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The Romance Population in the Medieval Kingdom of Hungary
ANALELE BANATULUI, S.N., ARHEOLOGIE ISTORIE, XXII, 2014 http://muzeulbanatului.ro/mbt/istorie/publicatii/ab.htm THE ROMANCE POPULATION IN THE MEDIEVAL KINGDOM OF HUNGARY Peter Bučko* Keywords: Romance population; medieval Hungary; Srem; Spiš; Transylvania, Tokaj; pilgrims; Hospitallers; Templars Cuvinte cheie: populaţie romanică; Ungaria medievală; Srem; Spiš; Transilvania; Tokaj; pelerini; Ospitalieri; Templieri (Abstract) Medieval kingdom of Hungary was since its very begining founded on the basis of multiethnicity and openness to foreigners. Foreigners in Hungary, especially in the 11th and 12th century came from Western Europe. Great immigration waves of the romance population are documented mostly during the reign of king Géza II (1141 – 1162), when they managed to settle in peripheral regions of the country and increase the population and signicance of weakly populated regions. Foreigners in the 12th recieved privileged status as the „guests“. In the 11th and 12th century these guests have settled in Srem, Spiš, Transylvania and Tokaj. Some information about Srem region are provided by crusades chronicles. In Srem there was a village called Francavilla, which belonged to the oldest and most important romanesque settlement in Hungary. e Guests in Transylvania had their own church organization and there were several bishops of Transylvania and Bihar/Oradea of western european origin. Other regions with Romanesque population – Spiš and Tokaj laid on international routes. e collegiate chapter of Spiš even owned vineyards in Tokaj – in Sárospátak, one of the oldest Hungarian cities with privileges. A large number of documented pilgrimage passing through Hungary could also stand behind the increase of new romance population in the country. Additional aspect of the Crusades was the creation of religious orders, the Knights Templar and the Hospitallers, who just few decades after their formation appeared in Hungary and were engaged in the life of Hungarian kingdom. -
Basarab I at the Beginnings of Wallachia. an Attempt to Recompose the Moment of His Takeover of Power …………
Ministère de l’Education Nationale L’Université Valahia Târgovi şte Faculté de Sciences Humaines D’UNIVERSITÉ VALAHIA TARGOVISTE SECTION d’Archéologie et d’Histoire TOME XVIII Numéro 1 2016 Valahia University Press Târgovi şte Annales d’Université Valahia Targoviste Section d’Archéologie et d’Histoire publie des mémoires originaux, des nouvelles et des comptes-rendus dans le domaine de l’archéologie préhistorique, de l’histoire du moyen âge, de l’environnement de l’ho mme fossile, de l’archéologie interdisciplinaire et de patrimoine culturel. Rédacteur en chef: prof. univ. dr. Marin Cârciumaru Secrétaire général de rédaction: C.S.II dr. Elena-Cristina Ni ţu Secrétariat de rédaction: prof. univ. dr. Ioan Opri ş, dr. Denis C ăpr ăroiu, dr. Radu Cârciumaru, dr. Monica M ărg ărit, dr. Marian Cosac, dr. Roxana Dobrescu, dr. Ovidiu Cîrstina, , dr. Daniela Iamandi, dr. Adina Elena Boronean ţ. Comité de rédaction: prof. dr. Eric Boëda, prof. Marcel Otte, prof. dr. R ăzvan Theodorescu, prof. dr. Alexandru Vulpe, prof. dr. Victor Spinei, prof. dr. Sabin Adrian Luca, prof. dr. Gheorghe Lazarovici, dr Marylène Patou- Mathis, dr Marie-Hélène Moncel, dr. Cristian Schuster, dr. Dragomir Nicolae Popovici, dr. Adrian Bălăş escu, Correspondants: Prof. Jacques Jaubert, prof. Jean-Philippe Rigaud, prof. Árpád Ringer, prof. Alain Tuffreau, dr. Aline Averbouh, dr. Alain Turq, prof. Ivor Iancovi č, prof. Ivor Karavani č, prof. dr. Ştefan Trâmbaciu, dr. Eugen Nicolae, dr. Emilian Alexandrescu, dr. Sergiu Iosipescu Technorédacteur: drd. Remus Constantin Dumitru Dinc ă Revue indexée B+ par CNCSIS et B par CNCS - Roumanie Indexée dans: AWOL, FRANTIQ, LAMPEA, SCRIBD, DAPHNE Tout ce qui concerne la Rédaction des Annales d’Université Valahia Targoviste Section d’Archéologie et d’Histoire doit être envoyé à: [email protected], www.annalesfsu.ro ISSN: 1584-1855; ISSN (online): 2285–3669 Sommaire ARTICLES ET ÉTUDES CONSTANTIN-LIVIAN RĂDOESCU, WITH REGARD TO THE GEOMETRICAL MOTIFS WITH ANTROPOMORPHIC SEMANTICS IDENTIFIED IN THE NEO-ENEOLITHIC VISUAL CREATION ON THE TERRITORY OF ROMANIA. -
Acta 116 Kor.Indd
State Consolida on in the Danube Principali es Acta Poloniae Historica 116, 2017 PL ISSN 0001–6829 Mihai-D. Grigore Leibniz Institute of European History, Mainz THE SPACE OF POWER STATE CONSOLIDATION BY MEANS OF RELIGIOUS POLICY IN THE DANUBE PRINCIPALITIES IN THE FOURTEENTH TO SIXTEENTH CENTURIES Abstract This article shows the close link between religious policy, especially that of the confessional option, and the politicization of space in the building processes of territorial states. The study focuses on the two Danube Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia, which implemented their state building owing to three decisive steps: i) the jurisdictional option in favour of the Ecumenical Patriarchate in Constantinople; ii) the territorial and social implementation of the Byzantine- Orthodox faith by institutional infrastructure and monastic reform; iii) the Ortho- dox enculturation of the two Wallachian principalities. The main goal of this chapter is to show how cultural and historical phenomena transform the abstract geo- graphical space into the political space of a state. Keywords: Wallachia, Moldavia, state building, religious policy, confessions, spatial turn, pre-modern and early modern period, South-Eastern Europe I INTRODUCTION During the period between the thirteenth and sixteenth centuries the geopolitical situation of the region between the Carpathians and Lower Danube was most complex. Because of its wealth and proximity to the Black Sea, its dynamic commercial centres, and the prosperous Bulgarian and Serbian territories, this area was highly disputed between different powers of both the Latin and Orthodox faiths, not to speak of the Tatars and – after the fourteenth century – the Ottomans. Multiple powers tried to strengthen their ties and interests in the region: the Hungarian and Polish Crowns, the Bulgarian Empire under the Asen dynasty, the Cumans, the fi rst Wallachian voivodes http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/APH.2017.116.02 36 Mihai-D. -
Self-Government Institutions of Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Livestock Breeders in the Balkans and in the Carpathian Regions In
RES HISTORICA 41, 2016 DOI: 10.17951/rh.2016.41.51 Miloš Luković (Institute for Balkan Studies of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia) Self-Government Institutions of Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Livestock Breeders in the Balkans and in the Carpathian Regions in the Late Medieval and Early Modern Periods* Instytucje samorządowe koczowniczych i półkoczowniczych pasterzy na Bałkanach i w regionie karpackim w późnym średniowieczu i wczesnej nowożytności STRESZCZENIE Artykuł odnosi się do: koczowniczej i półkoczowniczej hodowli na Półwyspie Bał- kańskim w okresie średniowiecza; instytucji samorządowych średniowiecznych koczow- niczych pasterzy na Bałkanach; sedentaryzacji wołoskich pasterzy na Bałkanach; insty- tucji samorządowych knežin i plemion bałkańskich; przyrodniczych oraz socjopolitycz- nych wyznaczników wykorzystania wysokogórskich pastwisk w Karpatach między XIII a XVI stuleciem; instytucji samorządowych społeczności wiejskich i związków wsi z ro- mańską ludnością Wołoszczyzny, Transylwanii oraz Mołdawii w okresie późnośrednio- wiecznym; socjoekonomicznych aspektów kolonizacji na prawie wołoskim w środkowej i zachodniej części Karpat; samorządowych instytucji wsi i związków wsi powstałych na prawie wołoskim w środkowej i zachodniej części Karpat (ziemie monarchii: węgierskiej, polskiej, czeskiej). Słowa kluczowe: Bałkany, region Karpat, półkoczowniczy pasterze, instytucje samo- rządowe, późne średniowiecze, wczesna nowożytność * This paper was written as a part of the realization of projectThe Traditional Culture of the Serbs Between the East and West (2011–2016), which is financed by The Ministry of Educa- tion, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. 52 ML I oš LukovIć NoAC M dI ANd SEMI-NoMAdIC LIvESToCk BREEdING IN ThE BALkAN PENINSuLA IN ThE MEdIEvAL PERIod In the Middle Ages there were two types of livestock breeding in the Balkan Peninsula1. -
Zoltán Iusztin Abstract. There Is Another Historical Sourc
THE MAGYAR TOPONYMY IN THE COUNTY OF CARAŞ (THE 13TH–15TH CENTURIES) Zoltán Iusztin Abstract. There is another historical source besides the archaeological testimonies that brings direct data or keeps certain features of the human societies of the old times. We speak about toponymy that needs a critical analysis as any source needs in order to be a credible one. Such reasons are called by the oral perpetuation of the sites names, a process able to distort their original form. Etymology is difficult o be established, the written sources certifying real stages of toponyms metamorphosing. On the other part there are certain processes that lead to some toponyms loss or to their initial location changing. The reasons consist in the simple fact of some settlements disappearance in time while others may change their geographic situation. The different human groups’ mobility is another element to change the toponyms identity, together with their re-naming according to the groups’ own culture. To separate all these processes and toponyms establishing we need to refer to documents. Written information is necessary to discover through toponyms certain features of the communities that used or created them. THE ROLE OF TEUTONIC ORDER IN THE HISTORY OF THE BANATE OF SEVERIN Viorel Achim Abstract. The paper deals with the presence of the Teutonic Order in the southeastern parts of the nowadays Banat in the years 1429-1435. Bringing in Teutonic Knights was part of the project developed by King Sigismund of Luxembourg after the defeat at Golubac (June 1428), of strengthening the Danube line, now border of the Hungarian Kingdom with the Ottoman Empire. -
THE INSTITUTION of BANAT in the BANAT of LUGOJ and CARANSEBES in the Xvith-Xviith CENTURIES
THE INSTITUTION OF BANAT IN THE BANAT OF LUGOJ AND CARANSEBES IN THE XVIth-XVIIth CENTURIES Sorin BULBOACĂ Ph. D. “Vasile Goldiş” Western University of Arad Faculty of Humanities, Politics and Administrative Sciences, Arad Phone: 0727-455952 E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT. In this article, we try to investigate and explain the connection between the Banat og Lugoj-Caransebes and the central institution in Transylvania, during the XVIth and XVIIth centuries. In the Principality of Transylvania, the banat of Lugoj and Caransebes was a member of the council of the prince, as second to the grand captain of Oradea. The most important prerogatives of the bans of Lugoj and Cransebes are the military ones, as they also had other important military posistions in the Principality. They had diplomatic atributions as messengers and negotiators in the relations with the Ottoman Empire or in the relations with Walachia and Moldavia. They were the presidents of the nobility’s assenblies from the Banat of Lugoj and Cransebes or of two districts. The documents mention the „chair of judgement” of the ban, which had competency regarding property, succession, confiscation or distraint of estates for political reasons, in case of betrayal. They have also participated to the religious affairs, encouraging Calvinsm and the translation of some religious books into Romanian. Keywords: Banat, prerogatives, military, diplomatic attributions, religious affairs The history of banate of Lugoj and Caransebes in the XVIth-XVIIth centuries represents an integrant part of the medieval history of Transylvania, of the history of Romanians in general. The second half of the XIXth century brought the publication of the first documents referring to Banat, by the Hungarian historian Szilagy Sandor, in some series dedicated to the debates of general commissions of Transylvania (Monumenta Comitialia Regni Transsylvania 1875-1898). -
The Middle Ages in Romania Began with the Withdrawal of the Mongols
The Middle Ages in Romania began with the withdrawal of the Mongols, the last of the migrating populations to invade the territory of modern Romania, after their attack of 1241– 1242. It came to an end with the reign of Michael the Brave (1593–1601) who managed, for a short time in 1600, to rule Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania, the three principalities whose territories were to be united some three centuries later to form Romania. Over most of this period, Banat, Crişana, Maramureş and Transylvania – now regions in Romania to the west of the Carpathian Mountains – were part of the Kingdom of Hungary. They were divided into several types of administrative units, such as "counties" and "seats". The heads of the Transylvanian counties or "counts" were subordinated to a special royal official called voivode, but the province was seldom treated as a single unit, since the Székely and Saxon seats were administered separately. In the kingdom, Romanian peasants, being Orthodox, were exempt from the tithe, an ecclesiastical tax payable by all Roman Catholic commoners. However, Romanian noblemen slowly lost the ability to participate in political life, as the 14th-century monarchs pursued a zealous pro- Catholic policy. Their position became even worse after 1437 when the so-called "Union of Three Nations", an alliance of the Hungarian noblemen, the Székelys, and the Saxons, was formed in order to crush the Bobâlna peasant uprising. Wallachia, the first independent medieval state between the Carpathians and the lower Danube was created when Basarab I (c. 1310–1352) terminated the suzerainty of the king of Hungary with his victory in the battle of Posada in 1330. -
Sigismund of Luxemburg and the Wallachian Princely “Stars” of the Fifteenth Century*
At the Turn of the Fourteenth Century: Sigismund of Luxemburg and the Wallachian Princely “Stars” of the Fifteenth Century* Alexandru Simon** Abstract: In late spring 1398, the noble judges of the Inner Szolnok County rejected John Toth as the legal representative of Stephen I, voivode of Moldavia. Toth (i.e. the Slav/ Slovak, chiefly in later centuries) was in fact merely the procurator of Stephen’s appointed procurator (representative), a certain John, the son of Costea. Mircea I the Elder, the voivode of Wallachia, was experiencing similar legal problems at the time in the Voivodate of Tran-sylvania. In January 1399, his procurator, Nicholas Dobokai of Luduş, the son of Ladislas Dobokai (the relative of Mircea's step-uncle, Wladislaw I Vlaicu), had to admit he did not know the exact boundaries of the estate of the Hunyad castle, recently granted by Sigismund of Luxemburg to Mircea. The two documents, almost trivial in essence, point towards two neglected issues: the first Transylvanian estates granted by a king of Hungary to a voivode of Moldavia and to the transalpine origins of the Hunyadi family. Placed in the context of other edited and unedited sources (charters and chronicles), the documents in question provide new perspectives on the beginnings and actions of famed Wallachian personalities of the next century. Keywords: Doboka (Dăbâca), Hunyad, Transylvania, Wallachia, Sigismund Luxemburg, Mircea I of Wallachia, Stephen I of Moldavia, John Hunyadi. In late spring 1398, the noble judges of the Inner Szolnok County1 rejected John Toth as the legal representative of Stephen I, voivode of Moldavia. Toth (i.e. -
The Political Relations Between Wallachia and the Hungarian Kingdom During the Reign of the Anjou Kings *
Relaţii internaţionale The Political Relations between Wallachia and the Hungarian Kingdom during the Reign of the Anjou Kings * Marius Diaconescu I. lntroduction During the Middle Ages, the politica! relations were governed by certain specific requirements. The medieval state meant one and the same with the sovereign's person - emperor, king, prince, etc. The relations between the medieval states were the same as those between their rulers. The basic principie of the feudalism was that of the vassality which designed the relationship between the ruler and the vassal'. The relations of the Romanian states with the neighbouring · ones, especially with the great powers, follow the same feudal principles. The historiography bas often approached the relations between Wallachia and the Hungarian Kingdom, in studies particularly focused on this topic as well as 2 in syntheses. The works of classical authors as D. Onciul , N. Iorga3, and Gh. Brătianu\ to refer only to the best known researchers of the problem, have been enriched, within the Romanian historiography, by other writings, more or less 5 relevant • Some of the contributions strictly tackling the subject are especially remarkable as compared to the rich literature published during the last 50 years. Maria Holban's studies, collected in a volume significantly entitled On the History of the Romanian-Hungarian Relationships6 compelled recognition in the Romanian literature, despite many discrepancies and far-fetched interpretations lacking • The hereby research is part of a series tackling the relationships existing between Wallachia and Hungary until 1526. 1 M. Bloch, Feudal Society, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1968, 1-11, pp. -
Doctoral Dissertation Negotiating Catholic Reform: Global
DOI number: 10.14754/CEU.2021.01 Doctoral Dissertation Negotiating Catholic Reform: Global Catholicism and Its Local Agents in Northern Ottoman Rumeli (1570s-1680s) By Emese Muntán Supervisor Dr. Tijana Krstić Submitted to the Medieval Studies Department and the Doctoral School of History of Central European University, Budapest in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Medieval Studies, and for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History CEU eTD Collection Budapest, Hungary 2021 DOI number: 10.14754/CEU.2021.01 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT TO EXTERNAL FUNDING AGENCIES CONTRIBUTING TO PHD DISSERTATIONS Name of doctoral candidate: Emese Annamária Muntán Title of dissertation: Negotiating Catholic Reform: Global Catholicism and Its Local Agents in Northern Ottoman Rumeli (1570s-1680s) Name of supervisor(s): Dr. Tijana Krstić External funding agency: European Research Council Acknowledgement: This research has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 648498 OTTOCONFESSION. This research has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2017-2013) under grant agreement No. 648498 OTTOCONFESSION. CEU eTD Collection DOI number: 10.14754/CEU.2021.01 Table of Contents List of Maps ......................................................................................................................... i I. Global Catholicism and -
What's in a Name
CONTROVERSIES AND INTERPRETATIONS THE BANAT, ITS HISTORICAL CONFIGURATIONS AND AN ERROR IN MARSIGLI’S DANUBIUS PANNONICO-MYSICUS MARTYN RADY In 1889, a curious notice appeared in the pages of the Hungarian historical journal “Századok.” Written by Frigyes Pesty (1823–1889), one of the journal’s founding editors, it complained in the most abusive terms about a recent event at the Şibot (Al-Kenyér) railway station in Hunedoara county. Earlier that year, Pesty explained, a monument had been erected in the station and dedicated to the victors of the battle of Câmpul Pâinii (Kenyérmező) in 1479, the voivode Stephen Báthori and Paul Kinizsi. The second of these was designated in an inscription on the monument as the ‘ban of Timiş’ and this description had been repeated in the last issue of the journal that had carried news of the celebration. At no great length, Pesty denied that Kinizsi could ever have held that title. He then launched into a general criticism of any such ‘serious’ journal that could have allowed so flagrant a historical inaccuracy to be repeated.1 At first sight, Pesty’s belligerence might be explained in terms of a personal slight endured by an elderly academic who had only a short time to live. More than twenty years before, Pesty had written a lengthy piece specifically entitled On the unjustifiability of the designation of banate of Timiş.2 Evidently, neither the organizers of the celebration in the railway station nor the current editors of “Századok” (which had back in 1868 carried a positive review of this earlier work)3 recalled Pesty’s contribution. -
Towns and Central Places in the Danube-Tisza/Tisa-Maros/Mureş Region in the Middle Ages
TOWNS AND CENTRAL PLACES IN THE DANUBE-TISZA/TISA-MAROS/MUREŞ REGION IN THE MIDDLE AGES István Petrovics* Keywords: Medieval Hungary, Medieval urban development, Danube-Tisza/Tisa- Maros/Mures Region Cuvinte cheie: Ungaria medievală, dezvoltare urbană medievală, regiunea Dunăre-Tisa-Mureş I. General features of urban development in the medieval Kingdom of Hungary The first urban civilization in the Carpathian or Middle Danube Basin was created by the Romans who had occupied this region, with the exception which is now the Great Hungarian Plain, during the first and second centuries A.D.1 The Roman towns of the provinces of Pannonia and Dacia were swept * Szegedi Tudományegyetem Középkori és Kora Újkori Magyar Történeti Tanszék, e-mail: [email protected] 1 History of Transylvania 3 vols. General editor Béla Köpeczi; eds. László Makkai, András Mócsy, Zoltán Szász, Gábor Barta, editor of the English translation Bennett Kovrig, (Boulder, Colorado: Social Science Monographs-Highland Lakes, N.J: Atlantic Research and Publications – New York: Columbia University Press, 2001–2002), vol. 1, From the Beginnings to 1606, 42–132; Klára Póczy, Pannoniai városok [The towns of Province Pannonia] (Budapest, 1976); Radu Ardevan, Viaţa municipală în Dacia Romană (Timişoara, 1998). Hungarian and Romanian archaeologists and historians disagree with each other about the fate of the Romanized population of the towns of the provinces of Pannonia and Dacia. While Hungarian scholars deny the survival of the Romanized urban population, and consequently the continuity between the towns of Antiquity and those of the Middle Ages, Romanian scholars emphasize the survival of the Romanized Dacians. Thus they try to create a solid basis for the theory of Daco–Romanian continuity.