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Home , Barrio Azteca, Drug cartel

Index

1%ers, 128 angles of bullets, 261 18th Street (), 125 Animal Liberation Front (ALF), 152 419 scam, 82–83 animal rights terrorists, 152 9-1-1 calls, 16–17, 227, 254 anomie theory, 195. See also strain theory anti-abortionists, 151 Antifa, 151 A anti-government domestic terrorism, 150–151 Abel, Gene, 70 antisocial personality disorder, 15, 76, 210–212 abortion, 29 anti-trust laws, 99 accident reconstruction, 230, 271 appeals, 290–291, 333 acetyl fentanyl, 138 appellate court, 294 ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union), 170 appellate decisions, 22 Adderall, 139 appellate judges, 288–291 adjudication, 343, 347 arraignment, 18, 41, 281, 284, 296 administrative assistants, 232, 362 arrest rate, 168 administrative segregation units, 320 arrests, 35–37 adopted children, 204 , 12, 88–89, 244 affidavits, 120, 283–284 , 129, 321 African Americans, 168 Asian Boys (gang), 125 age of potential victims and criminals, 48–49, 164–165 Asian , 111–112 aggravating factors, 332–333 and battery Agnew, Robert, 195–196 aggravated, 64 Al-Baghdadi, Abu Bakr, 154 child abuse, 67 alcohol crime rates, 73 consumption, 30 defined, 64 and irrational behavior, 190 simple, 64 tax revenues, 245 spousal assault, 65–66 and violent crimes, 74–75 types, 12, 64 ALF (Animal Liberation Front), 152 vehicular assault, 64 alibi, 307 assistant district/U.S. attorney, 18 Al Qaeda, 148–149, 152–154 assumptions, 3 alternative education school, 348 ATF (Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Amazon, 82, 99 COPYRIGHTEDExplosives), MATERIAL 16, 128, 231, 244–245 Ambian, 139 atmospheric changes, relationship to crime rates, American Association of Electronic Reporters and 177–178 Transcribers, 363 attachment, 200 American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 170 attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), American Law Institute, 27 15, 207 American Motorcycle Association, 127 attorney. See defense attorneys; prosecutors American Psychiatric Association, 210 attorney, right to, 8 anarchists, 151 auto theft, 85–86

Index 377

34_9781119773191-bindex.indd 377 Trim size: 7.375 in × 9.25 in April 14, 2021 6:56 PM Brady Law, 176 B brain function, factors affecting, 206–208 Backfire, 152 Breaking Bad (film), 247 bail, 284 Brown, Michael, 169 Bailey, F. Lee, 282, 366–367 Brown, Nicole, 25 bail hearing, 318 burden of proof, 303 Bakley, Bonnie, 369 Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives ballistic analysis, 358 (ATF), 16, 128, 231, 244–245 Bandidos (motorcycle gang), 127 Bureau of Investigation, 242 bar exam, 275 Bureau of Justice Statistics, 37 , 129 Bureau of Land Management, 249 bath salts, 138 , 12, 86–87 battery, 12, 64. See also assault and battery burning at stake, 188 Beccaria, Cesare, 180 behavior, criminal and cultural mores, 28–31 C elements of, 8 California Penal Code Section 484 — Theft, 30 felony, 8 caliphate, 154 misdemeanor, 8 Call of Duty (video game), 173 parental influence on, 205 cameras, 170–171 belief, 201 capital , 61–62 benzodiazapines, 139 capital punishment beyond a reasonable doubt, 104, 276, 303 appeals, 333 Biggie Smalls, 374 brutalizing effect of, 336 Bill of Rights, 180 capital case rules, 332–334 Bin Laden, Osama, 153–154 deterrence effect, 336 biological positivism, 203–204 execution process, 334–335 Bitcoin, 118 ineligibility categories, 333–334 Black Dahlia murder, 372 laws, 331 Black Guerilla Family, 130 mitigating evidence, 33 black holes, 238 overview, 331 Black Rain, 128 penalty phase, 332–333 Blake, Robert, 369 philosophical arguments, 335 blood alcohol content, 30 punishable crimes, 331–332 blood patterns, 261, 269, 358 states and countries with, 331 (gang), 125 utilitarian arguments, 335 blood spatter, 269 Capone, Al, 244 blood test, of defendant, 11 carfentanil, 138 bomb squad, 231 carjacking, 71 bones, 325 cartels, 74–75, 133–134 booking (arrest process), 41 car theft, 12 The Border (film), 247 castoff stain, 269–270 borderline personality disorder, 210 categories of crime Bowden. Mark, 134 felony, 8 Bowers v. Hardwick, 29 misdemeanor, 8

378 Criminology For Dummies

34_9781119773191-bindex.indd 378 Trim size: 7.375 in × 9.25 in April 14, 2021 6:56 PM causes of crimes , 28, 133–134, 141 mental illnesses, 15 Cochran, Johnnie, 282 physical defects, 15 code of silence, 109 rational decisions, 14 Cohen, Albert, 197 social control theories, 15 Cohen, Laurence, 50 social disorganization theory, 14–15 Colombian , 133–134 social learning theory, 15 Colson, Chuck, 222 strain theory, 15 Combined DNA Index System (CODIS), 268 caveat emptor, 81 commissioner, 226 cellphones, analyzing, 263 Commission on Theft of Intellectual Property, 114 cells (terrorists), 148 commitment, 200 cell tower evidence, 270 common law Center for Strategic and International Studies, 149 defined, 22 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 158 development of, 23–24 chain of custody, 257–258 Community Education Centers, Inc., 322 Chicago School, 194 community officers, 228 chief law enforcement officer, 280 Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS), 252 child abuse, 67 community policing, 220, 233–235 child molestation community services, 19 defined, 69 commutation, 334 effects on victims, 70 compensation programs, 51–52 grooming, 69–70 computer forensics, 231 as individual crime, 12 computer forensic specialist, 358–359 molesters, 69–70 computers, analyzing, 263 and pedophilia, 70 Concerta, 139 reasons for, 70 confession, 300–301 sentences for, 70 confidentiality of victims, 54 statistics, 69 consent, 47 child pornography, 70 consent decrees, 170 child welfare agencies, 345 conspiracy, 119–120 Chinese tongs, 111 Conspiracy Theories and Secret Societies For Dummies Chinese groups, 111 (Hodapp/Kannon), 109 circuit courts, 296 constitutional rights, 7–8 citizen’s arrest, 82 contact transfers, 269 civilian employees, 231–232 contrabands, 323–324 civil law, 24–25. See also criminal law controlled substances, 357 civil rights, 170 Controlled Substances Act, 132–133 Clark, Malcolm, 153 conventional criminology, 213–214 class-action suit, 99 Cook, Phillip, 43 classical theory, 180 Cooper, D.B., 371–372 clearance rates, 36–37, 185 COPS (Community Oriented Policing Services), 252 client fraud, 98–99 copyright infringement, 82 Clinton, Bill, 267 Cornell Companies, Inc., 322 closing arguments, 308–309 Cornwell, Patricia, 2 Cloward, Richard, 197–198 corporate liability, 104

Index 379

34_9781119773191-bindex.indd 379 Trim size: 7.375 in × 9.25 in April 14, 2021 6:56 PM Corrections Corporation of America, 322 gathering physical evidence, 256–258 corrections officers, 317, 320, 356–357 interrogating suspects, 255–256 costs of crime interviewing witnesses, 254–255 financial impact, 1, 9–10 investigations, 259–261 funding the justice system, 40–42 responding to, 253–259 governmental, 9–10 writing report, 258–259 to society, 42–44 crime shows, 1, 247, 260 victims, 10–11 crime statistics to victims, 42–44 analyzing, 38–39 counterespionage, 242–243 arrests, 35–37 counterfeit goods, 82, 113–114 measuring, 33–40 countersurveillance, 123 overview, 8 “country club” prisons, 320 shortcomings, 38 county prosecutor, 18, 276. See also prosecutors victimization surveys, 37–38 court reporters, 363 crime victim advocate, 362 courts criminal activity circuit, 296 categories, 22–23 federal court system, 295–296 violating manmade laws, 22–23 municipal, 293–294 violating natural laws, 22 state court system, 294–295 criminal authority, 104 crack cocaine, 141 criminal behavior credit card theft, 83–84, 115 and cultural mores, 28–31 crime elements of, 8 categories, 8, 11–13 felony, 8 choosing type and place of, 183 misdemeanor, 8 costs of, 1, 9–11, 40–44 parental influence on, 205 defined, 7–8 criminal intelligence, 118 deterrents to, 184–189 criminal law fighting, 16–17 versus civil law, 24–25 gene, 204 culpable mental state, 27 impact of social conditions on, 173–176 defined, 8 individual, 11–12 elements of, 24–28 organized, 12–13 federal, 17 prosecuting, 18 felony, 25–26 reasons for committing, 13–15 misdemeanor, 25–26 rewards of, 181–182, 188–189, 191 physical act requirement, 26–27 risks of, 181–182, 188–189, 191 criminals terrorism, 13 age, 164–165 violent, 11 education level, 172 crime analysts, 232, 359–360 gender, 166 crime rates income, 166–168 drop in, 40 personal characteristics of, 163–172 impact of atmospheric changes, 177–178 personality and skills of, 183 violent crimes, 73 profiling, 164, 170 crime reports, 34–35, 258–259 race, 168 crime scene religious affiliation, 172

380 Criminology For Dummies

34_9781119773191-bindex.indd 380 Trim size: 7.375 in × 9.25 in April 14, 2021 6:56 PM criminal statistics confession, 300–301 crime reports, 34–35 cross-examining, 306 overview, 9, 33–34 lawyers for, 297 (gang), 125 placing in custody, 316–323 crisis response, 53 plea agreement, 297 critical criminology, 213–214 and rights of victims, 10–11 critical feminist theory, 217 sentencing, 11, 287–288 cross-examination, 305 testifying, 306 cryptocurrencies, 118 defense attorneys CSI (television series), 260 costs of, 9 culpable mental state, 27 duties, 279–280 curfew violations, 345 ethical dilemmas, 283 custody, 257, 301 overview, 280 cybercrime, costs of, 55 private attorneys, 281–282 cybersecurity, costs of, 10 public defenders, 281–282 cycle of domestic violence, 65–66 salary, 283 defenses alibi, 307 D of another, 306–307 dangerous weapons, 71 common, 306 DARE (Drug Abuse Resistance Education), 145–146 defendants, testifying, 306 date rape, 68 entrapment, 307 date-rape drugs, 68 insanity, 307–308 D.B Cooper hijacking, 371–372 putting on, 305–308 DEA (Drug Enforcement Administration), 16, 245–246 self-defense, 306–307 deadlock, 310 depositions, 363 deadly weapons, 71 depression, 15, 208 death penalty deputy sheriffs, 226, 317 appeals, 333 Dershowitz, Alan, 282 brutalizing effect of, 336 detectives, 16, 229–230. See also police capital case rules, 332–334 detective sergeant, 230 delays from sentencing to execution, 187 detention hearing, 346 deterrence effect, 336 determinate sentencing, 288 execution process, 334–335 deterrents (crime) ineligibility categories, 333–334 death penalty, 336 laws, 331 overview, 184 mitigating evidence, 33 punishment as, 314 overview, 331 risk of being caught, 185–185 penalty phase, 332–333 severity of punishment, 185–186 philosophical arguments, 335 speed of punishment, 187 punishable crimes, 331–332 Dexedrine, 139 states and countries with, 331 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, utilitarian arguments, 335 5th ed. (DSM-V), 210 death row, 321 dicks, 230 Death Row Records, 374–375 diet, poor, 15 defendant(s) differential association theory, 198–199

Index 381

34_9781119773191-bindex.indd 381 Trim size: 7.375 in × 9.25 in April 14, 2021 6:56 PM differential opportunity theory, 197–198 new psychoactive substances, 137–138 diminished capacity, 208 organized crimes in, 112–113 direct examinations, 304 overview, 131–132 director of public safety, 226 runners, 141 Dirty Harry (film), 367 transfer zone, 134 disciplinary segregation units, 320 wiretaps on, 122–123 disease testing, 11, 54 drunk driving, 46 disposition, 343, 347 dual sovereignty doctrine, 294 district attorneys, 276, 295 duct tape, 262 district court judges, 296 diversion programs, 216, 347 DNA, 266–267, 357 E DNA testing, 265–266, 337 Earth Liberation Front (ELF), 152 domestic assault, 65–66 eBay, 82 Donohue, John, 40 economic loss, 48 dopamine, 341 economy double-dipping, 355 economic loss of crime, 173–174 double jeopardy, 294 regional differences in, 174–175 drawing, 188 relationship between recession and crime, 173–174 drip stain, 269–270 ecoterrorists, 152 Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE), 145–146 education, level of criminals, 172 drug czar, 252 18th Street (gang), 125 Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), 16, 245–246 Eighth Amendment, 180 drug rips, 72, 75 elder abuse, 82 drugs electronic evidence, 263 as cause of property crime, 89–90 ELF (Earth Liberation Front), 152 as cause of , 74–75 embezzlement, 12 distribution process, 139–141 emotional effects of crimes, 47–48 drug abuse, preventing, 145–146 Engels, Friedrich, 218 drug treatment, 142–145 English Parliament, 23 nicknames for, 141 Enron, 105 prescription drug monitoring, 146 entrapment, 307 schedules, 132–133 environmental crime, 97–98 testing for, 146 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 97–98 drug trade/trafficking Equifax, 84 cartels, 74–75, 133–134 Escobar, Pablo, 134 as cause of violent crime, 74–75 Eurasian organized crime, 111 cocaine, 133–134 euthanasia, 63 distribution, 139–141 evidence fentanyl, 137–138 cell tower, 270 growing plants for, 133–136 clear and convincing, 303 , 134–135 DNA, 266–268 marijuana, 135–136 electronic, 263 methamphetamine, 136–137 forensic, 261 mixing chemicals for, 136–139 gathering physical, 256–258

382 Criminology For Dummies

34_9781119773191-bindex.indd 382 Trim size: 7.375 in × 9.25 in April 14, 2021 6:56 PM mitigating, 332–333 fiction writers, 2 preponderance of, 104, 303 field offices, 242 strength of, 297–298 fingerprints, 264–265, 357 suppressing, 299–301 firearms, 244–245 trace, 357 firearms analysis, 358 evidence custodian, 261 first-degree murder, 60–61 evidence room, 256 first-time offenders, 8 evidence technicians, 231, 256 Floyd, George, 169 evolution, 206 Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 96–97 execution, 334–335 forensic evidence, 261 exemplar, 267, 268 forensic scientist, 357–358 exhibits, 304 Forensics For Dummies (Lyle), 261 Experian, 84 forensic specialists, 232 explosive-related incidents, 231, 244–245 forfeiture, 123–124 expungement, 216 foster care, 348 , 13, 116–117 419 scam, 82–83 fraternal twins, 206 fraud F client, 98–99 false advertising, 99–100 credit card, 83–84, 115 family involvement teams, 350 by organized crime, 114–115 family problems, as cause of violent crime, 75 securities, 96–97 Farook, Sayed, 154 Fresno Bullldogs (gang), 125 FDA (Food and Drug Administration), 96–97 friction ridges, 264 federal agencies, 16–17, 242–251 The Fugitive (film), 247, 366 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) fugitives, 249 field offices, 242 Fusion Centers, 158–159 Joint Terrorism Task Force, 159, 244 investigations, 109 in movies and TV, 247 G overview, 16–17, 242 Gabrielli, W.F., 204 responsibilities of, 242–243 gambling addiction, 95 special agents, 243–244 gammahydroxybutyric acid (GHB), 68 Uniform Crime Report, 9, 34–35 gang enforcement officers, 231 federal court system, 295–296 federal criminal laws, 17 connection with organized crime, 125–126 Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC), 250 female members, 127 federal laws, 295 motorcycle, 127–129 federal prisons, 321 prison, 129–130 Feeley, Malcolm M., 277 territories, 126 felony, 8, 25–26, 277 threat of violence by, 117 felony murder, 61 violence, 126 Felson, Marcus, 50 young and street, 124–125 feminist theory, 217 Disciples, 125 fentanyl, 134–135, 137–138 gender of potential victims and criminals, 49, 166 Ferguson effect, 169 general jurisdiction, 294

Index 383

34_9781119773191-bindex.indd 383 Trim size: 7.375 in × 9.25 in April 14, 2021 6:56 PM general strain theory, 195–196. See also strain theory Hirschi, Travis, 200–201, 207 genetics, 15, 204–206 histrionic personality disorder, 210 GEO Group, Inc., 322 HIV testing, 11, 54 Gertz, Marc, 176 Hodapp, Christopher, 109 Goldman, Ron, 25 Hoffa, Jimmy, 373–374 Grafton, Sue, 2 holding cells, 317 grand juries, 277–278 Hollister. David, 276 Gray, Freddy, 169 Homeland Security Investigations (HSI), 17, 246–247 green-collar crime, 97 homicide grief counseling, 10 assisting a suicide, 63 grooming, 69–70 crime rates, 73 guilty verdict, 311 defined, 60 gun control, 176 manslaughter, 62–63 gun shot injuries, 43 murder, 60–62 Guzman, Joaquin “El Chapo”, 74–75 negligent, 63 homosexual acts, 29 honor camps, 320 H Hoover, J. Edgar, 242 haloperidol, 207 hung jury, 310 handwriting analysis, 268 Hussen, Saddam, 154 handwriting exemplars, 268 Hutchings, B., 204 hangers-on, 129 hypoglycemia, 207 hanging, 188 Harlow, Nora, 70 Harrison Act, 28 I hash oil, 136 icons, 3 hate crimes, 155 identical twins, 206 health insurance, 48 identity theft, 12, 83–86 hearings. See also trial process; trials illegal drugs, 13, 28 arraignment, 284 Imclone, 96 bail, 318 Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), 246 detention, 346 Immigration and Naturalization Service, 322 notification of victims, 10–11, 54 incapacitation theory, 315 omnibus, 285, 299 incarceration, 222. See also prisons pretrial, 299–301 income of potential victims and criminals, 49, sentencing, 285 166–168 settlement conference, 285 indeterminate sentencing, 287–288 suppression, 299–301 indictment, 18, 41, 277, 296 trials, 285 indigent, 281 hellfire hypothesis, 172 individual crimes, 11–12 , 127–128 ineligibility categories, 333–334. See also death penalty heroin, 28, 134–135, 141 informants, 121, 230, 243 High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area program information, 18, 277, 296 (HIDTA), 252 infraction, 25 hijacking, 371–372 initiatives, 28 Hindelang, Michael, 207–209 injunctions, 97

384 Criminology For Dummies

34_9781119773191-bindex.indd 384 Trim size: 7.375 in × 9.25 in April 14, 2021 6:56 PM inmate violence operation, 231 causes of, 325 overview, 18 controlling, 326–327 release agreements, 317–318 getting creative with, 326 jihad, 153 overview, 324–325 jobs in criminal justice security-threat groups, 325 computer forensic specialist, 358–359 inpatient treatment, 143 corrections officer, 356–357 In re Gault (1967), 340 court reporter, 363 insanity defense, 307–308 crime analysts, 359–360 insider trading, 96. See also securities fraud crime victim advocate, 362 institutional anomie theory, 196. See also strain theory forensic scientist, 357–358 Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System intelligence analyst, 359–360 (IAFIS), 265 juvenile counselor, 361 intelligence analyst, 359–360 legal secretary, 362 intelligence-led policing, 237–239 police officer, 353–356 intel units, 238 probation officer, 360–361 intensive management unit, 320 Joint Terrorism Task Force (JTTF), 158–159, 244 intentional acts, 27–28 judges intentional killing, 60 appellate, 288–291 internal affairs, 231 costs of, 9 Internal Revenue Service (IRS), 17, 249–250 defined, 283 International Association of Chiefs of Police, 237 juvenile, 345 International Association of Computer Investigative trial, 283–288 Specialists, 357 jury Internet auction sites, 82 deadlock, 310 Internet fraud, 12, 13, 82–85 deliberation, 309–310 In the Line of Fire (film), 247 hung, 310 intimate partner violence, 65–66 questions, 310 involuntary acts, 26 right to, 8 involvement, 201 selecting, 302 IQ test, 207–208 sequestration, 309 Iraq, 154 verdict, 309–311 irrational behavior, 189–190 justice improvement committees, 280 Islam For Dummies (Clark), 152 justice system, adult Islamic countries, 29 appellate judges, 288–291 Islamic State, 154–155 components of, 41–42 Italian Mafia, 108–110 costs of, 9–10 defense attorneys, 280–283 J funding, 40–42 Jack the Ripper, 373 as mental stressor to victims, 47 jails process, 41–42 capacity of, 318 prosecution, 17, 275–280 costs of, 9 punishment, 18–19 defined, 316 terminology, 343 local, 317–318 trial judges, 283–288

Index 385

34_9781119773191-bindex.indd 385 Trim size: 7.375 in × 9.25 in April 14, 2021 6:56 PM justice system, juvenile adjudicating case, 347 L labeling theory arrest and detainment, 345–346 changing self-image, 214–215 disposition, 347 concepts, 214 filing petitions, 346–347 erasing criminal label, 215–216 key players, 344–345 stages of labeling, 215 modern trends in, 350 weakness of, 216 overview, 343 Lacey, Jackie, 276 probation, 348–349 La Cosa Nostra, 109 terminology, 343 La Eme, 112 juvenile counselor, 19, 345, 361 La , 112, 129 juvenile departments, 345 larceny, 26, 30 juvenile detention facility, 345, 348 latent, 264 juvenile justice counselors, 9 (gang), 125 juvenile probation officers, 345 laundering money, 117–118 juveniles law enforcement administrative assistants, 362 adult treatment of, 349–350 Lawrence, Bruce, 43 alternate treatment of, 341 Lawrence v. , 29 arresting, 345–346 laws brain development, 341 civil, 24–25 constitutional right to certain protections, 340 common, 22 detaining, 345–346 criminal, 24–28 education evaluation, 348 federal, 295 historical treatment of, 339–340 manmade, 22–23 mental health evaluation, 348 natural, 22 overview, 19 learning disabilities, 15 responsible, 19 least restrictive means analysis, 346 serious offenses, 19 left realism, 218 sex offender evaluation, 348 left-wing groups evaluation, 348 anarchists, 151 animal rights, 152 K Antifa, 151 K2, 138 categories, 151 Kelling, George L., 236 ecoterrorists, 152 Kevorkian, Jack, 63 single-issue groups, 152 , 72 legal duty, 27 Killing Pablo: The Hunt for the World’s Greatest Outlaw legal fiction, 104 (Bowden), 134 legal secretaries, 362 Kleck, Gary, 176 lethal injection, 334. See also death penalty kleptomania, 92 Levine, Irene, 209 knowing, 27 Levine, Jerome, 209 Ku Klux Klan, 150 Levitt, Steven, 40

386 Criminology For Dummies

34_9781119773191-bindex.indd 386 Trim size: 7.375 in × 9.25 in April 14, 2021 6:56 PM Lewinsky, Monica, 267 Medicaid, 98 LG Display Company, 100 medical bills, 10 lie detector tests, 263–264 medical cost, 43 lifers, 320 Medicare, 98 lifestyle theory, 50 Mednick, S.A., 204 loan sharking, 13, 116 Megan’s Law, 29 lobbying, 31 mental culpability, 8 local law enforcement, 16, 251–252 mental defect, 308 Loeber. Rolf, 212 mental illnesses, 15, 76–77, 190, 209, 308 Lombroso, Cesare, 204 Merton, Robert, 195 lone wolf terrorists, 149 methamphetamine, 43, 133, 136–137, 141, 190 Los Chapitos, 75 methamphetamine psychosis, 74 loss-prevention officers, 82 Mexicanemi, 129 Louisiana Code Title 14 Section 67 — Theft, 30 , 112, 129 Luciano, Charles “Lucky”, 109 Mexican organized crime, 112 Lyle, Douglas, 261 Lynam, Donald, 212 drug trade/trafficking, 74–75 murder rate in, 74–75 Milk, Harvey, 208 M Miller, Ted, 43 MADD (Mothers Against Drunk Driving), minimizing (wire tap technique), 121 46, 64 minimum-security prisons, 320 Mafia, 108–110 Miranda rights, 257, 301 mala in se (“wrong by itself”) acts, 22, 23, 31 Miranda v. Arizona, 257 Malik, Tashfeen, 154 misdemeanor, 8, 25–26, 277 malum in prohibitum (“wrong because prohibited”) acts, 22–23, 23, 31 mistrial, 309 Management and Training Corporation, 322 mitigating evidence, 332–333 mandatory sentence, 288, 298 Model Penal Code, 27 manmade laws, 22–23 molesters, 69–70. See also child molestation Mann Act, 242 money laundering, 117–118 manslaughter, 12, 62–63 Mongols (motorcycle gang), 127, 128 Mara Salvatrucha/M.S. 13 (gang), 125 monopoly, 99 marijuana, 28, 38, 135–136, 137, 141 morphine, 28 Markey, Patrick, 173 Mosconi, George, 208 marshals, 248–249 Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD), 46, 64 Marx, Karl, 218 motif investing, 288–291 Marxism, 213, 218 motion, 300 Mateen, Omar, 149 motion to suppress, 300 maximum-security prisons, 320 motorcycle gangs, 127–129 McCoy, Richard, 371–372 movies, 77, 92 McKay, Henry, 194 multidisciplinary team, 280 McVeigh, Timothy, 321 municipal courts, 293–294

Index 387

34_9781119773191-bindex.indd 387 Trim size: 7.375 in × 9.25 in April 14, 2021 6:56 PM murder National Institute on Drug Abuse, 146 capital, 61–62 National Retail Federation, 94–95 defined, 60 National Rifle Association (NRA), 31 felony, 61 National White Collar Crime Center (NW3C), 94 first-degree, 60–61 natural laws, 22 as individual crime, 12 Nazi Lowriders, 129 second-degree, 60–61 negligent acts, 27–28 , unsolved negligent homicide, 63 Black Dahlia murder, 372 neo-Nazis, 150 Jack the Ripper killings, 373 Neta, 130 JonBenet Ramsey, 365–366 neutralization theory, 199–200 Robert Blake’s wife, 368 new psychoactive substances (NPS), 138 Sam Sheppard case, 366–367 New York City Transit Police, 236 Tom Wales, 369–370 New York Penal Law Section 155.05 — Larceny, 30 Tupac Shakur and Notorious B.I.G., 374–375 Nigerian scam, 82–83 Zodiac killer, 367–368 9-1-1 calls, 16–17, 227, 254 music, 77 9/11 Commission, 158 Nixon, Richard, 222 no contact order, 11, 54 N non-intentional killing, 62–63 narcissistic personality disorder, 76, 210 nonprofit organizations, 53 Narcos (television series), 134, 247 non-sworn personnel, 358 narcotics Nortenos, 112 cartels, 74–75, 133–134 not guilty verdict, 311 as cause of violent crime, 74–75 Notorious B.I.G., 374–375 cocaine, 133–134 distribution, 139–141 fentanyl, 137–138 O growing plants for, 133–136 Occupational Safety and Health Administration heroin, 134–135 (OSHA), 98 marijuana, 135–136 offenders methamphetamine, 136–137 first-time, 8 mixing chemicals for, 136–139 meeting the needs of, 183 new psychoactive substances, 137–138 repeat, 91 organized crimes in, 112–113 offense rate, 168 overview, 131–132 offenses runners, 141 low-level, 18 transfer zone, 134 serious, 18 wiretaps on, 122–123 Office for Victims of Crime, 46 National Association for Shoplifting Prevention Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP), 252 (NASP), 80 Ohlin, Lloyd, 197–198 National Court Reporters Association, 363 omnibus hearing, 285, 299 National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), 9, 37–38, 47, On Crimes and Punishments (Beccaria), 180 69, 79 1%ers, 128 National DNA Index System, 267 opening statements, 302–303 National Incident-Based Reporting System, 38 opinions, 23

388 Criminology For Dummies

34_9781119773191-bindex.indd 388 Trim size: 7.375 in × 9.25 in April 14, 2021 6:56 PM oral boards, 230 penalty phase, 332–333 organized crimes peremptory challenge, 302 committing fraud, 114–115 personal choices, as cause of violent crime, 77 common groups, 13 personality disorders, 15, 76, 209–212 conflict resolution, 108 person crimes, 11 defined, 11, 12, 107–108 petitions, 343, 346–347 ethnic-based, 111–112 phishing, 84 ethnic groups, 12 physical act, 26–27 extortion, 116–117 physical defects, 15 fighting, 16–17, 118–124 physical exhibits, 304 hierarchical structure, 108 physical injuries, 47 loan sharking, 116 pill mills, 146 Mafia, 108–110 pirated goods, 113–114 marketing counterfeit and pirated products, 113–114 plaintiffs, 303 money laundering, 117–118 plea agreement narrow view of, 110 overview, 296–297 selling narcotics, 112–113 probation conditions, 299 and street gangs, 125–126 strength of evidence, 297–298 threat of violence by, 117 time in custody, 298 orphanage, 348 victim compensation, 298 OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health plea offers, 55 Administration, 98 podcasts, 1 outlaw motorcycle gangs (OMGs), 127 police Outlaws (motorcycle gang), 127 categories, 16 outpatient treatment, 143 chief, 226–227 civilian oversight boards, 219–220 community officers, 228 P costs of, 9 Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E), 105 defunding, 169 Pagans (motorcycle gang), 127 detectives, 16, 229–230 paranoid personality disorder, 210 internal affairs, 219 paranoid schizophrenia, 76, 308 officers, 226, 353–356 parens patriae, 340 patrol officers, 16, 227–228 parents, 204–206 sergeants, 16, 229 parking enforcers, 232 sheriff, 226 parole, 18, 330 special assignments, 230–231 parolees, 329 policing Part 1 crimes, 9, 34–35 broken windows theory, 235–236 passive blood stains, 269 community, 220, 233–235 patriarchy, 217 intelligence-led, 237–239 patrol officers, 16, 227–228.See also police politics, 30–31 Patterson, James, 2 polygraph, 263–264 payers of last resort, 51 Ponzi schemes, 82 PDMP (Prescription Drug Monitoring Program), 146 pop culture, 173 peacemaking theory, 220 positivism, 203 pedophilia, 70

Index 389

34_9781119773191-bindex.indd 389 Trim size: 7.375 in × 9.25 in April 14, 2021 6:56 PM post-prison supervision, 330 versus parole, 330 post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 47 placing defendants on, 329–331 precipitation theory, 50 violations, 330–331 precursor chemicals, 136 probationer, 329 prefrontal cortex, 341 probation officers, 9, 329–330, 360–361 premeditation, 60 The Process is the Punishment: Handling Cases in a Lower preponderance of evidence, 104 Criminal Court (Feeley), 277 Prescription Drug Monitoring Program (PDMP), 146 productivity losses, 10, 43 Presley, Elvis, 173 professional criminals, 91–92 pretend weapons, 71 The Profiler (television series), 164 pretrial hearings profiling, 164, 170, 204 arraignment, 284 projected stains, 269 defendant’s confession, 300–301 property crimes determining legality of search, 299 arson, 88–89 omnibus hearing, 285 auto theft, 85–86 release hearing, 284–285 burglary, 86–87 settlement conference, 285 causes of, 89–92 suppressing evidence, 299–301 costs of, 43 price fixing, 99–100 defined, 79 primary deviance, 215 identity theft, 83–85 Prison Fellowship Ministries, 222 scams, 81–83 prison gangs, 129–130 shoplifting, 80–81 prison guards, 320 statistics, 79 prisons. See also punishments theft, 79–89 challenges in, 323–324 types, 11–12 contrabands, 323–324 vandalism, 89 costs of, 9, 328–329 prosecuting (crimes), 18 defined, 316–317 prosecutors federal, 321 additional duties, 279–280 inmate violence, 324–327 charging crimes, 276–278 overview, 18 costs of, 9 private prison companies, 322–323 defined, 18, 275 state, 318–321 helping with investigations, 278 treatment and education programs, 327–328 juvenile, 345 prison violence salary, 283 causes of, 325 weighing ethical responsibilities, 279 controlling, 326–327 protests, 1 getting creative with, 326 Provigil, 139 overview, 324–325 pseudoephedrine, 133, 136 security-threat groups, 325 psilocybin, 139 private prison companies, 322–323 psychological effects of abuse, 47 probable cause, 262, 276, 300 psychopaths, 76–77, 210–212 probation public defenders, 280–283 conditions, 299, 329 Public Enemy Number One (PEN1), 129 defined, 18 public humiliation, 188 for juveniles, 348–349 punishments

390 Criminology For Dummies

34_9781119773191-bindex.indd 390 Trim size: 7.375 in × 9.25 in April 14, 2021 6:56 PM death penalty, 331–337 rational choice theory determining, 18–19 and classical theory, 180 deterrence, 314–315 creating deterrents to crime, 184–189 incapacitation theory, 315 defined, 14 overview, 313–314 factoring in personality and skills, 183 probation, 329–331 limitations of, 189–191 rehabilitation theory, 315–316 meeting the offender’s needs, 183 retribution, 314 overview, 179 severity of, 185–186 preventing the rewards of crime, 188–189 speed of, 186 risk and reward analysis, 181–182 within state prisons, 320–321 Reagan, Ronald, 46 theories of, 314–316 rebellion, 23 throughout U.S. history, 188 recession, 173–174 for violent crimes, 12 recidivism, 91, 207, 323, 342 for white-collar crimes, 105 reckless acts, 27–28 pyramid schemes, 82 Regional Information Sharing System (RISS), 238 rehabilitation theory, 315–316 release agreements, 317–318 Q release hearings, 10, 54, 284–285 Quaalude, 139 release officers, 317 quality of life, 43 religion, 172 quartering, 188 repeat offenders, 91 Queen, William, 123 reserve officers, 232–233 questioned documents, 268 responsible, 19 Quinney, Richard, 220 restitution described, 55 right to receive, 11 R restorative justice, 221–222 race of potential victims and criminals, 49, 168 restraining order, 280 racial profiling, 164, 170 retreat rule, 306 racism, protests on, 1 retribution, 314 Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) laws, 110 revenuers, 244 racketeering, 100, 110 RICO (Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations) laws, 110 Ramsey, John, 365 ride-along, 229 Ramsey, JonBenet, 365–366 right(s) Ramsey, Mike, 105 to an attorney, 8 Ramsey, Patsy, 365 constitutional, 7–8 rape to a jury, 8 crime rates, 73 to remain silent, 8 date, 68 of victims, 10–11, 54–56 as individual crime, 12 right-wing groups mental stressors to victims, 47 anti-abortionists, 151 physical and emotional effects, 69 anti-government and militia types, 150–151 and sodomy, 68–69 categories, 149 statistics, 38 neo-Nazis, 150 statutory, 68 white supremacists, 150

Index 391

34_9781119773191-bindex.indd 391 Trim size: 7.375 in × 9.25 in April 14, 2021 6:56 PM , 12, 71–72, 73 as individual crime, 12 Roe v. Wade, 29 rape, 68–69 Roosevelt, Theodore, 242 sodomy, 68–69 routine activities theory, 50 Shakur, Tupac, 374–375 rubber hose treatment, 256 Shapiro, Robert, 282 Rudolph, Eric, 151 sharia law, 29, 154 Rule, Ann, 2 Sharp Corp., 100 runners, 141 Shaw, Clifford, 194 Russian organized crime, 111 shell casings, 262 shelters, 345, 348 Sheppard, Sam, 366–367 S sheriff, 226.See also police SAMSHA (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services shopaholics, 95 Administration), 190 shoplifting, 12, 26, 80–81, 92 scams, 81–83 shylocks, 116 schedules of drugs, 132–133 Silence of the Lambs (film), 247 schizophrenia, 209 Simpson, O.J., 25, 282 Schizophrenia For Dummies (Levine/Levine), 209 Skilling, Jeffrey, 105 searches, legality of, 300 sleeping aids, 139 search warrants, 262, 283–284, 300 Smith, Douglas, 167 Second Amendment, 31, 176 smuggling, 13 secondary deviance, 215 social bond theory, 201–201 second-degree murder, 60–61 social control theories Secret Service, 17, 248 containment theory, 200–201 Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), 97, 104 defined, 15 securities fraud, 96–97 social bond theory, 201–201 security-threat groups, 129, 325 social disorganization theory, 14–15, sedition, 23 171, 194 self-defense, 306–307 social justice, 218 self-image, changing, 214–215 social learning theories self-reporting, 167 differential association theory, 198–199 sentence neutralization theory, 199–200 commutation, 334 overview, 15 mandatory, 288, 298 societal conditions, impact on crime, sentencing 173–176 determinate, 288 societal influences, as cause of violent crime, 77 hearings, 285 societal role in crime indeterminate, 287–288 social control theories, 200–202 victim impact statement, 55 social disorganization theory, 190 sequestration of jury, 309 social learning theories, 198–200 sergeants, 16, 229 strain theory, 194–198 settlement conference, 285 sodomy, 12, 68–69 sex offenders, 29 Sonata, 139 sexual crimes sovereign citizen organizations, 150 child molestation, 69–70 special agent in charge (SAC), 242 crime rates, 73 special agents, 17, 242, 243–244

392 Criminology For Dummies

34_9781119773191-bindex.indd 392 Trim size: 7.375 in × 9.25 in April 14, 2021 6:56 PM Spice, 138 preventing, 145–146 spoofing, 84 treatment of, 90–91, 142–145 spousal assault, 65–66 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services squeegee extortioners, 236 Administration (SAMSHA), 190 state court system, 294–295 substations, 234 state prisons. See also prisons suicide, assisting, 63 additional punishments, 320–321 summation, 308 general services in, 319–320 superintendent, 226 maximum-security, 320 suppression hearings, 299–301 minimum-security, 320 Supreme Court (U.S.), 289, 295 statistics, 318 Surenos, 112, 126 types of, 319 surveillance cameras, 82 status offenses, 345 suspects, interrogating, 255–256 statutory rape, 68 synthetic cannabinoids, 138 Stewart, Martha, 96–97, 105 Syria, 154 stimulants, 139 stocks and pillories, 188 Stone Cold Chemicals, Inc., 100 T tagging, 126 Stouthamer-Loeber, Magda, 212 tarring and feathering, 188 strain theory task forces, 17, 119, 232 anomie theory, 195 tax credits, 98 defined, 194–195 tax evasion, 95–96 general strain theory, 195–196 tax revenues, loss of, 10, 43 institutional anomie theory, 196 television programs, 77 overview, 15 territory (gang), 126 subculture theories, 197–198 terrorism street gangs Al Qaeda, 152–154 connection with organized crime, 125–126 defined, 147 female members, 127 fighting, 156–159 list of, 125 and hate crimes, 155 overview, 124–125 Islamic State, 154–155 territories, 126 left-wing threats, 151–152 threat of violence by, 117 lone wolf terrorists, 149 violence, 126 motivation for, 156–157 street smarts, 252 operational capability, 156–158 strict liability, 28 overview, 13, 147–148 subculture theories recruitment, 156 differential opportunity theory, 197–198 religious threats, 152–155 lower-class reaction theory, 197 right-wing threats, 149–151 overview, 197–198 terrorist organizations, 148 substance abuse types, 148–149 as cause of irrational behavior, 190 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 135–136 as cause of property crime, 74–75, 89–90 , 129 as cause of violent crimes, 74–75

Index 393

34_9781119773191-bindex.indd 393 Trim size: 7.375 in × 9.25 in April 14, 2021 6:56 PM theft search warrants, 283–284 auto theft, 85–86 sentencing, 287–288 burglary, 86–87 trial process defined, 30, 79 closing arguments, 308–309 identity theft, 83–85 cross-examining witnesses, 305 as individual crime, 12 direct examinations, 304 scams, 81–83 judge or jury, 301–302 shoplifting, 80–81 jury selection, 302 of trade secrets, 113–114 opening statements, 302–303 theories on crime physical exhibits, 304 rational choice theory, 14 proving state’s case, 303 social control theories, 15 putting on defense, 305–308 social disorganization theory, 14–15 reaching verdicts, 309–311 social learning theory, 15 trials Tiny Locos (gang), 125–126 federal court system, 295–296 Tittle, Charles, 167 municipal courts, 293–294 To Live and Die in LA (film), 247 overview, 293 tongs, 111 plea agreement, 296–299 tools and techniques presiding over, 285 accident reconstruction, 230, 271 pretrial hearings, 299–301 analyzing electronic evidence, 263 process of, 301–311 blood patterns, 261, 269, 358 state court system, 294–295 cell phones, analysis of, 263 (gang), 125 cell tower evidence, 270 truancy, 345 computers, analysis of, 263 Twinkie insanity defense, 208 crime scence investigations, 259–262 twins, 206 DNA testing, 265–267 handwriting analysis, 268 search warrants, 262 U toxicology, 357 Under and Alone (Queen), 123 trace evidence, 357 undercover, 123, 230 trade secrets, theft of, 113–114 under oath, 302 Traffic (film), 247 Unfair Trade Practice Act, 99 training coordination, 231 Uniform Crime Report (UCR), 9, 34–35, 166–167 transfer zone, 134 United Health Group, Inc., 97 TransUnion, 84 gang, 12 traps, 139 Court Reporters Association, 363 treatment, 222 unsolved crimes triad, 111 Black Dahlia murder, 372 trial court judge, 294 D.B Cooper hijacking, 371–372 trial judges Jack the Ripper killings, 373 overview, 283 Jimmy Hoffa disappearance, 373–374 presiding over trials, 285–287 JonBenet Ramsey murder, 365–366 pretrial hearings, 284–285 murder of Robert Blake’s wife, 369

394 Criminology For Dummies

34_9781119773191-bindex.indd 394 Trim size: 7.375 in × 9.25 in April 14, 2021 6:56 PM murders of Tupac Shakur and Notorius B.I.G., 374–375 income, 49 Sam Sheppard case, 366–367 overview, 45 Toms Wales murder, 369–370 physical scars, 47 Zodiac killer, 367–369 quality of life, 43 Untouchables, 244 race of, 49 U.S. Border Patrol, 246, 250 rights of, 10–11, 54–56 U.S. Capitol Police, 250 services for, 50–53 U.S. Census Bureau, 37 theories of victimization, 49–50 U.S. Chamber of Commerce, 94 Victims of Crime Act (VOCA), 46 U.S. Congress, 38 video cameras, 170–171 U.S. Court of Appeals, 296 video games, 77, 173 U.S. Department of Homeland Security, 246 Villemez, Wayne, 167 U.S. Department of Justice, 37, 46, 100 violation, 25 U.S. Federal Protective Service, 248 violence U.S. Forest Service, 249–250 causes of, 73–77 U.S. Marshals Service, 17, 248–249 domestic, 65–66 U.S. Park Service, 250 gang, 126–127 U.S. Postal Inspection Service, 250 inmate, 324–327 violent crimes assault and battery, 64–67 V child abuse, 67 vacuum metal deposition, 265 costs of, 43 Valium, 139 crime rates, 73 values gap, 191 economic impact of, 43 vandalism, 43, 89 homicide, 60–63 vaping, 136 kidnapping, 72 vehicular assault, 64 murder, 60–62 verdicts, 309–311 rape, 68–69 Vice Lord Nation (gang), 125 rate, 36 victim advocates, 48, 52–53 robbery, 71–72 victim impact statement, 55 seriousness of, 59–60 victimization surveys, 37–38 sodomy, 68–69 victims spousal assault, 65–66 age, 48–49 statistics, 8, 47 characteristics of potential, 48–49 types, 12 compensation, 51–52, 298 vehicular assault, 64 costs of crime to, 42–44 voluntary acts, 26 economic losses, 10, 49 Von Kannon, Alice, 109 emotional effects on, 47–48 financial help, 10 gender, 49 W help from nonprofit organizations, 53 Wales, Tom, 369–370 historical treatment of, 46 Wallace, Christopher Geoge Latore, 374–375 impact of crime on, 46–48 Watergate scandal, 222

Index 395

34_9781119773191-bindex.indd 395 Trim size: 7.375 in × 9.25 in April 14, 2021 6:56 PM whipping, 188 witnesses White, Dan, 208 alibi, 307 white-collar crimes cross-examining, 305 cheating business/service clients, 98–99 interviewing, 254–255 defined, 93, 94 embezzlement, 94–95 environmental crime, 97–98 X false advertising, 99–100 Xanax, 139 and politics, 100 X-Files (television series), 247 price fixing, 99–100 prosecuting and punishing, 103–106 reasons for committing, 101 Y youth correctional facilities, 345, 348 securities fraud, 96–97 youth gangs, 124–125 tax evasion, 95–96 types of, 94–101 White-Slave Traffic Act, 242 Z white supremacists, 13, 150 Zero Dark Thirty (film), 153 The Wild, Wild West (film), 248 zero tolerance, 236 Wilson, James Q., 236 zip code, 174–175 wiretaps, 120–121, 262 Zodiac killer, 367–369

396 Criminology For Dummies

34_9781119773191-bindex.indd 396 Trim size: 7.375 in × 9.25 in April 14, 2021 6:56 PM