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Appomattox Court House National Historical Park 7/ APPOMATTOX COURT HOUSE NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK HISTORIC RESOURCES STUDY Prepared for The National Park Service Prepared by Robinson Associates Inc In association with arclìitrave p.c architects project 2002.12 August 28 2002 Errata National Historical Park the page line 21 Appomattox Court House was initially placed on Register by congressional action following the 1966 National Historic Preservation Act that provided for the placement on the register of NPS cultural parks It was individually listed in 1989 page line Grant headquartered in tent rather than building but the site had been forgotten by 1892 Horace Porter Campaigning with Grant New York Century Company 1897486 page 10 line Throughout the text Southside Railroad should be South Side Railroad page 12 line Lee was urged to disperse the army by E.P Alexander not member of his staff E.P Alexander Military Memoirs of Confederate New York Charles Scribners Sons 1907 604- 605 page 13 line 28 This was the last meeting between Lee and Grant during the war They met for th last time in their lives on May 1869 at the White House Douglas Southall Freeman Robert Lee Biography vol New York Charles Scribner Sons 1935 520-521 page 13 line 30 Printing operations to accomplish this were set up at Clover Hill Tavern William Nine and Ronald Wilson The Appomattox Paroles April 9-15 1865 Lynchburg Va H.E Howard Inc 1989 page 16 line 11 Members of the Ladies Memorial Association helped form the Appomattox Chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy in 1895 Appomattox Chapter 11 United Daughters of the Confederacy History One Hundred Years of Caring privately published 1995 foreword page 18 line 22 Grant headquartered in tent rather than building but the site had been forgotten by 1892 Horace Porter Campaigning with Grant New York Century Company 1897 486 page 21 line The North Carolina monument marks the forwardmost push of the Army of Northern Virginia at Appomattox Court House The last volley is marked by stone along the stage road between the cemetery and the village page 23 50 The Appomattox Wayside is partially within park boundaries page 34 line The village Appamatuck stood at the confluence of the rivers subsequently named the Appomattox and the James Thomas Terry Appomattox County Pictorial History Norfolk Va Donning Company 1984 11 page 50 line Dr Jack Matthews house near the Moon house is not owned by the park page 50 line 14 The highway is outside the park boundary TABLE OF CONTENTS PURPOSE AND METHODOLOGY II SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANCE III HISTORIC CONTEXT STATEMENT The Battle of Appomattox Court House and Lees Surrender The Road to Appomattox The Battle for the Court House 11 The Surrender 12 The Commemoration of the Civil Wars End 15 Public and Private Commemoration 1865-1870 15 The War Department Tablets 16 The North Carolina Monument 20 Creation of National Monument 22 Reconstruction of the McLean House 26 Restoration and Reconstruction of the Village of Appomattox Courthouse 29 The Vernacular Landscape of Appomattox Court House and Its Vicinity 33 Pre-County Development in the Appomattox Court House Area 33 Creation of Appomattox County and the Village of Appomattox Court House 35 Development of the Village 37 Agricultural Landscape 40 Reconstruction 46 The Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries 48 The Village of Appomattox Court House Today 49 The Civilian Conservation Corps at Appomattox Court House 51 The Concept of the CCC 51 Establishing the Camp 52 The Work of the CCC at Appomattox Court House 54 IV RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS 58 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 61 APPENDIX Description of the Burruss Timber and Conservation Fund Tracts and Their Resources 73 APPENDIX Description of Resources not Included in the 1989 National Register Documentation 80 APPENDIX List of Contributing and Noncontributing Resources 90 PHOTOGRAPHS AND MAPS 99 Appomattox Court House Historic Resources Study Final Robinson Associates Inc August 28 2002 Page PURPOSE AND METHODOLOGY Introduction General Robert Lee surrendered the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia to Lieutenant General Ulysses Grant General-in-Chief of the Armies of the United States on April 1865 in the village of Appomattox Court House Appomattox County Virginia The surrender signaled the defeat of the Confederate States of America in the Civil War and the end to four years of fighting Appomattox Court House National Historical Park commemorates the fighting that brought about the end of the Civil War and the beginning of the reunification of the United States of America In addition the park constitutes rehabilitated nineteenth-century vernacular landscape that exemplifies the scale materials organization buildings structures and natural features of rural Piedmont Virginia courthouse town of its time National efforts to commemorate the events that took place at Appomattox began in the 890s but were not realized until 1935 when the area was designated as the Appomattox Court House National Historical Monument Over the course of 30 years the National Park Service restored and reconstructed approximately half of the buildings and structures that stood in the village at the time of the Civil War Appomattox Court House National Historical Park therefore also illustrates concepts of preservation and commemoration current in the middle of the twentieth century Today 16 restored buildings stand in the park along with 13 reconstructed ones and the stabilized Sweeney Prizery Several other structures awalt conservation efforts and numerous sites of no longer extant structures have been identified In addition roadways fence lines vegetation and farm lands have been reconstructed in order to convey an understanding of the spatial organization of the antebellum village The railroads bypassed Appomattox Court House with the result that modem development has had only minor affects on its historical resources Appomattox Court House National Historical Park was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1989 for its association with important events in the history of the United States and for its place in the Americans lives of significant such as Grant and Lee In addition its range of public and domestic buildings and farm structures made the village significant as the embodiment of distinctive characteristics and methods of construction of building types found in rural courthouse town in mid nineteenth-century Virginia Purpose and Methodolov The 1989 National Register documentation addressed in general way the villages significance as vernacular landscape and the importance of the commemoration of the village including the work of the Civilian Conservation Corps It concentrated however on establishing the historical context of the military significance of the village Obviously the 1989 documention could not address cultural resources that became part of the park when the Burruss Timber tract and the Conservation Fund tract were added to park holdings in 1992 and 1993 respectively The National Park Service contracted with Robinson Associates Inc to analyze aspects of the park the newly acquired lands the historical context of the village itself commemoration of the events that have taken place there and the work of the Appomattox Court House Historic Resources Study Final Robinson Associates Inc August 28 2002 Page Civilian Conservation Corps not previously elaborated on The study has been organized to allow parts of it to be incorporated into an updated National Register document The is therefore made of five distinct three and resulting study up parts appendices photographs maps In order to provide text that can be inserted in updated National Register documentation analysis of the military importance of the newly acquired lands the commemoration of the village the importance of the vernacular landscape and the work of the CCC has been merged with text taken from Section of the 1989 documentation This merged text constitutes parts II and ifi Summary of Significance and Historic Context Statement The context statement contains four subsections The Battle of Appomattox Court House and Lees Surrender The Commemoration of the Civil Wars End The Vernacular Landscape of Appomattox Court House and Its Vicinity The Civilian Conservation Corps at Appomattox Court House The order of the sections was chosen to match the significance summary contained in the current National Register documentation The first three sections amplify the three areas of significance identified in that document military conservation and architecture and address them in the same order The fourth section on the Civilian Conservation Corps addresses fourth primary area of significance politics/government not covered in the current National Register documentation Since the focused of study on particular aspects park history that had not been previously addressed the National Park Service requested section recommending avenues for further research that fell outside the scope of the study Research Recommendations constitutes Part IV of this document An annotated bibliography was also requested and constitutes Part Some aspects of the study did not fit comfortably into the narrative context statement and therefore have been added as appendices Three appendices have been included in this study Appendix Description of the Burruss Timber and Conservation Fund Tracts and Their Resources Appendix Description of Resources not Included in the 1989 National Register Documentation Appendix List of Contributing and Noncontributing Resources Appendices and have been
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