In Search of the Perfect Fluid
Thomas Schaefer, North Carolina State University
See T. Sch¨afer, D. Teaney, “Perfect Fluidity” [arXiv:0904.3107] Measures of Perfection
Viscosity determines shear stress (“friction”) in fluid flow
∂v F = Aη x ∂y
Dimensionless measure of shear stress: Reynolds number
n Re = mvr η × fluid flow property property
[η/n] = ~ • s Relativistic systems Re = τT • η × Other sources of dissipation (thermal conductivity, bulk viscosity, ...) vanish for certain fluids, but shear viscosity is always non-zero.
There are reasons to believe that η is bounded from
below by a constant times ~s/kB. In a large class of theories η/s ~/(4πk ). ≥ B
A fluid that saturates the bound is a “perfect fluid”. Fluids: Gases, Liquids, Plasmas, ...
Hydrodynamics: Long-wavelength, low-frequency dynamics of conserved or spontaneously broken sym- metry variables.
−1 τ τmicro τ λ ∼ ∼
Historically: Water (ρ, ǫ, ~π) Example: Simple Fluid
Conservation laws: mass, energy, momentum ∂ρ + ~ (ρ~v) = 0 ∂t ∇ ∂ǫ + ~ ~ ǫ = 0 ∂t ∇ ∂ ∂ (ρvi) + Πij = 0 ∂t ∂xj [Euler/Navier-Stokes equation]
Constitutive relations: Energy momentum tensor 2 Π = P δ + ρv v + η ∂ v + ∂ v δ ∂ v + O(∂2) ij ij i j i j j i − 3 ij k k reactive dissipative 2nd order Kinetic Theory
Kinetic theory: conserved quantities carried by quasi-particles ∂f p + ~v ~ f + F~ ~ f = C[f ] ∂t · ∇x p · ∇p p p 1 η n pl¯ mfp ∼ 3 Normalize to density. Uncertainty relation suggests η pl¯ mfp ~ n ∼ ≥ Also: s k n and η/s ~/k ∼ B ≥ B
Validity of kinetic theory as pl¯ mfp ~? ∼ Effective Theories for Fluids (Here: Weak Coupling QCD)
1 =q ¯ (iD/ m )q Ga Ga L f − f f − 4 µν µν
∂f p + ~v ~ f = C[f ] (ω < T ) ∂t · ∇x p p
∂ ∂ 4 (ρvi) + Πij = 0 (ω Thermal (conformal) field theory AdS5 black hole ≡ Hawking-Bekenstein entropy CFT entropy ⇔ area of event horizon ∼ Graviton absorption cross section shear viscosity ⇔ area of event horizon ∼ δS 0 Tµν = gµν = gµν + γµν δgµν Holographic Duals: Transport Properties Thermal (conformal) field theory AdS5 black hole ≡ Hawking-Bekenstein entropy CFT entropy ⇔ area of event horizon ∼ Graviton absorption cross section shear viscosity ⇔ area of event horizon ∼ η s Strong coupling limit η ~ = s 4πkB h¯ Son and Starinets (2001) 4πkB 2 0 g Nc Strong coupling limit universal? Provides lower bound for all theories? Effective Theories (Strong coupling) 1 1 = λ¯(iσ D)λ Ga Ga + ... S = d5x√ g + ... L · − 4 µν µν ⇔ 2κ2 − R 5 Z ∂ ∂ (ρvi) + Πij = 0 (ω < T ) ∂t ∂xj Kinetics vs No-Kinetics