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Burial Customs in the Banat (10Th–14Th Centuries) 46

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Burial Customs in the Banat (10Th–14Th Centuries) 46 The Mortuary Archaeology of the Medieval Banat (10th–14th Centuries) East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450–1450 General Editor Florin Curta VOLUME 26 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/ecee The Mortuary Archaeology of the Medieval Banat (10th–14th Centuries) By Silviu Oţa LEIDEN | BOSTON Cover illustration: Earring from Sviniţa. With kind permission of the Muzeul Național de Istorie a României. © Photo George Nica. Work translated by Alexandra Decu, Crina Gândilă and Andrei Gândilă. Editing and additional revisions by Florin Curta. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Oţa, Silviu. The mortuary archaeology of the medieval Banat (10th–14th centuries) / by Silviu Oţa. pages cm. — (East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450–1450, ISSN 1872-8103 ; volume 26) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-21438-5 (hardback : acid-free paper) — ISBN 978-90-04-28157-8 (e-book) 1. Banat—Antiquities. 2. Middle Ages. 3. Burial—Banat—History—To 1500. 4. Funeral rites and ceremonies—Banat—History—To 1500. 5. Grave goods—Banat. 6. Banat—History. 7. Banat—Ethnic relations. 8. Ethnoarchaeology—Banat. 9. Social archaeology—Banat. I. Title. DR281.B25O84 2015 393’.10949840902—dc23 2014026679 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual ‘Brill’ typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, ipa, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 1872-8103 isbn 978-90-04-21438-5 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-28157-8 (e-book) Copyright 2015 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill nv incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Nijhoff, Global Oriental and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill nv provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, ma 01923, usa. Fees are subject to change. Brill has made all reasonable efforts to trace all rights holders to any copyrighted material used in this work. In cases where these efforts have not been successful the publisher welcomes communications from copyright holders, so that the appropriate acknowledgements can be made in future editions, and to settle other permission matters. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Contents Acknowledgements vii List of Illustrations viii List of Map Sites xvi Abbreviations xx 1 Introduction: The State of Current Research on the Banat between the 10th and the 14th Century 1 2 The History of the Banat between the 10th and the 14th Century According to the Written Sources 18 3 Burial Customs in the Banat (10th–14th Centuries) 46 4 Grave Good Typology 111 5 Burial Horizons in the Medieval Banat 171 6 Conclusions 198 Select Bibliography 207 Illustrations 227 Index 366 Acknowledgements First of all, I would like to thank Dr. Florin Curta for the opportunity of publish- ing this volume with Brill and for all his selfless help. I would also like thank the publishers Marcella Mulder and Julian Deahl for their patience and the work they did to produce the book. I would also like to thank Alexandra Decu, Crina Gândilă and Andrei Gândilă for translating the volume, Dr. Dumitru Ţeicu and Ovidiu Bozu (Museum of Mountainous Banat, Reşiţa) for all the study materials made avail- able to me, Dr. Ernest Oberländer-Târnoveanu and Dr. Crişan Muşeţeanu (National History Museum of Romania, Bucharest) who allowed me to study materials from the collections of the Museum which interested me. Many thanks to Dr. Dejan Radičević (University of Belgrade) for books and papers published in Serbia and Croatia that he sent to me and for all the mate- rials that he has shown. My deepest gratitude goes to Dr. Gabriel Fusek (Archaeological Institute, Nitra) and Dr. Svetlana Ryabtseva (Institute of Cultural Heritage, Chişinău) for discussions and for their support. From my years as student, Dr. Radu Harhoiu (coordinator of my disserta- tion), Eugenia Zaharia, Petre Diaconu, Gheorghe Cantacuzino (Institute of Archaeology, Bucharest), Costin Feneşan (National Archives of Romania, Bucharest) and Dan Gh. Teodor (Institute of Archaeolgy, Jassy) have always shown patience and kindness in answering my questions and giving their advice. I am indebted to Prof. Sabin Adrian Luca (Brukenthal Museum, Sibiu) who included my dissertation in the series of books that he edited (Published in 2008 as Orizonturi funerare din Banatul istoric (secolele X–XIV) with isbn: 978-973-117-182-1). Once again I want to thank Georgiana Ducman for the drawings, and George Nica and George Dumitriu for the photos. Last, but not least, I am grateful to my family for the moral support offered in all my work. List of Illustrations plate caption 1 Typology. 1–12. Tiara plates, 13–14. Hair apliqués 229 2 Typology. 1. Hairpin (knob), 2–12. Hair links 230 3 Typology. 1–2. Lunula earrings, 3–6. Lunula earrings with pendant, 7–13. Earrings with grape-like pendant (I.6.3.1.), 14–17. Earrings with grape-like pendant (I.6.3.2.), 18. Earring with triangular pendant 231 4 Typology. 1–3. Earrings with astragals, 4–7. Earrings with bi-conical setting, 8–19. Earrings with spherical pendant, 20–21. Earrings with two spherical pendants, 22. Earring with spherical pendant on a question mark-type rod 232 5 Typology. 1–8. Earrings with three ornaments on the link 233 6 Typology. 1–3. Saltovo-type earrings (trimmings), 4–5. Saltovo earring, 6. Earring with coin pendant 234 7 Typology. 1–11. Beads and strings of beads 235 8 Typology. 1–6. Medallions, 7–8. Amulets, 9–10. Pectoral crosses, 11–15. Torques 236 9 Typology. 1–4. Bracelets made of bars, 5–7. Bracelets made of bars, with widened ends, 8–9. Bracelets with head animals 237 10 Typology. 1–4. Twisted wire bracelets, 5. Braided-wire bracelet, 6–9. Band bracelets 238 11 Typology. 1–9. Band bracelets 239 12 Typology. 1–7. Glass bracelets 240 13 Typology. 1–27. Rings 241 14 Typology. 1–15. Rings 242 15 Typology. 1–13. Rings 243 16 Typology. 1–24. Rings 244 17 Typology. 1–28. Dress-appliqués 245 18 Typology. 1–21. Double heart-like pendants 246 19 Typology. 1–25. Buttons, 26–28. Clasps, 29–30. Bell pendants, 31–33. Footwear apliqués 247 20 Typology. 1–17. Buckles 248 21 Typology. 1–3. Buckles with plates 249 22 Typology. 1–22. Belt appliqués, 23. Belt item, 24–25. Belt flaps 250 23 Typology. 1–4. Star-like buckles, 5. Bit, 6. Articulated bit, 7–9. Stirrups 251 List Of Illustrations ix 24 Typology. 1–6. Stirrups 252 25 Typology. 1–2. Stirrups, 3. Harness apliqué, 4–10. Harness buckles 253 26 Typology. 1. Dagger, 2–6. Swords 254 27 Typology. 1–3. Swords 255 28 Typology. 1–2. Swords, 3. Sabre 256 29 Typology. 1–2. Spearheads, 3–4. Axes, 5–11. Arrowheads 257 30 Typology. 1–4. Arrowheads, 5–9. Bow-plates made of bone 258 31 Typology. 1–4. Tags, 5–8. Quiver fittings, 9–12. Quiver covers 259 32 Typology. 1. Quiver apliqués, 2. Helmet, 3–5. Fragments of a mail shirt, 6. Sickle, 7. Flint, 8. Flint stone, 9–12. Knives, 13. Silver plate, 14. Wire 260 33 Typology. 1. Mug, 2. Jug, 3–7. Jars 261 34 Arača. 1. G. 1, 2–3. G. 4, 4. G. 11, 5–7. G. 8, 8–9. G. 35, 10. G. 11, 11. G. 13, 12–13. G. 39, 14. G.51, 15. G. 62, 16. G. 67, 17–19. G. 69, 20–21, 23. G. 70, 22. G. 82, 24. G. 80, 25. G. 91, 26. Pit no. IV, 27. Inventories found in destroyed graves, 28. Crypt VIII (redrawn after Stanojev 2004) 262 35 Arača. 1–21. Inventories found in destroyed graves (1–5, 8–21. redrawn after Stanojev 2004 and 6–7. according to Minić 1995/1996) 263 36 1–9. Arača (redrawn after Stanojev 2004), 10–14. Banatska Palanka-Rudine (according to Barački, Brmbolić 1997—no scale), 15–16. Banatski Despotovac (redrawn after Stanojev 1989—no scale), 17–21. Banatsko Arandjelovo-1898 (17–19, 21. redrawn after Stanojev 1989; 20. according to Vaňa 1954—no scale), 22–23. Banatsko Arandjelovo-1899 (redrawn after Stanojev 1989) 264 37 1–7. Banatsko Arandjelovo-10 December 1898 (1–2. redrawn after Stanojev 1989, 3. Hampel 1904, 4–7. redrawn after Kovács 1991/1992), 8–11, 16. Banatsko Arandjelovo-1900 (redrawn after Kovács 1991/1992), 12–15, 17–21. Banatsko Arandjelovo-summer of 1903 (according to Tömörkény 1904, 16. redrawn after Kovács 1991/1992) 265 38 1–12. Banatsko Arandjelovo-summer of 1903 (1–5, 7–8, 10–12. according to Tömörkény 1904 and 6, 9. redrawn after Kovács 1991/1992—no scale) 266 39 1–26. Banatsko Arandjelovo-summer of 1903 (according to Tömörkény 1904) 267 x List of Illustrations 40 1. Banatsko Arandjelovo-The 16th of June 1903, G. 1, 2–4. G. 3 (1–4. according to Tömörkény 1904), 5–11. Banatsko Arandjelovo-1906 (redrawn after Kovács 1991/1992) 268 41 1–5. Banatsko Arandjelovo-1907, 6–7. Banatsko Arandjelovo-1909 (redrawn after Kovács 1991/1992—1–5.—no scale), 8. Banatski Brestovac (according to Aleksić 2004) 269 42 1–9. Beba Veche (redrawn after Tănase, Gáll 1999/2000—4–9.—no scale). 10. Becicherecul Mare (Zrenjanin; redrawn after Kovács 1994/1995) 270 43 1.
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