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1 uid American Museum of Natural History

OFFICERS AND STAFF

President, MORRIS K. JESUP First Vice-President, econd Vice-President, WILLIAM E. DODGE HENRY F. OSBORN Treasurer, CHARLES LANIER Assistant to the President, HERMON C. BuMPCS ecretary and Assistant Treasurer, JOHN H. WINSER Department Curator Associate and Assistant Curators Public Instruction . Prof. A. S. BICKMORE Geology Prof. R . P. WHITFIELD EDMUND 0. HovEY, Ph.D. (Associate) Mineralogy and Concho logy L. P. GRATACAP, A. L Marnrnalogy and Ornithology . Prof. J. A. ALLEN FRANK M. CHAPMAN (Associate) Vertebrate W. D. MATTHEW, Ph.D. Palreontology . Prof. H. F. OSBORN { 0. P. HAY, Ph.D. Prof. FRANZ BoAs, Curator in charge of Ethnology r MARSHALL H. SAVILLE, Curator in Anthropology Prof. F. W . PUTNAM ~ charge of Jo.If exican and Central Arner- ican A rchceology HARLAN I. SMITH, Assistant Curator l of Archreology Entomology . W. BEUTENMULLER Invertebrate Zoology Prof. H. C. BuMPUS Library A. WOODWARD, Ph.D., Librarian

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3 THE HALL OF FOSSIL VERTEBRATES

-loy{a, science). It tells us of a long period of time before Man appeared, probably millions of years, during which of great size and unfamiliar form were the dominant animals-of a yet longer era before that, during which huge Reptiles were rulers of , sea and air-and of other more ancient periods during which Amphibians, and Invertebrate animals held sway in turn. Vertebrate Palreontology deals only with the higher classes of fossil animals, the Vertebrata, or those that have backbones (fish, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals). For fossils of this kind the Bad-Lands of the Western States are the richest field, and from there came nearly all the specimens in this hall, the greater part of which have been found within the last ten years. The hall was opened in 1895. 1 At the time of writing, thirty complete skeletons of extinct animals have been placed on exhibition, besides many t·mes that number of skulls, limbs and other imperfect spec mens. To give the visitor a clear idea of these extinct animals, the skeletons usually have been removed entirely from the rock in which they were found and have been mounted as much as pos­ sible like skeletons of modem animals; their probable appearance and habits are described by the labels and illustrated by water­ color restorations. The especial interest of the hall lies in the fact that it shows so many of the data upon which are based the theories of Evolution. The arrangement of the specimens is intended to show the history or evolution of different races of animals, chiefly in North America. All the specimens of one race or kind of animal have been placed together, the most ancient first, the most recent last. All the skeletons in this hall are those of ex­ tinct animals. 2 The Mastodon and Great Trish Deer are half-petri­ fied bone dug out of peat bogs. All the others are petrified (i. e., they have been buried so long that they have been converted from bone into stone), and have been chiseled out of the solid rock. The NI egatherium is a plaster cast, taken from bones from

1 A brief history of the Department will be found in the number of this JouRNAL for November-December, 1901. I! Four small skeletons. those of the Raccoon, Cat, Opossum and young Lamb, have been placed in the cases near their extinct relatives, for comparison. 4 THE HALL OF FO IL VERT BRAT

tl h .\ 1 n . Ill\\' in tl mus um or th' 1 o\·al oll •tr f n ~ . L n l n . >m , f t h ·k I t >I1 a r · part I y r ·t >r ·d in I l t, r. i 1 li ~l 11 ~ : ·.· (r ·t r tl l) )11 .,) c)r r tl lin L. ut- li 1l' · f l 1 m · · 1J pli · l fr m h ·r 1 ~tr m" rkc l with th " ta] au numb r f th ·pe ·1- m n rare indi ate l ya r u ir I if un ''tt'tl gu 1.

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5 THE AGE OF REPTILES ( MESOZOIC ) GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS and CHARACTERISTIC AN 1MALS . 6 ~EMAf~J;J~Pz~1.i~1J'R:~::f£~~~l~: : ~~J=~::~s~ tiATt~~:N£.,PT~LJgL::~~t!~· VARIOUS PARTS OF THE WORLD BY MARINE, t ITS CLO SE T O THEIR PRESENT I M POllTA'NCE. ESTUA,.RY AND FRESH - WATER DEPOS ITS T HE MAMMALS APP E ARED W ELL DOWN IN DIVIDED INTO THREE GREAT PERIODS, THIS AGE BU T REMAINEO S MALL ANO TRIA S SIC, JURASSIC AND CR ETACEOUS. SCARCE U N T I L ITS ENO F OHl\lAT[()N~ m~ (11 .\11 \tTl:Jll',Tf( \ \1~1 .\J.',

Tb RR E JON MAM MALS !.!! LARGE ~ , TRUE LIZARDS •nd SPHEMODONS 800 ALLIGATORS ·and CROCODILl!S RU ER CO TURTLES MUM£ROUS BOHV nSHES 1U.£0$TS

CAR NIVOROUS DINOSAURS HERBIVOROUS DINOSAURS l000 HORNED HERBIVOROUS DINOSAURS

5000 ~~;~RO:c~;;,~~U-;;-,1ALS .. , f"IRST son SHELLED TURTLES MODERN TAIL ED A"'P"181AHS ,SAL AltAaoutsl !~ BIRDS PROBABLY TOOTHED ll) PTCRDOACTVLS TOOTHLESS ,.., 1200 MOSASAURS aPd PlESIOSAURS MONTANA 8700 GIGANTIC MARIME TURTLES 1" DOLICHOSAUlllAN LIZARDS ~; CAT·ASH STURCtOMs,.. u~ PIKES I~ ~llARKS

TOOTHED BIPOS TOOTHLESS PT£800,CTYlS ~ DINOSAURS " COLORADO 1000 M OSASAURS iind PLESI0SAURS 3000 LARGE MARINE. TURTLES ~ CRETACEOUS BONY 'TEUOSTS SHARKS OANDIO FISHES

400, FIRST SNAKES ll DAKOTA 5000 TURTLES

~ l TRUE LIZAROSa"d ODUCHOSAURS ~ HERBIVOROUS OINOSAURS/"'""o°"" Q: CARNIVOROUS OINOSAURS ,11cooos,.u'"', PTE.RCiOACTYLS TOOTH(Di.'41'DOTKLESS ~ 300 :::: COMANCHE ZSOO MOSASAURS lCHTHVOSAURSaiw Pl..ESIOSAURS "'"- WEALD EN CROCODILES . TURTLES. ~ POTOMAC SHARKS and GANOIO FISHES CHIMJEROID FISHES I ~: PfflMmYt ~~ IMSECTIW!IMS ~ ~ MULTITU8UU:IJUUS) ::.~ CARNIVOROUS DINOSAURS ICfRATllSAURUS) HERBIVOROUS OI NOSAUl!vL;~:~~!u 6000 PLts1osAuRs (NoTiioEiAuRs · FIRST ICHTHYOSAURS(M IXOS/lURUS1 PL;l< COOONTS LARGE AMPHI BIAN S (LABY· RI NTH OD ONTS flRST PlESIOSAUR6 NOTlfDSAURS

FIRST REPTILES COTYLO£AURS.

soo' PROGANO SAU RSin, PELVCOSAURS, l000 PRIMITIVEAN PMI BIAIIS SlE60CEPII All.#\

SHAR KS LU N G FISHES

CHOllDl>OS!C,.1<-QIOSSO..-ml"!; !AW

PRIMITIVE AMPHIBIA.NS STEGO · CEPHAUA. ~!ml• ,,. • .._ Sl'U;ES PR MIT1V£ SIIAl!KS ll, G FISHES C•OO!l:STU• ~ F1$r(S

THE HALL OF FOSSIL VERTEBRATES

much more nearly known. The estimates given on page 5 are based on the very careful study of the subject made by C. D. Walc~tt, the present Director of the U. S. Geological Survey. In concluding his discussion Dr. Walcott stated his belief that the duration of geological time (the entire period included in this table) might be measured by tens of millions of years, but not by single millions or by hundreds of millions.'' The most ancient of the extinct animals shown here are the creatures of the Age of Reptiles, such as the Dinosaurs, or great land reptiles, Mosasaurs, or great marine lizards, Ichthyosaurs, or fish-lizards, and other smaller animals. These are millions of years old. Some of the Dinosaurs are the largest known land

RESTORATION OF TITANOTHERIUM, AN EXTINCT HOOFED OF WESTERN AMERICA The picture shows a bull, a cow and a calf From t h e original watercolor, based on m ounted skeleton and skulls in American Museum. animals, longer than the width of the exhibition hall, and so ·tall that if they were standing on all fours their backs would reach within a few feet of the ceiling. The greater part of the specimens are Mammals, or animals 8 er. er.

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. = vi EVOLUTION OF THE HORSE.-FEET Photograph of the series of fore and hind feet in the American Museum, illustrating the Ancestry of the Horse

:::, ~ V>;;Q 3:§" ~ o .,, ~f lIJ ~ ~ r1 C» §.g= ;iv, LU V, ~ • ,., •w • • • Skeletons of ~inoct'ro1 Carnivora Dino.saur.s Dinosaur (Sauropod) keleton Or~odon Skelrton l'I rn MINERAL FOSSIL ~ ~ HALL I VERTEBRATES D - -- - r=; ssil Monke s orned Tilanolher &Lemurs Skeleton Irish Dt'er Rhinoceros Skeletons! ~1Skel(' on \Jrounch'.')lolhs • • • • • • Titanolhm,•~ lrnanotheres Rhinoct'roses Rh i no('eroses Palaeothere I Tapirs. Rhinoceroses. I Horses

HALL Of FOSSIL VERTEBRATES.

Plan of Present Arrangement of Cases-January 1902. THE HALL OF FO IL VERTEBRATE

_\ 11 tht ri · h~l\" l L n I h · d a · r ling to O >1 >g-i ·u1 ag . Th 1 1 ~t :m it n ~'1 im ns. f un l in th 1 )\\.-. t r, ·l·-strata an l h n ing- th arli s ·t-ig r \. >lu i n, ar ~ pla · d 1r~t i 1 tht ri ·. 'l h m ·t r \ nt n , f< un l in h up1 r- n · r k-· r~1ta, 'l ntin~th i1nal ·tag f \" lutim f th r. . ·-u- 1 b l t . \ ITan gin · I i · f a rn · from ~1 tum in h r l r f h f th :tn 't ''" find tha th y ·h w · r g-ub r nt. n in a ,. n an w dr'tw ,. : Thi i nn l tha i · n r a am ,} r a hi 1 tr ~. Th' Yi i r, an l m n ·tnt f r hii11: ,If · h Y luti n f th ra r amcl · r I 11· "·i hi 1 rtain limi . Y lu ion f .:\hn w ~ 1 ta n· illu trn.ti n fr rn f It h ul l hat h ,. lution of a ra n .. inl · i 1 th n f th tru tur f th animal t I nr- . urr undi l h, bi f lif . Th r i al a uni,. r al in int 1 , h m r anci nt animal ha ing r la- mall r r, in than th ir succ ARRANGEMENT OF THE HALL. Fo SIL .:\LunrAL . 1 h north i f h hall ne.-t th ntrnnc ar arrnng l .\m ·h· d ·, an i 1 .- in t, mlik , nim, 1. alth ugh ugg in 1 h, 1i mi [ 11 l l ar - in liff r n 1 'lr . f th 11 bl 1 , 11 l ·oryplzodon, kull: f C i11tatlz rilun . ylarth:, h m . an ·i ·nt c · th P lz 11 a co l u ~ . k 1 ton , w 11 kn wn t <

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SKELETON OF BRONTOSAURUS

RESTORATION OF THE SKELETON OF A DINOSAUR, OR GIANT REPTILE Tfrn Natural Size. Modified from restoration by Prof. 0. C. Marsh The shaded p ortions represent the bones preserved in sp ecimen No. 460 of the Ameri can Museum coll ection

THE HALL OF FOSSIL VERTEBRATES pigs and peccaries, camels, deer, sheep and cattle. Four skele­ tons and numerous incomplete specimens represent these last. The south side of the hall is devoted chiefly to the Perisso:. dactyls or Odd-toed Hoofed Mammals. First come the Titan­ otheres, an extinct group, once abundant in North America, whose evolution is here illustrated by two skeletons and a series of skulls; then the Rhinoceroses, also abundant in North Amer­ ica in former geological epochs, represented here by six complete skeletons and a large series of skulls; after these the Horses, whose evolution is illustrated by two skeletons and many skulls and feet. At the eastern end of the hall is a cast of the skeleton of the M egatherium, or great Ground Sloth, the largest of a sin­ gular group of mammals which inhabited South America until the advent of Man in that part of the world.

FOSSIL REPTILES. The Dinosaurs, or giant reptiles, have been placed tempora­ rily in two wall cases at the east end of the hall, and in the two high cases to the north of the centre aisle. Small models of res­ torations of three kinds of dinosaur will be found in an "A" -case near the east end of the hall, near the centre aisle. These were the great terrestrial vertebrates of their day, the Age of Reptiles, and they assumed an extraordinary variety of forms, but all had long hind limbs and a long ·and massive tail. Some of the Sauropods (e. g., Brontosaurus, Diplodocus, Moro­ saurus), four-footed, long-necked, herbivorous, probably amphibi­ ous, were beyond comparison the largest animals that ever trod the earth and can be compared in size only with the modern whales. Incomplete skeletons of these monstrous beasts are shown in this hall. Others, the Megalosaurs, were two-footed, carnivorous, preying on the clumsy giants (Sauropods) with which their remains are found associated in the rock. Others again, the Stegosaurs and Ceratopsians, or armored dinosaurs, were short­ necked quadrupeds, massively proportioned, with back and tail covered by heavy bony plates and spines. Another group, the Omithopods or Iguanodonts, long-limbed bipeds - or rather tripeds, for the long and massive tail formed a third support,- 16 THE HALL OF FO IL VERT BRATE h. l l f l. ~· t t 11 1, h lrl1) l ills lil· S( 11 triganti du ·k. rl h ' kn \\ 1 d · th .·, :tran~ animals has 1> ·n gait ·d ·hi ,fh fr 1 1 im n: and h:1s h n hind ·r · l n , a Ii 1 · by th ur \. · ~tr~tng-· an l in~q pr)] rial · mlinat..i n· ff rm. It i · nh· within th la t f '\\ y ·t rs that · 11111 ·t r n ··irly m- l :k l t n · ha, n f un 1 'tn l th, Ir I ·trtti n f r :.· l il i- ti n · th " p ,- thi · Jlus urn 1: n > y fini ·h ·d.

RESTORATIO OF THE FOUR-TOED HORSE ,,d rn 11,r l:: 111,ly ,r, in h·. hirh Ph n in

t nnrin · lizar > ·c 11 \ th · h ,rri 1 r 1 . 'I hr w: 11. 'I 1 i ti id1 ll1 THE HALL OF FOSSIL VERTEBRATES

FOSSIL FISH. In the corridor above the skeleton of the great Marine Lizard by the staircase will be found the skeleton of a great fish, ob~ tained from the same geological stratum, and remotely allied to the Tarpon of the Florida coast.

ILLUSTRATING THE SPECIMENS. The Watercolor Restorations by Charles R. Knight, done under the immediate supervision of Prof. Henry F. Osborn, the Curator of this Department, mainly based on complete skeletons

SCENE IN THE BAD LANDS OF THE UINTA BASIN-TERTIARY FOSSIL FIELD OF NORTHEASTERN UTAH exhibited in this hall, show the probable appearance of the different extinct animals, according to our best judgment, as indicated by the characters of the skeleton, appearance of their nearest sur- 18 TH HALL OF FO IL RT BRAT

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American Museum of Natural History.

WHAT IT IS DOING FOR THE PUBLIC: Gives free admission to its halls on Wednesdays, Thursdays, Fridays, Saturdays and Sundays. Provides for free illustrated lectures on Tuesdays and Saturdays. Provides for free illustrated lectures to teachers on Saturdays. Provides instruction to school children when accompanied by teachers.

WHAT IT IS DOING FOR ITS MEMBERS: Gives free admission at all times. Provides special courses of illustrated lectures. Gives free use of Library. Issues the Journal. Distributes Guid·e Leaflets.

WHAT IT IS DOING FOR SCIENCE: Maintains exploring parties in various parts of the United States and in : Siberia, British Columbia, -Alaska, Peru, China, Mexico, Bolivia, Central America.

Maintains scientific publications : Memoirs-eighteen numbers have been issued. Bulletin-fifteen volumes have been issued. Journal-one volume has been issued.

What the Museum Needs.

Additi()nal members. Increased subscriptions to defray expenses of exploring expeditions. Funds to make additional groups similar to those in the , Mammal and Ethnology Halls. Small sums sufficient to preserve the records of the Indians of New York. Means for collecting and preserving representative examples of animals on the verge of extinction. Means for collecting fossils and geological specimens.

Membership Fees :

Annual Members, ...... $ 10. Life Members,...... ,. 100. Fellows, ...... 500. Patrons, ...... ·...... 1 ,ooo.

All money received from membership fees is used for increasing the collections.