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Migration and Irregular Work in Austria: a Case Study of the Structure And www.ssoar.info Migration and irregular work in Austria: a case study of the structure and dynamics of irregular foreign employment in Europe at the beginning of the 21st Century Jandl, Michael; Hollomey, Christina; Gendera, Sandra; Stepien, Anna; Bilger, Veronika Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Monographie / monograph Zur Verfügung gestellt in Kooperation mit / provided in cooperation with: OAPEN (Open Access Publishing in European Networks) Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Jandl, M., Hollomey, C., Gendera, S., Stepien, A., & Bilger, V. (2008). Migration and irregular work in Austria: a case study of the structure and dynamics of irregular foreign employment in Europe at the beginning of the 21st Century. (IMISCoe Reports). Amsterdam: Amsterdam Univ. Press. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-271786 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer CC BY-NC-ND Lizenz This document is made available under a CC BY-NC-ND Licence (Namensnennung-Nicht-kommerziell-Keine Bearbeitung) zur (Attribution-Non Comercial-NoDerivatives). For more Information Verfügung gestellt. Nähere Auskünfte zu den CC-Lizenzen finden see: Sie hier: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.de Migration and Irregular Work in Austria IMISCOE (International Migration, Integration and Social Cohesion) IMISCOE is a Network of Excellence uniting over 500 researchers from various institutes that specialise in migration studies across Europe. Networks of Excellence are cooperative research ventures that were created by the European Commission to help overcome the fragmentation of international studies. They amass a crucial source of knowledge and expertise to help inform European leadership today. Since its foundation in 2004, IMISCOE has advanced an integrated, multi- disciplinary and globally comparative research programme to address the themes specified in its name, short for: International Migration, Integration and Social Cohesion in Europe. IMISCOE members come from all branches of the economic and social sciences, the humanities and law. The Network draws from existing studies and advances innovative lines of inquiry key to European policymaking and governance. Priority is placed on developing a theoretical design to promote new research and offer practical alternatives for sound policy. The IMISCOE-Amsterdam University Press Series was created to make the Network’s findings and results available to researchers, policymakers, the media and the public at large. High-quality manuscripts authored by IMISCOE members and cooperating partners are published in one of four distinct series. Research Reports Dissertations Textbooks The RESEARCH series presents empirical and theoretical scholarship address- ing issues of international migration, integration and social cohesion in Europe. Authored by experts in the field, the works provide a rich reference source for researchers and other concerned parties. The REPORTS series responds to needs for knowledge within IMISCOE’s mandated fields of migration research. Compiled by leading specialists, the works disseminate succinct and timely information for European policymakers, practitioners and other stakeholders. The DISSERTATIONS series showcases select PhD monographs written by IMISCOE doctoral candidates. The works span an array of fields within studies of international migration, integration and social cohesion in Europe. The TEXTBOOKS series produces manuals, handbooks and other didactic tools developed by specialists in migration studies. The works are used within the IMISCOE training programme and for educational purposes by academic institutes worldwide. IMISCOE Policy Briefs and more information on the Network can be found at www.imiscoe.org. Migration and Irregular Work in Austria A Case Study of the Structure and Dynamics of Irregular Foreign Employment in Europe at the Beginning of the 21st Century Michael Jandl, Christina Hollomey, Sandra Gendera, Anna Stepien and Veronika Bilger IMISCOE Reports This study comes out of a larger European Collaborative Research Pro- ject entitled Migration and Irregular Work in Europe (MIGIWE), which was implemented on the initiative of the European Science Foundation (ESF) in cooperation with European research institutes in the period 2005-2008. The Austrian part of the research project was financed by the Austrian Science Foundation (FWF). FWF Project number: P17721-G04 Project Leader: Michael Jandl Researchers: Veronika Bilger, Sandra Gendera, Christina Hollomey, Michael Jandl, Anna Stepien Cover design: Studio Jan de Boer BNO, Amsterdam Layout: The DocWorkers, Almere ISBN 978 90 8964 053 6 E-ISBN 978 90 4850 638 5 NUR 741 / 763 © Michael Jandl, Christina Hollomey, Sandra Gendera, Anna Stepien and Veronika Bilger / Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam 2009 All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the written permission of both the copyright owners and the authors of the book. Table of contents Acknowledgements 7 1 Theoretical background 9 1.1 Introduction and background 9 1.2 Research topic and definitions 11 1.3 Methodology 13 1.4 Preliminary hypotheses and research questions 17 1.5 Theories on migration and the labour market 19 1.6 Theories on irregular labour migration 26 1.7 Research on migration and irregular work in Europe 33 1.8 Existing research and data on illegal foreign employment in Austria 44 1.9 The regulation of migration and foreign employment in Austria 51 1.10 Control of irregular migrant work at the workplace 56 2 The Delphi study 65 2.1 Introduction 65 2.2 Methodology 65 2.3 A short definition 68 2.4 Forms of irregular migrant work 69 2.5 An assessment of the impact of irregular migrant work 74 2.6 Reasons and motives for employers to employ migrants irregularly 78 2.7 Recruitment and social networks 81 2.8 Social characteristics of irregularly working migrants in Austria 83 2.9 Quantitative developments 86 2.10 Controls in the workplace 93 2.11 Political measures against irregular migrant work 95 2.12 Prognoses and scenarios on the future development of irregular migrant work 101 2.13 Concluding remarks 106 6 MIGRATION AND IRREGULAR WORK IN AUSTRIA 3 Empirical results from migrant interviews 111 3.1 Methodology and sample description 111 3.2 Legal framework regarding access to employment of non-nationals 117 3.3 Actors involved in irregular employment networks 122 3.4 Motives to migrate and work abroad 126 Working life in specific sectors of irregular work 128 3.5 The construction sector 128 3.6 Catering and tourism 143 3.7 Agriculture 151 3.8 Domestic services 159 3.9 Sector-specific conclusions 177 3.10 Career planning in irregular versus regular work 184 3.11 EU enlargement and its impact on irregular employment of migrants 199 4 Conclusions 211 4.1 Integrating research approaches and results 211 4.2 Concluding remarks 225 Annex 231 References 233 Acknowledgements This research report presents the results of a three-year research project on migration and irregular work in Austria. To gain insight into irregular migrant work – a largely hidden phenomenon – we employed several complimentary research methods: document and literature analysis; a survey of expert knowledge through interviews and a systematic Delphi study; as well as narrative, biographical interviews with irregularly working migrants. Having said this, it becomes immediately clear that our research pro- ject would not have been possible without the contributions of many individuals, above all the dedicated work of our multi-disciplinary re- search team (Veronika Bilger, Sandra Gendera, Christina Hollomey, Michael Jandl and Anna Stepien). In addition to these core members of our team, Martin Hofmann and Albert Kraler made significant con- tributions during earlier stages of the project. Special thanks go to our external interviewers Eva Huber and Daniela Rechling, who carried out part of our interviews with irregularly working migrants. We are also very grateful to all those experts who provided us with their expert knowledge on the subject, both during the interview phase and in the anonymous Delphi survey. Finally, our deep appreciation goes to the many courageous migrant workers who freely shared their experiences and insider knowledge with us. For understandable reasons, they re- main unnamed and anonymous, though in a very real sense they are the true authors of this report. While the main focus of our project was placed on researching irre- gular migrant work in Austria, from the outset, the international di- mension of the project played an important part of our learning experi- ence. Originally submitted as part of a larger international research consortium under the umbrella of the European Science Foundation (ESF), the Austrian part of the project was funded by the Austrian Science Foundation (FWF). Following some changes to the original structure, the original project was adapted to accommodate close colla- boration with our research partners in the Czech Republic (led by Du- sˇan Drbohlav of Charles University) and Hungary (led by Judit Juha´sz of Panta Rhei Research), both of whom had their national applications funded though are not formal members of the ESF. In a series of inter- 8 MIGRATION AND IRREGULAR WORK IN
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