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Blue Jay, Vol.34, Issue 2

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Blue Jay, Vol.34, Issue 2 MAYFLIES DENNIS M. LEHMKUHL, Biology Department, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon. Mayflies are appreciated most by second, to introduce the mayflies of trout, trout fishermen, bridge nesting Saskatchewan (See also Lehmkuhl,, 1 swallows, a handful of Ephemerop- 1970). Identification of adults to terists, and maybe by other mayflies. family is considered difficult in some In general, they are loathed by collec¬ cases even by professional en¬ tors because they are hard to identify tomologists because all adults look and because there are few insects less quite similar (Figs. 1 and 2 illustrate attractive than a shrivelled and faded two extremes) and the family charac¬ mayfly impaled on a pin in a collec¬ teristics are found in details of wing tion. This is a result of their delicate venation. I have departed from the and fragile structure and, as a con¬ usual “key” method of identification sequence, they are less well studied and have attempted to use in Table 1 than some other insect groups of com¬ and Figures 6-21 a modified Peterson parable size (approximately 500 North Field Guide technique. There is no American species). easy road to adult identification, so I An adult mayfly in nature is a work would suggest that the first step is to of art and their transient beauty has in¬ use a 10X hand lens and sketch the spired poets to write in many major arrangement of veins in the languages of the ephemeral nature of specimen at hand. It may be necessary all living things, including ourselves. to remove the wing from the specimen The popular conception of the short to get clear view. Next, compare the life of mayflies (Ephemeroptera) is, drawing with the six categories in however, somewhat of a misrepresen¬ Figures 6-21 and select the correct tation. Some do live but a day in the one. Finally, go to the proper category adult stage, such as our Ephoron album in Table 1 which will lead you to the which are like a summer snowstorm as family name. A list of Saskatchewan they emerge over the Saskatchewan families, genera, and known species is River on August evenings, their found in Table 2. reduced legs indicating how little time The mayflies of Saskatchewan is spent on a solid surface. Then there present a most unusual and fascinating is the more extreme case of female situation. While the number of iden¬ Lachlania saskatchewanensis, where tified species is about 60 (with a dozen the legs of the females are completely or so yet to be identified), the number useless, probably decreeing that to of genera (that is, major types) is about alight is to die; I have seen adults of 35, and 12 of the 15 North American this species only as windrows of dead families can be collected in the mayflies along the river shore. It is province. Such diversity in a northern also true that the mouthparts of adult inland locality is unusual when com¬ mayflies are reduced and functionless pared, for example, to the “poor” and they probably take no food or fauna of Dragonflies, Damselflies and water as adults. But it must be remem¬ Alderflies.*7 This variety of mayflies is bered that the nymphal stage has lasted not readily explained, but it probably for months or in some cases years has to do with the immigration from beneath the water surface. east, west, north and south, in com¬ This paper has two purposes, the bination with the glacial history and first is to provide a means of iden¬ climate of the area. In terms of origin, tifying families of adult mayflies of our mayfly fauna invaded from all North America (nymphs can be iden¬ directions after the decline of the ice tified by using Lehmkuhl, 1975c), and, age. Based on current distributions, 70 Blue Jay Figure 1. Adult male of Analetris eximia\ Fig. 2. Adult female of Baetisca bajkovi; Figs. 3- 5. male genetalia of Analetris eximia, Paraleptophlebia praepedita, and P. debilis. June, 1976. 34(2) 71 there are four faunal regions in Saskat¬ and oviposition, birds, bats and fish chewan: Boreal, Saskatchewan River, take a heavy toll of adults. Cypress Hills and Prairie. Eggs may have a smooth surface Few kinds of mayflies are found on (Fig. 43) or they may have attachment the true prairie. Potholes are likely to structures of various types (Figs. 37, yield only Callibaetis but occasionally 39, 40). In Baetis, the female crawls Caen is or even Siphlonurus may be en¬ beneath the water surface and lays eggs countered. The boreal forest is charac¬ in neat square masses, often found in terized mainly by a typical “eastern” abundance on stones in mountain or assemblage of Heptagenia (Fig. 27) boreal streams (Fig. 36). and Stenonema, plus widespread forms Eggs hatch into nymphs, various such as Baetis (Fig. 22), Paralep- types of which are illustrated in the tophlebia, Leptophlebia, Ephemerella figures. While adults look quite (Fig. 23) and Tricorythodes (Fig. 25). similar in all families, the nymphal Many western species reach their stage shows great diversity. Basic eastern limits in the Cypress Hills, in¬ mouthparts of a chewer, such as Baetis, cluding Epeorus longimanus, Cinygma are illustrated in Figure 38. These sp., and Ameletus sp. Of most interest same structures may be modified into is the Saskatchewan River fauna where scrapers and filter's as in Figure 41. one can collect Ametropus (Fig. 24), Among burrowing mayflies mandibles Metretopus, Dactylobaetes, Baetisca may even be modified into forward (Fig. 35), Brachcercus, Anepeorus, projecting tusks as in Figures 42 and Pseud iron, Choroterpes, Traverel la, 26. Gills, which are found on the ab¬ Lachlania (Fig. 31) Ephoron, Analetris, domen of all North American and Isonychia. The origin of this mayflies, are basically flat plates (Figs. diverse assemblage, probably one of 29 and 33a,b) but may be modified the most unusual in North America, is into rods, double plates, forks, a chapter in itself which remains to be filaments or brushes, depending on the written, but see Lehmkuhl, 1970, 1972 genus and species (Figs. 28, 30, 34). and 1976. Such readily seen differences makes identification of mayfly nymphs The mayfly life cycle is relatively relatively easy. simple except for one unique stage, the subimago. This stage is found in no Nymphs occupy a wide range of other insect. It emerges from the niches. Heptageniids (Fig. 27) are flat aquatic nymph and while it looks like and live on rocks in streams where an adult and is capable of flight, it dif¬ they scrape algae for food while Baetis fers in that it is sexually immature, the (Fig. 22) may live on the same rock but body is covered with a dull velvety the body shape is streamlined and fish¬ cuticle which must be shed, and like. Ephemerella (Fig. 23), various body parts, such as legs or Tricorythodes (Fig. 25) and Baetisca genitalia, may be underdeveloped. (Fig. 35) all tend to be bottom sprawlers on gravelly or sediment sub- Adult males congregate in swarms, stratem All have plate-like or oper- the size, timing and location of which culate (covered) gills to protect the varies greatly with the species. Ripe respiratory surface from settling females fly into the swarm to be debris. Ephemera (Fig. 42), along with grasped from below by the long front Hexagenia (Fig. 26) and Ephoron are legs and terminal abdominal “forceps” burrowers, making tubes in semi- (Figs. 1, 3-5) of the male. Sperm is impacted gravel or mud bottom of passed from the penis of the male lakes and rivers. Ametropus (Fig. 24) (blade and rod-like structures in Figs. and Lachlania (Fig. 31) are filter and 3-5) to the genital openings on the un¬ particle feeders, the former anchoring derside of the body of the female. In itself on sand bars with 4 legs while many species the female quickly drops snatching and sorting passing particles to the water surface and the eggs are from the current; Lachlania grasps released (Fig. 44). During swarming roots and stones in deep water and the 72 Blue Jay CATEGORY I. HIND WINGS ABSENT, BODY SIZE SMALL, APPROX. 1/1+ INCH. CATEGORY II. SHARP BEND NEAR BASE OF VEIN M RESULTING IN LARGE CELL. 2 Figure 6. Wings of Brachycercus: Figure 7. Tricorythodes; Figure 8. Ephemera; Figure 9- Potamanthus: Figure 10 Neoephemera: Figure 11. Totopus. June, 1976. 34(2) 73 rapid current ot river while filtering poorly studied, thus leaving room for food with the fringes of the front legs. original discoveries by naturalists. Isonychia, not at all closely related to Adults and nymphs are best preserved either, is also a filter-feeder. Ad¬ in alcohol or the adults may be moun¬ ditional Saskatchewan genera, ted on pins. Nymphs are easily kept in illustrated in Lehmkuhl, 1975c but not well aerated aquaria where they can be here, are Brachycercus, Epeorus, studied. Mayflies are abundant and Paraleptophlebia, Ephoron and easily collected, the nymphs especially Siphlonurus. in flowing water, and the adults while Most mayfly nymphs are her¬ swarming over water, resting on leaves bivorous, the sheep and rabbits of the near water, or at porch lights near aquatic insect world. A few local water. species are carnivores, and these rare insects inhabit one of the last un¬ polluted strongholds in the Saskat¬ Acknowledgements: This article was chewan River. They are Anepeorus, based in part on the drawings of A. R. Pseudiron and Analetris. Brooks. Photographs were prepared by Mayflies are a fascinating group of John Waddington, from specimens in animals that have been relatively the author’s collection. Table 1. Families of adult mayflies. Compare with Figures 6-21.
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