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University of California Riverside UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Competing Models for the Timing of Cryogenian Glaciation: Evidence From the Kingston Peak Formation, Southeastern California A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In Geological Sciences By David Douglas Mrofka August 2010 Dissertation Committee: Dr.Martin J. Kennedy, Chairperson Dr. Mary M. Droser Dr.Richard A. Minnich Copyright by David Douglas Mrofka 2010 The Dissertation of David Douglas Mrofka is approved: Committee Chairperson ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I thank my advisor, Martin J. Kennedy, for his patience, commitment to communicating the importance of scientific thinking, consistent honest criticism and unwavering interest in my many academic endeavors. He never failed to provide me with the funding and analytical facilities needed to better investigate a wide range of geological questions. More importantly, he inspired me to better understand Earth history in general and during the Neoproterozoic specifically. I deeply appreciate his friendship and obvious commitment to my development. I am deeply thankful to Mary L. Droser for her consistent support, encouragement and friendship. I was honored to learn about Australia and the Ediacaran Fauna under her guidance at the beginning of my graduate work. She has been an unwavering supporter and source of practical advice for understanding both ―real‖ and academic life. Very importantly, I owe her a great debt of gratitude for helping me to see the wisdom in making the single best personal decision of my life. I will be buying her venti lattes for many years to come…gladly. Finally, I am thankful to Richard A. Minnich for helping me to understand the relevance of atmospheric science to the study of deep time climate change. I greatly appreciate his willingness to share in the responsibilities of being on my committee and bettering my dissertation. I look forward to many helpful conversations in the future as I continue to better understand climate change science. My time in this department would be a shadow of what it is without the friendship and camaraderie of the ―Noonday Boys.‖ Thanks to Damon DeYoung, Karl Thompson and Thomas Bristow for consistently lightening the load and for their faithful friendship. Special thanks to Thomas for his continued friendship and advice. A special note of thanks to Bill Phelps, whom I iv will always think of as a good friend and terrific field mate. Thank you to many other people from UC Riverside that have helped me both in the field and for valuable friendship, including Noriko Noshino, Ganqing Jiang, Keith Morrison, Camille Partin, Erwan LeGuerroue, Kristin Keenan and Aaron Sappenfield. No Death Valley geology project can miss the valuable scrutiny of Bennie Troxel and Lauren Wright. They provided me with many ideas, field locations and suggestions for what I might be missing. Thanks to Bennie for remembering more than I ever know about the Kingston Peak Formation; thanks to Lauren for encouragement, a place to stay on cold nights and for picking me up in the middle of the night on Highway 127 when I had to walk out of the southern Valjean Hills. Research was funded by the National Science Foundation (grant EAR 0345207), NASA Exobiology (grant NWG04GjJ42G), a Geological Society of America Student Research Grant, the American Association for Petroleum Geologists Grant-in-Aid program and several quarters of the Department of Earth Sciences Blanchard Fellowship. Last, I thank the person finally responsible for giving me the strength and desire to see this through, my wife, Ellen Mrofka Fauver. She spent many hours at home and here in the department editing my dissertation and suggesting many helpful alternatives to prolific run-on sentences. Though nearly undone by the wonderful quality of life change I experienced when my life intersected with hers and that of her (our) beautiful boys, I could not have completed this without her. She has been unwavering in her support of my dreams. I hope I can do the same for her. v ABSTRACT Competing Models for the Timing of Cryogenian Glaciation: Evidence from the Kingston Peak Formation, Southeastern California by David Douglas Mrofka Doctor of Philosophy, Graduate Program in Geological Sciences University of California, Riverside, August 2010 Dr. Martin J.Kennedy, Chairperson The Neoproterozoic (~750-635 Ma) Kingston Peak Formation, southeastern California, is a coarse-grained siliciclastic interval, with laterally extensive carbonate marker horizons, deposited in extensional basins between two regionally extensive carbonate intervals. Thirty sections measured and two geologic maps produced show a wedge-shaped geometry unique to extensional settings and clarify the conformable relationship between the coarse-grained deposits and the overlying Noonday Dolomite. Carbonate intervals were sampled extensively to determine the value of chemostratigraphic correlation in this interval. A newly mapped regional unconformity near the base of the formation serves to separate the overlying tectonic sequence of the Kingston Peak Formation from the underlying deposits related to the platformal Beck Spring Dolomite. A glacigenic influence is inferred based on the presence of striated clasts in one of several basins, facilitating global correlation with similar coarse-grained deposits thought to record the Earth‘s most severe ice age. The Kingston Peak Formation provides a rare example of ancient glacial successions in which the relationship between the sedimentary packaging in vertical and lateral dimensions is vi apparent in outcrop. This allows the influence on stratigraphic development by the series of tectonic and climate events to be reconstructed without relying on regional or global correlation. These relations show the progressive development of extensional basins from northwest to southeast in the Death Valley region. The exceptional exposure in this region reveals bounding synsedimentary faults allowing tectonic and climate influence on coarse-grained facies to be resolved as well as the lateral persistence and stacking of course grained units. Through-going carbonate marker beds recording regional sea level rise provide timelines allowing the reconstruction and relative timing of climate and rifting events. These relations identify that the Kingston Peak Formation records a complicated regional history in which the record of rifting and climate are intimately related through fault subsidence and the creation of accommodation space. The availability of accommodation space from tectonism biases the sedimentary record of climate change. Glacial deposits are not necessarily uniquely timed with glacial conditions, but with preservational conditions. This interplay between tectonism and related coarse-grained deposits obscures both the timing and extent of similar coarse-grained deposits related to glaciation. vii Table of Contents Section Page Chapter 1 THE NEOPROTEROZOIC EARTH-PROCESS DILEMMA: UNDERSTANDING THE TIMING OF GLOBAL GLACIATION AND THE INFLUENCE OF TECTONISM ON PRESERVATION OF THE CLIMATE RECORD .................................... 1 References ........................................................................................................................ 14 Chapter 2 THE KINGSTON PEAK FORMATION OF SOUTHEASTERN CALIFORNIA: SEDIMENTOLOGY & STRATIGRAPHY FROM ITS TYPE AREA Chapter Summary ................................................................................................................... 22 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 22 Geologic Setting of the KPF (Kingston Peak Formation) ....................................................... 29 Proposed Formalization of member names for the eastern KPF .................................... 33 Saratoga Hills Sandstone (formally kp1) ................................................................. 33 Virgin Spring Limestone .......................................................................................... 34 Silurian Hills Limestone ........................................................................................... 35 Alexander Hills Diamictite (formerly kp2) ................................................................ 36 Silver Rule Mine Member (formerly kp3) ................................................................. 37 Jupiter Mine Member (formerly kp4) ....................................................................... 38 Gunsight Diamictite ................................................................................................. 42 Structural Framework ...................................................................................................... 42 Paleolatitude ................................................................................................................... 44 Geochronological Constraints ......................................................................................... 44 Other Characteristics ...................................................................................................... 46 Stratigraphic and Sedimentary Summaries of the Two KPF Outcrop Regions ....................... 46 KPF east of Death Valley Proper: Black Mountains thru Mesquite Mountains ................ 48 Compositional and Lithological Similarities within the Silurian Hills and the Southern Salt Spring Mountains ..............................................................................
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