sure the highest wages among the areas stud­ classification.” to encounter difficulties. ied, Detroit ranking first in manufactur­ Wage rates in Indianapolis, M>r At the same time, some expenditures ing occupations and Seattle first in non- apolis-St. Paul, Cincinnati and Washi WINDOWS of WASHINGTON 1 %vay ton (rated only in private nonmanufac­ Table I— Indexes and Rank of 31 Urban Areas, by Level of Wage Rates in Selected turing) appear to be about average. Occupations, Spring-Summer of 1943 Columbus, O., Baltimore, Louisville, Ky., Indexes Indexes and Boston are relatively low-wage areas, (average, Rank of (average, Rank of all areas area, based but surpass 90 per cent of the average all areas area, based one or both occupational groups. = 1 0 0 )— — on index I — - = 100)- — on indexf— % and Non- Non- iod. Tl* Denver, Colo., for which nonmanufactur- Non- Non- Man- man- Man- man- Man- mau- Man- man- ' ¡ng wage data alone are available, pays ufac- ufac- ufac- ufae- ui ac- ufac- ■ ufac- ufac- tur- tur- tur- hir­ tur- hir­ tur- hir­ »maintenance wages about 10 per cent below the aver' Area mg ing mg ing Area ing ing ing ing would age and “should probably be added to Detroit, Mich...... 131 116 1 4 Columbus, Ohio . . Toledo, Ohio ...... 98 95 16 19 : programs h*iu ilb’l 2rou£> of cides” Buffal° and Chica- 127 104 2 11 Minneapolis-St. Paul, Portland, Oreg. . . . L which pay about average wages in 117 121 3 3 Minn ...... Seattle, Wash...... 98 100 16 17 manufacturing, pay relatively high wages 116 136 4 1 Baltimore, Md...... 94 93 San Francisco, Calif. 18 20 114 135 5 2 Denver, Colo...... 21 nonmanufacturing jobs. Kansas City, Pittsburgh, Pa...... * 90 » 113 105 6 10 Louisville, Ky...... i,, pays average wages in manufactur- Cleveland, Ohio . . 92 86 19.5 24 111 110 7 8 Providence, R. I. . . , 92 102 Philadelphia, Pa. . . 19.5 13.5 l , ,, ■ • m but somewhat lower wages in nori- 107 103 8 12 Houston, Tex...... 90 83 Los Angeles, C alif.. 21 25 i ,v C. .(a^ IH K cturim while Providence, R. I., 103 114 9 St. Louis, Mo...... 87 88 22 22.5 Milwaukee, Wis. . . 102 106 10 Boston, Mass...... 86 100 23 17 1 ^ wage levels are below the average for the Indianapolis, Ind. . 101 100 11 17 Birmingham, Ala. . . 78 * 24 it group and slightly above for the Kansas City, M o.. . 100 88 12 22.5 Dallas, Tex...... 76 80 25 Buffalo, N. Y...... 115 13.5 5 New Orleans, L a.. . . * 73 27 Chicago, 111...... 112 13.5 7 Memphis, Tenn...... * 72 28 In general, the level of wages in the Washington, D. C. . 102 « 13.5 Atlanta, Ga...... 70 * 26 Cincinnati, Ohio ‘ i -pghest wage areas is almost twice as 101 16 15 San Antonio, Tex. . . » 70 29 ' ™ "ilL O as in the lowest wage areas, both in * the tuning and nonmanufacturing. t In eases where 2 or more cities have the same index, the rank given represents the average o the ranks in which they would fall; i.e., 13.5 is the average of ranks 13 and 14, 16 is the av­ Bit the report makes no allowance for erage of ranks 15, 16, and 17, etc. productivity; the wages found to * Data not available. prevail in the 31 cities are reported mere- of these te iv as wages, and the report contains noth­ time to fe as weights the estimated number of em­ equal 100. As an additional step each in« to indicate total labor costs on the ployes in that occupation in each area. smen tks.98 agement, and other factors. To some ex- Metalworking: Bread wrappers: I lent, therefore, geographic differences in Assemblers, bench: Male ...... 79 Ca, Class A, male ...... 3.8 $1.13 Female ...... 61 AntofflO, fefe®6 rates may serve merely to offset Class B, male ...... 7.2 ' 1.00 Miscellaneous industries: differences in the productivity of labor Class C, male ...... 6.1 .85 Janitors: Jr the attractiveness of employment. Class B, female ...... 3.8 .87 Male ...... 10.8 .75 ’jTWiieC3?6 differences also help to induce Class C, female ...... 17.5 .68 Female ...... 1.1 .71 Coremakers, hand, bench; Truckers, hand, male . . . . 8.5 .75 ® 3' “ (workers to move from the trades and Class A, male ...... 1.8 1.22 localities in which surpluses exist to those Class B, male ...... 1.1 1.10 N onmanuf acturing 1» which labor is scarce. Other differ- Drill-press operators, single spindle: Nonmanufacturing, total . 100.0 reflect the influence of monopolis­ Class A, male ...... 1.0 1.09 Class B, male ...... 2.3 .95 Financial institutions: tic forces, while still others are largely Class C, male ...... 2.6 .84 Paying and receiving tellers: prtuitous.” Class C, female ...... 2.5 .72 Male ...... 8.8 1.06 Fem ale...... 4.5 .73 The ranking of the different areas is Electricians, maintenance: Class A, m a le ...... 2.2 1.25 Power laundries: uP°n comparisons of average hour- Class B, male ...... 1.2 1.03 Feeders, catchers, and shak­ ii®’ rates> or straight-time hourly earnings; Engine-lathe operators: ers (flatwork), female .... 32.2 .39 ey do not measure differences in week- Class A, male ...... 4.0 1.22 Markers, female ...... 10.5 .45 4.7 1.06 Washers, male ...... 4.0 .72 V or annual incomes, since they take no Class B, male ...... Class C, m a le ...... 2.7 .95 Miscellaneous industries: of hours worked or of supple­ Class C, female ...... 9 .85 Elevator operators, passenger: mentary income. Shake-out men (foundry), Male ...... 10.2 .65 male ...... 2.6 .87 Female ...... 6.0 .48 Weighting was done as follows: After Tool and die makers: File clerks, class B, fem ale. . 11.0 .51 etermming the average wage rate for Class A, male ...... 6.7 1.48 Switchboard operators, fe­ male ...... 12.8 .56 aci occupation in each area, these Class B, male ...... 2.9 1.23 es were combined into a composite I and summe: ooupational average for all areas, using of 1943.

51 CONTROLLED MATERIALS

house stock directives issued to him.iT I j Deliveries of controlled materials I WPB Issues Rules on Warehouse warehouse or distributor from a V earmarked warehouse stock may be.-gflii Purchases of Excess Materials placed only in accordance with the te .. of the earmarked warehouse stock di5; tive issued to him. q||j Direction 5 to CMP regulation No. 4 establishes special treat­ Any controlled materials purchase; ment for purchases: For resale from distributor's commercial a warehouse or distributor from a ho stock; for sale by him as agent for Metals Reserve Co.; for of idle or excess inventory for an U p marked warehouse stock must be 1(F< resale from, earmarked stock established for him by WPB ported as a receipt and, when sold IT- a delivery from stock on any reJeS PROCEDURE which must be followed terials purchased from producers, ware­ which the warehouse or distributed i ‘ in the procurement, delivery and report­ houses, or distributors. However, alum­ required to file with WPB covering a - ’f ing by warehouses and distributors of idle inum distributors need not report such ity of his earmarked warehouse -sl . or execess controlled materials which sales, and receipts of aluminum sepa­ they get from sources other than con­ rately but may report them in the same trolled material producers, warehouses way they report other sales and receipts Single Standard for Sere and distributors, was established recent­ of aluminum. Threads Sought by MissicE®a ly by the War Production Board. To assist with the disposal of govern­ ijffiS u The new rules, containeed in direc­ ment-owned stocks of controlled ma­ Combined Production and Resoi-dE' tion No. 5 to CMP regulation No. 4, terials resulting from design changes, Board, the Anglo-American-Cana^3* provide that separate treatment must be cutbacks, and cancellations of war con­ economic high command, has reptf'i? accorded by a warehouse or distributor tracts, the Metals Reserve Co. may con­ that a joint mission in London is ma; T-L to idle or excess controlled materials: tract with various warehouses and dis­ progress in trying to find a common It:v (1) Purchased from a holder for re­ tributors to receive such materials into ard for screw threads. Existence of ' - : sale from his own commercial ware­ their stocks and to act as agents for the separate systems which are not at pre; house stock; (2) which are government- Metals Reserve Co. in the sale of ma­ interchangeable has caused conside: owned and received into his stock for terial to qualified purchasers. difficulties in the production of iteii sale by him as an agent for the Metals All controlled materials received by equipment for common use in the pj::— Reserve Co.; and (3) purchased from a warehouse or distributor into his stock cution of the war. a holder for resale from an earmarked which remain the property of the MRC ■ ki - : i warehouse stock established with him may be sold subject to provisions of pri­ by WPB. orities regulation No. 13. In addition, FEA Lists Metals That M( such materials may be delivered on or­ Commercial Stocks Replenished ders bearing the allotment symbol Z-l-E, Be Exported to Middle Controlled materials may be purchased but the other provisions of CMP regula­ 3 ti£ 132 Commodities, including metals, by a warehouse or distributor from a tion No. 4 do not apply to the sale of may be exported to the countries ofiw: . holder of idle or excess inventories, in­ controlled materials owned by the MRC. Middle East from the United S cluding the Metals Reserve Co., for re­ If special permission of a regional of­ sale from his own commercial ware­ have been listed in a bulletin by..;« fice of the WPB is required to make a Foreign Economic Administration. .g, house stock. All deliveries to consum­ particular delivery, the warehouse or ers of such materials must be made in information has not heretofore iT&ri distributor, acting as agent for the MRC, made public. accordance with CMP regulation No. 4. may apply in the name of the MRC to J»y||^5i33Spi In addition, a distributor may deliver the nearest regional office of WPB for steel to other distributors as provided in permission to make delivery. Standards Established for orders M-21-b-l and M-21-b-2, and may No deliveries of steel made by a dis­ apply to the WPB for permission to de­ tributor from a stock owned by the Describing Surplus Proper^ liver steel to a customer ex-allotment MRC but held in his warehouse for sale ^3; $ js under the provisions of direction 44 to by him as agent for that company may Surplus War Property Administrate CMP regulation No. 1. be used to support purchase orders for has issued the first installment o Steel purchased by a distributor for the replacement of his commercial or Handbook of Standards for Descril his commercial warehouse steel from earmarked warehouse stocks. Surplus Property. Purpose of the ha a holder of idle or excess inventory, A warehouse or distributor accepting book is to establish the minimum ^ when sold, may be replaced by ordering a stock of controlled materials from the information that should be supplied from a producer or another distributor MRC need file no report with the WPB fisting surplus property while at the in accordance with provisions of orders covering the activity of such stock, and time furnishing enough description M-21-b-l and M-21-b-2. he must not include any data on re­ commercial terms to form an adeqi Copper wire mill products purchased ceipts into, deliveries from, or inventory basis for resale. by a warehouse for his commercial on hand in such stock in any report When the handbook has been . stock from a holder of idle or excess which he is required to file regularly pleted, it will consist of 22 sections criC ' inventory, when sold, may be replaced with the WPB regarding the activity of ering all major groups of commodil in accordance with direction 4 to CMP his commercial or earmarked warehouse Sections I and II, just issued as regulation No. 4 while other controlled stocks. installment, cover metals and metal b; C' materials may be replaced in accord­ If a warehouse or distributor wishes to products, and wood and finished pr ; V; ance with the specific directions received purchase controlled materials from a ucts. Copies are available at the of. by the warehouse or distributor from holder of idle or excess inventory, or of the superintendent of documents ;y. WPB. from materials held by him for sale as Washington. In filing required reports, any con­ agent of the MRC for an earmarked trolled materials purchased from hold­ warehouse stock established with him by Appointments-Resignations ers of idle or excess inventories for com­ the WPB, he may do so, but all such mercial warehouse stock should be in­ purchases, and all subsequent deliveries Jerome M. Ney has been appoinl'-:- cluded as receipts of “idle or excess of such material from the earmarked director of the Consumer Goods Divisicy materials” and, when sold, should be in­ stock, must be made in accordance Office of Price Administration, succeed! cluded along with deliveries of ma­ with the terms of the earmarked ware­ Byres H. Gitchell, resigned. 52 N /TEE WPB-OPA f^vesii

by an amendment to schedule IV of order L-157. PRIORITIES-ALLOCATIONS-PRICES The amended schedule also clarifies permitted uses of both carbon steel and NE alloy steels for hot and cold chisels, railway track chisels, Weekly summaries of orders and regulations, together with offi­ and certain types of mauls and blacksmiths3 double-faced sledges. All other items covered cial interpretations and directives issued by War Production by the schedule may be made of only one kind of steel. Board and Office of Price Administration WPB Restrictions limiting the volume of production of special purpose saws, such as mitre box saws, cabinet and back saws, com­ INSTRUCTIONS and for railroad cars and prisons and correc­ pass and keyhole saws, and pruning saws, tional institutions, are no longer subject to the have been removed in an amendment to ¡POSTWAR PURCHASES: A purchaser may restrictions of schedule XII, (L-42) schedule 111 of order L-157. Manufacture of L or a manufacturer may accept now a grade C handsaws and the use of any kind fcar purchase order which is not to be filled TRACTORS: Control over the sale of non- critical repair parts for track-laying tractors of screws in attaching the blades of handsaws jitil after the removal of applicable WPB ré­ to the handles are now permitted. (L-157) pétions, provided the manufacturer does not has been relaxed. Manufacturers of these trac­ ftedule such an order for production, order tors who also manufacture repair parts are no LIGHTING FIXTURES: Order L-212, which ferial or place material in production to fill longer required to reserve 65 per cent of all controlled the manufacture and distribution of ucli orders until after the applicable WPB repair parts production for the military. All incandescent lighting fixtures, has been revoked. ; triction is removed. manufacturers of parts are still required to Production of these lighting fixtures still will be ship up to 65 per cent of production to the limited by allotments of controlled materials, armed services if necessary to fill orders. A and by availability of labor, shipping cartons, '»I E ORDERS repair part is considered critical when a pro­ and components, such as sockets, copper wire, ducer has unfilled purchase orders calling for and glass. (L-212) kCHINE TOOLS: Ratings for machine immediate delivery exceeding his inventory of costing more than $500 will be assigned that part. HARDWARE: Certain types of brass plating only if the tools are required for military now may be used on cabinet locks, padlocks ;es, or are needed urgently for purposes Quota restrictions have been removed on and builders’ finishing hardware with the ex­ to the war effort. Nonmilitary pur- sales by producers to export dealers and to ception of door hangers, tracks and related tr>TngtoSndj( now will be required to place unrated items. Nickel, chrome and cadmium plating e orders. They must furnish proof that are still prohibited. (L-236) * threads, re delivery dates cannot be obtained LUBRICATION EQUIPMENT: Distributors :0D that basis before any WPB consideration INDEX OF ORDER and jobbers no longer need a preference rating a b le I [sill be given to the assignment of a rating to obtain lubrication equipment. Use of form or the tools desired. Full justification must REVISIONS WPB-547, distributors’ application for prefer­ given for delivery dates requested by con­ Subject ence rating, has been discontinued for lubri­ sumers in advance of dates that can be prom­ Designations cating equipment. (L-314) ised by producers on unrated orders. No change Amusement Machines, Used L-21, 21-a jn rating policy has been made affecting ma­ C o p p e r ...... tte tools costing less that $500. (E -l-b ) Crucibles, Graphite Furnaces ...... M ORDERS s Metalil H ardw are...... L ORDERS Housing ...... COPPER: Restrictions have been removed on the use of copper and copper-base alloy in Laboratory Equipment ...... L-144 >rfed the manufacture of the following 17 civilian PSED AMUSEMENT MACHINES: Produc- Lighting Fixtures ...... L-212 and commercial items: ^oon of parts for the repair or renovation of Lubrication Equipment . . _____ L-314 ities, men used automatic phonographs and used amuse- Meters ...... (1) Supply and return water lines for ra­ JOlted to ¿c . menl or gaming machines is again permitted, Plumbing Fixtures ...... L-42 diators for passenger carriers having a seating St from fe ^ 0nly t0 tiie extent that use of materials Tools, Hand ...... L-157 capacity of not less than 11 persons; (2) braz­ for the purpose is permitted by valid conserva- Tools, Machine ...... E -l-b ing rod for motorcycles and motor-driven power llSteu uj : - tion orders. Manufacture or assembly of these Tractors L-53-b cycles; (3) plating of light fixtures; (4) solder OEOmic A i i to« of machines from either new or old parts bushings for plumbing installations; (5) door has not t ^ ^ prohibited by the order. However, per­ knockers; (6) checks, (7) pulls and (8) stops sons nho wish to make or assemble these prod­ for passenger transportation equipment, for re­ ucts or to make or transfer parts for other than pair and replacement purposes; (9) carburetors ;spair or renovation purposes may apply for dealers and distributors in the United States for beverage dispensing units and soda fountain itrmission under terms of priorities regulation and Canada. (L-53-b) equipment; (10) engraved burning branding LABORATORY EQUIPMENT: The number dies; (11) watch cases; (12) metal sponges L-21-a has been revoked since its of types of laboratory equipment that may be for use in dairy product processing plants and fens have been incorporated into L-21. Pro- sold or delivered only upon authorization of by the canning industry; (13) gears for can 'roon and delivery of weighing machines, WPB has been reduced. Only the preference openers; (14) gears and bushings for egg Piously controlled by L-21 and L-21-a as ratings assigned on the approved applications beaters; (15) adjustable stencils; (16) M-4 ell as by L-190, are now controlled by L-190 (form W PB-1319) may be used in purchasing jackets for the Navy; (17) snap fasteners for Production and delivery of merchandise these types of equipment, enumerated in list A nurses uniforms. Ming machines continue to be controlled of order L-144. Substitution of a different Permission to manufacture copper and cop­ “der L-27. (L-21, 21-a) model than the one authorized, whether made per-base alloy sheet, roll, strip and rod for by the manufacturer or a different one, is pro­ building construction, for repair and replace­ FURNACES: Provision that required each ment purposes, and to fill United States military toufacturer to produce furnaces only in fuel hibited. Types of equipment subject to these controls are: Analytical balances; centrifuges, contracts now will be granted. Buttons and made in the three-year period ended insignia for military uniforms also are permit­ w 11, 1942, has been removed. Restriction having a value of more than $80 each; hydro­ gen ion meters (electrometric type); metallo- ted to be manufactured from idle and excess jhog casings for furnaces of less than scopes and metallographs; microscopes, stereo­ inventory without WPB authorization. Manu­ > 0 B.t.u. to 26 gage and lighter steel has facturers of products still on the prohibited ln eliminated. (L-22) scopic wide field; Abbe refractometers; spectro­ graphs (quartz), spectrophotometers (quartz) list may use inventory which was on hand FIXTURES: Restrictions on the and spectro meters (infra red); and vacuum on or before June 30, 1942. (M -9-c) -- metal in production of shower stalls and pumps (one micron or higher vacuum). No GRAPHITE CRUCIBLES: All restrictions on " ll ^ recePt°rs have been removed. Produc- WPB authorization is required for purchasing the manufacture of graphite crucibles have been , “ Permitted of the following previouslv items of laboratory equipment not in list A. ijor g w removed by the revocation of order M-61-a. Mutated plumbing fixtures: Cast iron frost- (L-144) The order had prohibited the manufacture of ind tt if ° fWati?r C^ose* bowls and cast iron high certain listed sizes of standard crucibles and or hopper combinations. Limitations have METERS: Veterans Administration has been added to the list of agencies that may accept the manufacture of any type not being made ® removed on the weight of metal rein­ at the time of issuance. (M-61-a) vents that could be used in various sizes deliveries of new domestic watt-hour meters without being subject to the restrictions of order JDnp^k6*6 Amount of copper or L-151. Standards for approval of applications Id» f8®_ alloy that may be used in producing P ORDERS for the purchase of new watt-hour meters have from 6 ° wash fountain has been increased been removed. New standards will be com­ 1 ^oun(^ *° ^ve pounds. Legs or stands HOUSING: Restrictions have been relaxed dry trays and scullery sinks and drain municated to its regional WPB offices by WPB. on the use of materials that will permit con­ tor scullery sinks are permitted to be All applications to purchase these meters must struction of houses approximating prewar stand­ trom ferrous metal. Schedule XII has be addressed to WPB regional offices, instead of ards. Any materials that can be obtained with­ to the regional utility inventory control offices, anged to make it conform with the zinc out a rating now may be incorporated in the which have been abolished. (L-151) ¡fef ^ 5 I ?OW permits use of zinc for plumb- construction, unless specifically prohibited in fittings and trim. Plumbing L u r e s HAND TOOLS: Manufacture of four types the War Housing Critical List, as amended. I « fn fk US^ !by 4516 Veteraus Administration of mine blasting tools (copper needles, copper- The plumbing items have been condensed and simplified and the heating section has been ®»»p. fr,.°St -a11 buadings iu a hospital headed tamp drills, copper-headed tampers, rood packing and processing plants and copper-headed scrapers) is now permitted completely revised. (P-55-c)

53 If I ATI ON CATALOG!

Weatherhead "A-N" Fittings—Now and Postwar

The Weatherhead Company were pioneers in the manufacture of aircraft fittings. Many of the most important design changes on aircraft finings were originated by Weatherhead. Our facilities, now and in the future, will be directed to the volume production of high-quality fittings, hose assemblies, valves, and actuating cylinders. All of the necessary designs, specifications, and photographs on these products are contained in our new Aviation Catalog.

SAVE TIME SAVE MONEY SAVE EFFORT Write for this handy source book today. SIX SECTIONS Weatherhead Engineers will be for quick reference glad to work with you to solve e AN Fittings your fittings and hose assemblies e AC 811 Fittings problems. Our new Development e Flexible Hose Laboratory is at your disposal for e Hose Assemblies ihe creation of new fittings and ■ Valves and Cylinders other products to meet your spe­ • Complete Engineering Data cial requirements.

Look Ahead With Weatherhead THE WEATHERHEAD COMPANY, CLEVELAND, OHIO One of the Oldest and Largest Manufacturers of V ital Parts for tke Aviation Industry

/TEEL MIRRORS of MOTORDOM

Ford Motor Co. to spend $150 million for reconversion and his part in the reorganization would appear to make him chief engineer, it plant expansion, bulk going for machine tools and equipment. is understood Mr. McCarroll does not hold this title “officially.” His two prin­ Two new plants, one for manufacturing and one for assembly, cipal assistants are Dale Roeder and to be built. One will be located in St. Louis Jack Wharam. Another new development, at least as IRST concrete details of postwar in storage, which means a net gain of far as Ford is concerned, is the organiza­ s of Ford Motor Co. were released 9.1 million over and above these cars tion of a dealer advisory council, com­ reek or so ago in connection with a scrapped between now and 1950. A fig­ prising three men from each of the ¡ting of company officials and regional ure of 3.5 million cars scrapped annually six sales regions, which will meet with 'es personnel. While sketchy in some is used, against annual production of 6 factory representatives each year at the meets, projected activity involves ex­ million for the first two years after the time when new model planning is under­ penditure of $150 million for reconver- war, dropping to 5 million in the third taken. This council will bring in reports joii and plant expansion, the bulk going year and 4 million in the fourth year. from the field, covering such things as (ot machine tools and other plant equip- public preference for various styles of Reshuffling Engineering Personnel jt, Two new plants, one for manu­ cars and types of accessories, service ring and one for assembly, will be Under direction of R. H. McCarroll, troubles, faulty designs, etc., thereby t, A start has been made on one of Ford has been engaged in a reshuffling furnishing valuable data for planning i by acquiring property in St. Louis, and expansion of its engineering person­ the succeeding model. ils of the second were not disclosed, nel and activity, centering the refurbished As to the first postwar Ford models to »ugh it may be at Memphis, Tenn., department in what has been called the make their appearance, Henry Ford II te a $500,000 postwar addition has airplane building at the Ford airport. told his regional managers they need announced to provide 74,000 square Reason for the move is the effort to have no fear the cars would be only face of additional manufacturing space, effect a closer tie-in between engineering lifted versions of the 1942 vintage but ajtting a 30 per cent increase in pro­ research activity carried on at the Dear­ rather would carry more improvements duction and a 20 per cent boost in em­ born laboratory and the production en­ than ever were incorporated in a normal ployment. The plant now is engaged in gineering department formerly located year-to-year model change. This is com­ Imachining some 35 parts for Pratt & at Gate 4 of the Rouge plant. Although forting information to take back to Whitney aircraft engines built at the Rouge plant here. It was announced that pilot models of the first postwar Ford cars have been isembled and previewed by regional laagers, and they include a so-called second line” of postwar models and the new low-price series about which some talk has been heard. The latter will be introduced some time in the interval between when the first postwar car is in production and the final or ultimate postwar model is evolved. No actual price has been set on the economy series, hut it is expected to be 20-25 per cent below that of the regular Ford model. If $900 is taken as the base price of the tegular 1942 Ford, and a 15 per cent increase allowed to meet higher postwar costs, then the indicated price of the “economy” model would be around $800, » some distance from the $500 figure which has been bandied about loosely ss reflecting Ford thinking. Ford officials appear quite confident is to the extent of the oncoming auto­ motive market. They incline to the belief other producers may be too pessi­ mistic in their forecasting, and predict production of 7 million cars annually by the industry within a few years after die close of the war. They anticipate ®r registrations will climb to around 40 million or nearly 8 million beyond the highest figure in the past and comparing with about 25 million currently. These rosy figures are far ahead of a PRESS "NOSES" SHELL; Shown above is a 350-ton press used at Fisher statistical analysis made by Nash Kel- Body's Grand Rapids stamping division to shape the nose on a 155- hnator Corp. which indicates that by millimeter shell. Production of artillery shells started in this plant within 1950 there will be 34 million passenger four months after the plant received an initial letter of intent. In the «rs in use, comparing with 27.6 m i l l i o n foreground are shown two induction heating units where the open ends before the war, Nash mathematicians of the shells are heated to 1600 degrees Fahrenheit for the press | calculate that by the end of this year, the i nation’s reservoir of passenger cars will operation I stand at 24.9 million, including 1.7 million

(Material in this department is protected by copyright and its use in any form without permission is prohibited)

0, 55 MIRRORS of MOTORDOM

anxious buyers, but the plain facts must clause would extend seniority benefits cry over returning veterans displa be that basically the cars will have to and rights to service men who were not war workers, and the union is place remain identical with 1942 models if for employed at the time they entered the the confounding position of trying t no other reason than competitive ones. armed forces and to those who were em­ a job for both veteran and worker w Broad opportunity exists, however, for ployed in temporary positions. Re­ is no simple trick. Furthermore t many changes in such things as grilles, employment provisions of the Selective has been considerable bitterness a hardware, interior appointments and Service act seemingly do not cover such veterans over war plant strikes (wi gadgetry. men and it has been estimated that 80 the breaking up of picket lines at It is a comforting sign that a return per cent of the men now in, service either Kansas City plant of North Ame of the old competitive spirit among auto- did not hold jobs or were in temporary Aviation by veterans a couple of w ago.) The UAW-CIO is keenly a of this bitterness and the above conl clause doubtless is part of a prograr counteract the ill-feeling. Seniority credit for veterans will little avail if the supply of jobs is sufficient to take care of all who to work, which is likely to be the To attack the problem directly, it w appear the first step is to acknowl that many thousands now working w< not normally be employed, and to consider them in the postwar p as unemployed and entitled to job an equal basis with returning vet" will never work, seniority or no. An confusing problem is that among t veterans who did have jobs before entered the service, a large proportio not want their old jobs back. Workers Defying Management While the veteran proposal emana , from UAW-CIO headquarters bask / may have some merit, when it is stat up against such sordid incidents as curred last week at the Graham p here, it becomes lusterless. In defi: of a no-gambling rule, ten employes gan matching pennies, in effect da supervision to discipline them. 1 were laid off for two days as a re but the next day an entire polis. department and subsequently a mac ing department began matching p nies, playing cards and rolling dice, p lyzing operations and forcing the c TANK ASSEMBLY LINES: Production of the new M-18 tank destroyer has pany to send 600 home. On the reached volume production in Buick's former new car assembly plant. shift the horseplay resumed, but Moving conveyors lug the 19-ton monsters down the production line as missal of 16 men stopped the trou assembly progresses, with finished combat vehicles rolling off the end Now this is of course a trivial incid of the line under their own power but in one form or another it is hap" ing in virtually every war produc plant and union officials cannot hide fact that workers are using the orga*' mobile builders is beginning to show up classifications and thus would not be strength of the union in open defi here and there. Co-operation has been entitled to seniority “protection.” of management. the keynote of war production and With respect to veterans not previously “ All talk of postwar production pi through it miracles have been achieved, employed receiving seniority credit for was given a severe public jolt the o1 but the basis of sound progress in peace­ service subsequent to May 1, 1940, the day by Carsten Tiedeman, regional W time has been competition and it must UAW proposal attaches several provisos: director, who, returning from a Washii continue so in the future. Hence many 1. Such veteran shall apply for and ton meeting with military officials, s of the statements, opinions and pro­ obtain such employment within 12 the WPB had “completely blueprinte nouncements currently being uttered by months from the time he is relieved from but temporarily pigeonholed—all pi the automotive hierarchy need to be training or service, and if disability pre­ for reconversion.” He called for an e weighed in the light of the competitive vents this, his application may be made to talk of cutbacks and reconversion a position of the spokesmen. within 90 days from the time his dis­ concerted attention to lagging produc' What looks to be a strong bid by the ability has ended. schedules on items such as heavy true UAW-CIO for the support of returning 2. Such veteran shall not have previ­ ammunition and radar. The WPB 1 veterans is a plan the union has drawn ously exercised this right in any other renamed cutbacks “contract revisions” up in the form of a model contract plant. the interests of morale, and suggests clause which is being forwarded to all 3. Such veteran shall not be employed industry’s plans for expenditures on po local unions with instructions that they for the purpose of bringing about the war expansions and investment in equi undertake negotiations with manage­ displacement of another worker. (Try ment must be shelved, if for no oth ments for incorporation of the clause to figure that one out.) reason than to preclude increased co into existing contracts. Essentially, the There has been considerable hue and placency on the part of the public.

56 /TEE

MEN of INDUSTRY

J. B. KINTNER ALLISON L. BAYLES W. H. WILSON

J. B. Kintner, formerly manager of Minneapolis, and its division, Brown In­ tical Turbine Pump division. J. P. sales, Union Steel Castings division, strument Co., Philadelphia. W. S. Arthur becomes San Francisco di , Blaw-Knox Co., Pittsburgh, has been Robards has been made industrial sales office manager, and during the j named vice president of the division. engineer of the Milwaukee branch of emergency continues as Pacific ( — o— Brown Instrument Co., succeeding Mr. manager, Marine division. Harr) Harold G. Cutright has been elected Choate. Sargent, of the Marine division at H; vice president in charge of the machinery son, N. J., has been named assistant' division, R. Hoe & Co. Inc., Dunellen, Allison L. Bayles has been elected vice cific Coast manager of that divi i y. N. J. president, American Engineering Co., w ith headquarters in San Francisc Philadelphia. Mr. Bayles will be re­ Larry E. Gubb, chairman of the board, sponsible for postwar product develop­ W. H. Wilson has been made ea.’p' j Philco Corp., Philadelphia, has been ment. Previously he had been director territory manager, Ferro Enamel fo elected to the board of trustees, Cornell of research and development, Rogers Cleveland, and will make his headi jfS,. ^ University, Ithaca, N. Y., to serve for Diesel & Aircraft Corp. ters in the office to be opened by five years. company Nov. 1 at 17 East Forty,^ Walter W. Vogt, development man­ ond street. New York. J. Russell Gnau has been appointed ager, tire and chemical division, Good­ office manager, Ford Motor Co., Dear­ year Tire & Rubber Co., Akron, O., 1 born, Mich., succeeding A. G. Coulton, has been elected vice chairman of the Godfrey H. Atkin, special represjCo, ] who has been named assistant Dearborn Division of Rubber Chemistry, American tive, Chicago branch, Electric Steal Green k branch manager. Chemical Society. Battery Co., Philadelphia, has fc; honored by the National Electrical ||j, E. Leslie Merkle has been made pur­ Thomas W. Cunnea has been appoint­ ufacturers Association for his half- chasing agent for the Terre Haute, Ind., ed branch manager in Houston, Tex., for tury of service to the industry. plant of the Stran-Steel division, Great Westinghouse Electric Supply Co., New Lakes Steel Corp., Ecorse, Mich. York, succeeding C. M. Mackey, now Drayer & Hanson Inc., Los southwestern district manager of the has announced four appointments!! Ed Berliant has been appointed man­ company. Charles G. Lammers has been connection with postwar expansion pisffl be j, ^ ager of the Atlanta, Ga., branch, Con­ made manager of tire Indiana division, Albert Hanson has been made vice ] „ cord Radio Corp., Chicago and Atlanta. with offices in Indianapolis. For tire past three years Mr. Berliant has been general manager, Aeronautical Ra­ H. E. Grout, manager of manufac­ dio Mfg. Co. turing, has been assigned the entire re­ sponsibility for all small motor factory op­ Capt. William F. Silsby, on military erations, Lima, O., Small Motor division, leave of absence from Pittsburgh Lectro- Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co., East melt Furnace Corp., Pittsburgh, has been Pittsburgh, Pa. N. H. King has been awarded the Legion of Merit for “ex­ appointed manager of production plan­ ceptionally meritorious conduct in the ning, reporting To Mr. Grout. performance of outstanding service as officer in charge of the Hawaiian De­ Col. Robert P. Glassbum, U.S.A., re­ partment and Central Pacific Area Search­ tired, has been made general manager light Repair Shop.” Capt. Silsby is a of the newly-created international de­ member of Pittsburgh chapter, American partment, Dictaphone Corp., New York. Society for Metals. William R. Teller, formerly associated R. H. Musser has been appointed as­ with the testing laboratories of American sistant general manager of sales, Heppen- Gas Association, has joined Bryant Heat­ stall Co., Pittsburgh, pending the re­ er Co., Cleveland, as director of research covery of W. P. Ritenbaugh, who has and development. been ill for some time. H. T. PLATZ Frank I. Kemp, formerly manager of w, , , ... , man. Dave W. Choate has been named in­ Who has been appointed district mam . dustrial manager at Atlanta, Ga., for San Francisco district office, has been „„j M ™ , »»I \ ' Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator Co., named manager of the corporation’s Ver- in Cleveland, noted in STEEL, Oct. 2, p M MEN of INDUSTRY

¡¿ent in charge of engineering; J. C. Lombardi has been appointed vice pres­ ident, director of sales; Scott M. Hauser, L president, has become director of sles promotion and advertising, and j H. Witt has been made air condition- and refrigeration sales manager.

John F. Gilligan, manager of the pri- yties division, Philco Corp., Philadel- ja has been appointed advertising man-

H. Krut, formerly New York sales uger, C. G. Hussey & Co., Pitts- , division of Copper Range Co., ¡ a s been named director of sales, with teadquarters in Pittsburgh.

" N Norman J. Henke has joined the staff S . L. EASTM AN F. E. LE IB ‘(¡Saginaw Malleable Iron division, Gen- 1 Motors Corp., Plant No. 2, Dan- Chemical Products Inc., Detroit, as vice president of the corporation, returns taute Sa t, 111. For the past eight years he “äM«, U jb manager of industrial engineering and to St. Louis as general manager of the n associated with the Saginaw service. plant there, succeeding Mr. Wither­ ion at Saginaw, Mich. — o—- spoon. N. F. Vanderlipp succeeds S. L. Eastman has been appointed Mr. France as general manager, Buffalo few directors of United States Pipe chief engineer, Cleveland Worm & Gear plant, and Ralph A. Führer becomes fac­ m Foundry Co., East Burlington, N. J., Co., Cleveland. He has been associated tory manager at Columbus, O., to suc­ : V, C. Armstrong, board chairman, with the company since 1927 and for ceed Mr. Vanderlipp. dqnartœ i fei iil Joint Co., New York, and vice the past two and one-half years has been — o — trident, Poor & Co., Chicago; H. New- assistant chief engineer. F. E. Leib, formerly in charge of the L j. Walker, vice president, Walker Bros., — o— Washington office of Copperweld Steel smger, Fœi^i bsMiocken, Pa., and S. Bayard Col- Hermann D. Mysing has been made Co., Glassport, Pa., has been appointed jd, and will ¡¿¡¡fe ple. board chairman, Colgate-Pahm- manager of sales and engineering serv­ assistant general manager of sales. C. H. e-Peet Co., Jersey City, N. J. the office to W S ice, auto radio department, Radio Corp. Jensen has been named electrical engi- r Nov. 1 at liais of America, New York. George Green has been appointed vice * t New Toi — o—■ in charge of sales, Mt. Vernon John T. Urban, formerly manager of Benedict J. Goltra has been appointed [ Car Mfg. Co., Mt. Vernon, 111., division, the Indiana division, Westinghouse Elec­ superintendent of the No. 5-10 blast rer E Alfa, m iLPorter Co. Inc., Pittsburgh. For tric Supply Co., New York, has been furnace department, South Chicago the past year Mr. Green has been rail­ named general appliance manager. plant, Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp., Chi­ way sales manager, Elastic Stop Nut — o— cago, succeeding Evan R. Yundt, re­ Co, Onion, N. J. Robert M. Stanley, chief test pilot and signed. director of the flight research division of — o— savice Paul C. Capstick, formerly president, Bell Aircraft Corp., Buffalo, has been Victor Failmezger, previously applica­ ehmond Iron & Steel Co., Richmond, appointed chief engineer, succeeding tion and field engineer, H. K. Porter Co. has joined the scrap brokerage or­ Harland M. Poyer, resigned. Jack Wool- Inc., Pittsburgh, has been appointed iel far ii Nation of Charles Dreifus Co., Phila- arns becomes chief test pilot. sales manager of the company’s subsid­ ilphia, and will be in charge of that — o— iary, Quimby Pump Co., Newark and ■pany’s new office in the American David J. Finn has been made man­ New Brunswick, N. J. building, Richmond. ager of the Chicago region for R. C. A. Victor division, Radio Corp. of America, Edward C. Fales has joined American J°hn L. Neudoerfer has been made New York, and James W . Cocke has Welding & Mfg. Co., Warren, O., as as­ Ndent, Wheeling Corrugating Co., been appointed manager, Dallas-Atlanta sistant to the president. Previously Mr. Wheeling, W. Va., subsidiary, Wheeling region, with headquarters in Dallas, Fales had been assistant to the general lei Corp. Mr. Nuedoerfer is vice Tex. manager of operations, Sylvania Elec­ president in charge of sales and a di- — o— tric Products Co., Salem, Mass. Mor of the parent company. Marshall Houck has joined American — o— Safety Razor Corp., Brooklyn, N. Y., as Daniel E. Wise has been named as­ Walter A. Meyer, manager of dealer divisional sales supervisor, with head­ sistant chief engineer, Clairton works, ■s, Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co., Milwau- quarters in Chicago. He succeeds J. C. Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corp., Clairton, has been elected president of the Coen, who has resigned, effective Dec. Pa. He was formerly project engineer in Mtiple V-Relt Drive Association. 31. the company’s Youngstown district. — o— — o— Gwilym A. Price, vice president, Joseph G. Magrath has been appoint­ Edward Laing has been appointed estinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co., East ed manager of the Chicago district sales division manager in the Headquarters Ap­ ttsburgh, Pa., has been elected to the territory for American Machine & Metals plication Data and Training department, of trustees, Allegheny College, Inc., East Moline, 111. Headquarters of Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co., Pitts­ eadville, Pa. Mr. Price will serve for the new Chicago district office are lo­ burgh. Formerly Mr. Laing was sales indefinite tenure. cated at 310 South Michigan avenue. promotion manager of the company’s ■—o— ■ Eastern district. G’ W. Onksen, for the past 82 years i [ 0 Burton H. Witherspoon has been ap­ iPciated with General Motors Corp., pointed director of business research, William Gaertner, founder and presi­ etroit, recently serving as supervisor Curtiss-Wright Corp., with headquarters dent, Gaertner Scientific Corp., Chicago, Process engineering in the Guide at Buffalo, succeeding Dr. Donald H. celebrated his eightieth birthday anni­ nP division, has joined Solventol Davenport, resigned. Charles W. France, versary Oct. 24. A pioneer in the sci­

59 MEN of INDUSTRY entific instrument industry in the United president, Olympic Foundry Co., Seattle, Weaver and J. E. Aldred have resi States, Mr. Gaertner established his busi­ and R. D. Phelps, president, Francis & as directors, and Z. O. Fiscus haJpjj ( ness in Chicago in May, 1896. He was Nygren Foundry Co., Chicago. Walter signed as assistant treasurer and seer J' closely associated with S. P. Langley in L. Seelbach, secretary-treasurer, Forest the period when the latter’s fundamental City Foundries Co., Cleveland, president Eben------G. Crawford, _ 7 j.president,------C| Qf] experiments in aeronautics were under of the association, is chairman of the land Electric Illuminating Co., ^ way. executive committee. land, has become a director of C land-Cliffs Iron Co., Cleveland, suci(£ii'-' Gray Iron Founders’ Society announces John M. Curley has been elected chair­ ing Crispin Oglebay, president, OgL. re-appointment of the following to the man of Eastern Stainless Steel Corp., Bal­ Norton Co., also of that city. executive committee: W. B. Crawford, timore, succeeding James A. Downey, re­ president, Atlas Foundry Co., Detroit; signed. Gordon W. Russell, treasurer of W . K. Schweickhardt has been p C. R. Culling, president, Carondelet the corporation, has been elected secre­ in charge of the Chicago sales Foundry Co., St. Louis; H. L. Edinger, tary also, and Laclan McKenzie has been opened by Walsh Refractories Corp president, Barnett Foundry & Machine elected assistant treasurer. Edward F. Louis, in the Midland building, Co., Irvington, N. J.; R. E. Kucher, vice Byrnes was elected a director. J. Earl Adams street, Chicago 3. t Co ce of i ^ OBITUARIES finished specialties. Following his retire­ sales manager, Viscoloid Co., and - ... ment from the steel industry Mr. Krebs England representative of Nixon fjjdlsBW1 Charles Campbell Worthington, 90, was active in the banking business and tion Works, Nixon, N. J. Late T ' formerly president of International Steam in civic affairs of Johnstown until his ill­ founded his own company. Pump Co. and the Henry H. Worthing­ ness two weeks prior to his death. mi p ton Corp., now Worthington Puinp & Ma­ Charles W. Streckenbach, 82, w.js chinery Corp., Harrison, N. J., died Oct. Fred H. Clausen, 68, president, Van 1903 organized the Western Steel & Capiial inve 21 in Washington. At the death of his Brunt Mfg. Co., Horicon, Wis., subsid­ Works in De Pere, Wis., which con father, Henry H., who 40 years earlier iary of Deere & Co., and vice president later merged w ith H. D. Hudsons® had invented the first direct-acting steam of the Chamber of Commerce of the Chicago, died Oct. 20 in Green pump, Charles Worthington took over the United States, died Oct. 20 at Green Wis. Prior to his retirement ten affairs of Worthington Pump and brought Lake, Wis. ago Mr. Streckenbach served ar-rsr, about many improvements and new de­ Pere branch manager of H. D. Has* velopments in pumps, compressors and William Bausch, 83, chairman, Bausch Co. : n tfis similar types of equipment with the re­ & Lomb Optical Co., Rochester, N. Y., — o— sult the company set up plants in four and last surviving son of John Jacob Edgar Highley, 63, superintend* European countries. Nineteen years later Bausch, founder of the optical com­ Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp.’s din Olio, he sold control of the company to Inter­ pany, died Oct. 19 at his summer home kirk, N. Y., wire mill, died in national Steam Pump Co. and was its near Rochester. Mr. Bausch, who was Oct. 16. Mr. Highley has been ia president for a year. In 1900 he retired active in the firm’s scientific research fied with Jones & Laughlin Steel from the pump business and founded until his death, was named board chair­ Pittsburgh, for a number of years. | | | [_ Worthington Motor Co., manufacturing man in August to succeed his brother, ty-six years ago he founded a w in ^i^ first steam and later gasoline engines. Edward, who died July 30. in Dunkirk which later became a Among various companies in which he of Allegheny Ludlum. played an important part was the Holley Joseph S. Pendleton, secretary-treas­ Steam Pump Co., Buffalo, which he urer, Carpenter Steel Co., Reading, Pa., Joseph L. Vergilio, president 3 owned and controlled. died Oct. 7. Active in civic and state owner, J. L. Vergilio Co., Clevej. affairs, Mr. Pendleton was a member of metering and engineering organiz, Mrs. Everett J. Hall, 68, widow of the Pennsylvania committee for public died Oct. 17 in Lakewood, O. Mr. Everett J. Hall, who from the time of safety and of the public service com­ gilio was a member of the America; her husband’s death in 1931 until 1943 mittee of the Pennsylvania State Cham­ stitute of Electrical Engineers an was president of the Metals Disintegrat­ ber of Commerce. Cleveland Engineering Society. -o— ing Co., Union, N. J., which Mr. Hall — o— M i® founded, died recently in New London, Le Roy Whitmer, 64, who had been James Lyle Crandall, 77, head 0 N. H. employed in the sales division of Atlas Bolt & Screw Co., Cleveland, for more Crandall Engineering Co., Mexfas 90 pa c Mass., died Oct. 18. Mr. Crandal ^ r. Albert B. Doran, 39, head of A. B. than 30 years, before retiring in 1939, and who had returned to Atlas last Jan­ tablished the Crandall engine^^ Doran Engineering Co. and consulting works in 1891. At various times engineer for Douglas Aircraft Co. Inc., uary to help ease the manpower shortage, died Oct. 17 in Cleveland. consulting engineer to the United £ t Santa Monica, Calif., died Oct. 16 in Navy, the Canadian government _ Los Angeles. H. Parke Thornton, 48, vice president the United States Shipping Board, (attri! and controller, White Motor Co., Cleve­ Alfred Hallet, 58, automotive engi­ land, died Oct. 24 in that city. Albert C. Bishop, 69, president-1 neer and designer, and head of Hallet urer, Ohio Ice Machine Co., Clevc . Mfg. Co., Inglewood, Calif., died Oct. Harry A, Ritter, 58, manager, western until his recent retirement, and or. il, 20 in Los Angeles. division, American Laundry Machinery the leading authorities in the countr Co., Chicago, died Oct. 20 in that city. commercial refrigeration, died Oct . , Fred Krebs, 89, who retired in 1912 He had been associated with the company in Indianapolis. V as general sales manager and a director, since 1910. Cambria Steel Co., which was taken over Patrick O. Casey, 64, sales rep by Bethlehem Steel Co., died Oct. 13 in Ebner W. Wiggins, 65, founder, E. W. ative for Gardner Mfg. Co., May Johnstown, Pa. For many years he had Wiggins Airways Inc., Providence, R. I., Wis., radiator cover makers, died rec< charge of operations and sales of the and former general manager at various in Milwaukee. Gautier department of the old Cambria plants of E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Iron Co. Mr. Krebs was active in the Co. Inc., Wilmington, Del., died Oct. Jacob H. Holub, 50, superintend,; ^ early development of special shapes for 18 in Columbia, Mo. After his asso­ Holub Iron & Steel Co., Akron, O., ^ automobile rims, window sash, and cold ciation with du Pont Mr. Wiggins was Oct. 20 in Akron. ;■>' WEST COAST

dications are the total will be more than Expanded Screw Machine Industry doubled by mid-November, according to the Oakland Postwar Planning Committee. The $50 million of potential work thus -ing on Postwar Developments far has been reported by business estab­ lishments in 39 separate classifications. Screw machine investment increased from $ 5 0 0 ,0 0 0 p re w a r to At present more than 165 new build­ $10 million. Postwar automotive and parts manufacturers ings are included in the $50 million. In­ cluded in the classifications of work to be are expected to provide outlet for screw machine products done are: $5,950,000 by industrial estab­ produced by Coast plants lishments; $6,227,000 by commercial firms; $1,201,000 by businesses perform­ ing personal services; $16 million for LOS ANGELES the screw machine industry expects to housing facilities; and $16.5 million for IPON postwar development of new share. communications and utilities. The Oak­ lustries on the West Coast as well In discussing the conversion problems land metropolitan area’s goal is $200 ¡upon continuance of a large postwar of the industry with its leaders, C. B. million. icraft industry depends the future of Tibbetts, chairman, Los Angeles Cham­ In San Francisco, the City Planning lVork, Nison, S vastly expanded screw machine in- ber of Commerce Manufacturing and Commission has turned over to Mayor ^ his own comp® sty here. Industries Committee, promised that his Lapham recommendations for 277 post­ -0- Prior to war demands upon local air- organization would undertake market war projects to cost $131 million over a j manufacturing plants, tire screw ries SMüih surveys, comparative labor costs and six-year period. line industry in the Los Angeles area transportation cost studies necessary to very small. Capital investment was determine outlets for products and com­ wrged with H j« bably less than $500,000 and but a petitive positions. V-E Day Cutbacks To Have & &d Oct ii| tandred workers were employed in nts that for the most part were very Minor Effect on Bay Area ftior to his ifigj a, DPC May Help Put Geneva dr. Stredakd ^ SAN FRANCISCO rah war, however, has changed all I, Today tire automatic screw ma­ Steel in Saleable Condition V-E Day contract cutbacks in the San Francisco Bay area will affect less than ke industry in this area is exceeded 2 per cent of the thousands of war work­ importance in only three other na- PROVO, UTAH The federal government, through De­ ers in this district, according to estimates at : ml centers, the New England States, fense Plant Corp., is willing to spend by civilian personfiel officers of the ay Michigan and in Ohio, up to $35 million to put the Geneva Steel Twelfth Naval district. These employes Y. Y, wire i a recent conference held by lead- Co. in “saleable condition” for postwar immediately will be absorbed by expan­ 18. Mr. Hi of the local automatic screw ma- ih Jones k IçàM operation, it was reported here by Rep. sion in other war work, they said. he industry, spokesmen for the indus- J. W. Robinson, (Dem., Utah). ra. ror a K i d disclosed that this area has now Victory in Europe most likely will Agency officials concerned with re­ it least 7 per cent of the total number bring cutbacks in such items as small conversion planning have indicated to raidi \ oi all automatic screw machines in the arms, ammunition, tanks, certain heavy him, Representative Robinson said, that sheny i country', and 10 per cent of all the most artillery, bombs, military clothing, per­ good business practice would demand -fr- I modem machines of the automatic type, sonal effects and some aircraft manufac­ that the Geneva mill be converted from ih L Yergi,] lf was also disclosed that more than turing, the naval authorities believe. wartime production of plates and struc­ However, they point out that compara­ J. L. Yergils 1 * companies are engaged in this highly tural steel (for West Coast shipyards), to tively few of these war products are engmeffi: p h fe ! type of production with 5000 peacetime types of output. made in the San Francisco area. rt.17 _ L a t a ■ "PWes. on the payrolls. The capital On the other hand, they forecast that as a rlemterofti1 ,istment has expanded to $10 million jvji |«i me combined production of screw Belair Shipyard Closed; work on ships, transportation, fleet sup­ ply will expand sharply during the clos­ and s products here amounts to 300 individual items every twelve Plant To Be Dismantled ing phases of the campaign against Japan. SAN FRANCISCO U, Although perhaps 90 per cent of the With completion of its contract for Reach Compromise on sent screw production goes to the concrete barges for the Maritime Com­ «aft industry, screw machine operators Ship Repair Wages mission, the Belair shipyard at South San — . expansion in other fields is in 1891- ■11 | r,Jtain the range of possibility. The Francisco, Calif., ceased operations and SAN FRANCISCO will be dismantled. The Shipbuilding Stabilization Confer­ automotive industry is expected Since shortly after the outbreak of the Provide an expanded outlet for screw ence, at a recent meeting here, reached war, the Belair yard, operated by Barrett an apparent settlement of the ship repair Wine products. It is probable that & Hilp Co., has been working on a con­ *al industry is more interested than wage controversy which has led to several tract for 20 barges, made of concrete wartime strikes. The agreement as final­ at C, sm screw machine industry in the antici- and shaped in the form of ordinary cargo ly worked out is a compromise of prev­ )hio to ^ ed expansion of the automotive in- *7 in this area. vessels. These barges are capable of ious proposals. ¡is recent if handling about 6000 tons of freight. Resolutions were adopted by the con­ . many of the major automo- They have no motive power, are towed ference providing that work on new ves­ manufacturers maintaining assembly by tugs and manned by a small crew. sels, when placed in a drydock in a ship "sin Los Angeles have in past years repair or combination yard, shall be !* tf es’ batteries, springs, etc., man- deemed repair work drawing a premium red locally, there are many more Postwar Planning Projects c k O ,« rate of pay. It also provided, however, or Gardner > . that go into an automobile that Make Rapid Progress that employers may continue new con­ L, e'manufactured here on a com- struction work on such a vessel while in F ve basis with eastern plants. It is SAN FRANCISCO drydock. ■tied that Los Angeles will sup- Planning for postwar projects con­ The settlement largely gives machinists tr greater percentage of the parts tinues to make rapid progress in the San the premium wage rate they demanded. into the postwar car to be sold Francisco Bay area. The agreement now must go to the territory, than heretofore. It is Oakland’s city-wide work pile survey National War Labor Board for final ap­ Production of these parts that has passed the $50 million mark and in proval. WING TIPS

Bendix Aviation survey shows 307 American colleges planning board to states, “their political sub'1) visions and instrumentalities and to t postwar aviation courses. Schools preparing to put aircraft supported or non-profit institutions.’¡¡I The law further provides for disptjj surpluses to constructive peacetime use. Formulation of eco­ tion of surplus aircraft materials nomical plan for useful disposition of surplus needed use in R.O.T.C. programs, he stated.!. Suggestions received by Bendix fi RESULTS of a nation-wide survey In reply to his company’s survey, scores of air-minded educators, ! of higher educational institutions show Mr. Breech stated, 76 institutions said Breech said, make it apparent that “ 307 out of 455 American colleges and they now have the necessary facilities for future plans and actions of indus universities which replied, plan postwar a permanent program of aviation educa­ the government and education must courses in aviation, Ernest R. Breech, tion and 160 institutions said they have thoughtfully and practically co-ordij president, Bendix Aviation Corp., dis­ fairly adequate or at least “limited” fa­ ed to work out a policy of Ameri closed last week. cilities—but will need modem equip­ air power in terms of national welfa Mr. Breech said these 307 schools ment and other teaching aids developed and others who expressed definite inter­ as part of the immense wartime expan­ Urges Dirigible Suppleme est indicated they will want and need sion of aviation. Educators were in­ substantial quantities of usable govern­ vited by Mr. Breech to join with the Airplane and Steamship ment-owned aircraft equipment, which aircraft industry in helping to formulate can be made available to them under efficient, economical plans for useful Huge lighter-than-air ships were ] the Surplus Disposal law. disposition of aircraft surpluses, as pro­ jected into the air transport picture The survey showed that 237 colleges vided by the law, under federal regu­ cently with a memorandum filed wii" now teach some aspects of aviation, lations to be drawn up and administered Civil Aeronautics Board at the start o that 212 of these schools are definitely by a surplus board. hearings on North Atlantic routes by planning to continue or expand their The law, he explained, provides that W. Litchfield, president, Goodyear . curricula after the war and that 95 addi­ “surplus property which is appropriate craft Corp., Akron, O., long active in tional schools among 140 colleges which for school, classroom or other educational dirigible field. do not at present teach areonautics are use may be sold or leased “under regula­ W hile no commercial airships of planning to establish postwar courses. tions to be prescribed by the surplus dirigible type now are available, Litchfield stated his belief that they §j|fl® great potential usefulness to the p a t,^ and asked that the board take no ac which would prejudice their even____ inclusion in international air trade, airship would supplement the airp] and the steamship, giving the natio sendee none of the three could perfi alone, Mr. Litchfield said.

Duplícate German Robot Bomb Here in 60 Days Germany’s vengeance weapon—the ’ robot bomb—has been exhaustive studied, completely reconstructed even fired by the Air Technical Servj Command, Wright Field, O., which| seeking effective methods to stop bomb and use its “secrets” to the advantage. The robot consists of a highly streaj fined fuselage with stubby wings o| which is mounted a tube containing impulse jet engine. Fuel used is ga . fine. Motive power comes from a sei of rapid explosions in a combustion cha \tp| ber. The force of these explosions f lows the line of least resistance—i open rear end of the tube—and drives \ aerial bomb forward. The front end the tube is equipped w ith an ingenic “gate” which opens to admit air combustion and closes with each exp sion to prevent loss of power. In actk the engine sounds like a giant outbox's motor. The fuselage contains a war head, fu, automatic control equipment and t\ FORGING B-29 CRANKCASES: Hammers, striking a blow of 56,000 tons, spherical compressed air tanks for are being used at Chrysler's Dodge Chicago plant to forge crankcase ning control units. Overall the bo: sections for the huge B-29 engines. Shown above is the bottom part of measures about 17 feet in span and one of the forge hammers with which the finishing touches are being feet in length. Parts used in studying the robot we put on a large forging collected in England. Some were takf from duds and, even though no exploit f t t f c

S T A R T S LIFE Il%I A CAM ERA'S LENS!

tin correspondent asks: "How can they drawings on other P a i n t g r i p sheets on the zinc takes and holds the paint. * Dirigib|e e so many B-29 parts in so many coated with photographic emulsion. 3. It is smooth, flat and easy to work. different plants and still get a perfect These templates then go to subcon­ lane ai 4. There is no flaking or peeling of 'it’ on the assembly line?” tractors in all parts of the country. paint along scribed lines. 5. There is Photo templates are the answer. In This method insures faster tem­ no chance of error in copying. 6. one of the big Boeing plants drafts- plate production; reproductions are Extra wide sheets are available. itn draw details of the Superfortress accurate to one-thousandth of an inch flMpPudH Whatever you make of sheet steel tii series of master patterns. These per foot; more Superforts are ready that is to be covered with an attractive Arm co Galvanized P a i n t g r i p to bomb Japan. and durable paint or enamel finish, Aknm, 0, L leets—painted pale green. Here are six reasons why thous­ M i A r m c o Galvanized P a i n t g r i p sheets no commerdis PHOTOS ON STEEL ands of tons of A r m c o P a i n t g r i p are a wise choice. Let us show you type now ® ij master steel patterns are sent have been used for aircraft templates: just why. The American Rolling Mill copying rooms. Negatives are 1. It has a protective galvanized coat­ Co., 3231 Curtis St., Middletown, O. and a camera " sh oo ts” the ing. 2. The neutral phosphate coating d that the boal EXPORT; THE ARMCO INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION rosM preju®

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me of tie lr. Liiehfield a

Checking contour of a body frame section.

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63 WING TIPS

an organization, with equipment value at over a half-milhon dollars, for tl sole purpose of insuring proper stan ards of inspection. Under guidance Col. Bryant L. Boatner, chief, Quali Control Section, Procurement Divisia die miscellaneous equipment laborato branch, headed by Capt. G. F. Hoovi has the world’s finest and most accura ¡§ equipment in the tool and gage and i stnunent laboratories. The Instrument Laboratory’s prima job is to insure the procurement of i struments with a high degree of acc racy under all conditions. Constant che is kept on the 125 different types of struments subject to AAF inspecti^ There are barometers which can be re to .0039 of an inch, potentiometers wh are accurate to one-millionth of a vc| resistance thermometers which will cc> sistently check to within one one-thoi andth of a degree. There are also v | num chambers and cold chambers wh simulate conditions of flight at altitudes and temperatures. Every effij is made by this laboratory to see to it t| world’s greatest air force has the worl| best instruments. DEVISE BEARING CONSERVATION PLAN: Beverley Fawver, chief in­ spector of the bearing department at the Spokane Air Technical Com­ mand, and Lieut. K. M. Glaesner, bearing expert at the ATSC at Wright Wright Plans Powerful Gas Field, O., watch an automatic lathe machining bearings at the Fafnir Bearing Co., New Britain, Conn. They were among a group of 31 Army Turbine Aircraft Engines experts who conferred with the industry's engineers and devised a master Gas turbine aircraft engines of as mu! plan for conserving bearings in military aircraft as 10,000 horsepower will be availal | for giant aircraft within the next decao according to G. W. Vaughan, preside: sions had occurred, high speed impact characteristics and fuel flow rates. Wright Aeronautical Corp., who a. I had ripped them apart. Under the super­ Solution of the complicated directional nounced in New York recentiy on tp i- j vision of the engineering division, air­ control system was worked out by the occasion of the twenty-fifth anniverss- / . craft projects section, five of the Com­ Jack & Heinz Co., Cleveland, under of the company that Wright will produ /\ mand’s twelve laboratories— Power Plant, supervision of the equipment laboratory’s aviation turbines as well as conventioi > Aircraft, Equipment, Aircraft Radio, special weapons branch. It was revealed type engines in the postwar period. V I Materials— and the Engineering Shops, that the bomb, after being launched Development of a turbine of this pow Ns worked on the V -l project. from a track, is controlled through a com­ would mean more energy in one ur First problem was the jet impulse en­ pass device pre-set for a desired direc­ than in all four engines of the large gine. Power plant engineers doped it out tion. A gyro control functions as an auto­ bomber now in use, the Boeing B-S*—— in record time, had it running only 17 matic pilot. Accuracy is difficult since Superfortress which carries four Cyclon days after the pieces arrived, despite the cross winds cause the bomb to drift. totaling 8800 horsepower. fact it was necessary to fabricate all parts Firing tests are to be carried on at At a press conference, Mr. Vaught after construction and design had been sites constructed by the Corps of Engi­ indicated research and development pr solved. The complete robot was fabri­ neers. Some of the robots will be fired grams are now under way on turbu cated and in working condition less than with war heads provided by the Ord­ units. Marking one of the most significa\ two months after the original parts ar­ nance Department. Special electrical advances in aviation since the radial er ~ - rived from England. equipment designed by the Air Technical gine first appeared, one type of Wrigi . . Service Command aircraft radio labora­ gas turbine will be an engine of hig These parts, including the heavy tory will “track” the robots from launch­ power, built to drive a propeller, as cot ; "boiler-maker” steel tube, were machined ing to final landing. Soon we will know trasted with the turbine units of basical and assembled in the Command’s engi­ fully as much about the V -l as the Ger­ similar principle used in jet promusi«: . - neering shops. To make the fabricated mans do. engine an exact replica of the German planes. This type of engine has bee original, all metals were analyzed for proposed for many years, but so far ht alloys. Over 450,000 Separate never been flown. Mr. Vaughan stated that while the prir Completed, the engine was mounted Items Inspected by AAF ciples of gas turbines had been know on a dynamometer stand for test runs. for years, it was only recently that re A spark plug was used to ignite fuel for There are over 13,000 Army Air search had improved their efficiency to the first several minutes of running after Forces inspectors in the aircraft plants point of practical use and only recent! which heat from the engine provided where the 450,000 separate items of that advances in metallurgy had pro ignition. Meantime, the aircraft labora­ AAF equipment are manufactured. These vided the metals to withstand the hea, tory made tests of a robot model in the inspectors are responsible for the high and power stress of such engines. Command’s famous five-foot wind tun­ quality of the component parts which Wright will continue production o; nel to determine aerodynamic reaction go to make up the materiel of the air-cooled radials, according to Mr and characteristics. A full scale impulse AAF. Vaughan, as well as continuing develop* t engine was also tested in the giant 20- At headquarters of the Air Technical ment and research work on other proj-y. foot tunnel to determine speed t h r u s t Service Command, Wright Field, O., is ects as yet not announced. ne Aircrafts

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# T E F L PORTS MADE TO ORDER

arbors to France

ONE OF the most remarkable engineering feats of the war the erection of two prefabricated harbors on the coast of [ormandy to facilitate the movement of troops and supplies ■ing the invasion of western Europe. The ports, which are the size of Dover, were prefabricated Great Britain by British manpower from plans drawn up the British W ar Office and Admiralty. They then were ed across the channel. One harbor, for use by the lerican forces, was set up by the United States Navy; other, for the British, was a combined Royal Navy and iv responsibility. Various views of the installations are shown in these pages.

Fig. 1—At the British Harbor ambulances move along one of the pier roadways leading to the wharf. This steel ji loadway, hundreds of feet long, is a series of small bridges joined together by special means to give flexibil- i ity and to permit it to rise and fall with the 20-foot tide

s;’i , ; ' Fig. 2—After being towed across the channel, this spud prhead lies off the French shore at Normandy. It will be used for forming a wharf at the British port

Fig. 3—This panorama view of the British harbor shows one of the steel roadways which leads from shore to the wharf in the I background. The breakwaters are dotted with ships

Fig. 4—Here is a view of the wharf at the British port. It con­ sists of seven specially designed spud pierhead, steel pontoons with ; a displacement of approximately I 1000 tons. Each pierhead is com­ plete with crew quarters, generat­ ing sets, storage accommodations, etc.

Fig. 5—A balloon floats above the breakwater made of concrete cais­ sons which protect the harbor. One hundred forty-six of these cais­ sons were made in six different sizes for various depths of water. NEA and Acme photos ACTIVITIES

Packard Electric Plans To Expand Warren Plant General Motors division to spend $2.5 million to boost employment level 97 per cent above prewar fcfS* A $2.5 MILLION postwar expansion for Packard Electric division, General Motors Corp., Warren, O,, which is ex­ ¡B&e pected to boost the division’s employ­ ment level approximately 91 per cent ¿0 fc above prewar and 35 per cent over the (BiiSiS present mark was announced recently. Highlights of the proposed program I f f are: ¿93 e® 1. Expenditure of $1.5 million for rearrangement of plant facilities and new MORE EXPLOSIVES: Navy officers and officials of the Blaw-Knox Co., equipment. Pittsburgh, watch the ring being put on one of the first 16-inch naval 2. Expenditure of $1 million for new shells made in the Pittsburgh district in this w ar at the plant of the Lewis buildings, including a new boiler house Foundry & Machine division, Blaw-Knox Co., Groveton, Pa. and four-story building to house per­ sonnel offices, general offices and an en­ larged cafeteria. ®ai I : 3. Increase of employment require­ ments for 2700 persons in prewar and BRIEFS .... about 4000 persons currently to approxi­ mately 5200 persons. Paragraph mentions of developments of interest am '"1' 4. Increase in capacity of wire and □.□S AC significance within the metalworking industry bulk cable manufacturing facilities by 43 per cent, of assembly departments '• [ \k k k about 45 per cent, and of motor manu­ George S. May Business Foundation, now has in operation what is believe — facturing departments about 50 per Chicago, moved its offices from 111 to be the most complete and modeniCf.:: cent. South Dearborn street to 840 North commercial heat-treating plant in Can Michigan avenue on Oct. 1. ada. m is*

Sheldon Machine Co. Logansport Machine Co. Inc., Lo- Brass Forging Association, New York, gansport, Ind., announces appointment has published a new bulletin titled,,^ Acquires Vernon Line of Rudel Machinery Co. Inc., Boston, as Non-Ferrous Forgings Digest. V ',,. its exclusive representatives in the New Sheldon Machine Co. Inc., Chicago, England territory, including Massachu­ Minnesota Mining & Mfg. Co., St . builder of precision lathes and arbor setts, Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, presses, announces acquisition of the Ver­ Paul, Minn., has acquired the Mid-States Rhode Island and Connecticut. non line of machine tools. Gummed Paper Co., Chicago. ——O— ? “ ^ This line includes the Vemon horizon­ Continental Can Co. Inc., New York, tal milling machines, vertical milling ma­ reports its directors have approved the General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. chines and jig borers, 12-inch back acquisition of the assets and business Y., announces plans to purchase a 12- . geared shapers and universal tool and of Owens-Illinois Can Co., a subsidiary acre plot for a postwar manufacturing: cutter grinders heretofore built and sold of Owens-Illinois Glass Co. plant in Anaheim, Calif., for production . by the Machinery Mfg. Co., Los Angeles. of plastic parts for airplanes. All manufacturing of these machine Michigan Tool Co., Detroit, announces — o— f?s%ci tools has been transferred to the Sheldon appointment of L. E. Phelps as direct American Society for Testing Mate- plant in Chicago where production will factory representative with offices at rials, Philadelphia, has been awarded soon start to permit deliveries shortly 638 Baker building, Minneapolis. the Ordnance Distinguished Service after the first of the year. Award for its outstanding contributions - Allied Radio Corp., Chicago, has been to ordnance progress in the war. Diamond Alkali Purchases appointed exclusive midwestem dis­ tributors for Creative Plastics Corp. Sullivan-Rayhawk, Pittsburgh, is a Emeryville Chemical Co. new and complete market and sales Nordberg Mfg. Co., Milwaukee, ac­ promotion organization which was . Diamond Alkali Co., Pittsburgh, has quired controlling interest in the North­ formed recently with offices at 743 ' purchased the Emeryville Chemical Co., ern Processing Machinery Co., Cleve­ Oliver building, Pittsburgh. 405 Montgomery street, San Francisco. land, a firm of specialty engineers. It Manufacture of silicate of soda, sodium will operate as a subsidiary of Nordberg General American Transportation metasilicate, and silicate compounds will under the name of Nordberg Process Corp., Chicago, has established scholar­ be continued at the plant which is lo­ Machinery Co. cated at 1269 Sixty-sixth street, Emery­ ships at the University of Chicago to be - ville, Calif. made available to children of any of vL Colonial Tool Co. Ltd., Windsor, Ont., its 6500 employes as a memorial to its C ACTIVITIES

employes who have lost their lives in Geometric Stamping Co., Cleveland. Hays Mfg. Co., Erie, Pa. the war’ Hoover Ball & Bearing Co., Ann Arbor, Mich. Stops Operations Hyland Laboratories, Los Angeles. Clyde Iron Works, Duluth, Minn., Minneford Yacht Yard Inc., City Island, N. Y j,ad its outstanding preferred stock re­ National Cypsum Co., McGregor, Tex. National Iron Works, San Diego, Calif. At Sharpsville tired and canceled on Oct. 1, accord- Panocular Corp., Cincinnati. jjjg to J. A. Sisto, chairman of the Q-O-S Corp., New York. board, Barium Steel Corp., Canton, O., Remington-Rand Inc., Tonawanda, N. Y. Blast Furnace I which purchased control of the Duluth Rudy Furnace Co., Dowagiac, Mich. 1 concern in August. Seeger Refrigerator Co., St. Paul, Minn Stack sold to Hetz Construc­ Stephens Bros. Inc., Sto'kton, Calif. Sylvania Electric Proructs Inc., Brookville, tion Co. last January. Built in Florence Stove Co., Gardner, Mass., Pa. _as purchased the electric and gas range Tmscott Boat & Dock Co., Cleveland. 1847, furnace rebuilt in 1923 1 business of Cavalier Corp., Chattanooga, Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co., Bloom­ field, N. J. with 150,000 ton capacity Tenn. Marshal' Chemical Warfare Service plant, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Mounds- Dravo Corp., Pittsburgh, received the ville, W. Va. PITTSBURGH COKE & IRON CO., “S” flag from the National Safety Coun­ Ingalls Iron Works Co., Verona, Pa. Pittsburgh, has suspended operation of its Union Chain & Mfg. Co., Sandusky, O. blast furnace at Sharpsville, Pa., one of cil for outstanding achievement in plant Ferro Enamel Corp., Cleveland, wms fourth safety and accident reduction. “E.” the oldest in the Youngstown district. Allen Wales Adding Machine Corp., Ithaca, This stack was sold in January of this N. Y. year to the Hetz Construction Co., War­ Hills-McCanna Co., Chicago, an­ Day & Zimmermann Inc., Iowa Ordnance ren, O., for dismantling, but was con­ plant, Burlington, la. nounces appointment of D. D. Foster tinued in service under lease, to use up Farah Mfg. Co., El Paso, Tex. Co. as its representative in the Pitts- stocks of iron ore. It is understood the General Motors Corp., Hyatt Bearing division, area with offices at 412 Peoples Hetz company will seek a buyer or will Gas building, Pittsburgh. Rahway, N. J. 2Í5 of the Blm ty La Crosse Trailer & Equipment Co., La dismantle the stack. Crosse, Wis. of the first lf e .si The furnace was built in 1847 and for Wright Aeronautical Corp., Paterson, Minneapolis-PIoneywell Regulator Co., Aero many years was operated by the Sharps­ f a t the plant of jj j division, Chicago. N, J., celebrated its twenty-fifth anni­ ville Furnace Co. It was rebuilt in 1923 Co., Gravetoii,! versary of business on Oct. 9. Nolde & Horst Co., Reading, Pa. Pharis Tire & Rubber Co., Newark, O. and capacity increased from 120,000 to Photo Utilities Inc., New York. 150,000 tons annually. In addition to the Black & Decker Electric Co., Kent, O., Odenbach Shipbuilding Corp., Rochester, stack the plant consists of four stoves, recently changed its name to Lamb N. Y. three steam blowing engines and a single- Scullin Steel Co., St. Louis, Mo. strand pig-casting machine. Electric Co. Sta-Rite Ginnie Lou Inc., Shelbyville, 111. Sharpsville Furnace Co. disposed of Truck Engineering Corp., Cleveland. the stack to Davison Coke & Iron Co. jpmen/j of Í« -Latrobe Twist Drill Works, Vita Var Corp., Newark, N. J. i, announces opening of a branch Westinghouse Air Brake Co., Swissvale, Pa. The latter company changed its name to irking induifrj ! warehouse and sales office at 2043 Santa Union Switch & Signal Co., Swissvale, Pa. Pittsburgh Coke & Iron Co. ïe avenue, Los Angeles. re most Heppenstall Co., Pittsburgh, reports si removal of its Boston office to Chamber of Commerce building, 80 Federal street, Boston.

M e d new bulk AWARDS 9US Steel Co., Raleigh, N, C. nta Mining 1 1 Star Drilling Co., Akron, O. Silent Hoist & Crane Co., Brooklyn, N. Y., IŁ, receives fourth award. r C o, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Perth Amboy plant, Perth Amboy, N. J., adds second white star. QectricCo, Anaconda Wire & Cable Co., Sycamore, 111. races ] Macwhyte Wire Rope Co., Kenosha, Wis., for a postwar n receives third “E” award. Hamilton Foundry & Machine Co., Hamil­ ton 0., receives second renewal. irairpu Cooper Alloy Foundry Co., Hillside, N. J. Jenkins Bros., Bridgeport, Conn., receives -o- “fth award. a Society t o Philco Corp., Storage Battery division, Phila­ delphia, receives fifth award. y Copperweld Steel Co., Glassport, Pa., receives nanee Hurd award. f its msv Titeflex Inc., Newark, N. J., receives second award. I progres* is Altoona Factories, Altoona, Pa. -o- !• Backes’ Sons Inc., Wallingford, Conn. Belmont Casket Co., Columbus, O. QUARTER CENTURY CLUB: A. E. Walker, chairman and president, Brook Mfg. Co., Scranton, Pa. National Supply Co., Pittsburgh, presents a Spang-Chalfant Quarter Chrysler Corp., Utica, Mich. Chrysler Motors of California, Los Angeles. Century Club service pin to Charles Theil, 69, who has been with the City Pattern Foundry & Machine Co., Detroit. Etna, Pa., pipe mill for 55 years. Mr. Theil holds the distinction of having W. B. Davis & Son Inc., Ft. Payne, Ala. the longest service record at the oldest operating pipe mill in the country, 0k]a^ Aircraft Co. Inc., Oklahoma City, which was founded in 1828. Four other veterans who all have been with *>ont Nemours & Co. Inc., New Martinsville, W. Va. the company 50 years or more are, left to right, A. D. Jones, Henry Federal Laboratories Inc., Tunnelton, Pa. Schaefer, H. C. Moeller and Charles Lenhart Frantz Mfg. Co., Sterling, 111.

O ctnkia* fifí TCiAA 69

/«! THE BUSINESS TREND / Manufacturers’ shipments in A u g u s t continued to r, >st Business Indexes the stability which has characterized the economic s tion during 1944. The steps which have already taken toward reconversion, including some slight inc Tending Upward in the allotment of raw materials for the manufactu- civilian products, will not affect the flow of goods to - : RENEWED emphasis on stepping up production sumers...... significantlyo— ------■ ------in the remaining -months this — ¡i Si : schedules among lagging war programs in recent weeks Contrasting movements will occur among manufact ; -i . • . 1 . .,1 1__ i* „ „ „1___I T _ :'- is reflected in the slight upward tendency of a number of industries in line with war production schedules, ar- industrial indicators. Order backlogs are still large al­ labor surpluses appear in some areas while shortages d though they have tended downward lately, and pressure tinue in others. for prompt delivery on practically all war programs has shown no signs of easing. SCRAP— Suppliers’ and producers’ iron and steel; Gains were registered in revenue freight carloadings, stocks declined slightly during August, while those of petroleum production, heavy truck assemblies, and steel sumers were up moderately. Total stocks increased^ ingot production during the latest period. Money in cir­ per cent to 5,975,000 tons during the month. The de culation also increased, while business failures recorded in scrap salvage over the past 16 months indicates a slightly higher percentage decline from a year ago than this source of material is rapidly being depleted, and"d in the preceding period. Loans and investments were off suppliers are more dependent on production scrap. moderately during the latest week, but bank clearings recorded a slight gain. 1 9 4 2 1 9 4 3 1 9 4 4 5 5 0 CONSTRUCTION — Sharp upturn in 1 1 1 I I 1 i -1 1 I I t I j 1 - 1 i i i 1■ 1 i 1 r 1 1 1 1 1 1 j i |- ■ residential and non-residential construc­ 5 0 0 M a m Ą a c ti'4AeAA! ^buSiable Cjo&cŁi (M O A VF 1 OTO— inn) tion awards during September more than 4 5 0 offset the decline in public works and util­ ities construction. Total construction dur­ 4 0 0 A ing September amounted to $175,739,000, ^ 3 5 0 _... e A 3- regaining only a portion of the decline re­ Ö 3 0 0 corded during August and remained well cc below that registered in the like 1943 Ï 2 5 0

month. Public works and utilities con­ 2 0 0 a . — struction receded to $64,094,000 last 1 5 0 month, while residential and non-residen­ ORDERS tial building of $111,645,000 was at the 1 0 0 highest level registered since last March. SHIPMENTS 5 0 SOURCE- DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE /TEIL 0 INVENTORIES — The steady liquida­ 1 J I- 1 1 1 I 1 1 -L. t [ 1 I J ..[ 1 .1 1 1 1 1 1 .! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! ! lJ IFbjiU tion of inventories which occurred during the first seven months this year was not Index of Manufacturers Durable Goods extended during August. The gain in in­ m —Orders- Shipments Inventories ventories in that period was largely ac­ 1944 1943 1944 1943 1944 1 IS counted for by the marked increase in the January ...... S31.5 293.5 365 208 212.0 21. HH transportation equipment industry, and February 294.4 326.6 384 337 208.6 2< T~ March ...... 309.7 349.2 369 330 207.2 here the increase was due to the further April ...... 325.0 329.8 387 338 204.9 accumulation of goods in process stocks. May ...... 351.6 313.0 369 338 204.0 June ...... 358.9 At the end of August the value of the raw 392.7 378 343 203.6 July ...... 392.7 338.7 375 346 201.9 materials inventories of all manufacturers August ...... 362.9 325.0 368 354 ■ 202.4 was almost a billion dollars below a year September ...... 362.9 325.0 368 354 202.4 October ...... 339.5 371 ago, whereas goods in process and finished November ...... 316.1 374 goods stocks were nearly a half billion December ...... 324.2 380 above the August 1943 total. A v e ra g e 332.3 339 pi s uereiorore Du lit and sold of Uwens-iuuiuia |inery Mfg. Co., Los Angeles. ■i:acturing of these machine „Michigan Tool Co. INDUSTRY Latest Prior Month Year Period“ Week Ago Ago b Steel Ingot Output (per cent of capacity)...... 96 5 95.5 96 99.5 Electric Power Distributed (million kilowatt hours)...... 4 345 4,415 Bituminous Coal Production (daily av.— 1000 tons) 1965 4,355 4,377 1,971 1,921 1,937 Petroleum Production (daily av.— 1000 bbls.)...... 4*745 4,410 ; Construction Volume (ENR—unit $1,000,000)...... 4,727 4,744 §20 8 $50.8 Automobile and Truck Output (Ward’s— number units)...... 20 660 $57.7 $19.2 “Dates on request. 19,435 20,880 17.785

TRADE Freight Carloadings (unit— 1000 cars)...... qq- i Business Failures (Dun & Bradstreet, number) 10 899 899 905 15 34 Money in Circulation (in millions of dollars)!...... $24 157 23 $24,099 Department Store Sales (change from like week a year ago)f +16% $23,558 $19,019 tPreliminary. | Federal Reserve Board. + 12% + 14% +9%

70 E THE BUSINESS TREND

Construction Valuation In 37 States (Unit— $1,000,000) TOTAL VALUATION IN 37 STATES Public Works- Residential- (COMPILED BY F. W . DODGE CORP.) _____ Utilities Non-Res. Total 1944 1943 1944 1943 159.2 50.3 85.8 108.9 264.3 137.2 55.1 112.9 82.1 280.5 176 4 61.3 123.0 115.1 216.7 179.3 72.0 127.7 107.3 175.6 144.2 55.8 95.8 88.4 138.6 163.9 70.7 73.3 93.1 156.8 190 5 80.5 50.0 110.0 133.7 169.3 69.4 73.4 99.9 340.8 175.7 64.1 175.1 111.6 125.0 63.5 .... 150.0 59.0 .... 125.4 67.4 .... 184.9 k'OPvlROHT 194-11 I / T E E L|

1944 1 9 4 3 _ 1944 Iron and Steel Scrap n I I I rrrn rn iT T rrrrn r Bureau of Mines (Gross Tons— 000 omitted)

(SOURCE: BUREAU OF MINES) Consumers’ Total — S T O C K S : I CONSUMPTION Stocks Consumption HOME ..-.PURCHASED« HOM E 1944 1943 1944 1943 PURCHASED ffim 6,214 6,877 4,616 4,492 6,134 6,871 4,414 4,178 6,027 6,850 4,827 4,787 5,932 6,918 4,629 4,642 5,966 6,905 4,683 4,723 5,991 6,916 4,460 4,493 5,909 6,860 4,423 4,670 5,976 6,778 4,533 4,686 6,613 4,657 6,456 .... 4,830 6,391 4,581 '••«•«HU,,, 6,448 .... 4,449

COPYRIGHT 1944 STEEL

EMPLOYMENT Factory Employment) IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES ( 000) 1944 1943 1942 13,669 13,503 11,456 13,594 13,633 11,654 .... 13,406 13,727 11,821 13,173 13,735 ... 13,024 13,700 12,989 13,827 12,923 13,911 ...... 13,990 ...... 13,935 ...... 13,965 ...... 14,007

...... 13,878 COPYRIGHT 1944 /TEEL

fSource: U. S. Dept, of Labor SOURCE: BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS I I . I I I I L 1 ' 1 111 I 1 1 1 1

Latest Prior Month Week Ago finance Period* $9,049 $10,859 Bank Clearings (Dun & Bradstreet— millions)...... $9,417 $211.3 $211.2 $210.6 Federal Gross Debt (billions)...... $31.2 Bond Volume, NYSE (millions) ...... 2,959 Stocks Sales, NYSE (thousands)...... $54,436 Loans and Investments (millions))...... $40,506 United States Government Obligations Held (millions)) IMember banks, Federal Reserve System. PRICES STEEL’s composite finished steel price average...... Spot Commodity Index (Moody’s, 15 item s))...... Industrial Raw Materials (Bureau of Labor Index)) Manufactured Products (Bureau of Labor index))...... 11931 = 100; Friday series: 11926 = 100. Technical Societies Review Progress of Memorable Year and Its Relation to Industry’s Plans for Peace at

Conversion theme dominates displays, meetings and panel metallurgist, and Howard S. Avery, . 'C -: search metallurgist, American Brake S. ■ discussions of American Society for Metals, American Welding Co., Mahwah, N. J. Society, American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engi­ For those steels in which the pearls:-: reaction may be avoided but which ta a - neers, Society for Stress Analysis and Industrial Radium and form partially or wholly under the ss X-Ray Society at 26th national conclave in Cleveland cooling conditions to acicular structi of the Bamite type, this test should useful in predicting behavior of the t-jmr NATIONAL Metal Congress which ponents, with emphasis on improvement tion center, since the mechanical pr 'ttr: met Oct. 16-20 in Cleveland for the of physical properties by mechanical as erties at the center of symmetrical d -SV twenty-sixth time in the history of Amer­ well as chemical means. Latest tech­ ble end quench specimens may be fom j ican Society for Metals, a principal spon­ niques for joining, metallurgy of welding, Effect of Excess Carbide sor, again provided the opportunity for and modem inspection procedure were introduction of new technical thought given equal prominence by participating At normal hardening temperatures, : : : and interchange of ideas for implement­ societies. Excerpts from some of many hardenability of a given alloy series : ing the adjustment to a condicion once excellent ASM papers presented follow. creases with carbon content to a mi . ; loosely called “normalcy”. mum value corresponding to the posit.: l: There was ample evidence—in the HARDENABILITY OF STEELS of the AC,,, line under the conditk well attended group meetings of ASM, of testing imposed and then decreaerc: American Welding Society, American In­ Hardenability and hardenability tests with further increase in carbon contfei . - stitute of Mining and Metallurgical En­ for steel continue to hold interest and This decrease is due to the nucleati: _ gineers, Industrial Radium and X-Ray two sessions were devoted to these and effect of the excess carbide on the Society and Society for Stress Analysis— related subjects. A hardenability test composition of austenite on quenchii- of keener interest in the wealth of data bar selectively quenched from both ends These conclusions were arrived at on successful laboratory experiments and has been developed to provide correla­ E. S. Rowland, J. W elchner, R. G. B new production procedures progressively tions with thermal histories of quenched and J. J. Russ, metallurgical departme: developed through the war period. plates that correspond more closely than Steel & Tube Division, Timken Rol Subjects discussed by research scien­ is possible with the standard single end Bearing Co., Canton, Ohio, following tists and technicians ranged from metal­ quench specimen. This was described investigation in which end quench hai lurgy to production of finished products in a paper by Charles R. Wilks, assist­ enability determinations were made with ferrous and nonferrous metal com­ ant metallurgist, Eamshaw Cook, chief 72 two base analyses, namely, SAE 525 s j$AE 46XX, with the carbon ranging f 020 per cent increments from approxi- “ teiy 0,20 to over 1.00 per cent. ■jjje ¡-inch diameter solid cylinder end wenched bas become widely accepted the standard method for determining Idenability of medium carbon alloy Uels. But the variety of methods in B for shaUow hardening carbon steels ,d car-steels of all grades indicates fat no one method in current use has mi found to be entirely suitable for Ljng all these grades. Jet Quenching One Face 0. W. McMullan, chief metallurgist, lower Roller Bearing Co., Detroit, con­ fected experiments by jet quenching pie face only of tapered or wedge-shaped * imens and taking hardness read- along the other face of the wedge, ng readings on a face oblique quenched face, rather than on perpendicular to it as in the stand- end quench method, the hardened apt are greatly widened. This permits readings and less error from inac- of spacing. No cutting after b i n a i , N . alienability is necessary. The author these steels ' - prted that consistent results have been ;d on several different kinds of filthily or s i è tel. Banite type, i Air Hardening Test e predicting I s i i According to research conducted by aicr, since if e s IB. Post, M. C. Fetzer and W. H. :t the center d ssi tetennacher, metallurgical department, s p e d n a it : afpenter Steel Co., Reading, Pa., in ¿’•"itfEi" peral the variation in air hardenability ~" " oiairkrdening steels is negligible from -m.l knhfeT-JBtei heat for a given type analysis. ::ir . of a grra_ Tb center cooling velocity of regular inch round by 6-inch cylinder. In most paper on die effect of cobalt on the tem­ h i rad® ffiEij during air hardening was shown cases it is possible to make a good ap­ pering characteristics of carbon-cobalt line to be controlled by the area per unit proximation of the area per unit volume steels studied by means of hardness AC, fine ¡ah ■olume relationship and is independent value of the tools to be heat treated. Com­ measurements. Changes during the tem­ pering of such steels were shown to be E g im o sed and : treating temperature. bining this value with the hardenability similar in nature to those of a plain car­ ntha tease i He authors described a gradient air of the steel to be used, it is a simple matter to estimate with accuracy the bon steel. The cobalt promotes a small fcrase is da to cadenability test which enables a deter- hardness to be obtained throughout the increase in hardness following temper­ a the eices cad -nation of the air hardening properties t: a given air hardening steel to be tools by air treatment. ing due to iis solid solution hardening Sm of ferrite. One steel showed a very cmdosBs r ade ranging from the equivalent of a Edward A. Loria, Camegie-Illinois hnch round by 8-inch cylinder to a 6- Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, contributed a slight secondary hardening in 525-725- t o s j s i i J. W e k s i degrees-Fahr. range, but this behavior j was not general. j Tube Divisfc B J Although exhibitors at the Metal Show de-emphasized the importance of in­ At the session on surface hardening, : C o , Ci dividual company contributions to the war effort, there was considerable a paper by W. E. Benninghoff, manager, interest in war-time improvements in methods, materials and machines. Visitors and H. B. Osborn Jr., research director, carried away many ideas for utilization in postwar production (Please turn to Page 82) process worked out by J. I. Case Co. in pro­ duction of 755 millimeter shell produces thin- walled shapes with single stroke of press and provides solution of problems such as metal flow, stroke, punches and dies and lubrication

0 i)

DEMAND for heavy artillery to smash Dr. Stone proceeds to point out, h - German concrete, has put the forging ever, that a recognition of the large ; - of heavy shell once more in the lime­ played by friction in metal flow, ope 21 light. It will be our purpose in this ar­ a way to a successful solution of the ” ticle to discuss tire so-called “one-shot” herent problems of this process. In -f- process as applied to the manufacture of war of 1914-1918 the approach consii 155-millimeter shell by the J. I. Case Co., in a die having a fixed base and a Racine, Wis. portion which was free to float axially .2 0 : Dr. M. D. Stone, chairman of the this way friction between the die v. -j fci: Special Research Committee of the Amer­ and the forging was minimized. Hgprfst ican Society of Mechanical Engineers on ever, this method proved less than the Forging of Steel Shells, had this to quate to the production of shell hav k say in a paper presented before the last forge-finish cavities and the closer tc^ nu­ annual meeting of the society in New ances demanded by the practice of 5®. York. present war. Instead of holding the L, “The ultimate in simplicity in shell- and allowing the die wall to float, . . forging, as has been said earlier, would now fix the latter and permit the has- involve piercing to completion in one descend against a controllable resista stroke. As early as the last war, attempts Time and Labor Saved along such lines reached commercial pro­ portions. The difficulties presented by The J. I. Case Co. has met all of felá attempting to produce a shell in “one difficulties connected with the one-str shot” are (1) thin walls (2 ) long pressure method in a m anner that compares fav stroke, resulting in greater tendency of ably with the best of any of the ot. punch to bend and punch tip to fail and methods of making 155-millimeter st (3) long taper of punch tip, since the forgings, as to investment, man-hours punch must conform to the final finished forgings, maintenance, power, final sc: cavity. The consequences of (1) and losses, and gross steels required. Althoi (3) are greatly to increase the required the shell is pierced in one stroke, ;* piercing pressures, which when coupled pressure per square inch required to pie with (2) will mean greater tendency is no greater than good practice by ot for. lubrication failure and longer time methods and is less in most cases. C in contact with the hot metal, tend to centricity and cavity finish compare vc EjjT decrease tool life disastrously, not to men­ the best. tion worse eccentricities and rough cav­ As practiced at the J. I. Case Co., ities.” process starts out with round-comer

Fig. 1— Billets are unloaded directly from open gondola cars and de­ posited on the cutoff saw roller tables by means of a bridge crane equipped with dual magnets Fig. 2— Racks are provided at the saws. The first billet is held in the special holder shown beneath the operator s right hand and deposited on the rack last so that billets from each end of the bar later may be checked by etching Fig. 3— The two end billets from each rack are etched in the acid tanks shown here Fig. 4— After etching, billets passing inspection are transported to the forging department on this conveyor ;T; Fig- 5 Billets arrive by gravity at the left side of the heating furnace and are dropped, one at a time into the receptacle by a counterbalanced transfer arm to facilitate charging into the furnace

74 /TEE By ARTHUR F. M ACCO N O CH IE Contributing Editor, STEEL

Lch square billets, 14% inches long, each rack are transferred to the acid tanks j* corner radius is 1 ik inches. The bars for etching as shown in Fig. 3. me from the steel mills in lengths of The etching solution consists of a 50-50 Stone proceeds V (eet or less, 25 feet being preferred, H i mixture of water and hydrochloric acid, weight of the shell billet is 119 maintained at 212 degrees Fahr. Prior to I k feti® *Js, plus or minus half a pound. The the introduction of the billets into the to a si nice loss is approximately 1% pounds, hot bath, the ends are heated to around k: e finished shell, ready for loading, 350 degrees Fahr. to accelerate the ac­ 1^14-1918 the 1 1 781 0 pounds. tion. In only 7 minutes an etch can be The billets are unloaded directly from secured in this way which is equal in i w h ich pen gondola cars and deposited on the quality to a 20-minute etch when billets 3?' friction b e b t t s ih ‘ saw roller table by means of a are cold when introduced. se forging | crane equipped with dual magnets Following inspection of each pair of e s method piowih^- ¡shown in Fig. 1. The billets are sawed end billets, the corresponding racks of to t i e : length on eight heavy-duty power billets are ready for removal to the forg­ eanhes esossi jn an average sawing time of ing shop. This is accomplished by re­ i minutes per saw. leasing a holding device on the lower end : war. Instead ditfe lacks are provided at the saws (Fig. of the inclined rack and allowing the lows the die i r to take all the billets cut from one billets to slide on to a drag conveyor at '. JiteT The first billet cut, however, floor level as seen in Fig. 4. On this con­ : against a cona- jsbeldin a special holder, seen below the veyor the billets travel end to end up a Time and Lah' °Perato,'s right hand in Fig. 2, where it sharp incline to an overhead high point, is kid until the last billet is cut. The from which they proceed by gravity to J. L Case Co. kuj y | | jast billets then go to the hot the heating furnace. Virtually all con­ hs connected enyre rack being fifted by a veyors are installed overhead in order to ¡ni j nmmer fci-Jtollej; hoist and moved to the etching avoid interference with manufacturing. Tin the best of quipment. The two end billets from The billets arrive by gravity at a point

as to investment, i g. 7—These diagrams provide an accurate record of what happens during Fig. 6— This is the etched cross section e forging of a 155 millimeer shell. First, is the sized billet; second, the sized of a shell forged from a billet in which á is pi* d descaled billet; Third to seventh, inclusive, are drawings of specimens steel rods were employed to show flow ep ers made by stopping the press at various stages of the stroke lines of the metal in the forging process rester .

BOT obpth starts out 22 ÎÈ 22 MwMvto ÎÈ GQAv/ry Fig. 8— The general arrangement of forge press and other equipment in 1® \ /. I. 'Case Co. plant is shown here

the billet directly over the die of A ; forging press seen in Fig. 13. The opg£”5 tor now scrapes the upper end of billet to remove any secondary scS^®, and applies a dry mixture of salt, grap.fe& and mica— about one heaping teaspc;!)fi®f ful per billet. The interior of the pc lubricated with a spray of Houghton’s 181, diluted with paraffin oil on a 5( basis. The billet then is dropped into open bottom die and rests in the mcfe. of the tapered boat tail section. The Ffefe perature of the billet is now about 2'fefe degrees Fahr. ^ .. The first movement in the forging o to the left of the front of the heating due to the angular disposition of the ation is the rise of the lower arm thro furnace and at furnace roof level, as burners is opposed to the direction of the bottom of the die and the carrfe shown in Fig, 5. Here the billets are re­ hearth travel. The furnace walls are of of the billet up to the initial forging j il leased, one at a time, into the receptacle insulating firebrick, and the hearth is tion in which the upper end of the b of a counterbalanced transfer arm. When laid with a special tile of high grade fire­ extends into the counterbore of the g : - the operator has released a billet into the clay refractory. Scale is removed once per ring. The punch now desee. receptacle, the weight of the billet causes daily with a hoe. expanding the metal into the gripper ¡ '‘.I the arm to descend to the right and de­ In operation, the heated billet is picked and forming a collar which serves' posit the billet on end on the charging up from the furnace hearth as shown in locate the billet during the subseqi : platform of the furnace. Release of the Fig. 10, swung to the right and deposited pierce. billet is automatic, whereupon the trans­ in a transfer bucket or receptacle for Stops Permit Finish Forming fer arm returns to the loading position transfer to the descaler. To minimize scal­ automatically. ing, this transfer from the furnace hearth As piercing progresses, the for; In its position on the furnace loading to the receptacle is performed within a elongates and the lower ram deset , platform, the billet is gripped in the jaws metal shield. When the billet has been against hydraulic pressure which is of air-operated swiveling tongs under the placed in the transfer bucket, the arm trolled by a spring loaded relief as control of a single operator (Fig. 10) supporting the latter is tipped over 90 actuated by a cam rail, fastened to 1 ^ who places the billet on the furnace degrees in order to deposit the billet in press platen. At the end of the str®-- hearth. The tongs are water-cooled, even line with the descaler ram. of the press, the lower arm reache '-'v to the jaws and hinge pin; and are pro­ A pair of cupping dies now move into positive stop, thereby permitting vided with a counterbalancing bail which, position from below and contact the billet finish forming of the shell, including - upon actuation, automatically picks up the ends as illustrated in Fig. 11. The descaler boat tail and centering lug. billet gripped in the jaws. Thus the oper­ ram now upsets the billet, chamfering Fig. 7 provides an accurate record ator has no lifting to perform except at the comers and cracking the scale in the w hat happens during the forging of 7™ the instant of pickup. After placing the process. Thereafter tire ram retracts, the millimeter shell by the one-shot proce-'^-- billet on end on the furnace hearth, the cupping dies drop down; and tire ram First is the sawed billet; second operator swings the tongs to the right again advances pushing the billet through sized and descaled billet; from third - and removes a heated billet ready for the sizing rolls shown in Fig. 12. In addi­ seventh, inclusive, are the drawings *5$:, subsequent processing. tion to sizing the billet accurately for the specimens made by stopping the pi Furnace Is Rotary-Hearth forging die, this operation provides a at various stages of the stroke, fron ". second and thorough descaling. pierced depth of 4 inches to the finis! The heating furnace is of the rotary- Emerging from the sizing rolls, the shell. It should be especially noticed fifes: hearth type. The hearth is 17 feet in billet drops into a receptacle on the end in each stage the disappearance of Ts;. diameter and rotates clockwise. It is fired of a transfer arm, which swings through flats on the sides of the billet bear; : - with No. 3 fuel oil. The hearth has a ca­ a vertical arc of 180 degrees and places definite relation to the bottom of pacity of 37 rows of 6 billets in each row, making a total of 222. The temperature is maintained at 2280 degrees Fahr., plus or minus 20 degrees, the billet on re­ moval being around 2250 degrees. The heating time at the minimum is 1 hour and 40 minutes. The nine burners of the furnace are so arranged that the flame enters the chamber in an upward and tangential direction to the furnace wall, and the height of the burner is such that there is no direct flame impingement on the billets. The component of flame travel,

Fig. 9— Following shot blasting, the forg­ ings are given a final inspection and moved by means of this special handling device to a roller conveyor outside the building which deposits them in open gondola cars

76 and ;ed cavity, thereby indicating that at a convenient angle for cavity inspec­ otli«r tfy, pierc' „0 ‘slugging -----and no— rearward extrusion tion. Scale is blown out by an air jet. '■ PW ¡¡T ' taken place. This may be explained After making the inspection, the operator ® ^ fact that only about 20 per cent removes the stop to permit the shell to | ¿e total pressure is carried by the drop on to a power-driven roller con­ I the remainder of the resistance be- veyor (Fig. 14). This conveyor is hooded L ’distributed along the body of the and contains a blower to hasten the re­ inch. The nature of the flow of metal moval of heat. the action is shown in Fig. 6. The On tins conveyor the shells roll to an of the modem approach to the inspection station where each is removed ulutjon of one-shot shell forging lies in and checked for concentricity, cavity , careful consideration of the flow of the depth and base thickness. The testing 1 device is so arranged that it functions as a handling medium to transfer inspected Details of Press Set-Up shells from the roller conveyor to a ram- j fig. 8 presents a general arrangement type push up, installed as part of an if the forging press and other equipment. overhead gravity system on which the *»*ifjr the press two dies are mounted in shells travel end to end to a shot blasting [carrier which rotates through an angle and inspection loft in another section of 180 degrees. When one die is ready the building. On arrival at this point a loading, the other is in forging posi- special handling device lowers the shell under the press ram. The press has and deposits it on a conveyor with the punches, mounted on an indexing cavity facing the inspector. W lb t ich holder, which indexes automatic- Following shot blasting, shells are in­ on the upstroke. While the operating spected for cavity finish and checked for jh is in the forging position, the four cavity diameter and cavity base contour. iches preceding it are positioned over Inspection having been completed, the o a n m g a coolant tank, containing a mixture of operator turns the shell through 90 de­ iter and aquadag and the fifth over a grees and drops it on to a special handling ubricant tank containing Houghton’s device seen in Fig. 9 which, when actu­ lo. 181, full strength. Under this arrange- ated by the foot pedal, elevates the shell each punch gets four cooling im- to pass it through the wall of the build­ piercing mersions and one for lubrication. ing to a gravity roller conveyor, sup­ ported by the building and overhanging te and the k sj The die consists of an alloy steel water­ three gondola freight cars on a switch. t hydraulic ¡u ses ed die body, lined with %-inch of The shells roll down the conveyor side by by a spring U j pst iron in the straight cylindrical sec- side and can be dropped into any one d by a cam n is k At the upper end this liner is od in a gripper ring, also of cast of the three cars by removing three of the ¡data At the rif conveyor rolls. The cars move the shells press, the law s ton, The lower end is held by the sec- which forms the boat tail. This is from this point to another Case plant in e stop, thereby® Racine for machining and finishing. fm m in g o f the sods e of alloy steel. It is this boat tail a il m i ceiteriigh ion which prevents the billet from Special Cast Iron Punches — through the die when first placed piuiida ai acej ln position for forging. Punches for the piercing press are In removing the finished forging from made of cast iron having the following eter shell by the the press, an ejector rises through the composition: Total carbon, 3.00 per cent; Le the sawed hi nickel 1.50; chromium, 0.50, molybde­ bottom of the die, raising the forging so num, 0.50 and manganese arround 0.70. ¡hat it may be gripped by the tongs sus- h, inclusive, are t from the monorail. As the pierced Noses are centrifugally cast from cupola is removed from the forging press, metal, while sleeves are cast from electric its temperature is approximately 2060 furnace metal. Sleeve and nose are sup­ Fahr. Gripped in the monorail ported by a steel mandrel for rough ma­ i, the forging coasts under gravity chining and finish grinding. After the the next operation in a sizing press. first few forgings are made with a punch, This is, in a measure, a coining operation, it heat checks and grows. This growth «much as the shell cavity is left shallow makes regrinding possible. The average about Y4-inch. production with a new punch is 700 shells. Another 700 can be made after regrind- rom the sizing press the forging is ;d by a pair of tongs, transported on ing. lonorail and unloaded into an unbal- The die lining and gripper ring are also d tilting device which tips to a stop (Please turn to Page 126) 1

Fig. 10—Air operated swivel tongs are used by operator to charge and unload billets from the furnace Fig. 11—Heated billets are transported to this machine for de­ scaling by upsetting Fig. 12—As the billets emerge from the descaler, they are sized on the rolls shown here Fig. 13—Fully descaled billets are moved by means of a trans­ fer arm directly over the die of the forging press Fig. 14—After inspection, the finished forgings are dropped on this power-driven roller conveyor which is hooded so that heat may be removed by a blower Figs. 1 and 3— Original design of separators for thrust and radial bearings

to lighten weight of Navy equipm

gf Channel-shaped, rolled steel bearing retainer rings and gun- pened to De uie principal equipm© the particular type of ship under ; mount bearing separators of alternate material effectively struction. The thrust cage offeree reduce overall ship weights to permit heavier armor plating best chance to find out what coul done in the way of weight saving. A grammatic sketch (Figs. 1 and 3) s THE Bantam Bearings Division of The By S. R. THOMAS original assembly of both the thrust Torrington Co. was called upon by the Chief Engineer big and also the radial bearing Navy Department to investigate the mat­ Bantam Bearings Division bronze separators. The sections o: ter of gun mount bearing separators. Torrington Co. thrust bearing, of which there are < It was desirable to reduce weight to a South Bend, Ind. are held together by clamps as minimum. Development of more power­ trated. Here, also, are shown se ful guns made heavier armor impera­ sections. Each roller pocket full tive. To carry more armor, it was nec­ mount separators was placed. These closes the roller and the cage essary for ships to be lightened otherwise. were built and tested in their respective carried on the rollers. The With the same armor, increased ship mounts by the Navy and approved with made as such, to facilitate speed was impossible without eliminat­ minor changes in the case of the thrust it will be noted the assembly ing all possible weight. bearings for the 5-inch mount and with large diameter, approximately 87 The purpose of a roller bearing sep­ no changes in either of the bearings for Complete weight of the eight arator is to space tire rollers of a bearing the 3-inch mount. as cast is 224 pounds. The eight and retain them in fixed relationship Por the balls of the 40-millimeter tions finished, plus eight clamps to nfcafe to each other so that they may properly Bofors azimuth bearings, a rolled, chan­ one complete assembly, weighs function upon their roller paths, the nel-shaped steel retainer ring was creat­ pounds. Diagram at left in Fig. i hardened and ground surfaces between ed. Rings were rolled from flat strip lustrates both thrust and radial which the rollers operate. steel, holes perforated for ball pockets, arators of the new design, Secti u Work was started in designing a light and ends welded. plan view is shown of the steel sta pressed steel cage for the 5-inch, 38- Separators presented the only part of ing development at right, Fig. 4 7 caliber, single gun mount thrust bear­ the bearings that could be lightened, tions at various points also are sh( ing. This principle was next applied as the race rings were already as light to more clearly illustrate the const■ to the 3-inch, 50-caliber gun mount in as was consistent with their duties. De­ tion. This thrust separator comj both thrust and clip bearings. After velopment of the 5-inch, 38-caliber sin­ with eight sections and clamp assemb conference with the Navy Design Sec­ gle gun mount was chosen first, because weighs 54 pounds. Thus a weight tion a contract for stamped steel pilot of its wide use, and also because it hap­ ing was made in this one thrust

Figs. 2 and 4— Redesigned separators in pressed steel

78 /T E i This p e e d b o a t •teller shaft, m ade from C arpenter No. 8 Free-Machining initless transmits maximum horsepower through a mini- offl diameter. The shaft must rem ain absolutely straight, L when subjected to sudden power and torque thrusts. (J thig Stainless provides ample protection against salt tsr corrosion. If you are looking for similar advantages ' • I ¡1 your postwar products, investigate easy-working jupenter Stainless Steels now ! of | 'Ifioci y e t covuM ton

' ,0 1» the prina atieuki type of !®- Hie thmstgj if iD c e to find initewavofwgjji M tie sketch (Fisidii al assembly o£ bniisl ad also the sfity e separators. 1 » hearing, of sfifc eld together k fe . Here, also, sk i Have you considered the many advantages that can be as. E a ch obtained for your new or redesigned products through the the roller aaikisi I o n th e rollers, l i special physical properties provided by Carpenter Stainless as saci, to fad Steels? Right here may be the answer to giving your postwar II b e n oted the products greater utility, broader sales appeal. mm RESISTANCE Stoker worms like this in thousands of homes and industrial plants can be installed and for­ Carpenter, as pioneer in the development of soft and ductile gotten. Carpenter Stainless Steels Nos. 4 & 6 provide the sear and corrosion resistant qualities necessary to keep Stainless Strip and inventor of Free-Machining Stainless bar liem constantly on the job. stock—has always made a specialty of producing Stainless i,. Diagram at ki Steels to do specific jobs. Our experienced representatives can help you select the Carpenter Stainless grades whose physical properties most fully meet your requirements. Careful labora­ tory control and exacting inspection assure uniformity, lot after lot, in the Stainless you receive.

Call in your nearby Carpenter representative now and take full advantage of his diversified experience in helping to get fc;j BBn.mnH.vwj Carpenter Stainless No. 4-Ti or jn filis OK ® No. 4-Cb used in aircraft exhaust manifolds like that the best results with Stainless. But do it today, for planning shown above, are typical of a variety of Stainless grades that meet specific high temperature service requirements. time is getting short.

The Carpenter Steel Company, 139 W. Bern Street, Reading, Pa.

BRANCHES AT Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, Hartford, St. Louis, Indianapolis, New York, Philadelphia arator of 122 pounds, or almost 70 per weight becomes 92 pounds per bear­ heavily zinc plated, thus circumve cent. It will be noted from sketch that ing. The pressed steel assembly is made the probability of any subsequen the separator is not carried on the roll­ in eight sections of 4% pounds each, action of the electrode, had the ri- ers, but rides on projecting shoes stamped or 36 pounds per bearing, a saving in assembly been plated as a unit, ( into the lower plate, and which contact weight of 56 pounds or 61 per cent. ing of the steel cage is similar to the raceway. It requires little effort Upper and lower halves of the 3-inch, of the bronze type. The pressed to turn this separator with its rollers in 50-caliber mount are held together by separators are made in several s< place. Thirteen gage metal is used brass rivets. Inverted “U” shaped spaces, as stampings and alternate top and in both the top and bottom stampings similar to those in Section CC, separate tom sections are staggered at asst of this separator, and an extremely stiff them. to provide joining to the adjacent and rigid section results. It is kept con­ These overlapping sections are w centric with the race rings by a vertical No Top Projections Needed together to form one complete rinj flange drawn downward from the lower It will be further noted that no top parts as well as those for the 5' stamping—see Section BB. projections are needed on this separator 38-caliber mount are heavily zinc j Development of the 5-inch, 38-caliber to prevent its “float” because the roller to prevent rust and all rollers are radial separator in pressed steel followed pocket perforations in the lower stamp­ vided with flat side and thrust end the approval of the thrust separator and ing are of less width than the diameter tacts. they are closely related in design. The of the rollers. As the rollers are straight, In pressed steel, the larger (or rollers at assembly are kept from slid­ they naturally tend to run tangent to bearing separator) weighs 7 pound, ing completely through their pockets to the roll paths of the races, therefore flat the smaller 4% pounds. These s the outside by the narrower perforations contact surfaces are provided for the ings are made from 16 gage stock in the outer stamping. The bronze sep­ outer end as well as both sides of each their box-like sections give remai arator was made in four sections weigh­ roller. These are merely formed bps rigidity. Critical materials of ing 35% pounds each as cast or 112 as shown in Fig. 4. Before assembly and zinc are, outside of the rela pounds per bearing. As machined, this of the halves of each section, parts are few rivets, replaced by sheet steel.

never be used as it is practically sible to remove the flux and oxide) 'P /b O p eft, tfo tA cf tides that have been left along thj closed side of the weld in this tyji joint. If it should be necessary to a lap-type joint, a double lap weld Essential for Sound Welds in Aluminum be used. Both overlapping edges si be welded completely to the ad.il ALUMINUM has certain characteristics welding aluminum sheet that is 16-gage metal and the ends of the joint shouj that require welding techniques, design, or thinner. This type of joint design re­ sealed by welding so that no mol preparation, and finishing that are quite quires only that the edges be straight can get in between the overlapped pi different from those for welding steel. and square. Thus the area that cannot be thoroi It has three properties that may be Flange-type joints are preferable for cleaned of oxide and flux is sealei troublesome. First, it does not give warn­ welding aluminum sheet which is 16-gage from the air. ing that it is approaching the welding or thinner. The flange should be about The single V, notched butt-type , temperature by a distinguishable change the same height as the thickness of the (see Fig. 1) are used for welding al in color, but collapses suddenly upon sheet or slightly higher. The flange can num plate between tk-inch and reaching the melting point. Second, it is be turned up by means of a b en ding thick. The plate edges should be . hot-short, or weak when hot; therefore, brake or it may be prepared by hammer­ to form a V having an included all all areas that will be heated appreciably, ing the edge over a steel block while the of 90 degrees. A square shoulder of either by the actual flame or by the rapid sheet is clamped, using a wooden mallet. 1/16-inch to %-inch should be lef conductivity of the metal, should be Notched butt-type joints are used for the base of the V. This shoulder sh| supported during welding. Third, the sheet aluminum from 15- to 5-gage in be notched before welding in the oxide coating from which aluminum de­ thickness. The edges of the sheet are way as was done for the aluminum si rives its corrosion resistance must be re­ notched through their entire thickness Double-V, notched butt-type jd, moved in order to make a sound weld. about 1/16-inch deep and about A-inch should be used for material that is thil This oxide has a higher melting point apart. The notches, such as those than A-inch whenever welding car than the base metal, but it will combine sketched in Fig. 1, can be easily made done from both sides. The inch'- with a suitable flux and form a fusible with a hammer and cold chisel. Notched angle for each bevel should be 90 slag that floats on the puddle during the edges aid in obtaining full penetration grees, and an unbeveled shoulder of r welding action and can be readily re­ and the flux has a better chance of work­ 1 /16-inch to %-inch should be lefl moved. ing down to the full thickness of the ma­ the center of each edge. These unbevi Butt-type joints are satisfactory for terial. In addition, there is less chance of shoulders should then be notched. melting holes through the sheet and the notches act as small expansion points to Notches Approximately Clamp Plates prevent local distortion. Ts in. D e e p p — ^ ^ Lap-type joints are not recommended e n d , | for aluminum unless no other type of Apart joint can be used. A single lap should

Fig. 1 (L e ft)— V-notched butt type joint prepared for welding aluminum plate. Illustrations and data from Oxy-Acetylene Tips Fig. 2 (Right)— Jig with asbestos s b e s f to minimize weakness, distortion S h e e t 16 in. to and buckling A lu m in u m

80 The m ost Economical because it runs on excess steam economical from your plant boilers, because it can be oper­ and trouble-free ated by unskilled, low-cost labor, and because locomotive it requires very little maintenance. Trouble-free ever built because of the simplicity of its construction. There is no boiler, fire-box, electric motor, gen­ erator, or internal combustion engine on a Porter Fireless. There are few working parts, and the OW‘V0 «ecW'c-S,e0n'' reservoir never needs replacement. Actual ex­ perience shows that users of Porter Fireless Loco­ motives save up to 50% of their switching costs.

H. K. PORTER COMPANY, Inc. PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA FACTORIES .- PITTSBURGH, PA. B LAIRS VILLE, PA. • MT. VERNON, ILL. NEWARK, N. L • NEW BRUNSWICK, NI L. METAL CONGRESS

under the same conditions. The authors pointed out that cerfc AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR METALS phenomena observed in brazing co ing operations can be correlated rougl on the basis of a simple considerati Technical Proceedings of surface energies and geometrical £ . (Continued from Page 73) tors. They showed that the balance changes of the solid-liquid, solid- • of Tocco Division, Ohio Crankshaft Co., produce different hardnesses in the range and liquid-air surface energies depergl Cleveland, had for its purpose the pre­ of 200 to over 500 brinell equivalent, upon the capillary roughness of the n sentation of data and information to or may be quenched to a martensite struc­ tallic surface. Experiments were ma serve as a guide in the selection of the ture and then tempered to hardness. with liquid silver spreading on vario® correct frequency as well as approxi­ Heat treated shot has improved re­ ly treated 6 per cent molybdenum ii I mate time cycle to accomplish a certain sistance to fracturing in service, accord­ surfaces at 2190 degrees Fahr, Grooi; result in induction heating. Stress has ing to the speakers, and can be pro­ of 60, 90 and 120 degrees were ny been put on the 9600 cycle motor-gen- duced in hardness ranges suitable for chined in the surface. erator equipment because it occupies the majority of metal peening applica­ the leading place in industry and is tions but may find limitations with mate­ MELTING AND SPECIAL ALLOY adaptable to a wider range of applica­ rials of high hardness such as about Strain aging of low-carbon steel m elt» tions than other frequencies and is not 50 to 55 rockwell C and above, because in an induction furnace, deoxidized hampered by power limitations. as the hardness of the shot is increased silicon, aluminum or titanium, and forg|t|jy The authors pointed out that conver­ into this range there is a loss in toughness. from small ingots, was studied by Geoi§| sion of the available induction heating Steel shot is not known to be available F. Comstock, metallurgist, and J. ' ' equipment to postwar work is of extreme and burnishing balls and ball bearings Lewis, associate metallurgist, TitaniH| importance today. Equations given are costly. Alloy Mfg. Co., Niagara Falls, N. were simplified to permit use by the PHYSICAL PROPERTIES They reported the results as affected B layman and all control data must be ap­ differences in forging practice and hAS plied knowing that the variations in met­ At a session devoted to physical prop­ treatment, as well as by different deop| allurgical structure and their behavior will erties, C. L. Clark, research metallurgi­ dation. often necessitate modifications. How­ cal engineer, Steel & Tube Division, The three methods of testing were (;fi| ever, with the full knowledge of limita­ Timken Roller Bearing Co., Canton, O., the work brittleness method, involvi'lji tions, one can quickly arrive at cycles and J. W. Freeman, research engineer, impact tests after cold drawing with ah for standard production and hold to close department of engineering research, Uni­ without subsequent aging; (2) imp j tolerance limits, versity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich., tests after tensile straining, with D, L. Martin and Florence E. Wiley, reported results obtained from a met­ without aging; and (3) brinell hardn/ research laboratory, General Electric allurgical examination of 18-8 chrome- tests at increasing temperatures up Co., Schenectady, N. Y., presented re­ nickel cracking still tubes which had 500 degrees Fahr. sults of an investigation of the effect of been in service for periods ranging up According to the investigators, thi temperature, composition and prior struc­ to 97,520 hours. In the “as-service” con­ methods gave results in close agreeme ture upon the induction hardening char­ dition, these tubes possessed entirely dif­ the work brittieness test being prefen acteristics of plain carbon steel. The ferent characteristics—some were still as the most informative. Strain aging e basic metallurgical principles of induc­ ductile on the basis of the flattening test, brittlement can be eliminated as effi ? tion hardening were observed to be no others were brittle but could have their tively with titanium deoxidation as w: different from those for conventional ductility restored, while others were aluminum, if sufficient titanium is use hardening methods. Properties of in­ permanently brittle. Minimum amount required to equal 2 duction hardened steel frequently are On the basis of results obtained in the 3 pounds of aluminum per ton depern different but that is due to the surface investigation, the authors believe that on the forging practice and heat trea layer of martensite and the lack of Homo­ the deterioration and possible actual ment, 15 pounds of ferrocarbon-titaniu: genization in the austenite. failure of tubes in sendee is due to struc­ per ton being effective generally, £ ” v... tural changes at the grain boundaries though 10 or 12 pounds per ton appetS ;: ; Maximum Heating Temperature which are progressive in nature and are to be sufficient w ith the best conditio _ , dependent on time, temperature and Maximum heating temperature was of forging and heat treatment. found to be the important variable in stress. These structural changes consist induction hardening. To obtain satisfac­ first of the precipitation and growth of Electric Melting Problems tory properties, it is necessary to heat the highly alloyed ferrite due to the decom­ position of austenite. When these pre­ Basic electric melting problems steel to a high temperature where dif­ high quality alloy steels were discusse-^ ~ cipitated areas have grown to a certain fusion of carbon is rapid. Increasing by A. L. Ascik, metallurgical enginei size, cracking, at first nearly subxnicro- the carbon content facilitates formation and superintendent of steel plant, Son-3S scopic in nature, will occur under cer­ of austenite during induction heating, Industries Ltd., Sorel, Canada. Aft« tain conditions of time, temperature and and increases maximum hardness in the taking cognizance of the lack of agree ’ * : quenched samples. Distribution of ce- stress. When this cracking has occurred, the tube is permanently brittle but at ment between steelmakers as far as stanc mentite in the ferrite matrix greatly in­ ard melting procedure is concerned, an fluences hardening characteristics. A any time prior to the cracking the tube pointing out that heterogeneity of tk sorbitic structure was found to transform is either ductile or can have its duc­ ingot is not always clearly shown b to austenite at a lower heating tempera­ tility restored. photomicrographs and photomacrograph ture than either a furnace cooled or air Capillarity of Surfaces and, particularly, that this property cooled structure. not measured by figures, the speakej^. Shot for metal peening was discussed As a result of an investigation on the took as a determining basis of this hete by Oscar E. Harder, assistant director, capillarity of metallic surfaces, E. R. rogeneity the difference between th and James T. Gow, assistant supervisor, Parker, University of California, Berkeley! longitudinal and transverse physics Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Calif., and R. Smoluchowski, research properties found in the forged ingots am O. Materials known to have been used laboratory, General Electric Co., Schen­ described the influence of the meltin' include chilled iron shot of the type ectady, N. Y., conclude that liquid method on this heterogeneity. used in metal cleaning, malleableized metal spreads best on finely ground or Mr. Aseik then defined and discus» iron is too soft. H eat treated shot is on polished and etched surfaces both of white and carbide slags, their chemi subjected to heating to decompose the which have fine capillary structure; it and physical advantages and disadvan­ massive carbides and cooled so as to does not spread on polished surfaces tages, the decisive influence of the physi- « ï y » v » H

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The Cold Metal Products Company has while we consider it no reflection on our proved that it can supply ... consistently product to have shipments tested, w e feel ... unvaryingly ... light gauge precision sure that sooner or later you will grant that cold rolled strip steel of required physical such examinations are simply routine. characteristics in any temper and a variety CMP Precision makes manufacturing of finishes. You can be confident in your processes easy to control, protects dies and purchasing ... as are hundreds of others intricate machinery, and guarantees to ... that CMP gauges, widths, and physicals your consumers a uniform product. Write ALW AYS run true to specification. And today for literature.

E COLD METAL

r DUCTS CO* SUBSIDIARY OF THE COLD METAL FROCESS CO. YOUNGSTOWN, OHIO METAL CONGRESS

cal processes on the quality of steels, the' _■ chines Corp., Rochester, N. Y., described In the case of vacuum application solution of noàmetallic particles in the “ experimental work on the cyaniding of heating of the joint in air in the r fluid steel at a high temperature and the three types of high-speed steel prior to of 930 to 1290 degrees Fahr. will fact they are not precipitated when the hardening. Hardness values of rockwell C subsequent fracturing disclose oxit steel solidifies in the ingot molds. In 68-70 were obtained throughout sections surfaces, indicativ e of joints that v conclusion, he asserted that addition of of 1-inch diameter. Following a cyanide leak. In any case, much can be ler aluminum is harmful to the cleanliness of treatment at 1450 degrees Fahr. for 1% from the exposed fracture surface steel and a high silicon content is help­ hours, the experimental pieces were hard­ conjunction with metallographic e ful to surface condition of the ingots. ened and tempered in accordance with ination and occasional leak tests, normal high-speed practice. It was found investigation showed, relative to vac TOOL STEELS that pieces retained hardness values of tight assemblies, that some coppe In view of the general usage of low C 70 with drawing temperatures as high copper joints are best made with e i temperatures for dimensional stabiliza­ as 1150 degrees Fahr. tic silv er-copper alloy by solderir' tion of heat treated gage steels, it be­ Tools treated in the maimer described 1470 degrees Fahr. rather thai‘ comes essential to obtain a more pre­ showed unusually long life in production the conventionally higher tem cise picture of the subatmospheric de­ service during an 8-month period. Pho­ tures. composition of retained austenite than is tomicrographs of structures obtained in Grain Shape and Growth k ÿ available at present. the experimental pieces showed a marked In a paper on this subject, Stewart G. difference from structures obtained by Arguments were presented by I Fletcher, research associate, and Morris hard casing procedures as applied to Harker, research laboratory, Gt Cohen, associate professor of metallurgy, high-speed steel. With this work as a Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, beginning, the author is making further Earl R. Parker, college of eoginedi described a combined X-ray and dilato- studies. University of California, Berkeley, CJ metric procedure for making a quantita­ FRACTURE AND GRAIN SIZE to demonstrate that the ability of a : y j Ft tive study of subcooling transformations. to show grain growth depends not r. - 1 The authors presented detailed charts Fractography is the name applied by on grain size but only on grain s-A-T to show the extent of austenite decom­ Carl A. Zapffe, assistant technical direc­ When all grains in a metal have: position as a function of subatmospheric tor, and Mason Clogg Jr., assistant met­ faces making 120-degree angles temperature and time of prior aging at allurgist, Rustless Iron & Steel Corp., adjacent faces, there can be no room temperature. Room temperature Baltimore, to the technique of studying growth, no matter what the grain 1 aging lowers the temperature at which untouched cleavage facets at high mag­ Distribution of the angles at which the retained austenite starts to transform nification. They contend that as a sup­ boundaries meet on the surface of a and reduces the amount of decomposi­ plementary metallurgical tool, fractogra­ allurgical specimen provides a erit tion attained by cooling to any selected phy by definition offers many of the for the growth stability" of its grain ; temperature. However, the cooling trans­ advantages of single-crystal methods, ture. This distribution is calculate I formation continues down to minus 250 since the field is oriented about the cleav­ the ideal stable structure in which ■ to 260 degrees Fahr., irrespective of the age plane; the field is nascent and un­ 120-degree angles exist between adj aging treatment. touched and therefore reveals much of faces. / Ordinary vs. Sub-zero Hardening the internal structure of the grain which The authors showed experime: ‘ cannot be seen after polishing and etch­ that the distribution of grain boui Effects of cooling to sub-zero tempera­ ing; the plane of weakness, which is junction angles approaches the calcu^^_ tures on hardened molybdenum high­ often the plane of greatest interest, be­ one as a metal is annealed, noi nir < speed steel have been studied by dila­ comes ipso facto the field of observa­ tion, specific volume, hardness, static w hat the final grain size. Some s ¡¡»a. tion; tine may be saved by avoid in g torsion, mutual indentation hardness tests mens show grain growth on annet » . mounting, polishing and etching; and tiny at elevated temperatures, and by metallo- others do not, b u t the grain shape al " 2 chips and otherwise unusable fragments graphic examination and tool perform­ approaches that of the ideal sitsfei* are suitable for fractographic examina­ ance tests. A paper contributed by structure. tion. As a research tool, fractography Ralph G. Kennedy Jr., research metal­ has especially interesting aspects, for ROLLING AND GRAPHITE ATI lurgist, Cleveland Twist Drill Co., Cleve­ a® s { cleavage facets abound in detail, most land, reported on the study of effects on Investigation of the behavior of which remains to be explored. physical properties of such factors as the group of iron binary alloys has sub-zero temperature reached, the time Cleavage Patterns of Alloys extended to include study of the i of holding at this temperature and the to strain hardening by cold rollingl time of aging at room temperature be­ In a companion paper on cleavage the behaviour of the cold-rolled fore sub-zero cooling. structures of iron-silicon alloys, the same during annealing. Charles R. At! The effect of sub-zero cooling before authors pointed out that the cleavage professor of metallurgy, and R. W. M and after tempering was examined in patterns, or fractographs, of these alloys, say, assistant professor of metall| conjunction with the usual heat treatment besides being useful as supplementary Pennsylvania State College, State variables of hardening temperature, tem­ m e tallographic information, resist ex­ lege, Pa., and Louis A. Luini, matq pering temperature, and quenching tem­ planation on classical grounds of defor­ laboratory, Wright Aeronautical perature attained before tempering. Ten­ mation and cleavage and clearly point Paterson, N. J.j presented data fori sile, torsion and transverse bend tests to the pre-existence of an intracrystalline alloys of iron with nickel, chronke were made with specimens from the same imperfection structure which must exert cobalt, silicon, manganese0 and moly1; , "» heat of high-speed steel to furnish corre­ a tremendous influence upon the entire num. These alloys were reduce* lation factors with which the static tor­ nature of the material. thickness by 5, 20, 40, 75 and 9Q'*'*»f5 sion test results of the present experi­ The method , of fracture studies has cent and the cold-rolled alloys were ments could be compared with results of been applied to examination of the physi­ nealed subsequently at temperat tensile and transverse bend tests previous­ cal characteristics of “hard soldered” ranging from 625 to 1400 degrees F ly published for various types of high­ joints. A paper by F. Berman, research employing a constant annealing speed steels. Tool performance tests in assistant, and R. H. Harrington, research of 1 hour at each temperature. which all variables were controlled as metallurgist, General Electric Research The authors indicated results on closely as possible were run with or­ Laboratories, Schenectady, N. Y., de­ alloyed iron to be in agreement dinary hardening comparing to various scribed an investigation in which small types of sub-zero hardening. other investigations upon the subje pieces of copper were soldered end to cold working and annealing of mt John McIntyre, manager, heat treating end under various conditions, and were and alloys, as regards the effect of| department, International Business Ma- bent at the joint to encourage fraoture. amount of deformation and the pro M

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The pioneering spirit that started the manufacture of Sterling Grinding Wheels over a half-century ago still lives in the modern laboratories of our company. Here, technicians are studying new ways to advance the quality of the "Wheels of Industry" even higher than it is today! It is a continuous process—this laboratory development of items and methods new to grinding departments in all types of industry. That is why your Sterling Grinding Wheels always seem to possess the latest advancements . . why your grinding seems easier and costs lower when Sterling is working for you. Post-war problems are going to find us ready to solve them. Already, in our laboratories, we have found many new ideas that are going to mean better grinding of the new alloys which peace is going to bring. You can place confidence in Sterling's technical development; it is going places these days! Ask for the free, on-the-job advice of a Sterling engineer. If necessary, your problem will be handled by both our advisory committee and our laboratory

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♦ STERLING ABRASIVES • Sterling Grinding Wheel Division O F T H E CLEVELAND QUARRIES COMPANY TIFFIN. OHIO METAL CONGRESS

es of recovery, grain growth and recrys­ (calcium and silicon) oxide in promoting Burbank, Calif. In this he outline tallization. In most cases the binary al­ subcritical graphitization, when present basic policy and procedure for loys behaved similarly to unalloyed iron in suitable form and suitable degree of pretation and stated the objective in their response to cold rolling. There dispersion. radiography in the aircraft industry.! were significant differences in behavior system of identifying radiographic i during annealing, with molybdenum, RADIOGRAPHY AND TESTING with metallurgical defects was presel chromium and manganese being effective and methods suggested for assessing The Tukon and Eberbach testers have in displacing the softening of the cold- acceptability of defective parts. extended the range of hardness tests to worked samples to higher temperatures Mr. Ball emphasized his thesis small areas, thin surface layers and brit­ in comparison with the softening tem­ “the future of radiography is depen i tle materials. In a paper comparing mi­ perature of iron. on its providing a more reasonable crohardness indentation tests, Dougles R. economical method of performing ce Tate, engineering mechanics section, Na­ Cold Rolling Hadfield Manganese tasks than any alternative. The res tional Bureau of Standards, Washington, ableness of radiography is much In a paper on the effect of cold roll­ stated that indentation numbers obtained hands of interpreters. So, develop^ ing on the structure of Hadfield man­ with these machines are not, however, of professional status and recognition ganese steel, Norman P. Goss, research independent of load—a fact which makes them is of vital importance. Is ij metallurgist, Cleveland, reported that advisable an examination of the reasons development taking place? The a j X-ray surface diffraction diagrams of for this lack of uniformity. is “yes, but all too slowly.” cold-rolled 14-per cent manganese strip Summing up his investigation, Mr. steels given a reduction of 87 per cent re­ Tate said that both the Tukon and Eber­ CHROMIUM AND MOLYBDEM mained austenitic. Diffraction lines due bach testers are satisfactory devices for ALLOYS to alpha iron could not be observed applying indenting loads of 1000 grams An investigation to determine ei on the diffraction patterns. X-ray tech­ and less. The former can be used with of chromium on such characteristic) nique was adjusted so that the intense both Vickers and Knoop indenters when low-carbon steel as resistance to at (110) line of the alpha iron could be a suitable adapter is provided, and the pheric corrosion and oxidation at detected if present. two machines give results in good agree­ vated tem peratures, and susceptibilit In view of the evidence, Mr. Goss ment for indenting loads of 200 grams air hardening, was reported upon by . said it is believed that the extreme and greater. There is reason to believe, sell Franks, Union Carbide & Caj hardness attainable by cold rolling is he continued, that the Knoop number of Research Laboratories Inc., Niagara due to the smallness of the crystallites as a specimen increases with decreasing N. Y. The steels contained up to aj suggested by Niconoff. Maximum hard­ loads due to elastic recovery in the long 25 per cent chromium. The work shcj ness obtainable by cold rolling is of diagonal. This would occur in a per­ that wrought 3 per cent chro.rium the order of rockwell C-58. fectly homogeneous specimen, although Previous researches in a series of some famous surface hardening is prob­ containing up to about 10 per cent papers have demonstrated the effects ably always present. The results of an bon are at least five times as rest on graphitization of carbon steels of cer­ indentation test made at low loads must to atmospheric corrosion in indu; tain factors such as method of manufac­ be regarded from the operational view­ atmospheres as ordinary kw-ca: ture, chemical composition, martensiti- point. They are functions dependent on steel. These steels are relatively zation prior to annealing, and internal the indenting and have little meaning of air-hardening, as demonstrated] oxidation. A new investigation by without specification of the load. tests on samples air-cooled from j Charles R. Austin, professor of metal­ degrees Fahr. lurgy, Pennsylvania State College, State Double-Exposure Radiographs After this treatment, the steels College, Pa., and M. C. Fetzer, re­ soft, ductile and tough. Annealing search metallurgist, Carpenter Steel Co., To overcome the decreased sensitivity subcritical tem peratures, 1340 degi Reading, Pa., throws more light on the inherent in double-exposure radiographs, also softens them and imparts high c effects of both mechanical treatment and James Rigby, radiologist, Ford Motor Co. tility and toughness. The steels so of thermal treatment above the critical, of Canada, Windsor, Ont., described work treated have good toughness at tempc prior to subcritical graphitization, and in which return was made to the stereo­ tures down to minus 190 degrees Ft develops the role of environment on the scope method of exposing two separate but their toughness is not so high at tb progress of graphite formation. films. That precise measurements might low tem peratures when the steel be made of the shift of a flaw image to been previously normalized at 1650 ' : Martensitization of Carbides determine the vertical position of the grees. Ssi flaw, tire image of a lead marker was Mr. Franks stated that the lovv-car' . Importance of martensitization in ren­ used as a reference point. The measure­ 3 per cent chromium steel can be vvi... dering the carbides unstable has been ment then may be corrected for the ed; and the welds have good toughn confirmed and the concept of increased known shift of the marker image and at room tem perature and at temperatu solubility of a phase promoting graphiti­ used as in the case of double-exposure zation appears to have received further radiography. down to minus 40 degrees. Résistai;;: direct support. It has been shown that to atmospheric deterioration makes ... In experiments with cast aluminum and while compressive stresses have litde suitable for use in the form of artic- steel blocks up to 2 inches thick, Mr. effect, tensile stresses may profoundly such as roofing, gutters, drain pip ; Rigby found that the consequent in­ increase carbide instability as revealed and other parts exposed to weatberii creased possible error in measuring the by subsequent tempering. Fence wire represents an article to image shift does not appreciably alter made from the steel, as well as cert; ~ The role of atmosphere also received the accuracy with which the position of structural parts for application in whi experimental consideration and it is clear the flaw is determined. Sensitivity is im­ that while the presence of oxygen in the atmospheric corrosion is a serious mf proved from 4 to 1 per cent, while errors ace. environment used in tempering promotes in results remain, in most cases, much graphitization, the increased suscepti­ better than 10 per cent of the specimen Copper-Manganese-Nickel , bility is dependent on prior austenitiza- thickness. Maximum possible error in the Hardenable copper-manganese-niclj tion followed by rapid cooling. Indeed, actual measurements is calculated at the furnace atmosphere during graphiti­ alloys containing 22 to 24 per cent ma^ about 14 per cent. Tests with actual gañese and equal amounts of nickel ha zation has been shown to play a part as production specimens gave similar re­ demonstrated by peripheral rein effects sults. the ability to harden to rockwell C | on subsequent subcritical treatments. and higher. This was brought out Interpretation of radiographs, particu­ Results obtained by Messrs. Austin a paper by R. S. Dean, J. R. Long, T. » larly of aircraft parts, was the subject of Graham and C. W. Matthews, all ass and Fetzer appear to lend strong sup­ a paper by Leslie W. Ball, assistant tech­ port to the suggested role of aluminum ciated with the Bureau of Mines, nical director, Triplett & Barton Inc., first three in Washington, and the lath 86 / TEE 5 TIMES AS FAST • • • w p m W ITH “TOCCO"

N the brazing of carbide tool tips, a large seconds for a tight, uniform braze. Clean, cool automobile and aircraft manufacturer for- and compact, the TOCCO machine can be located handy in tool room or production line aerly required 5 m en at 8 hours each, or a total if 40 man-hours per day... Today, with TOCCO, to speed output and minimize motions. man does the same amount of work in 8 hours NEW LOW-COST TOCCO . . Saving 32 man-hours per day. The 7Vi K. W. TOCCO JR. shown above is ideal for braz­ ing tool tips and heat-treating many small machine parts. TOCCO brazes tool tips with the same effi- Power unit can be located under a bench, out of the way. Detachable work unit can be mounted on work bench as :iency that it does a m ultitude of heat-treating shown above. Like larger TOCCO units, it is of rugged asks. At the push of a button, it heats standard motor-generator type, assuring dependable, low-cost oper­ ation. Fully described in Bulletin 16A, free on request. iize tool tips to brazing temperature in 10 to 30

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Where precision parts in volume are the order of the day, this small, compact, sleek steel cylinder is playing a vital part in the successful production program of innumerab war plants. It is the quill, the heart of the Dumore •. Precision Grinder, whose precision and stamina transforf standard machine tools such as lathes, planers, and millers into production grinders of high precision ... and at remarkably low cost. Exceptionally high speeds (up to 4 2 ,5 0 0 r. p. m.) and vibrationless operat (precision to ± ,0001") are Dumore characteristics ~ which lend themselves to internal grinding of small diame holes, an operation at w hich the Dum ore is unsurpassed.~- External cylindrical, too, as well as surface and -■h: thread grinding are handled with equal precision over the Dumore s wide range o f capacity7. Changes in producti requirements are made easily, with slight cost, when you rel ; The Dumore, with a spindle speed o£ 4 2 , 0 0 0 r.p.m. facilitates grinding a half on this dependable, versatile tool. Consult your ^ inch hole to a tolerance of plus or minus one-ten-thousandth of an inch. Such distributor for ways of applying the Dumore Grinder to your ' work can be satisfactorily accomplished specific operations, or write direct to The Dumore Company, only with the combination of high speed and vibrationless precision Tool Division, Dept. T K 39 Racine, Wisconsin. which characterize the Dumore.

Numerous methods of speeding production and cutting costs on precision grinding are shown in Catalog 42. You’ll want a copy ... Write for it today!

hr SOLD BY AUTHORIZED INDUSTRIAL DISTRIBUTORS IN ALL PRINCIPAL CITlIt

/TEEI METAL CONGRESS

a take City, Utah. The op- sponds more rapidly than the simple creased with increasing cold-work. The treatment consists of a solution solution treated material. The physical annealing of cold-worked (4, 6 and 8 per ,ent at 1200 degrees Fahr. fol- properties of the alloy compare favor­ cent elongation) aluminum iron at 350 ,d by aging at 660 to 840 degrees, ably with those of copper-beryllium al­ degrees Cent, results in a rapid relief of iness may be controlled by regula- loys. The alloy made with electrolytic strain and then appears to reach limiting of aging times. manganese has greater elongation at values for the respective elongations. was shown that material hardened all hardness levels than when made The annealing of cold-worked (6 per the cold worked condition re- with ordinary commercial manganese. cent elongation) aluminum iron at 250, 350, 450 and 550 degrees Cent, results in a very rapid relief of strain at all tem­ peratures except 150 degrees, at which ME PROCEEDINGS nothing occurs. The higher the tempera­ ture, the greater is the recovery and the closer is the approach of magnetic prop­ and Steel Division erties to the original annealed material. No recrystallization was found in samples. 'IRON and Steel and Institute of Met- r ecessary that it have properties, especial­ “Creep Properties of Cold-Drawn An­ i divisions of American Institute of Min- ly in regard to wettability, that will en­ nealed Monel and Inconel” was a study 5 and Metallurgical Engineers held able it to be used on the metals in com­ made and reported by B. B. Betty, for- u.er testing engineer; H. L. Eiselstein, »rate technical sessions. The former mon use. metallurgist; and F. P. Huston Jr., metal­ [ered two general sessions on Monday Of the 49 alloys examined, nine passed lurgist, all of Huntington Works, Inter­ Tuesday mornings and a symposium property requirements. A second group national Nickel Co. Inc., Huntington, ‘Recent Developments in Dilatometric of 15 closely approached desired levels. W. Va. Data were presented on cold- and another on “Steelmaking” Many showed special applicability for use IND jr sis drawn annealed Monel and Inconel tnd Wednesday afternoons, re- with higher temperatures or under various d a y showing them to be suitable for use at ively. Institute of Metals Division, other conditions. It was noted that to elevated temperatures. The Inconel ig on Monday and Tuesday, built produce a 15 per cent tin solder contain­ was found to have approximately twice ing neither cadmium nor bismuth, and program generally around magnesium, the load-carrying capacity of Monel at of nonferrous metals and alloys, having solidification and wetting proper­ I, compact, slut all the test temperatures. However, ties comparable with those of a high-tin nonferrous production metallurgy. Monel compares favorably in creep solder, is only a remote possibility. Rea­ ttogramofi Tin-Lead Substitute Solders strength with many low-alloy steels and sons for this are: (1) Of the addition ele­ should not be classed with copper alloys, art of the Dc the many excellent reviews of ments available, antimony is the only one although it contains a large percentage of recent work of research scientists and that has an appreciable effect on the copper. Neither of the two alloys ex­ icians was the paper on “Substitute solidification range; (2) addition of hibited signs of stress-time embrittleinent. as lathes, pkis lers of the 15-85 Tin-Lead Type.” Au- silver, alone or with other elements, is iredby J. B. Russell and J. O. Mack of limited to 2 per cent because of excessive Slag-Metal-Oxygen Relationships high precis:,,, I«Division of Physical Metallurgy, Naval formation of a silver-tin compound with ratio of 3:1; (3) use of indium is limited Discussing “Slag-Metal-Oxygen Rela­ eptionali', ' ®estE Laboratory, Anacostia Station, tionships in the Basic Open-Hearth and : Washington, D. C., this investigation had by its high cost; (4) of remaining addi­ tion elements, none was found to im­ Electric Processes,” J. S. Marsh, engi­ id bbrafloillsl bits purpose the development of an al­ neer, Development and Research Depart­ prove to a satisfactory extent the wetta­ loy containing a maximum of 15 per cent ment, Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethlehem, bility of a 15 per cent tin alloy containing more charaffifc no cadmium or bismuth, hav- Pa., found that in such a study it must antimony. - o f s a il » properties equivalent to or bet- be assumed that the carbon-oxygen prod­ As a result of this investigation, 15 per 8 " jh than those of substitute solders now uct in the metal is exceeded, on the cent tin solders having a solidification Juniore is uni | lec®ed containing 18-20 per cent tin, or average, only when the carbon reaction range comparable with or slightly above 1» approaching the properties of the is in progress (supersaturation being that of an 18 to 20 per cent tin substi­ S’ell as surketpmdard 40-60 tin-lead solder. the one exception). The carbon reaction tute solder—all other properties being wartime restriction of bismuth and is inherently very rapid; consequently, satisfactory—have been developed. rimium, elements that have beneficial its controlling factor is rate of supply of v. Changes inp P f on fluidity, solidification range and Magnetic Property Changes oxygen. Extent of departure found by wength, makes it increasingly difficult experiment depends upon the depth of «develop a general-purpose solder con- The changes in magnetic properties bath at which bath is sampled and upon ining a maximum of 15 per cent tin. such as coercive force, remanence, and other factors such as type of process. For :ool. Consult i® la the course of this investigation, 11 permeability can be used to study the ef­ a given process, extent of departure nfliore Grinder®1 lements were used in various combina­ fect of cold-work and recovery in alumi­ depends upon presence or absence of tions with the basic 15-85 tin-lead alloy, num iron, according to J. K. Stanley, re­ unreacted ore, and of lime or bottom more Comp® elements were antimony, silver, search engineer, Research Laboratories, boils. indium, thallium, lithium, cal- Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co., who There is no distribution of iron oxide sconsin. *m, barium potassium, sodium and has been engaged in studying how these between an oxidizing slag and metal ®ic. In all, 116 low-tin solders were magnetic properties change during the in the sense that would be true of slag Jstigated with the idea of developing annealing below the recrystallization tem­ and metal in equilibrium. Distribution solder that will give satisfactory working peratures. His research in “Recovery of ratio depends only upon slag basicity, raperties, specifically in regard to wet­ Cold-Worked Aluminum Iron as De­ being greatest for a pure iron oxide slag, ting of copper, brass and iron, solidifica­ tected by Changes in Magnetic Proper­ and increasingly less for slags of increas­ tion range, capillarity and shear strength ties” was carried on to find in what man­ ing basicity. # a soldered joint. ner strains are relieved in aluminum iron The electric-fumace finishing period The relative importance of these vari- at low temperatures and to shed some differs in behavior in that slag does not J* properties plays an important role in light on our understanding of what takes contain sufficient iron oxide to supply too search for substitute solders, since it place in the deformation of metals. the required potential to transfer oxygen ® almost impossible to retain all of the Expressing changes in coercive force to the metal. Oxygen in excess of the osired qualities of a high-tin solder and and permeability by equations of form equilibrium value is consumed quickly and die only controller of oxygen content 51 make drastic changes in the alloy suited for the tests conducted, Mr. Stan­ ownposition. Because of the expected ley found that coercive force increased appears then to be carbon content, as­ suming no addition of a deoxidizer. ®es of a general purpose solder, it is and permeability and remanence de­

ber 30. 1944 METAL CONGRESS

was imperative that something be c AMERICAN WELDING SOCIETY immediately...... “Records indicated that most of serious fractures had started arc i Technical Proceedings hatches No. 2, 3 and 4, especially i No. 3 hatch Instructions werjj sued to round the comers of tfifl OF the 57 papers presented at the 18 Mr. Brekelbaum pointed out that re­ hatches on both existing vessels I technical sessions of the annual meeting cording actual arc time provides a pro­ those under construction. It is felt ¡1 of the American Welding Society held duction control system that immediately this step will greatly diminish H in conjunction with the 1944 National shows up an excess or shortage of de­ chances of cracks starting around I I Metal Congress and Exposition, some of posited weld metal or other departure hatches due to resultant better stress the most interesting were devoted to a from established procedure, thus afford­ Also on new ships, the insert typB| discussion of various control methods. ing an accurate procedure control as well deck plating at the hatch comers h V All automatic machine welding proc­ as an equitable basis of compensation. ing avoided, as experience has sb esses have certain advantages and dis­ Such a system consists of a single unit that it is extremely difficult to proy advantages, and automatic welding it­ arc timer on each machine or a cen­ weld such a structure.” self is not a cure-all for every welding tralized arc time recording system with Admiral Vickery pointed out va A problem, as there are still many services electrical timers, relays and graphic re­ other measures are being taken to a for which manual welding is more de­ corders. The latter is preferable be­ cracks, including substitution of do sirable”, was pointed out by A. E. Bedell cause in addition to recording total arc riveted gunwale angles port and and J. B. Quigley, chief engineer and time for each operator, it provides a board sides on the upper deck for welding supervisor respectively, of fool-proof system for production welding continuous welded connection, Graver Tank & Mfg. Co. Inc., E. Chi- control. Each graphic recorder handles prevents cracks that start in either cago, Ind., in their discussion of proce­ up to 20 timers or welders by use of deck or sheer strake from progre: dure control of automatic welding proc­ multiple inking pens, and makes a per­ into each other, and provides a de esses. However, they go on to state: manent record on paper charts. of flexibility needed in the other The system also provides a direct Automatic Machine Welding rigidly w elded hull. Later, a crack check on operator efficiency for ratio of rester slot was installed on the uj Automatic machine welding, in the total arc time to total elapsed time tells deck. O ther steps are being taken, field for which it is applicable, is bet­ how good the operator is in actually lay­ danger of so-called “notches” is also ter, faster and more economical than ing down weld metal which of course predated. The welding of large s manual welding. In order to take full is the criterion of performance. is here to stay, reports Admiral Vicl advantage of any automatic welding Compared to piece work which affords process, a proper welding procedure no procedure control, arc time control Technical Control—ShipweldingSIT must be developed, but such procedure causes the operators to lean toward In his discussion of the technical . ■ is an individual shop problem. While quality welds rather than fast welding trol of welding in ship construction, U the procedure control will necessarily with possible skimping of weld metal H. MacKusiek, assistant shipyard su vary with the type of process adopted deposited. Quality is also assured be­ intendent and welding engineer, (| if and the actual fabrication requirements cause each operator is given sufficient fom ia Shipbuilding Corp., commeri',' ’ of a particular shop, certain fundamental time to apply the proper amount of weld­ on the place of automatic welding eq factors invariably apply...... Physical ing to each job. ment in such operations. He said: tests on a properly deposited automatic Mr. Brekelbaum reported the arc time “Most shipyards organize a sepa machine weld are better in most re­ control system has been employed in his welding departm ent to handle their spects than those of the parent metal.” shop for the past 5 years, controlling 150 tomatic welding. The use of submerg They also emphasized the importance operators on over 25,000 different jobs arc automatic welding is principally o of careful and uniform plate beveling in ranging from a few pounds up to 40 preparation for welding. As far as work­ fined to subassembly operations, tons in straight production welding, though some yards do certain types manship is concerned, the most impor­ work on high carbon and alloy steels, tant step in any automatic welding work joints on the shipways. At Calship, and on welds that must pass rigid X-ray use of automatic welding is confined... is the plate joint preparation. inspection. Another important factor greatly in­ the plate shop and subassembly, all sb~ ~ fluencing weld quality was covered by Welded Ship Failures way welding is done manually. The of E6030 type manual electrodes p E. C. Brekelbaum, welding superintend­ An interesting comment on welded ent, Hamischfeger Corp., Milwaukee, in the fact that less movement of equ-S ship failures was made in Admiral Vick­ m ent is involved has prompted our t his discussion of production control prob­ ery’s paper on welding in shipbuilding: lems. Most companies engaged in weld­ cision to eliminate the use of automa “There has been much publicity given welding on the ways. ing, he reports, are at a loss as how to to the relatively few instances of serious arrive at the most efficient welding "It was found that delays in schedi A fractures occurring on our ships. Tfie ing an automatic machine for a certa.: methods because of the complexity of causes of these fractures are not fully manual operations. weld plus the cost of handling the equi known, but it is generally agreed that ment to and from each joint exceed - In the future however, much greater no one factor is the predominant reason. attention is going to be demanded if new the cost of welding the same joint . We still have a lot to learn about stress hand. Also many joints could not savings are to be shown by welding for distributions and behavior of an all- now welding is competing with welding, completely welded by machine due . --- vvelded ship s hull under service condi­ clearance for the machine at hatch coai not against other types of fabrication tions. It is of interest to note that the where it was comparatively easy to show mgs and side shell ends of deck bu small all-welded ships have been prac­ so that a certain amount of chipping ai valuable savings. This means increased tically free from serious failures. This is effort must be focused on the tre­ m anual welding was required on a nui probably due to the relatively light ber of the welds in any case. mendously powerful influencing factor— plates used and to less beam action of the the human element. Whereas most “It is our conclusion, therefore, th hull due to waves. Every effort is being shipyards working to a fast launchii companies have relied upon piece rate, made to add to our knowledge...... day rate, or a base-rate-plus-premium schedule will find that automatic wel« “Research, especially in respect to ing should be entirely concentrated c method of compensating workers, pro­ fundamentals, is necessarily time con­ duction welding control systems based subassembly work for economical ar suming. hen the Commission was fast production results. upon actual recording of arc time offer confronted with a number of serious an improved method with advantages. One of the new types of weldin fractures on Liberty ships last winter, it equipment recently developed was d< 90 /TE E t The Air Conditioning was for the blueprints

d cmi.% |ut their sick, assisted fficiency increased and w elAial pbnilding Ca,i 51.4%

a d c w e ic s u i a s a me yards do o war plant drafting room was air con d itioned after their drafting room was air conditioned! ¡he slipway! A. ¡onaft well — strictly in order to protect valuable blue­ The moral is clear. Remember to investigate hop and ail ng is dme a prints and drawings. (It is well known that ex­ air con d itionin g as a \means of increasing human type m ain tremes of temperature and humidity can have efficiency in your business after the war. hat less mows nuked las P®? surprising and unpleasant effects on paper.) Better yet, write now and we’ll see that you Jiminate tie i the ways. Now, nobody even considered the draftsmen get complete information at the earliest possi­ who worked there when this air conditioning ble moment. General Electric Company, A ir Con­ job was approved. In fact, equipment for ditioning and Commercial Refrigeration Divisions, "comfort” air con d ition in g is n ot n ow avail­ Section 4411, Bloomfield, N.J. able, and won’t be for the duration. Yet the BU^Trand”'hoidT?TwAR"'BONDS efficiency of the draftsmen increased 51.4%

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scribed by E. M. Callender, Edward G. ordinarily used with gun type welders tions showing falling off of beam u Budd Mfg. Co., Philadelphia, as a small tear themselves to pieces by the con­ sity over the film area due to the in' portable condenser welding set for han­ tinued abrasion and fatigue from recur­ square law which says that the inte dling the joining of a large spot-welded ring kicks produced by the reaction of of radiation from a point varies a; assembly where the welder must be taken the heavy currents, he pointed out. This square of the distance from the j to the work. With a 5-kilovolt-ampere does not happen in low-reactance cables On this basis, he compared beam i plant, the welder complete with exten­ for the kick is absent. sity from nearest point (where ve sion cables and its transformer weighs He described an interleaved type of line from film will intersect focal only 7 15 pounds. The welding trans­ cable in which the electric motor action of tube) to farthest comer of film former may be located 75 feet from the of currents flowing in opposite directions showed that resultant intensity i j welder with an additional 15 feet of is nullified by dividing the current into be only 71 per cent of the maxim J secondary cable to the welding gun. Con­ three parallel paths reducing the forces an extremely important reduction denser is rated 360 microfarads and 3000 between all conductors to one-ninth. The using contrast film which gives volts peak charge. Machine can be op­ hexagonal pattern of wires results in variation in negative thickness for erated from a standard 115-volt alter­ forces that oppose each other. In addi­ variations in beam intensity. nating-current wall receptacle. It will tion, spiraling of ropes makes each rope If these two possible maximum weld two thicknesses of 0.040-inch act as a structural member that resists tions occurred at the same pom stainless steel and up to eight pieces of motion by means of its tensile strength. the film, resultant intensify of 5i 0.020-inch, with weld shear strengths Other advantages besides the im­ cent means that there would be a comparable to those from conventional proved mechanical behavior are found in a 2:1 variation in beam intensity, alternating-current resistance welds. lower power requirements, lower power ever, subsequent discussion from Such a unit is particularly suitable for factor and reduced cost of accessory floor pointed out that actually sue requirements of an airborne machine. equipment. Transformer sizes can be treme variations in beam intensity No water cooling is required. Only halved in some instances. seldom encountered. First, the film low power is demanded even with a fair On one job, reinforcing channels 10 located as to minimize effect of welding speed of 30 welds per minute. feet long were to be welded to steel shadow, this not being hard to do Thus unit can be used on rural lines sheets. Using two ordinary gun weld­ the technician has a chart showing i without undue voltage dips. Being com­ ers, so much cable was needed and so mal beam intensity distribution pletely portable, the welding gun can much iron included in its field, that re­ the tube. Second, the use of th I be carried all over the assembly being sulting high reactance made it impos­ verse square law is not strictly apil joined. sible to get enough current to make a ble for the energy source is not a Kickless or low-reactance cable for weld. Use of low-reactance cable made but a plane having definite dimen portable resistance welders was a devel­ it possible to produce excellent welds in in addition, the energy is directed opment described by Myron Zucker of the same job and with half tire trans­ the anode in a beam rather thaj* Mackworth G. Rees Inc., Detroit. Cables formers. lowed to disperse uniformly in all tions as does light from a candle.? I However, it was emphasized tlji thorough knowledge of the tube radi RADIUM AND X-RAY SOCIETY characteristics would enable the radi pher to plan his setups with a Technical Proceedings knowledge of the results that wou obtained, thus it is an important in eliminating much “cut-and-try”. TECHNICAL sessions of the fourth Data were presented showing values It was also pointed out that £ annual meeting of the American Indus­ taken in a line crosswise and also a line are available which equalize the h trial Radium and X-Ray Society Inc., parallel to the tube axis. Because of intensity so it is the same at all p< / held in Cleveland in connection with the much greater variation lengthwise on the film. However, this is done the 1944 National Metal Congress, in­ the tube axis, Dr. Russ pointed out that reducing the beam intensity all cluded presentation of 13 papers and the film should always be placed with the film to the value found at the lo, the 1944 Mehl Lecture. Chairmen of its long dimension crosswise the tube point, which of course means a los the three technical sessions were Dana axis in order to obtain the minimum maximum effectiveness over much W. Smith, Aluminum Co. of America; amount of variation in beam intensity. the film area. Also filters can onhl R. E. Lorentz, Combustion Engineering Of course, the ideal beam would be one used for certain types of applicat Co. Inc.; and R. F. Thompson, Dodge that produced equal intensity at all points and are not suitable for all indus Div. of Chrysler Corp., Chicago. of the film, for this then would obviate uses of the X-ray. In discussing the field coverage of variations in thickness of the developed A highly important part of the industrial X-ray tubes and X-ray beam negative due to beam intensity varia­ cussion was devoted to Anm-Navy intensity distribution, George A. Russ, tions. Corps specifications which now call., Claud S. Gordon Co., pointed out that Dr. Russ and others in subsequent placing the penetrameter (used to cl““'1' whereas the standard X-ray tube with discussion mentioned that the impor­ exposure and processing) at the far 1 its beam of 20 degrees included angle tance of this film placement procedure ner of the film, the very point w-hYy has certain advantages, the tube de­ apparently was not fully realized and beam intensity is the lowest. Thi-'jij. signed to have a 45-degree beam pro­ many operators did not know which far from most satisfactory position^ duces complete coverage of film, tend­ was the tube axis and many more did ing to allow more uniform distribution. was pointed out, and efforts are i •' not fully realize the effect of the so-called being made to get specifications rev: Also use of such a tube does away anode shadow. This knowledge of the with the anode shadow that causes a to permit better placing of the pent“’ anode position is particularly important meter. certain amount of difficulty when using m making angle shots, for positioning the 20-degree tube. Static tests for determining the with anode toward film results in much He presented charts that showed diographic classification of castings uj uniformity of beam intensity; whereas presented by F. S. W yle of Trip beam intensity measurements taken at u the anode is turned away from the & Barton Co., Burbank, Calif. Cast points equidistant from the focal spot. nlm, beam intensity will vary much more These data revealed that beam intensity as a whole, be said, can be d iv id e d widely. Beam variations due to anode is not uniform throughout the field, thus two classes—those used with a hi shadow range from 95 to 77 per cent of safety factor (of 10 or more) in 1 intensity of bea.n varies considerably maximum intensity, he revealed. over the film area. no portion is stressed to more than Dr. Russ also presented -calcula­ per cent of its ultimate strength; £ ypes, grades ai esigns or Mi? very Hot or Cold Rolling requirement Finished Complete . . . Necked and Hough Turned, or in

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UNITED ENGINEERING AND FOUNDRY COMPANY Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Plants at PITTSBURGH ■ VANDERGRIFT • NEWCASTLE ■ YOUNGSTOWN ■ CANTON and United Engineering Company, Ltd., Sheffield, England ■ Dominion Engineering Works, Ltd., Montreal, P. Q. Canada. No buck-passing . . . that’s one of the first S. things you will notice, when you begin to do business with Bristol Brass. You get your answers promptly and straight from the shoulder, and you get them backed f up with performance. For we figure that if we can save A

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much farther ahead, and can get more done to our iB mutual satisfaction. As a matter of fact, what could be ski easier to do without than outworn formalities, red tape :' r ’ M. and “buck fever” in the face of responsibility? ■5 ^ This seems no unusual philosophy at Bristol, because : . it’s been practised here tor 9 4 years. But once in a -- f e e 7 0 4 4 while someone drops a remark that it’s something n e w * '

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/ssö ffa Bristol Brass iQ d z a & d ' ■ BfMSTOl f AM wcrnriiT METAL CONGRESS one

;§1U t0 doL those stressed to higher percentages of ting radiographic standards because they surface treatments, such as shot blasting, ultimate strength. The first class can be employed to determine which de­ frequently is attributed to residual I not require radiographic examina- fects can be allowed and which ones call stresses of a compressive nature. The the latter class being the only one for rejection. One method is to take authors mentioned, however, that very 011 & tie: ïem ed with that method from a lot the three castings that show little is known about the magnitude and He described Vcirious methods or iriciK- up poorest when examined radiographic- distribution of such stresses, and that • J | mechanical static tests for setting ally. Then if these pass mechanical tests extensive fatigue testing or service ex­ Wwe'tfl I adiographie standards. R. F. Thomp- satisfactorily, they can be judged as perience must be resorted to before vari­ c| l l | technical chairman of this meeting, minimum standards for subsequent radio- ous treatments may be evaluated. The subsequent discussion pointed graphic inspection of other lots of the residual stress data presented, therefore, n'0tC ^4 t* it there are three pitfalls that same casting. was an attempt to provide an index for if tact, i,. .1st be avoided before mechanical test- When asked how they make static tests evaluating the relative effectiveness. I m c h as Mr. Wyle described: First, that require application of loads in three Residual stresses resulting from several surance must be provided that the or more planes simultaneously, Mr. Wyle surface operations were compared in uetal tliickness in the area being sur- described the use of hydraulic jacks to terms of their effect on fatigue life. «ponsibfe! 'eyed (by the X-ray) is the same from apply such loadings as the design might Surface operations studied were shot- liece to piece; second, heat treatment require. Also mechanical linkages con­ blasting, nitriding, carburizing, induc­ at Bristol. iven the work must be uniform from nected to the standard testing machine tion hardening, and barrel tumbling. to piece; third, castings must have (that applies loads in one plane only) Experimental techniques included Sach’s Mrs. ButMthipiform grain size. Of course, in most can be utilized to apply loads in other boring out method, the split ring meth­ jlant inspection setups, the above fac­ planes. He mentioned that such acces­ od, and modifications of several other tits tors are controlled and checked before sory equipment could be calibrated easi­ mechanical methods. irts-are X-rayed. ly to accuracies of close to 1 per cent or New approaches to engineering de­ Mechanical tests are necessary for set- less. sign, with the adoption of new methods in stress analysis in development work, ppreciated. were discussed by E. E. Stilson, R. H. Peterson, and R. C. Pocock of Bendix STRESS ANALYSIS SOCIETY Aviation Corp., South Bend, Ind. Meth­ ods involved the use of electric devices such as oscillographs and resistance echnical Proceedings strain gages. Stress Models for Construction SHOT FEENING to improve fatigue were measured and compared at various The application of stress models to ¡stance, discussed in a paper by O. J. average stress levels. specific structural problems as a solution ■ger and H. R. Neifert of Timken Load distribution in riveted and spot- to widely varying problems of stress Bearing Co., Canton, O., consid- welded joints, measured by deformations analysis was discussed by S. F. Tingley 1 conditions of shot blasting as to indicated by a ring extensometer, was of Goodyear Aircraft Corp., Akron, O. size and time under the blast rela- the subject of a paper by B. J. Aleck, The author cited many notable examples their influence on the fatigue M. Goland, and L. D. Morris of Curtiss- in the past where such problems have of iy2-inch diameter specimens Wright Corp., Buffalo. The extensome­ been met by the use of suitable stress } a 14-inch fillet. An SAE 1045 ter could be modified for use with any models. Certain fundamental laws were formalized and tempered, was used, gage length, from zero to large values. found to govern the behavior of all such cimens were tested as rotating Its essential elements were a thin alumi­ models, regardless of the type of investi­ ;r beams. Endurance limit of num alloy ring and two electric, re- gation planned. peened fillets was increased by sistanee-tvpe strain gages cemented to A very complete example of such a than 50 per cent over polished the ring. Joint deformation compresses problem was illustrated in the solution ht not shot peened specimens. or extends the ring, and activates elec­ of the structure of a cylindrical space tric strain gages. Methods for mount­ framework having a high degree of Photo— Grid Methods ing the ring gage on the specimen to redundancy. Model laws for the design An analysis of plastic flow problems measure deformation were described. Ex­ of individual members, coupled with photo grid methods, utilizing a new tensometer accuracy was stressed. practical considerations of the scale and sthod of preparing photo grids, and Load distribution in multi-spot and handling involved, were applied. The ul­ itrations of the use of the new method, multi-rivet joints were considered from timate design of a specific member was »as presented by C. P. O’Haven and both experimental and simplified analytic said to be only an embodiment of stiff­ I- F. Harding of the Armour Research viewpoints. A summary of results was ness characteristics, commensurate with Foundation, Chicago. presented for individiual fastener loads the instrumentation desired for strain in joints of differing patterns, sheet Part I described the new method, said measurement and overall dimensional gages, and number of fasteners. to be superior to any method heretofore limitations. Expected accuracy may be ®ed. The technique of preparing the The paper concluded with a brief derived from instrumentation. Loading photo-sensitive coating was discussed, report on progress being made in study­ also follows the model laws so that load­ ffld techniques for applying the grid ing three-dimensional stresses in the ing system design also is determinate, to specimens of various shapes were ex­ vicinity of a loaded spotweld. Photo­ stringers and loaded in the plane of the f o r i t a l i c plained. Stated points of superiority elastic methods are being used in this An electrical analogy for shear lag »ere: Easily applied in subdued light; research, with the stresses analyzed by problems was given by R. E. Newton adherent to highly polished surfaces, utilizing composite models made from of Curtiss-Wright Corp., St. Louis. The basic problem was stated as the de­ ““k'&'g a large percentage of elonga- two different plastics. t*0»; highly resistant to abrasion; does termination of stress distribution in flat Fatigue Fife—Surface Treatment J not etch or corrode specimen. sheets longitudinally reinforced by Residual stress studies of life im­ sheet by longitudinal forces. A corre­ /f II illustrated the use of the new spondence was established between the f i m if me^0<^ ® application to tensile speci- proving surface treatments are important in accurate determination of the fatigue axial loads (and shear forces), deforma­ 3* v ] ”®s; 1^e region of the neck and varia- tions, and axial (and shear) flexibilities life of metal parts, according to R. W. on in per cent of elongation was studied of a sheet stringer combination with the 01 specimens of both rectangular and cir- Greaves, E. C. Kirtowsky, and C. Lip- son of Chrysler Corp., Detroit. Increase currents, potentials, and resistances, re­ odar cross-section. Plastic deformations spectively, of a direct-current network. 1 out holes in tension members also in the fatigue life of metal parts due to 95 i By G. ELDRIDGE STEDMAN

DE-WATERING the 796-foot Potrero less Pump Division, Food Machiil shaft of the San Jacinto Tunnel section Corp. into fabrication of similar p u l of the aqueduct between the Colorado under lend-lease for the Russian govj River and Los Angeles was a tough prob­ ment. Because of these, Hitler lem. But it was accomplished in record howled with dismay over the Gerj time by the world’s largest turbine pump army’s inability to flood Russian n:| of its type, having a 700-horsepower ver­ permanently. tical hollow shaft motor mounted with it The new Peerless Hi-Lift prim I on a heavy duty pump head with capa­ (see Fig. 1) of- squeezing water a] city of 3000 gallons per minute against to its destination rather than to ceW a total head of 800 feet. Weighing more fugally lift it has likewise won distinc than 100,000 pounds, this unit was low­ in pump design, achieving maxim ered into the shaft from the surface. a . . : ■ „ capacity with tremendous pressure i iilljl &AF4"“3 Production of such pumping equip­ small diameter wells. r ment for de-watering mines, tunnels, coffer dams and quarries has led Peer­ But the purpose of this article F » describe unusual operations in proc »|J(] tion of the Peerless submersible pu|f|)P now doing outstanding work on our P phibious battle fronts. Rated at 120 Ions per minute at 63 feet total powered by a 4-horsepower electric i_, at 3200 revolutions per minute, the pi with strainer weighs only 120 pounds is equipped as a single compact unit special cable and controller for portr use anywhere . . . in bilges, ponto, hatches, aboard ship in leaking or floe; : compartments. Designed for quick Bio in any emergency, it requires onljpt power source and fire hose discharg easily handled and operated by one n

Fig. 1 {Left)—Because of its principle of “squeezing” water, this new Peerless pump raises water efficiently from almost my depth, is extremely simple in construction, so urns chosen by U. S. Marine Corps as the “invasion” pump Fig. 2 {Above) — Mounted above an ingenious cantilever steel span overhanging Lake Mead, these 400-horsepower motors drive rows of pumps suspended in the lake, supply­ ing water from Boulder Dam to the huge Basic Magnesium plant at Las Vegas, Calif. Fig. 3 {Bight)— First juncture in production of double case for the submersible pump is silver brazing the overlapping ends of the outer case. Jig is foot con­ trolled. Note special clamp for tightening outer case, and back­ ing bar between inner and outer shells

A T E E I Four stages in production of Monel H. M. Harper Co. finds answer collar studs by H. M. Harper Co., Chicago, 111. A specially tooled cold in high strength and ductility of cold-upset Monel header, powered by 50 h. p. motor exerting approximately 250 tons of energy produces 50 studs per A quicker less costly method of turning The cold-upset Monel studs have mechan­ minute. out strong, corrosion-resistant collar studs ical properties comparable to the machined was sought. cold-drawn Monel rod. Many materials with properties similar to Monel work- They were needed for rust-free fasten­ harden to brittleness in operations as se­ ings on “sub” hulls and heat transfer vere as this cold-forming. units where high ductility combined with Strength are necessary to m eet stresses T h e ductility of Monel...coupled with encountered in this service. its strength and corrosion resistance . . . Studs with all the desired mechanical makes it ideally fitted for cold-formed properties could be machined from cold- studs, bolts and other fastenings. drawn M onel rod. B u t m achining tim e was high, and scrap loss ran up to 60%. Monel may be the answer to some After considerable study, Harper de­ metal problem in your shop or on your veloped a method for cold-upsetting of drafting board. hot-rolled Monel rod. The following me­ Monel is strong. It is tough. It fights cor­ chanical properties were observed: rosion. It is ductile. Monel is invaluable w here a combination of these properties DUCTILITY MEASUREMENT is essential. ON HARPER MONEL COLLAR STUDS (Tests pulled at Technological Institute, N orth­ western U. on Baldwin Southwark Machine at rate of 5,000 pounds per minute.) Uniform grain flow shows con­ Total reduction diameter...... 33% For further information, write for I n c o trolled fabrication and homogene­ Elongation measured over reduced area 23.3% Technical Bulletin T-1 “EngineeringProp- ous structure that provides uniform Tensile strength...... 120,600 p.s.i. mechanical properties. erties of Monel Bolts.” Address:

THE INTERNATIONAL NICKEL COMPANY, INÇ 67 Wall Street, New York 5, N. Y.

MONEl • "R " MONEL • "K " MONEL • "ICR" MONEL "S" MONEL • INCONEL • " Z " NICKEL • NICKEL Sheet ...Strip."Rod...Tubing...Wire...Castings Fig. 4 (Above)— Second joining job is brazing outer shell to inner shell. Brazing alloy is fed through holes in outer shell along ribs con­ tacting inner shell, is drawn throughout joint by capillary action. Multiflame torch heats inner shell. Work rolls in jig to position wanted, is clamped by foot operat­ ed lever. J. B. Wade, research and design engineer, watches

Fig. 5 (Above)— Fluxing end rings before assembling them on pump It will operate submerged or free at a case angle. W ater enters the pump through Fig. 6 (B elow )— End rings are sil­ strainer and is impelled through the di ver brazed into case, using water fusor into the active water cavity b cooled multi-flame oxyacetylene tween tire inner and outer walls of tl torch lowered into the case by a motor case. The motor is thus cool« foot operated lever. Case sets on as the water passes between the inn a turn table, power driven and outer shells. Unit is about 23 inches long by ; inches in diameter. Motor case of out - and inner shells with flanged end rini is made to Navy specifications fro: h:; rolled brass stock. W ater is discharge -.. between these shells so they must b.'. tight and allow no water to leak into th motor. Outer case is 14 inches long b 814 inches diameter, is die-formed wit ... ribs firmly silver-brazed to the inne shell. This method of construction prc vides great rigidity and excellent hero transfer. W#[ Cleanliness Important First step in fabrication is to clam]"4i the outer case in a special fixture am silver-braze the outer seam. All fixture and special apparatus mentioned in thi process were designed by J. B. Waded company research engineer and originato:; j of this pump. This initial braze is mad< L with an oxyacetylene torch, the fixture>. holding the work in place. Success ir silver brazing this job depends largely o e cleanliness, the work being pickled im­ mediately before brazing. Handy & Har- 98 FLEXIBLE ETAL TUBING

ISOLATES VIBRATION

• Where absolute tightness is essential, American Seamless Flexible Metal Tubing is the most reliable type of flexible conveyor obtainable. In literally thousands of industrial applications, Amer­ ican Seamless is solving a multitude of connecting prob­ lems where movement of parts, vibration and misalign­ ment of machinery are factors .. . and in conveying gases, liquids and steam under a wide range of temperatures and pressures. Our Technical Department is experienced in designing flexible metal assemblies for specific applications. If you have an unusual one, perhaps we can be o f assistance. 44203

AMERICAN METAL HOSE BRANCH OF THE AMERICAN BRASS COMPANY • General Offices: Waterbury 88, Conn. Subsidiary of Anaconda Copper Mining Company • In Canada: ANACONDA AMERICAN BRASS LTD., New Toronto, Ontarto I PUMP TIPS FROM ALLIS-CHALMERS~ONE IN A SERIES J How to make Last Longer...

fosT packing trouble traces back to lack of "know-how” in caring for stuffing boxes. This is wasteful — time and money-wise — especially since correct pack­ ing procedure is so simple for maintenance men to understand and practise. Another class of trouble traces to mis­ alignment of pump and motor. For when shaft is deflected, sleeve is apt to wobble — greatly accelerating packing wear. To elimi­ nate this problem, A-C engineers developed, for many applications, the "Electrifugal” pump — in which both motor and impeller are mounted on one shaft, in one frame. This means fewer parts, fewer bolted con­ nections — no chance for misalignment. Regardless of type of pumps you use, here is an Outline of correct packing procedure th e k in d of packing and h o w you use it have a lot to do with maintaining pe — plus a few tips on what to look for when pumping efficiency. Here, at left, is a step-by-step outline of the correct way to trouble does arise S,al1 pump Pacl

► Make certain packing is suitable for service it must perform tightness. If compressed too tightly, packing will bum 0 . . . that it s the right size and made of the right materials. or sleeves become scored. Be cautious of so-called "all-purpose” packings. If in doubt, ►Finally, until shaft turns over freely, operate pump ft , check with your pump manufacturer. about intervals _ permitt£ L c k in /to coc ' ► Don t force in new packing against the old. It's apt to Then put it into continuous operation. displace lantern ring and plug sealing liquid opening. First ► What to check for if packing wears too quiqkly- (1 ) Chet - remove all old packing; clean stuffing box thoroughly; then shaft sleeves. If badl£ score| & inJ d ow 7n ra insert new packing idiy; ( 2 ) Check position of lanternring. It may be d isp la c e ^ ; ► Put each ring of packing in separately, seating it firmly (3) If water seal piping is used, check liquid. If it contain before adding the next. Stagger adjacent rings so that joints grit a separate source of sealing liquid should be obtainec . are at 180 angle to each other. If lantern rings are used, ► Send for yom. a ,,, f "Handboo rLTlr“ Sahel * ’ '**“* * * Cart of cS trifu g a l Puncps”. It's the ban, 1 a A • j ' i c • , , easy-to-understand guide to efficient centrifugal pump mair ► After required number of rings have been inserted, tighten tenance. Contains no advertising; applies to ¿// make gland nuts. Gland should be taken up evenly to finger- Allis-Chalm ers, M ilwaukee 1 , W is. AW

Tune in the Boston Symphony, Blue Network, every Saturday at 8:JO pm , E IP T. ALLIS-CHALMERS PUMPS iy f I Allis-Chalmers builds all types and variations of A pumps shown at right. Ca­ pacities from 10 to 150,000

gpm—heads to 2500 lbs. Single f Double Double Suction Open Mixed Axial Flow Suction Suction Multi-Stage Impeller Flow (Propeller) J„ flux is used. If temperature is too tion. This double shell case is given !L the brazing alloy will not flow; if a 45-pound hydrostatic test. _ o'high, it will oxidize to dirty the Third operation is the installation of °ejal. The temperature used is con- one flange on each end of this intricately uolled at 1175 degrees Fahr. shaped case. The inner case is relieved The inner shell is of 16-gage brass. The about 0.003-inch to allow for brazing. shell has a series of six 8-inch die- A flange lip extends slightly over the sunk ribs. The two shells are joined by outer case to provide good brazing con­ jilver brazing. This construction saves tact. The work is still hot, coming from n,etal as compared to that required if the the multi-torching, when it is located on „art were cast. Also such a shape would a revolving table. be extremely difficult to cast properly. The brazing alloy is applied by hand because of the thin sections involved. torch to accomplish this joining of the The silver brazing fixture for the sec- flange. Upon application, it flows by wd operation of joining consists of a capillary action into the joint flange at multiple torch (nine heads) on a moving top and bottom. Done on the moving tck operated by a foot pedal. As the table, this capillary action causes a very pedal is depressed, the torch assem- smooth flow around the periphery. moves horizontally into place inside The water passage of the pump is shell. The rib and case are pre- formed by the flutes between the ribs ;d. The bottom of the rib is heated thus joined form the water cavity being iltaneously by this multi-torch, between the outer and inner case and lieving a 1175 degrees Fahr. metal the motor housed within the inner case. iperature quickly. The vital problem of commutation and There are three 3 /16-inch holes drilled heat transfer in the direct-current motor the bottom of the rib through which is solved by a “diffusor” mounted on the J silver alloy is applied. Capillary at­ suction end of the pump. It consists of traction at the brazing alloy’s free flow- a centrifugally cast bronze piece and in- temperature (1175 degrees Fahr.) (Please turn to Page 127) causes it to flow through these holes to fill the entire joint of the two contacting faces. The torch is then pulled and the holes are filled by a hand opera-

Fig. 7 (Above right)— After case is ready, motor and -pump parts are assembled into it Fig. 8 (Right)— The baffled end cover assembly with brazing wire in place being loaded into muffle- tijpe gas fired furnace. A t 1200 de­ grees Fahr., the preplaced brazing Moy flows into all the joint areas

Fig. 9 (Below)—Inspector (in mock) supervises testing of com­ pleted submersible pumping units in this special testing setup where 10 pumps are handled simultane­ ously. Attached to flexible connec­ tions for easy handling, pumps are immersed in tank for 1-hour run­ ning test and given a check for ca- pressure and efficiency Figs. 1 and 2—Adaptation of con­ ventional industrial type of direct fired unit heater to tempering air Fig. 3—Battery of two coal fired heaters using stokers Fig. 4— Diagram of tempering sta­ tion with fuel burned directly in the air stream For heating industrial buildings is product by burning fuels directly in the air stream

H EALTHFUL breathing conditions By DAVID HENDERSON increasingly are becoming a basic Sales Engineer requirement in the industrial Dravo Corp., Pittsburgh field. In the heavier industries more than usual interest is being shown in the ef­ building only a short time and then fective elimination of dust, obnoxious thrown away. In terms of a winter’s op gases, acid fumes, and unpleasant odors ation, a ventilation rate of 100,000 cul by providing suitable ventilation. The feet per minute represents an annual ( plant engineer studying this problem is penditure of many thousands of doHi faced with the fact that every cubic foot for heat. Under such conditions the a of air vented has to be replaced with should be: 1. To reduce if possible, t one cubic foot of fresh air. In summer rate of ventilation without interfere this presents no problem, but in the with proper breathing conditions. 2 winter this cubic foot of fresh air usually use low-cost heat. J will be too cold for comfort. The tem­ Devising ways and means of redudi perature of this air may be zero or below. the ventilation rate is something tl Bringing such air into the building in plant engineer is best able to do, t. quantities will set up uncomfortable acquainted with the local conditions, working conditions. This air must be many plants this rate is entirely too heated or tempered first, and special pro­ and as a result valuable heat is waste,, vision made for its introduction. Its tem­ If such plants can be taken as a criterio^ perature must be raised to at least room an investigation into this should p; temperature. Amount of heat required dividends. Every cubic foot of air e* will depend, of course, on the quantity hausted should be made to count in iU (| of air handled and the temperature rise. moving contaminated air. Locating tl1 Heat required to raise the temperature ventilating equipment as close as politisfe of makeup air from 0 to 70 degrees Fahr. sible to the source of contamination an totals about 7,500,000 B.t.u.’s per hour, avoiding short circuiting of fresh air f « when such air is brought in at the rate of the ventilating equipment will help t( 100,000 cubic feet per minute. This rate ward this end. s®l91 of ventilation is quite common and for Ventilating equipment should be sucl'tt that matter is greatly exceeded in many that its rated capacity will not be af cases. In terms of boiler capacity, 100,- fected materially by variations in outside; Mil 000 cubic feet per minute requires about wind velocities. Obtaining a 25 per con 225 boiler horsepower during zero or more increase in ventilation with ai™ I weather conditions. increase in wind velocity, while not ob A multiplicity of air changes per hour jectionable in the summer time, has the often is necessary to attain proper objection in the winter time of that mud breathing conditions. Thus all of this more increase in heat loss. Venting shouk heat put into the makeup air is in the be under reasonable control. Moreover,

/TEEL 1 S e i ¡ * j liibfSfei Customers of THE WILLIAM B. POLLOCK “¡ 4 ] f t i: COMPANY have found that accurate and ; can careful shop assembly of fabricated steel 3 ® into s 3 w y cute faiii plate work, and proper match-marking of bn field joints for quick and correct erection

iii at the customer's plant, saves untold aeree of écrits*:! 3 lime and m oney. L e t P O L L O C K dem on­ strate to you how th ey can take full re­ sponsibility when it comes to your steel

V variât plate construction requirements and save Y O U tim e and m oney. id vdwtv, ** the a n u ir '- Picture« herein «how shop assembly of different kinds of steel plate work in the POLLOCK plant at Youngs­ town, O hio.

The WILLIAM B. POLLOCK COMPANY

STEEL PLATE "CONSTRUCTION • ENGINEERS - FABRICATORS - ERECTORS

October 30, 1944 GAS AIR VALVE HAMO OR AUTOMATIC A 4. i. t Llltf GAS 8URNER

Fig. 5— Heater integral with biota- j er type fan. Gas is burned in air stream. Fig. 6— Oil fired air heater which H bums fuel in the air stream, Fig. 7— Central steam system lo- "’, cated in roof truss, with air dis— ” charged into duct distributmgtfnpif system 'Jiil

TEMPERED MAKE-UP AIR air stream. Combustion takes place in a píete combustion before the waste ga-y- ij- ( gas and air tight chamber and the waste mix with the cold air stream. The 1^...' gases are discharged to the outside. The of furnace used is shown in Fig. 6. T""~\ units are built to deliver up to 20,000 gential firing, as shown, provides cubic feet of tempered air per minute. necessary time element and turbuler'^t & Coal fired heaters using stokers can Here again the ratio of air to waste ga _ deliver up to 100,000 cubic feet per is quite high, resulting in a high deg " minute of tempered air. Fig. 3 shows a of dilution. No odor is noticeable. -■ battery of two such units delivering ap­ Conditions in the field will dictate • 23? ‘ OJL FIREÜ AIR HEATER proximately 200,000 cubic feet of air per kind of tempering system to use. If ste—; BURNS d Jl IN THE Affl STREAM minute. Such units also are adapted for is available, a steam system normally . oil and gas firing. the answer. If not, and new steam g" erating equipment is involved, tower a ’- i - -:- Lower Costs—All Heat Used may be found with direct-fired eqm¿j::c ment. The art even has been extended to the SÍES burning of fuel, (gas or oil) directly in Steam systems may take the form o the air stream, all resulting in still lower multiplicity of steam unit heaters c —::: initial and operating costs, and using all tributed around the building with cC of the heat in the fuel. One installation unit connected to the outside air a,— of this kind tempers air at the rate of each provided w ith individual modul 368.000 cubic feet per minute and has ing control, or it may be a central systi IKES S! a total heating capacity df 32,000,000 involving one or more steam coil a SJCCI B.t.u.’s per hour. The building is devoted fan combinations discharging into a to welding operations in which a mul­ distributing system. .« H i tiplicity of air changes are necessary to One of the latest installations of t assure the proper working conditions. latter is being made in a steel plant buil' ; The load is handled by two tempering ing in which steam at full line pressu:. stations, and tempered air is delivered of 225 pounds per square inch and 5

104 /TEEL iter ¡ -/! ( k .i® 1 mfte“ »WH©,ÜT>STEEtí I H t \ \..-M M ^ A p M P m Y S i Í0 *9 k i ^ ' V i l \

> -SSa#'

T h is picture might have been en centuries ago. It shows a bamboo sed is eline, carrying brine from 2,600 year I as salt mines to a refinery in the heart of K element » dern China. Here in Tse Liu Ching, n i l ¡chwan province, steel pipe is not avail- o odor is g jjj ile, and the Generalissimo's engineers in the fields ust use primitive bamboo pipe as a war- oe substitute. If not, andwj Of course the bamboo pipe splits, is fflentisini®!i iten by insects, deteriorates with age and a Every day coolies must repair it, by tapping the lines with bamboo strips, : i f '¡ere are countless sizes of bamboo pipe, different (and none of them big enough), d the technique of making permanent viater-tight joints is unknown. Bulthis bamboo pipe points to what we in America seldom realize..the importance of steel. Low-cost durable steel pipe, for example, is a priceless ingredient of our ¡nade in a i steam at M l* tivilization. Without it we could not have Is p e í sqnareB m pure water supplies, or our sanitary ystems. Our railroads, factories, oil fields I . T ie c á a ad power plants could not exist without eel pipe I ® p ip e headffi. I todern steel pipe. and is god is Steel is America's No. 1 basic industry, lie whole structure of American life--with a d hanfOtag ill its security, convenience and comfort-- depends upon the steel and steel products which Youngstown is a leading Manufacturer. Y OUNGSTOWN THE YOUNGSTOWN SHEET AND TUBE CUMPANV YOUNGSTOWN, OHIO

Manufacturers of CARBON - ALLOY AND YOLOY STEELS Ask your distributor for Youngstown Pipe and Tubular Products - Sheets - Plates - Conduit - Bars-Electrolytic Tin Plate-Coke Tin Plate: Rods-Wire- -%-J Najis - Tie Plates énd Spikes - Alloy and Yoldy Steels.

105 MOORE RAPID Jèctxo m eâ FURNACES

A size "KT" Lectromelt top charge furnace with roof rotated, ready to be charged by | a drop bottom charging bucket. This is one of the heavy, steel mill type furnaces.

* 2

★Moore Rapid Lectromelt Furnaces are built in a wide range of standard sizes mill type and steeI from 100 tons down to 25 pounds capacity. Lectromelt Nominal Size Size Shell Nominal Capacity Almost alRof the Lectromelt furnaces in­ oI Heat Diameter HT 75-100 Tons 20'—0" stalled during the past few years have IT 60-75 Tons 15.000 kva JT 19'—0" 15.000 kva 50-60 Tons 18'—0" been of the top charge type. The top.;; KT 40-50 Tons 12.000-15,000 kva LT 17'—O'' 10.000-12,000 kva charge feature offers many advantages- 30-40 Tons 16'—0" MT 25-30 Tons 8,750-10,000 kva NT 15'—0" 7.500 - 9,375 kva such as greater output due to decreased' 15-20 Tons 12'—i'­ OT 8-12 Tons 7.500 - 9,375 kva charging time, lower power and refrac­ l l'—0" 6,000 - 7,500 kva

tory costs, increased production per man >, ally used in foundryTorkbuT^nv S £ 'hiS *able are 9 « « - are used in ingot shops for pourino b n lT ?maIler furnaces hour and many others. Especially large * tool steel. ^ unng billet size ingots or for T------— pieces of scrap can be charged readily,^ Lectromelt Usual Hourly Size Usual Size Nominal Size of ProductionRrrte of Heat** and light fluffy scrap can be charged to. OPT 4‘/ 2 Tons 8-9 Tons PT 3 Tons 3.000-3,750 kva shell height with a drop bottom bucket. In' ; CQT 5-6 Tons 2.000-2,500 kva 2 Tons 3V4-4 Tons some of the very large sizes—frequently QT Tons 1.000-2,000 kva RT 2 Vi-3 Tons 1,200-1,500 kva 1 Ton 2 Tons arranged for installation on an open-, ST 1,000 Pounds 800-1,000 kva TT 1 Ton 400- 500 kva hearth platform—a door charge furnace 500 Pounds 1,000 Pounds UT 250 Pounds 300- 375 kva 500 Pounds 200- 250 kva may be used with the charging being han­ ‘ O n a cid

dled by an open-hearth charging machine. « e occasion de­ excess of the "usual" heats listed P ' consids«bly in

tended PrtoLiiylorTatorator^and ‘^ “ ‘hiS ‘abl® are furnaces are fo /o p e ra l^ S Lectromelt PITTSBURGH LECTROMELT Laboratory Si zee Usual Size of Heat 200-300 Pounds 100 Pounds FURNACE CORPORATION 50 Pounds 25 Pounds PITTSBURGH 30, PENNSYLVANIA

'TEEl By JOHN D. KNOX DRAWING AND FINISHING Steel Plant Editor, STEEL

PRACTICES and recommended that these safety rules should be in the form of safety instruc­ tions. Safety rules should be explained so that they are thoroughly understood. Only Use of goggles by workmen handling lifts of bundled wire is when this is done can proper enforce­ strongly recommended. Pickling of alloy steels is improved by ment and intelligent application be at­ tained. addition of rock salt to bath. Wear of pickling hooks at acid The speaker also cited the importance line remedied by slight addition of lead to nonferrous mixture. of workmen wearing goggles when plac­ ing wire around bundles. He pointed out Electrogalvanizing, carbide cold heading dies and carbon steels that last year six accidents were experi­ for wiremaking explained in detail enced where the bundling wire flew up and hit men in the face. Because the em­ ployes wore goggles there was no loss of IMPROVEMENT in the injury rates of simple to construct a plant the right way eyes. rod and wire mills since 1929 has not kept as to build dangers into a building and Particular emphasis was placed by the pace with the reductions attained in some operations which a little foresight could speaker on a thorough and regular plant of the other major departments, R. H. have eliminated. To do this job repre­ inspection for safety conditions and poor Ferguson, manager of safety, Republic sentatives of our engineering departments practices. It is imperative, he said, that Steel Corp., Cleveland, told wiremakers sit down with the safety man and review such situations be corrected promptly. attending the annual meeting of the Wire the best known practices, check the safety Routine inspections by the plant safety Association, William Penn hotel, Pitts­ codes, both state and national, and agree man in company with the departmental burgh, Oct. 16-19. The decrease in fre­ on the structure to be recommended. superintendent and foreman have a defi­ quency rate during past years has Blueprints are checked for safety and nite effect on the reaction of personnel. amounted to 41 per cent whereas this rate for legal requirements of the jurisdiction When correcting poor practices, super­ is down 78 per cent in sheet mills, 62 per in which the plant is located. visors must be fair and just. It serves cent in open hearth, 60 per cent in gen­ Too many times in the safety field all little purpose to correct a practice if a eral mechanical and 54 per cent in pipe of the educational work is directed to­ bad taste is left in a man’s mouth and the mills. The net reduction in severity has wards the man on the job. Leadership for reasons for changing a practice are not been 38 per cent since 1929 in compari­ safety must come from management. The explained to him in full detail. son with decreases of 72 per cent for sheet program must have the active attention In discussing Mr. Ferguson’s paper, one mills, 81 per cent for open hearth and 55 of the top flight officers. Lip service wiremaker pointed out that industrial per cent for blast furnaces. alone is not sufficient. The speaker sug­ relations will become more pertinent in Successful safety programs have been gested a safety organization be set up the future. Large companies have been established on the premises that safety to fit the particular plant. One man should rather slow to take up the cause of safety; is management’s responsibility as well as be made responsible for the program. smaller concerns have been more active. an operating problem. He stressed the im­ This man should report directly to the Discussion also brought out some im­ portance of building plants with the plant manager. portant methods of handling cold-rolled safety and well-being of the working per­ He stressed the vital importance of the bars. At one mill canvass rubber belts sonnel in mind, and claimed it is just as use of practical safety rules for the plant with a ring inserted at each end are em­

October 30, 1944 Si ployed for this purpose, handling 1 ton at order. These are turned into the depart­ acid baths, has been a factor in reducing® a time. At an eastern plant, braided rope ment office at a designated time, and are the embrittlement of pickled wire to an 8-k i suspended from a bar at each end is em­ filed according to seniority. Inasmuch as extent that, rapid drying of the limed ployed for this purpose. seniority and fitness for the job are the rods is now accomplished in flash bakers. i-Cj Much has been written and said recent­ governing factors, the schedule is made instead of in the slower tunnel ovens "" I«* ly concerning the qualifications of a fore­ with the senior men getting their choices, formerly required to expel the occluded?* man. The expression, “Give me a man and so on, until the schedule is completed. hydrogen. “ G» with a head full of common sense and No “favorites,” he contended, can be The optimum amount of iron to be tol-Jw **' plenty of initiative, and he will make a played by this bidding system. erated in the bath varies. In general f, M«®'® real foreman,” covers the qualifications however, when the bath has dissolvec for one holding this position. This “Cleaninghouse Practice” approximately %-pound of iron per gal- pS^0 ' Ion (approximately 6 per cent), it is gooc opinion was expressed by J. J. Sander­ In speaking on “Cleaninghouse Prac­ practice to discontinue tire addition o: .,$0 , son, assistant superintendent wire mills, tice,” F. P. Spruance, vice president, acid and inhibitor, to raise the tempera*® & Keystone Steel & Wire Co., Peoria, 111., American Chemical Paint Co., Ambler, ture of the bath to offset the slowiJfc%'|is,' in discussing the subject of “Handling Pa., stated that the removal of scale from action of its increasing iron and decreas^' j i0S, LI Wire Mill Labor Problems.” In our mills, wire other than stainless, still is ac­ ing acid, and to pickle as long as possibh;;h„ff/i: r, l. B«n he stated, more than 95 per cent of the complished in sulphuric acid baths vary­ to reduce the acid as low as possible be. foremen have been in supervisory capacity ing in strength from 3 to 12 per cent by JfjL fore the bath is discarded. Pickle super;##»-'I* M. h for 5 years or more. Every one of them volume. However, concentrations of from visors often do, and always should, kee]E*-,i®®lIlEU has come up through the ranks within the 5 to 7 per cent by volume might repre­ a running log for each acid tank. Iff mill. They understand the workings of sent a fair average for wire pickling. Pickling of alloy steels, he stated, ha ®^ 8 the organization, and know they have Temperature as well as concentration is been markedly improved by a single the backing of their immediate superior, utilized in controlling the speed of dition of from 5 to 20 pounds of roel1'flBli'’ as well as management. They are ex­ pickling. The acid activity of a bath of salt to each 100 gallons of the usual sul,^ cORRESPONC pected to meet production schedules, given concentration can be quickly in­ phuric acid bath. Muriatic acid (20° Be. L c and keep the morale of their employes creased or decreased by raising or lower­ in the amount of from 1 to 4 per cent b ®*, Bnffal high. Their main headache has been ing its temperature, each change of 20° volume would have the same action. Sab jm S“*1 absenteeism. Checking absentee personal­ Fahr. will approximately double or halve is used because it is cheap and usually0' C“" ly by telephone, he emphasized, has done the activity. Temperature also has its ef­ on hand. F. S, more to straighten out this condition than fect on the nature of tire pickled surface Toror than waiting for the man concerned to and while high temperatures, even in Salt Improves Pickling ¡jjiHEE Whiteman get back to work. relatively strong baths, have little harm­ Mr. Sanderson, in alluding to the fre­ ful effect on low-carbon steels, high-car­ Addition of salt to a sulphuric acid bat quently heard phase of playing “favorites” bon and alloy steels are better pickled used to pickle chrome vanadium steeds, San Franc® with workers, drew attention to a sys­ and freer of smut at low temperatures. for instance, markedly improves th E, C. Bn tem operating successfully in his plant Mr. Spruance pointed out that the use pickling. It is even more noteworthy which nullifies such a condition. He ex­ of inhibitors ushered in a new pickling if, in addition to salt, a strong inhibito plained that two departments have a era. Full advantage, he pointed out, can designed for use in such baths is alsi “bidding system,” where each employe be taken of improved inhibitors and their added, over-pickling is substantially pre" vented. The metal loss and the acid con- G, 0. Hais in his respective department is given a ability to minimize the attack of acid on J i j .1 c M Manage! sheet of paper on which all jobs are metal and markedly reduce the absorption sumed are minimized and a smooth, nn<:Hl ■ itemized. The employes bid on all the of hydrogen with its embrittling action. crystalline surface is obtained, J ¡linger jobs, listing their choices in numerical Use of strong inhibitors, stable in hot Mr. Spruance in conclusion announce^ ^ { that a chemical treatment of rods N%s,H,jAin,B be developed that may so modify the y , ture of the scale that further economies«, Emu. q and greater pickling speed will be ob-i Ajgci«, f. j. Fcl tained. Encouraging work is being done [\nm along this line. Alloy steel forgings now A';?« ¡¡«gf. are being treated in the heat treating process with the result that scale is WIN OFFICE loosened sufficiently to flake off almost1*® I completely when the treated forgings, cool. More work is required to adapt this IIANCH OFFICES process to the treatm ent of wire rods or to adapt it to the furnaces in which the» 5i are treated. D. D. Buchanan, manager of opera-1 | tions, Union Drawn Steel division, Re­ public Steel Corp., Massillon, O., in com-1 Is.j menting on Mr. Spruance’s paper stated Si, i that little attention has been given to the i cleaning house during past years. If the steel is not cleaned properly, he warned, jiW ft,,, a wide variation in the coating and trouble in with the dies will occur; poor cleaning gives a poor bond. In many plants the-’«;«. * '"»HIT; pickling room is placed in any old spot; ,| ^ it seldom is painted, floors are in bad ^ oi LST STEERING GEAR: Located below deck in a special compartment above condition and there is little incentive forJSft^ ^ the rudders, this unit is operated by an electric motor remotely controlled the operators to turn out a quality prod-i^u«^ by the wheel on the bridge. The wheel may be set for any desired angle uct. He described a new pickling room)8'- and motion of the gear is halted when the desired position is reached. It can installed at Republic’s Hamilton, Ont., be hand operated in case of power failure. A quadrant type it was built plant in 1942, with its walls of white by Baldwin Locomotive Works border of battleship gray, and stated that it has not been painted since then. The employes are proud of the installation, he

108 /TEEL