Report Title Here
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
In partnership Report Good work innovationsTitle here in Europe: ReimaginingSub-title here the social contract Author name May 2021 Fabian Wallace-Stephens and Emma Morgante Note: delete this text block always The front cover is where you place the hero image for your project, ideally always as a full bleed image. The way the title is laid out is very dependent on the image, but where possible it should stay in a similar position to this layout. The title colour could also change to white or blue, especially with a dark background colour See the next JUNE 2021 spreads for examples. Acknowledgments We are grateful to our partners the Autodesk Foundation for their support, without which this work would not be possible. Thanks to all our RSA colleagues and associates for their support, input and help, including Shirin Maani, Alexa Clay, Alan Lockey, Rami Assaf, Tayo Akinyemi, Anthony Painter, Joanna Choukeir, Jess White and Nat Ortiz. Particular thanks go to Amanda Ibbett and James Morrison for all the fantastic efforts during the report production process. And to Riley Thorold who supported us with our innovation mapping research early in the project. We would also like to thank all of the stakeholders who attended our workshops or participated in interviews for their contributions. Any errors are our own. Good work innovations in Europe: reimagining the social contract Contents Contents Page no. i. About us 2 1. Executive summary 4 2. Introduction 11 3. Automation and the jobs of the future 14 4. The rise of insecure work 26 5. Mapping good work innovations 35 6. Building a field 57 7. Conclusion 64 Good work innovations in Europe: reimagining the social contract 1 About us (fixed spread) i About us REALISING CHANGE We are the RSA. The royal society for arts, manufactures and commerce. We unite people and ideas to resolve the challenges of our time. 2 Good work innovations in Europe: reimagining the social contract About us (fixed spread) e are the RSA. The We define our ambitions as: royal society for arts, manufactures and commerce. We’re Our vision committedW to a future that works for everyone. A future where we can all A world where everyone participate in its creation. is able to participate in The RSA has been at the forefront of creating a better future. significant social impact for over 250 years. Our proven change process, rigorous research, innovative ideas platforms and Our purpose diverse global community of over 30,000 problem solvers, deliver solutions for Uniting people and ideas lasting change. to resolve the challenges We invite you to be part of this change. Join our community. Together, we’ll of our time. unite people and ideas to resolve the challenges of our time. We are Find out more at thersa.org A global community of CHANGE proactive problem solvers. About our partner rom the greenest buildings to the cleanest cars, the smartest factories to the biggest stories, amazing things are created every Fday with Autodesk. Over four decades we’ve worked together with our customers to transform how things are made. Today our solutions span countless industries, empowering innovators everywhere to combine technologies in new ways, unleash talent, and unlock insights to make the new possible. Good work innovations in Europe: reimagining the social contract 3 SUMMARY EXECUTIVE 4 Good work innovations in Europe: reimagining the social contract 1 relationship is far from clear cut and there Executive are other forces that are impacting the structure of European labour markets. summary Industries such as hospitality and logistics experienced strong growth despite being he RSA Future Work Programme at high risk of automation, while the fastest aims to secure good work for shrinking industries were mining and all. Together with the Autodesk the extraction of oil and gas, signalling a Foundation, we embarked on a transition to renewable energy. A green Tperiod of research to understand what jobs revolution is also expected to create good work innovations have emerged hundreds of thousands of jobs across in recent years across Europe and Sub- Europe in the next decade. Saharan Africa. Our aim was to build an online directory to help raise awareness We find that some regions and of these organisations and support policy demographic groups face particularly acute making and social investment. In the first challenges here. Across Europe, there have part of this report, we detail the key been huge disparities around job creation. findings of a literature review, secondary While most regions were creating new data analysis, and horizon scanning exercise jobs after the financial crisis, some areas that explore how technology and other which were hit harder by the economic forces are impacting workers. In the downturn were not. Particularly those in second part, we provide an overview Southern European countries and parts of of our innovation mapping research, France. Younger workers are consistently identifying some of the most promising identified as most at risk of automation good work innovations and potential while women are missing out on some of pathways to deepen and scale their impact. the best paid hi-tech roles. Set across a backdrop of rising Automation and the jobs unemployment, Covid-19 could lead to a different permutation of these trends. The of the future pandemic not only looks likely to create Debates about the future of work have job losses in industries such as tourism been dominated by attempts to predict and the creative arts that are resilient to the number of jobs that will be replaced automation but unable to turn a profit by AI and robots. Our review of the while adhering to social distancing, there literature finds that automation risk varies are also signs that it could accelerate considerably across European countries the pace of technological change. From and regions. Countries in Southern and e-commerce replacing high street jobs, Eastern Europe are more at risk than to remote working reducing the need for parts of Northern and Western Europe. office cleaners and security guards, and While rural regions are more at risk than even robots being deployed in hotels. major cities. We examine how the labour Remote working could also result in an market has changed over the last decade economic rebalancing away from the major to access the extent to which automation cities that accounted for a disproportionate has been happening and what new jobs share of economic growth prior to the are being created. Several industries that pandemic. experienced growth over the last decade are resilient to automation. These include both hi-tech sectors such as computer programming as well as hi-touch sectors such as leisure and social care. But this Good work innovations in Europe: reimagining the social contract 5 Horizontal Header Intro Page Executive summary The rise of insecure work granted. Self-employed workers have been some of the hardest hit during the In recent decades, the social contract pandemic due to high levels of employment between workers and businesses has in sectors such as construction, the frayed, as non-standard work has become arts and entertainment and hospitality. more prevalent in many parts of Europe. Government support measures were While the gig economy has captured the also in many cases introduced later for zeitgeist in this respect, it is a relatively new those employees and were subject to phenomenon and still not captured well in greater conditionality. While the lack of official statistics. Survey data from various access to sick pay may have contributed to studies suggests that more that while worsening outbreaks in some countries. around 10 percent of European workers Some parts of the gig economy appear to have used online platforms to find tasks have experienced growth in response to ranging from delivery to graphic design, the pandemic, particularly those related less than 2-3 percent use them at least 20 to home deliveries. But there are also hours a week or as their primary source of signs that Covid-19 has forced platforms income. to ‘grow up’ by accelerating conversations Temporary fixed-term contracts about increased protections for workers. are widespread across the region, The recent Uber employment status ruling affecting 14 percent of employees. Their is just the tip of the iceberg here. growth has been particularly marked in some European countries like Italy, the Netherlands, Poland and Croatia. The UK, Netherlands, Italy and Finland also have high levels ‘on call’ workers or zero hours contracts. These arrangements may give some people freedom to work when they want and the flexibility to fit work around caring or study commitments. But there is a growing concern that such flexibility is ‘one-sided’ with employers seeking “to transfer all risk onto the shoulders of workers in ways which make people more insecure and make their lives harder to manage”. Some of these workers lack certainty about their working hours or have chronic issues with low or volatile earnings. Self-employed workers are a diverse group, also accounting for 14 percent of the workforce across Europe. In Greece (30 percent) and Italy (22 percent) this figure is much higher. For the majority, self- employment brings with it greater levels of job and life satisfaction. But these workers still face significant challenges relating to their economic security and lack important protections that workers in conventional employment arrangements take for 6 Good work innovations in Europe: reimagining the social contract Mapping good work in- Alongside desk research, this exercise involved extensive engagement with novations key ecosystem players in different global regions, including more than 30 interviews We structure our innovation mapping with stakeholders across Europe. We around three broad themes: lifelong found close to 200 innovations across learning, economic security and worker Europe.