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Strukturalisme Dan Estetika Sulukan Wayang Kulit

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Strukturalisme Dan Estetika Sulukan Wayang Kulit UPT Perpustakaan ISI Yogyakarta STRUKTURALISME DAN ESTETIKA SULUKAN WAYANG KULIT PURWA TRADISI PEWAYANGAN GAYA YOGYAKARTA Oleh: Prof. Dr. Kasidi, M.Hum. Jurusan Seni Pedalangan Fakultas Seni Pertunjukan Institut Seni Indonesia Yogyakarta Sumber Dana Program Penulisan Buku DIPA ISI Yogyakarta 2011 MA 4078.15.017.521219 Badan Penerbit Institut Seni Indonesia Yogyakarta 2011 i UPT Perpustakaan ISI Yogyakarta KATA PENGANTAR Telah banyak sarjana asing dan sarjana Indonesia yang mengangkat seni pewayangan atau pedalangan menjadikan pilihan dalam penelitian ilmiahnya. Namun demikian kebanyakan dari penelitian itu bersifat umum artinya berkutat pada cerita lakon wayang dan sumber-sumber cerita. Jarang sekali yang secara substansial mengangkat unsur-unsur lain dari sekadar kisah lakon wayang. Misalnya, adalah dari segi bahan, gending wayang, sanggit, dan sebagainya. Oleh sebab itulah Buku ini berusaha mengangkat salah satu aspek pertunjukan wayang, yaitu suluk wayang kulit purwa gaya Yogyakarta. Sekaligus buku ini merupakan salah satu bagian dari hasil penelitian untuk disertasi di Universitas Gadjah Mada Program Ilmu Filsafat yang telah dipertahankan di depan dewan penguji pada 12 Februari 2009. Objek kajian atau objek material dari studi ini adalah suluk wayang kulit purwa gaya Yogyakarta. Alasannya bahwa pewayangan gaya Yogyakarta selama ini dianggap kering dalam hal penulisan yang berkaitan dengan jagad wayang, sehingga penulis tergerak untuk menjelajahi seluk beluk suluk wayang itu secara mendalam. Bahkan statemen yang ditemukan dalam penelitian ini dinyatakan, bahwa barang siapa mampu memahami suluk wayang dan meresapi betul hakikat suluk wayang, bukan tidak mungkin orang yang bersangkutan akan meningkat tingkat derajat budi pekertinya. Apakah demikian halnya, untuk membuktikan selayaknya harus baca secara seksama setiap lantunan suluk wayang yang dibawakan oleh seorang dalang. ii UPT Perpustakaan ISI Yogyakarta Berkaitan dengan keberadaan jalan panjang buku ini disampaikan rasa syukur dan doa dipanjatkan kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa atas berkat pertolongan-Nya, akhirnya penulisan buku ini dapat diselesaikan sesuai rencana. Tentu saja keberadaan buku ini tidak terlepas dari campur tangan pihak-pihak lain, sebagai berikut. Terima kasih yang tidak terhingga selayaknya diucapkan kepada Rektor Institut Seni Indonesia Yogyakarta Prof. Dr. Hermin Kusmayati, SST. SU. beserta staf pimpinan dan seluruh jajaran pemegang kewenangan dalam pengelolaan administrasi, dalam hal ini telah memprakarsai serta memberikan koreksi, membaca ulang, dan memberikan kesempatan dan kepercayaan untuk melaksanakan tugas ini. Ucapan terima kasih juga disampaikan kepada para Guru Besar saya dari Fakulatas Filsafat Universitas Gadjah Mada, merekalah yang telah memberikan banyak sekali bimbingan, masukan, dan menuntun memasuki hutan belantara ilmu pengetahuan yang sangat berguna sejak awal hingga masa-masa mendatang. Berkenaan dengan penerbitan ini pula patut disampaikan ucapan terima kasih kepada Prof. Dr. Y. Sumandiyo Hadi, S.S.T., S.U. yang telah mengoreksi dan membaca serta memberi saran-saran yang luar biasa demi perbaikan penulisan buku dan kebaikan ini di waktu-waktu yang akan datang. Ucapan terima kasih juga disampaikan kepada para dalang sebagai informan, yang telah banyak memberikan keterangan yang berkaitan langsung dengan objek penelitian. Terutama adalah kepada Bapak Ki Timbul Hadiprayitno KMT Cermo Manggolo sekaligus tulisan ini sebagai persembahan saya kepada beliau yang wakti penelitian berlangsung banyak memberikan nasihat prkatis dalam pengetahuan pedalangan. Nama- nama mereka tidak mungkin rasanya intuk disebut satu persatu, semoga bantuan yang diberikan mendapatkan balasan anugerah dari Tuhan Yang Maha Kuasa. iii UPT Perpustakaan ISI Yogyakarta Kepada Kepala Perpustakaan Institut Seni Indonesia Yogyakarta beserta staf diucapkan banyak terima kasih, karena telah dengan tulus dan aktif membentu memberikan peminjaman buku-buku bacaan referensi yang sangat diperlukan dalam rangka penulisan buku ini. Kepada teman sejawat baik dari lingkungan Fakultas Seni Pertunjukan maupun di luar lembaga, terutama rekan-rekan dari Jurusan Seni Pedalangan, dan berbagai pihak yang telah membantu kelancaran penulisan ini diucapkan beribu-ribu terima kasih. Akhirnya bagaimana pun juga penulisan buku ini banyak mendapatkan bantuan dari berbagai pihak, namun demikiain kebenaran isinya adalah menjadi tanggungjawab penulis secara keseluruhan. Disadari pula bahwa tulisan ini masih banyak kesalahan di sana-sini, sehingga sumbang saran pemikiran dan kritikan dengan senang hati akan diterima demi perbaikan dimasa-masa yang akan datang. Yogyakarta, Oktober 2011 Penulis, Prof. Dr. Kasidi Hadiprayitno, M.Hum. iv UPT Perpustakaan ISI Yogyakarta RINGKASAN STRUKTURALISME DAN ESTETIKA SULUKAN WAYANG KULIT PURWA PEWAYANGAN GAYA YOGYAKARTA Oleh: Prof. Dr. Kasidi, M.Hum. Tujuan teoritis penulisan ini, adalah ingin mengkaji struktur sulukan wayang kulit purwa gaya Yogyakarta atau tradisi Yogyakarta dari aspek estetika. Oleh sebab itu kajian ditekankan pada pandangan teoritis berdasarkan kajian empirik pragmatis para dalang gaya Yogyakarta. Kemudian dari dasar pemikian itu dikembangkan dalam konsep pemikiran estetik tradisional Jawa, khususnya adalah dalam sulukan wayang kulit purwa tradisi Yogyakarta. Keindahan sulukan dapat dilihat dari segi bentuk serta isi sulukan wayang, komposisi syair sulukan, penciptaan sulukan wayang dan variasi komposisi sulukan. Pembahasan dari struktural menjadi pembicaaraan yang cukup penting guna mengetahui jenis serta penggolongan sulukan wayang serta persebarannya di wilayah budaya wayang tradisiYogyakarta. Data yang dipergunakan sebagai objek kajian, diperoleh berdasarkan pita kaset rekaman pertunjukan wayang kulit purwa tradisi pewayangan Yogyakarta, terdiri atas para dalang ternama yang pernah dipentaskan secara live di radio swasta niaga PT Radio Mataram Buana Swara (MBS) di Tegalgendu, Kota Gede Yogyakarta. Kemudian koleksi rekaman tersebut menjadi sumber data primer dalam melakukan penelitian. Adapun dari hasil penelitian yang dilakukan diperoleh kesimpulan, bahwa dalang-dalang gaya Yogyakarta memiliki kesamaan bentuk dalam penyajian sulukan terutama yang berkaitan dengan suluk-suluk pokok, misalnya sulukan-sulukan bentuk lagon wetah. Di samping itu dari hasil pengelompokan dalang diperoleh hasil bahwa dalang senior dan terkenal banyak menjadi kiblat dalang-dalang di wilayahnya. Transformasi pewayangannya diperoleh secara tradisional yaitu secara lisan dan dengan model nyantrik. Akibatnya sulukan pewayangan gaya Yogyakarta ditandai pula dengan munculnya variasi penyajian sulukan wayang oleh dalang. Di samping itu, pengaruh kemajuan teknologi moderen berpengaruh pula pada cara pembelajaran dalang muda yaitu melalui pita kaset rekaman, sehingga dalang dari wilayah tertentu gaya pewayangannya meniru dalang dari gaya daerah lain. Sulukan wayang dibawakan oleh dalang didasarkan pada pola pembagian pathet sebagaimana pembabakan lakon wayang. Sulukan dinyanyikan dalang berfungsi sebagai tanda perpindahan pathet, pemberi tanda kepada pengrawit untuk memainkan gending iringan tertentu, dan sulukan juga berfungsi sebagai tanda penekanan terhadap adegan yang dibangun oleh dalang dalam pakelirannya. Dari analisis bentuk dan formula sulukan diketahui bahwa sulukan wayang berpijak pada komposisi syair tembang, komposisi, penciptaan komposisi sulukan wayang, dan variasi sulukan wayang. v UPT Perpustakaan ISI Yogyakarta DAFTAR ISI Judul halaman JUDUL ………………………………………………………………. i KATA PENGANTAR ………………………………………………. ii RINGKASAN ………………………………………………………… iv DAFTAR ISI …………………………………………………………. vi BAB I PENDAHULUAN ………………………………………………………….. 1 A. Latar Belakang Pemikiran………………………………………… 1 B. Rumusan Permasalahan …… ……………………………………… 7 C. Penerbitan Terdahulu dan Pijakan Pemikiran ....................................... 7 D. Pijakan Pemikiran ................................................................................ 15 E. Tujuan Penelitian dan Manfaat Penulisan ……………………. 18 1. Tujuan Penulisan ………………………………………………… 18 2. Manfaat Penulisan …………………………………………………. 19 F. Kontribusi Penulisan ………………………………………………….. 19 G. Metode Analisis ………………………………………………………. 20 1. Bahan Penulisan ………………. …….……………………………. 20 2. Jalannya Penulisan …………………………………………………… 21 a. Cara Pengumpulan Data ………………………………………… 21 vi UPT Perpustakaan ISI Yogyakarta b. Data Sekunder ………………………………………………….. 22 c. Wawancara ……………………………………………………… 22 H. Metode Analisis ........................ ......................................................... 23 I. Sistematika Penyajian Penulisan ............................................................ 24 BAB II SULUK WAYANG KULIT PURWA TRADISI PEWAYANGAN GAYA YOGYAKARTA ………………………………………………………… 26 A. Tinjauan Umum Suluk Wayang ……………………………………………… 26 B. Bentuk dan Isi Sulukan Wayang ……………………………………………… 30 1. Bentuk Sulukan Wayang …………………………………………………… 31 2. Isi Sulukan Wayang ……………………………………………………….. 38 C. Jenis dan fungsi Sulukan Wayang …………..……………………………….. 40 1. Jenis-jenis Sulukan Wayang ………………………………………………. 40 2. Fungsi dan Iringan Sulukan Wayang ……………………………………… 43 1) Fungsi Sulukan Wayang ……………………………………………….. 43 2) Iringan Sulukan Wayang ………………………………………………. 44 3) Keprakan Wayang ……………………………………………………… 44 BAB III SUNTINGAN TEKS SULUK WAYANG KULIT PURWA TRADISI PEWAYANGAN GAYA YOGYAKARTA ……………………………………. 47 A. Materi Sulukan Wayang ……………………………………………………. 47 B. Teks Suluk Wayang Kulit Purwa …………………………………………….. 49 C. Penciptaan Komposisi Sulukan Wayang ……………………………………. 129 D. Variasi
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