Supersonic/Hypersonic Transportation ➢ Suborbital Space Flight

HYPLANE, la soluzione Made in Naples 8 giugno 2018 per il Turismo Spaziale Museo della Pace, Napoli

A hypersonic business jet for fast transportation and space tourism

G. Russo (Trans-Tech/CNS) R. Savino (Univ. Federico II, Napoli) G. Pagliocca (Trans-Tech)

Dip Ingegneria Industriale HYPLANE,Università la soluzione"Federico Made II” di inNapoli Naples per il Turismo Spaziale, Museo della Pace, Napoli, 8 giugno 2018 HYPLANE, la soluzione Made in Naples per il Turismo Spaziale, Museo della Pace, Napoli, 8 giugno 2018 Conceived by:

Gennaro Russo, Trans-Tech srl Department of Industrial Engineering, Raffaele Savino, Univ. Federico II of Naples University of Naples "Federico II”

HYPLANE, la soluzione Made in Naples per il Turismo Spaziale, Museo della Pace, Napoli, 8 giugno 2018 Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Naples "Federico II” Other Participants/Supporters

HYPLANE, la soluzione Made in Naples per il Turismo Spaziale, Museo della Pace, Napoli, 8 giugno 2018 Pubblicato su: Presentato ai congressi: Aeronautics & Aerospace Eng., 2013 IAC 2013, Pechino Futuri, 2013 AIDAA 2013, Napoli J British Interpl Soc, 2014 Fast Forward 2014, Miami Aviation & Space J, 2014 (in pubbl) SR-Italia 2014, Milano Acta Astronautica, 2015 IAC 2014, Toronto Enciclopedia Treccani, 2015 20th AIAA SPHS 2015, Glasgow Adv. Aerosp.Sci. & Techn., 2017 CNF 2015, Napoli CESMA 2nd Workshop Hypersonics 2016, Roma Illustrato/proposto a: AIDAA 2017, Palermo ACARE Italia NEREUS 2018, Torino ASI CSA 2018, Jiande Cina CTNA CAST 2018, Hangzhou Cina ENAC A.M. Giovani: CNR 6 dottorati Piaggio Aero Ind. 15 tesisti Alcune soc. di Business Jet 2 stagisti Possibili finanziatori italiani, europei, cinesi e arabi HYPLANE, la soluzione Made in Naples per il Turismo Spaziale, Museo della Pace, Napoli, 8 giugno 2018 It may seem counterintuitive that we landed robots on distant planets, constructed the ISS and even landed men on the moon, but the prospect of hypersonic commercial transportation still remains not implemented.

Main reasons: 1) technological problems; 2) lack of industry risk taking; 3) belief that private enterprise has no place in such forms of flight; 4) expectation that spaceflight in only in the hands of government; 5) programs cancelled due to impatience with rate of technology maturation; 6) resource-limited funding environment leading to program instability – frequent starts, stops and redirections

New generation hypersonic planes may offer a very important step towards the development of new systems in both future aviation and space transportation

HYPLANE, la soluzione Made in Naples per il Turismo Spaziale, Museo della Pace, Napoli, 8 giugno 2018 ➢ Other hypersonic commercial designs tend toward large aircrafts, characterized by hundreds of tons of mass and hundreds of passengers

Length Span MTOW A380 73 m 80 m 575 t LAPCAT 140 m 39 m 400 t Skylon 83 m 25 m 345 t Space Liner 80 m 38 m 1830 t

HYPLANE, la soluzione Made in Naples per il Turismo Spaziale, Museo della Pace, Napoli, 8 giugno 2018 HYPLANE, la soluzione Made in Naples per il Turismo Spaziale, Museo della Pace, Napoli, 8 giugno 2018 Length Span MTOW Saturn V 110 m ------2970 t Space Shuttle 56 m 24 m 2030 t Space Liner 80 m 38 m 1830 t

HYPLANE, la soluzione Made in Naples per il Turismo Spaziale, Museo della Pace, Napoli, 8 giugno 2018 Time is money! High Speed Transportation

Aerion SBJ MEGA SBJ-4 SAI SBJ

Business jet Market Point to point ▪ Company owners ▪ Use the very large number of airfields ▪ Private owners ▪ No major hub ▪ Charter ▪ Fewer security issues ▪ Very fast

HYPLANE, la soluzione Made in Naples per il Turismo Spaziale, Museo della Pace, Napoli, 8 giugno 2018 ➢ A small passenger hypersonic plane (< 10 seats), designed by integrating state-of-the-art aeronautic and space technologies, offers access to suborbital space and stratospheric flights as safe, convenient and commonplace as today's commercial air transportation, and represents a first step towards the development of larger and more complex systems. At the same time, it opens new markets and applications

HYPLANE, la soluzione Made in Naples per il Turismo Spaziale, Museo della Pace, Napoli, 8 giugno 2018 Fundamental Requirements

All in a days work! Other attributes • Return trip with a minimum of 2 hours • Field length < 1800m – opens up at destination to the world’s major cities large number of airports • Current two day business trip reduced • MTOW < 40 t (pavement loading to 12 hours constraint) • Mach > 2 and range > 5000 km • Number of Passengers 6-10 (comfort) • Number of crew 2

What altitude? Subject to supersonic flight over land, there is a Cruise altitude depends on: business case. • Speed (faster=higher) • Weight (heavier = lower) Supersonic commercial jets flight maybe • Size (bigger = higher) overtaken by hypersonic one ➔ Mach > 4-5 • High L/D on cruise

HYPLANE, la soluzione Made in Naples per il Turismo Spaziale, Museo della Pace, Napoli, 8 giugno 2018 Intensive use of lift force

HYPLANE

HYPLANE, la soluzione Made in Naples per il Turismo Spaziale, Museo della Pace, Napoli, 8 giugno 2018 Regime Transonic Supersonic Hypersonic High-hypersonic Mach 0.8–1.2 1.0–4.0/4.5 4.5/5.0–10.0 >10.0 25.5 Speed (km/h) 900 - 1000 1.200 – 5.300 5.300 – 11.000 > 11000 25.500 Altitude 10km 15km - 100 km - LEO Vehicles Air liners Concorde - SpaceShipTwo, X15 - Space Shuttle

HYPLANE, la soluzione Made in Naples per il Turismo Spaziale, Museo della Pace, Napoli, 8 giugno 2018 Potential Market Size The second one refers mainly to The correct potential marketplace for HyPlane is the combination of two markets:

➢ Supersonic/Hypersonic transportation ➢ Suborbital space flight

The first one addresses mainly the segment of urgent business travel for passengers as well as fast cargo transportation for special goods/products such as mail and express, pharms, valuables live, perishable, transcontinental organ transport space tourism, research, training & services.

HYPLANE, la soluzione Made in Naples per il Turismo Spaziale, Museo della Pace, Napoli, 8 giugno 2018 Business Plan Summary ➢ Reference time frame: 20 years ➢ Number of units: ❖ 10 units from suborbital space tourism, research, training & services ❖ 102 units from SBJ/HBJ ➢ Development cost (NRC) = 2 B€ ➢ Production cost of one vehicle (RC) = 40 M€ ➢ HYPLANE selling price: 80 M€ ➢ Operating cost: ❖ ST = 155 k€/flight ❖ P2P = 28 k€/flight ➢ Ticket price = 50 k€ (ST) and 10 k€ (P2P) (➔ 50-250 k€/day, 6-32 k€/hr)

HYPLANE, la soluzione Made in Naples per il Turismo Spaziale, Museo della Pace, Napoli, 8 giugno 2018 11 years

2 B€ development investment 10 B€ total life cyle cost 13.7 B€ total life cycle revenue 3.7 B€ total life cycle First Operating Margin (EBITDA)

HYPLANE, la soluzione Made in Naples per il Turismo Spaziale, Museo della Pace, Napoli, 8 giugno 2018 A business-class HYpersonic spacePLANE

❖ can fly above the Karman line and can run a series of Space Tourism parabolas at altitude above 70 km ➔ Space Tourism 2.0 ❖ ~7000 km distances in less than 2 hours with cruise altitude at about 30 km ❑ integrates state-of-art aeronautic ➢ 6-seats, Mach 4.5 spaceplane and space technologies ➢ HTHL from 80% of available airports (L<1000 m) within the present set of governing rules ❖ Suborbital flight (Microgravity Research, Space Tourism, Training) ➢ Urgent Travel market segment HYPLANE, la soluzione Made in Naples per il Turismo Spaziale, Museo della Pace, Napoli, 8 giugno 2018 Space Tourism Altitude 100-110 km

Space LAPCAT A2 HyPlane Liner ZEHST

SoniStar Hyp. Commercial 25-30 km XCOR SpaceShipTwo Lynx EADS Spaceplane BSP Ascender

Spike S-512HiSAC QSST Sup. Business Aerion SSBJ 15-20 km Gulfstream X-54

HYPLANE, la soluzione Made in Naples per il Turismo Spaziale, Museo della Pace, Napoli, 8 giugno 2018 System configuration

• Variable-delta wing + fuselage shape to provide aerodynamic stability and manoeuvrability over a broad speed range • Powered by either (i) Supercharged Ejector RamJet (SERJ) engines or (ii) turbo-ramjet engines plus a liquid rocket • GTOW = ~26 t • Sub-orbital “jumps” up to 100 km (Karman Line) • 30 km altitude flight, due to the low wing loading, offers also a better Earth view and may open to new applications

HYPLANE, la soluzione Made in Naples per il Turismo Spaziale, Museo della Pace, Napoli, 8 giugno 2018 System configuration

The «Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hide» passenger cabin

Advanced, simplified cockpit with holographic HAD

HYPLANE, la soluzione Made in Naples per il Turismo Spaziale, Museo della Pace, Napoli, 8 giugno 2018 Comparison with Cabin Max Down- Max Passengers other space Volume Altitude range Accelera- 3 [#] tourism vehicles [m ] [km] [km] tion [g] 300 >100, 1 jump HyPlane 25 each 4.5 6 (+2) ~70, 3 jumps jump

Space Ship 2 15 110 56 6 6 (+2)

Lynx ~6 100 - 4.5 1 (+1)

EADS 12 100 - 4.5 4 (+1) Spaceplane

HYPLANE, la soluzione Made in Naples per il Turismo Spaziale, Museo della Pace, Napoli, 8 giugno 2018 HYPLANE Mission Profile

❖ Horizontal take off at 60 m/s speed in <1000 m ❖ Subsonic climb from 0 to 10 km altitude, speed up to about 240 m/s or Mach 0.8 ❖ Aero-assisted climb from 10 to 30 km altitude, speed from 240 to 1350 m/s or Mach from 0.8 to 4.5 ❖ Sub-orbital maneuver/s up to the Karman line, or ❖ Cruise at 30 Km altitude @ Mach 4.5 ❖ Gliding descent from 30 to 5 km altitude, speed from 1350 to 200 m/s or Mach from 4.5 to 0.6 ❖ Final approach from 5 to 0 km altitude, speed down to 100 m/s ❖ Horizontal landing at 60 m/s speed in <1000 m

HYPLANE, la soluzione Made in Naples per il Turismo Spaziale, Museo della Pace, Napoli, 8 giugno 2018 Suborbital Flight Scenario

Either 1 parabola at >100 km or up to 3 parabolas at ~70 km

30 km, Mach=4.5 20 km, Mach=2.5 Descent and approach Switch to Ramjet to terminal area mode

>2.5 min Weightlessness per jump 10 km, Mach=0.8 Horizontal landing Horizontal take off

HYPLANE, la soluzione Made in Naples per il Turismo Spaziale, Museo della Pace, Napoli, 8 giugno 2018 Suborbital Flight Performances

• HyPlane is able to execute up to three parabolas during one single flight. Max downrange for each sub-orbital jump is 300 km • Relatively low max acceleration ~4.5g immediately prior to 2.5 min of weightlessness • Opportunity to execute microgravity research and training under repeated, relatively long duration weightlessness • Unique possibility to follow a more flexible research approach (using typical laboratory-type instrumentation, participation of the research team on their experiments during flight, reusability)

HYPLANE, la soluzione Made in Naples per il Turismo Spaziale, Museo della Pace, Napoli, 8 giugno 2018 Suborbital Flight Performances

HYPLANE, la soluzione Made in Naples per il Turismo Spaziale, Museo della Pace, Napoli, 8 giugno 2018 Earth view from stratosphere

HYPLANE, la soluzione Made in Naples per il Turismo Spaziale, Museo della Pace, Napoli, 8 giugno 2018 Hypersonic Cruise Scenario

20 km, Mach=2.5 Switch to Ramjet mode Cruise phase, Acceleration along a constant 30 km, Mach=4.5 Descent and dynamic pressure trajectory (Range >7000 km) approach to terminal area 10 km, Mach=0.8 Horizontal Horizontal take off landing

HYPLANE, la soluzione Made in Naples per il Turismo Spaziale, Museo della Pace, Napoli, 8 giugno 2018 Skip trajectory

Points of weightlesness, 60Km

Mach=2.5 Mach=4.5 Ramjet burns, 30 Km Gliding trajectory Ejector-Rocket mode Mach=0.8 Horizontal landing

HYPLANE, la soluzione Made in Naples per il Turismo Spaziale, Museo della Pace, Napoli, 8 giugno 2018 Hypersonic Cruise Range Map

HYPLANE, la soluzione Made in Naples per il Turismo Spaziale, Museo della Pace, Napoli, 8 giugno 2018

130 dB

]

[ [km] K from Concorde and

number Space Shuttle data W instantaneous weight

Altitude Mo instantaneous Mach

Mach Mach H instantaneous altitude

HYPLANE, la soluzione Made in Naples per il Turismo Spaziale, Museo della Pace, Napoli, 8 giugno 2018 Aerodynamics

0,6

0,5

High L/D in all flow regimes 0,4 M=.3 - H=0 km to improve vehicle 0,3 M=.8 - H=10 km performances CL 0,2 M=1 - H=15 km 0,1 M=2 - H=20 km

0 M=4 - H=35 km -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 M=6 - H=50 km 6 -0,1 5 -0,2 4 -0,3 3 M=.3 - H=0 km 2 M=.8 - H=10 km AoA (deg) L/D1 0,18 M=1 - H=15 km 0 0,16 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 M=2 - H=20 km -1 0,14 M=4 - H=35 km -2 M=.3 - H=0 km 0,12 -3 M=6 - H=50 km M=.8 - H=10 km 0,1 -4 CD M=1 - H=15 km 0,08 -5 M=2 - H=20 km -6 0,06 M=4 - H=35 km AoA (deg) 0,04 M=6 - H=50 km 0,02 0 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 HYPLANE, la soluzione Made in Naples per il Turismo Spaziale, Museo della Pace, Napoli, 8 giugno 2018 Aerodynamic Heating Materials identification

M∞ H [km] α [°] 4.0 30 0

B4C or SiC Titanium Alloys Titanium Alloys or BMI

• Nose, wing and vertical tail leading edges, control surfaces (T>400°C) → Carbon fiber

reinforced ceramics composite materials (e.g Boron Carbide B4C or Silicon Carbide SiC)

• Fuselage, wing, vertical tail (300°

• Aft fuselage (T<300°C) → Light temperature carbon fiber composite materials (e.g. HYPLANE,Bismaleimides la soluzione MadeBMI) in Naplescould per il Turismobe selected Spaziale, to gain weight with respect to titanium Museo della Pace, Napoli, 8 giugno 2018 Mass budget

STRUCTURE : 4,8 t

3,5% Fuselage 18,3% 30,0% Wings 3,4% Empennage 4,4% Nacelle & Pylon Landing Gear TPS 40,4%

HYPLANE, la soluzione Made in Naples per il Turismo Spaziale, Museo della Pace, Napoli, 8 giugno 2018 Advanced Propulsion

Supercharged Ejector Ramjet (SERJ)

PHASES CONFIGURATIONS Takeoff and subsonic climb Fan + Afterburner Transonic climb Fan + Afterburner Supersonic climb 1 Fan + Afterburner Supersonic climb 2 Ramjet Parabolic flight Ejector Supersonic cruise Ramjet Gliding descent Fan + Afterburner Subsonic loiter Fan

HYPLANE, la soluzione Made in Naples per il Turismo Spaziale, Museo della Pace, Napoli, 8 giugno 2018 Turbine-Based Combined Cycle (TBCC) Model

700 Altitude = 0 km 600 Altitude = 5 km

] 500 kN

Thrust Altitude = 10 km 400 Altitude = 15 km

Maximum Available 300 Altitude = 20 km Engine [ Engine

Available 200 Altitude = 25 km

Thrust (per Engine) per Altitude = 30 km Max 100

0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Mach Number 2300

Altitude = 0 km 2100 Altitude = 5 km

1900 Altitude = 10 km Altitude = 15 km 1700 Altitude = 20 km Specific Impulse Altitude = 25 km

Specific Impulse [s] Impulse Specific 1500 Altitude = 30 km

1300 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Mach Number HYPLANE, la soluzione Made in Naples per il Turismo Spaziale, Museo della Pace, Napoli, 8 giugno 2018 Main Enabling Technologies 1. Low wing loading aerodynamics

2. Combined cycles hypersonic propulsion (ramjet based)

1000

500 …

Available Engine

0Thrust per

Max 0 1 2 3 4 5 Mach6 3. Integrated hot structures and thermal control

4. Reduced environmental impact due to sonic boom HYPLANE, la soluzione Made in Naples per il Turismo Spaziale, Museo della Pace, Napoli, 8 giugno 2018 Prospective

Markets

Space services

HYPLANE, la soluzione Made in Naples per il Turismo Spaziale, Museo della Pace, Napoli, 8 giugno 2018 Prototype Demonstrator ➢ Aerostructure: almost the same ➢ Propulsion system: twin EJ200 turbofan (from Eurofighter) + rocket booster ➢ People on board: one experimental pilot ➢ Target missions: - 1 suborbital jump up to 100 km with 300 km downrange - <1000 km stratospheric flight ➢ Development cost: ~1/10 of full development costs, i.e. ~200 M€ ➢ Development time: ~4 years

HYPLANE, la soluzione Made in Naples per il Turismo Spaziale, Museo della Pace, Napoli, 8 giugno 2018 The advantage of the coastal line

• Segregated areas for operations • Geographical location, climate, population density • Security procedures of the site and the area

HYPLANE, la soluzione Made in Naples per il Turismo Spaziale, Museo della Pace, Napoli, 8 giugno 2018 IntroductionHSWTT, Hyplane Subsonic Wind Tunnel Test The HSWTT Team is formed by Federico II University engineering students who have conceived, realized and tested in a wind tunnel a 3D scale model of the Hyplane spacecraft

HYPLANE, la soluzione Made in Naples per il Turismo Spaziale, 44 Museo della Pace, Napoli, 8 giugno 2018 Working group members: ➢ Dario Pisanti Working group supervisors: ➢ Marco Saviano ➢ Dr. Gennaro Russo, Center for Near ➢ Francesco Perrelli Space ➢ Armando Mocerino ➢ Prof. Raffaele Savino, Federico II University ➢ Andrea Raia ➢ Andrew Green Working group partners: ➢ Daniele Del Guercio ➢ Santolo Manzone, 3DnA Srl ➢ Michele Pernetti ➢ Ing. Giancarlo Pagliocca, Trans-Tech ➢ Lorenzo Pavone Srl ➢ Maresciallo Napolitano, Air Force Academy all Federico II University engineering students and CNS members

HYPLANE,01/07/2018 la soluzione Made in Naples per il Turismo Spaziale, 4545 Museo della Pace, Napoli, 8 giugno 2018 ❖ In December 2016 the 3DnA printed the model elements: ➢ 2 elements for the fuselage ➢ 2 wings and a vertical stabilizer ➢ 4 elements for the nascelles ❖ The 14th of December 2016 a group delegation went to the 3DnA factory in Pomigliano to check, refined and integrated the printed components ❖ The small-scale spacecraft was exposed at the SMAU 2016

HYPLANE, la soluzione Made in Naples per il Turismo Spaziale, 46 Museo della Pace, Napoli, 8 giugno 2018 ❖TestIn 2017Campaign 29 tests were executed at different speeds and configurations ➢ Speeds [m/s]: 25 34 40 45 ➢ Angle of attack [deg]: 0 +10 +12 +20 -10 ➢ “flap” deflection [deg]: 0 +10 -10 +20 -20

HYPLANE, la soluzione Made in Naples per il Turismo Spaziale, Museo della Pace, Napoli, 8 giugno 2018 HSFT, Hyplane Subsonic Flight Test Working group members: ➢ Salvatore Buonpane (leader) ➢ Matilde Italiano (doc manager) Working group supervisors: ➢ Gianmarco Valletta ➢ Dr. Gennaro Russo, Center for Near ➢ Davide Mango Space ➢ Marco Saviano ➢ Prof. Raffaele Savino, Federico II ➢ Michele Capasso University ➢ Armando Mocerino ➢ Dario Pisanti ➢ Francesco Perrelli ➢ Luigi Avallone ➢ Claudio Vela ➢ Andrea Raia

HYPLANE,01/07/2018 la soluzione Made in Naples per il Turismo Spaziale, 4848 Museo della Pace, Napoli, 8 giugno 2018 THANK YOU !

HYPLANE, la soluzione Made in Naples per il Turismo Spaziale, Museo della Pace, Napoli, 8 giugno 2018 ➢ Settore di grande interesse strategico per l’Italia ➢ Occorre essere preparati alla competizione mondiale che si svilupperà nei prossimi anni ➢ Questo mercato può offrire nuove opportunità da Tier 1 e 2 alle grandi aziende del settore dell’Aeronautica e Trasporto Aereo ➢ Questo mercato può anche offrire leadership alle aziende dell’aviazione generale/ executive per nuovi velivoli ipersonici di piccole dimensioni ➢ L’Italia può inoltre sviluppare il suo «piccolo» comparto di servizi business jet puntando ad un ruolo rilevante sullo scenario internazionale

HYPLANE, la soluzione Made in Naples per il Turismo Spaziale, Museo della Pace, Napoli, 8 giugno 2018 HYPLANE, la soluzione Made in Naples per il Turismo Spaziale, Museo della Pace, Napoli, 8 giugno 2018 Analysis approach An inductive approach is used, on the basis of available analyses.

reservations Space share Estimated

Market Torusim (highly variable) Leverage on low cost Overall passenger traffic ➔ aircraft deliveries Business jet Business Business jet high-end segment with deliveries 40 M$ unit costs

Hyplane business jets high- end segment HYPLANE, la soluzione Made in Naples per il Turismo Spaziale, Museo della Pace, Napoli, 8 giugno 2018 Vanno completamente distinti i due casi di:

➢ Velivolo ipersonico di grandi dimensioni tipo aviazione commerciale (HCA)

➢ Velivolo ipersonico di piccole dimensioni tipo business jet (HBJ)

HYPLANE, la soluzione Made in Naples per il Turismo Spaziale, Museo della Pace, Napoli, 8 giugno 2018 HCA AVIATION GROWTH

2016-2036 (Passenger)

Passenger demand will about double in next 20 years (from present 4 billion) with an average annual rate of 3.6% globally. By 2036, commercial air carriers are projected to transport 7.8 billion passengers. IATA, 20-Year Air Passenger Forecast, Oct 2017

HYPLANE, la soluzione Made in Naples per il Turismo Spaziale, Museo della Pace, Napoli, 8 giugno 2018 HCA

There are two categories of commercial human passengers of point-to-point hypersonic transportation who will be traveling with purpose:

• the business traveler, whose fare is paid by his/her organization, and business at the destination is assumed to be the motive for the travel

• the wealthy individual, who pay his/her own fare, whatever is the reason for reaching the destination

HYPLANE, la soluzione Made in Naples per il Turismo Spaziale, Museo della Pace, Napoli, 8 giugno 2018 HCA

a. Business travelers 2017: 5.3% erano premium-class International First class air travel declines: seats (business + 1980 5.0% first class). 2001 2.3% 2012 1.5% 2017 0.075% ➔ 3 million passenger/yr Premium class (first + business) air travel: 2001 7.0% 2012 5.5% 2017 5.3% ➔ 213 million passenger/yr Concorde air travel (up to 2003). 0.01% ➔ 150000 passenger/yr 80% business + 20% wealthy passengers

HYPLANE, la soluzione Made in Naples per il Turismo Spaziale, Museo della Pace, Napoli, 8 giugno 2018 HCA

Business class price premium is 15-45% higher than coach class airfare ➔ 1750-2050€ (round trip) First class price premium is  6X the coach class airfare ➔ 10000€ (round trip) Concorde price premium was  2X the first class ➔ 12X coach class airfare ➔ 20000€ (round trip) Assuming the HCA will be chosen by 10% of first class travellers + all Concorde wealthy passengers + 10% Concorde business passengers ➔ 342000 passenger/yr (i.e. 0,16% of Premium class) ➔ about 950 passenger/day

The HCA market is too low for an aircraft of the class of hundreds tons MTOW and/or hundred passengers! Ticket price would have to rise by at least 5X Concorde ➔ >100000€!