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Interpreting the English Village: The first analysis chapter spans the Landscape and Community at Mesolithic period to just before Roman Shapwick, Somerset occupation with an interpretive focus on MICK ASTON AND CHRIS GERRARD the importance of waterlogged or other wet Windgather Press, Oxford, UK, locations to the Shapwick people, both as 2013. 456 pp., 257 figs., bibliog., resource exploitation and transportation, and index. $49.95 cloth. potentially for their ritual significance. The density of archaeological remains intensifies Mick Aston and Chris Gerrard’s Interpret- during the Roman period, including as many ing the English Village is an ambitious analysis as four potential villa or farmstead sites. After of over 10,000 years of human existence in the the departure of the Romans, Shapwick became Shapwick parish in southwestern England. Their a part of a large multiple estate that comprised objective was to identify the political, social, dispersed farming settlements. This pattern of and environmental circumstances that led to the occupation began to shift dramatically as the shift from more dispersed settlements to nucle- nearby Glastonbury Abbey gained control over ated villages in England. To do so, the authors Shapwick from the early 8th century. Aston embarked on a large-scale multidisciplinary and Gerrard posit that ecclesiastical control project to chart the changes in settlement pat- over Shapwick played a significant role in the terns and political control in this one particular change from the dispersed farming hamlets to parish from the Mesolithic to the 20th century. the centralized village. The direct control over Aston and Gerrard rely on numerous the area by the monastery was demonstrated by techniques to illuminate the past occupations. the construction of the abbot’s and almoner’s These include survey, excavation, architecture, manors in Shapwick. The abbey’s administration remote sensing, ethnobotanical analysis, historical of Shapwick continued until the dissolution of documents, and linguistics. As they detail these the monastery and control was passed into the methodologies and their role within the overall hands of secular individuals. The strips of the project in chapter 2, the reader can appreciate open-field agricultural pattern outside of the the scope of the numerous individuals involved nucleated village remained relatively unchanged with the project; photographs of students, until enclosure began in the early 1500s. The researchers, and volunteers are included on authors trace the history of these fields with a nearly every page. This highlights the fact linguistic examination of the field names over that, in addition to its impressive temporal time, commenting on the persistence of place span, the Shapwick project was also a massive names, even as spellings and pronunciations public archaeology undertaking. This public change, and their potential importance in involvement included regular survey and/or retaining identity and events for the community. excavation days as well as outreach to local The owners of the two manor houses changed school children. It is clear that the building of hands several times in the postmedieval period, this successful archaeological community was a and increased enclosure would have significantly key aspect in the project’s success. impacted the daily agricultural practices of the

Historical Archaeology, 2013, 47(4):168–169. Permission to reprint required. 169 local laboring population. In the 19th and 20th illustrations in this monograph. Very few of centuries, agricultural land ownership was once the pages are without some accompanying again centralized with a single owner, and the image. Another high point is the depth of village lost many of its community institutions detail of the analysis; it is easy to see how such as the post office. The concluding many of the individual chapters could read- chapter synthesizes the data, reincorporating ily become books unto themselves. Areas of and critiquing the available models for village potential future research can be seen in the development and evaluating their relevance to analysis, for which Aston and Gerrard’s work Shapwick’s circumstances. would form a solid foundation. Each of the analysis chapters begins with a Those not familiar with medieval terms of fictitious vignette that provides a sense of place land allotments or classes of laborers may wish and moment for the subsequent analysis. In to keep a dictionary on hand for those chapters; the earlier chapters these short scenes also add many terms crucial to an understanding of the a much-needed sense of individuals occupying agricultural layout and economic status of vil- the landscape. The authors point out on several lage inhabitants are undefined or insufficiently occasions that the imbalance in the amount of defined. The intended audience is clearly one data and detail of site interpretation among the with a general knowledge of British history and periods, particularly the earlier ones, was due archaeology, which may alienate some readers to the ephemeral nature of the sites. Artistic unfamiliar with the subject. reconstructions of daily life in each period In focusing on one parish, Aston and Ger- also imbue the text with a sense of individual rard engage their main research question with people. In addition to identifying circumstances detail and depth that would have been impos- of village development and landscape analysis, sible had their scope been geographically larger. another main objective stated by the authors They not only address the principal hypotheses is to describe the daily lives of the community for village development, but also highlight that members in each period. They are successful in while Shapwick has many qualities similar to this objective in the later chapters, particularly other villages, it also exhibits a unique set of in the postmedieval period, but this is not as traits due to its socioeconomic and environ- well defined in the earlier eras of occupation. mental settings. The small geographic scope Excavation of the individual tofts would have also allows Aston and Gerrard to explore the remedied this unevenness for chapters 6 and nuances of landscape usage through time. The 7, but these excavations were not possible due writing style is engaging, with occasional humor, to the current location of homes within Shap- and despite the difficulty with the vocabulary, wick. Given the massive temporal scope of the accessible to a non-specialist. Interpreting the project, it would have been easy to lose this English Village is an informative and enjoyable component, however, and the inclusion of the contribution to landscape studies. vignettes and reconstructions are helpful addi- tions when sufficient data to reconstruct daily Jenn Ogborne activities was absent. Thomas Jefferson’s Poplar Forest PO Box 419 The artistic reconstructions and full color Forest, VA 24551 maps are only two facets of the wealth of 170 HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY 47(4)

The Archaeology of Citizenship centuries that deemed certain racial and ethnic STACEY LYNN CAMP groups undesirable. Of critical importance both University Press of Florida, to Camp’s argument and to historical archaeol- Gainesville, 2013. 194 pp., 19 figs., ogy research is that these groups are not pas- 3 maps, refs., index. $69.95 cloth. sive agents in the construction and definition of citizenship in the United States. Camp uses The Archaeology of Citizenship makes an Rosaldo’s concept of “cultural citizenship” to important contribution to the archaeologies of connect the consumption habits of marginal- social identities. In the most recent volume in ized groups with their attitudes toward citizen- the series The American Experience in Archaeo- ship and their attempts to define their own logical Perspective edited by Michael Nassaney, “cultural citizenship,” a category that might Stacey Lynn Camp asks the question “who privilege religious, political, or racial loyalties is an American?” and explores the strategies over national affiliations. used by marginalized immigrant groups to Chapter 2, titled “Historical Archaeologies negotiate the complex status of citizenship in of Citizenship,” links consumption and citizen- the United States. Camp examines the inter- ship status by examining how the status of section of citizenship, or national identity, citizen is negotiated and reproduced within with more broadly researched social identities institutions designed to produce good citizens including gender, class, race, and ethnicity. By (schools, orphanages, and asylums), within demonstrating that these categories are used different social classes (middle class values to distinguish citizens from non-citizens, Camp and gender roles are presented as ideals), and connects this previous research to the nego- within groups designed to reform perceived tiation of citizenship for marginalized groups. flaws in the national culture (intentional and Through this process, she illustrates the utopian communities). Camp synthesizes an dynamic and varied definitions of citizenship impressive array of historical archaeology and reveals the material practices used both research focused on these diverse topics to to privilege the citizenship status of Anglo demonstrate that (1) citizen and non-citizen are American groups and to deny access to the full significant social identities that intersect with benefits of citizenship to marginalized groups. gender, class, and community identities and (2) In chapter 1, “Who is an American,” patterns of consumption can reveal individuals’ Camp examines the emergence of “the modern and groups’ ideas about citizenship. notion of citizenship as a legal, contractual In chapter 3, “Tourism and Citizenship,” relationship between an individual and the Camp explores the evolution of tourism in nation” (p. 21). An historical survey leads the United States to reveal how the practice Camp from early, inclusive policies, neces- reinforced and reproduced differences between sary for the new nation to fulfill its need for social and cultural groups. Camp’s research labor to drive economic advancement, to more focuses on the Mount Lowe Resort and Rail- exclusionary practices of the 19th and 20th way (MLRR) located in the Angeles National

Historical Archaeology, 2013, 47(4):170–172. Permission to reprint required. 171

Forest in Southern California. Owned and their houses in the fashion of the Anglo- operated by Pacific Electric Railway Cars American middle class. PERC developed (PERC) for much of its history, this popular the program to maintain its image as a tourist attraction opened for business in 1893 “good” corporate citizen and to silence the and highlighted the extraordinary feats of complaints about large settlements of railroad engineering that allowed tourists to access this workers lodged by neighboring communities. remote and difficult terrain. Early in the 20th In turn, the young female reformers sought century, narratives of conquering and control- to transform gendered notions of citizenship ling the wilderness gave way to messages of and gain access to public, labor-oriented work nostalgia for a pure and pristine landscape outside the domestic sphere. unscathed by industrialization and urbaniza- The Mount Lowe Archaeology Project tion. MLRR scrambled to downplay develop- explored “the goals, intentions, and scope of ment and refocus on the natural landscape, the Americanization movement and how the which included the housing for the workers company’s Mexican immigrant railway workers of Mexican heritage. The workers’ lives and coped and adjusted to the movement’s direc- homes became part of the landscape for tour- tives and initiatives” (p. 114). Camp contrasts ists to consume, reinforcing the notion that the company narrative about the Mexican racially and socially marginalized groups were occupants of the site with the archaeological closer to nature and not fit for full citizen- findings. While PERC portrayed these immi- ship status. This site was the locus of an grants as transient, illiterate, and unclean, the Americanization program in which workers of archaeological record and supplemental archi- Mexican heritage received instruction “about val records tell a different story. A collection ‘proper’ ways of ‘American’ living as defined of artifacts associated with language, reading, by middle- and upper-class Anglo American and writing provides evidence of literacy. women hired by [PERC] to work as reform- High proportions of matching sets of plates ers and teachers” (p. 80). The archaeological and glasses in the assemblage align with the assemblage from this site reveals important prescriptions of the Americanization program, insights into how the Mexican residents of but does this finding indicate that the Mexi- the household reacted to this program and can immigrants were convinced by the reform their own aspirations for citizenship. efforts or was the use of matching sets a In chapter 4, “Archaeology of Citizenship,” conscious attempt to counter the caricature of Camp describes three competing discourses the unclean Mexican immigrant? Or were the on citizenship: property owners’ views of plates and glasses supplied by the reformers Mexican workers in America, female reformers’ merely a convenience for the workers? Arti- understandings of their own citizenship in fact distributions reveal that the immigrants relation to their male counterparts, and did maintain clean living areas and divided Mexican immigrants’ beliefs about access space into activity areas as instructed by the to universal citizenship. As part of PERC’s reformers. Camp interprets these practices as a Americanization program, young, single, form of impression management employed by Anglo-American women volunteered to teach the workers to avoid the loss of their jobs or the workers to consume symbolic American deportation rather than evidence of shared ide- products, eat American-style foods, and keep ological beliefs between the residents and the 172 HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY 47(4) reformers. Camp does not explore the extent United States and the ways in which historical to which these immigrants maintained their archaeology can help shape future laws traditional housekeeping practices within this and immigration policies. Camp features new cultural landscape, particularly with regard examples of activist-oriented research that to maintaining a tidy outdoor space and defin- link archaeological data and denied access to ing specific activity areas. While perhaps out citizenship status. In turn, this research reveals of the scope of this manuscript, understanding how communities and individuals transform the extent to which the standards presented in notions of citizenship. For example, the the Americanization program differed from the archaeologies of Japanese internment camps immigrants’ traditional housekeeping practices provide an excellent source of evidence to might be instructive in identifying the more explore multilayered notions of citizenship. symbolic or negotiated aspects of the Ameri- Camp’s research highlights the power of canization program. historical archaeology to reveal “the diversity While the archaeological data reveal that of citizenship aspirations and desires over the the Mexican immigrants may have conformed course of American history, an individual’s to many of the guidelines established by the life span, or an ethnic group’s time in the Americanization programs, these data combined United States” (p. 141) and links this research with the oral histories and excavations at other to present-day public policy. Overall Camp section houses do not support the interpreta- outlines a convincing argument for the tion that the Mexican occupants believed that archaeology of citizenship in clear and concise these patterns of consumption would bring language that makes this research accessible to them closer to attaining citizenship or equal a wide audience. Additionally she has compiled footing with Anglo Americans. Instead, these a tremendous collection of research to support symbolic goods may have served as constant her claims, much of which is not typically reminders of the unattainability of citizenship associated with the study of citizenship and and fostered a communal identity based on national identity. Perhaps this book’s most both class status and ethnicity. Camp’s argu- powerful contribution will be to broaden ment supports two crucial points: (1) shared the definition of social identities to include consumption patterns do not result in shared citizenship as an important vector of identity ideologies and (2) citizenship, or national iden- that can be more routinely studied at historical tity, is an important aspect of identity that must archaeology sites across the United States. be interpreted with the intersection of other salient social identities, including gender, class, Susan Maguire race, and ethnicity. Department of Anthropology SUNY Buffalo State In her conclusion Camp brings us back CLAS B107, 1300 Elmwood Avenue to the present state of citizenship in the Buffalo, NY 14222 173

Digging Miami human habitation in South Florida during the ROBERT S. CARR Archaic period (6500–5000 B.C.). Carr elabo- University Press of Florida, rates on some of the Archaic period material Gainesville, 2012. 295 pp., 90 illus., culture that is available and discusses subsistence bibliog., index. $29.95 cloth. patterns and mortuary practices. Carr begins chapter 4 by suggesting that Robert S. Carr offers a detailed history of the Tequesta first arrived at the southern tip archaeological work as well as important sites in of Florida around 3000 B.C., marking the first South Florida in his book, Digging Miami. His continuous habitation of South Florida. Elabo- time as Miami-Dade County archaeologist from rating on this, Carr describes various material 1980 to 1995 allows him to provide a unique culture traditions including pottery, shell, tooth, insight into the history and prehistory of the coral, pumice and wood tools, and dwelling region. The book is organized chronologically, and mortuary patterns of the Tequesta in this with the first half covering the prehistory of time period. Chapter 5 covers the Tequesta South Florida and the second half on historical settlement system in South Florida, including archaeology. resource procurement, habitation, and mortuary Carr covers the history of research in practices. Carr explains that the region of South South Florida in the opening chapter, beginning Florida occupied by the Tequesta is not just the with a discussion of the nonscientific work of current area that is the city of Miami, but also some of the early explorers and antiquarians includes the Everglades and its system of rivers in the region and ending with various recent and creeks, Biscayne Bay, and barrier islands scientific archaeological researchers and the including Key Biscayne and Miami Beach. excavations they conducted in South Florida. Chapters 6–11 cover the historical period Chapter 2 covers the historical context of the in South Florida, for the most part in chrono- Cutler Fossil site at the John Deering estate logical order. Chapter 6 specifically is about the and explains what was revealed about South contact period, beginning with Pedro Menendez Florida’s prehistory through the fossil evidence de Aviles and the tenuous alliances he attempted and artifacts recovered there. Being that it is with the Calusa in South Florida. Carr uses the 11,000 years old, the site is considered one Grenada site as an example of a typical assem- of Miami’s earliest sites of human habitation, blage of Spanish artifacts and explains some of providing evidence of Paleo-Indians in South the findings from that site. In chapter 7 Carr Florida. The unique physical feature at the site, contrasts the previous Spanish period with the a solution hole, provides a view into the long- period of English rule of Florida from 1763 term history of the local area including clues to 1783. Carr explains that the English mostly to South Florida’s prehistoric climate and the had interests in North Florida, so evidence of megafauna that once roamed the area. their rule during this period is scarce in South In chapter 3 Carr explains varying perspec- Florida. Carr describes four sites associated tives on why there is a dearth of evidence of with English and Bahamian peoples, however,

Historical Archaeology, 2013, 47(4):173–174. Permission to reprint required. 174 HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY 47(4) including the Polly Lewis Home site, which Florida including the Wagners, Addisons, belonged to a Bahamian family. In this chapter, Frows, Browns, and Brickells. Carr also elaborates on the myths on piracy and In the final chapter, Carr goes into detail privateering in South Florida during this period. about the Miami Circle discovered in May Chapters 8 and 9 focus on the Seminole 1998 after a building along the Miami River Wars, with the bulk of chapter 8 providing was demolished. Carr discusses some of the most of the history of the Seminole Wars, controversy that surrounded the site as well Seminole settlement patterns, and artifacts. as the efforts that were made to preserve the Chapter 9 focuses on various military sites in unique Tequesta site. South Florida, including Seminole Wars sites, This book is useful as an introductory text forts, and the military road. After the United for upper-level undergraduate courses on Florida States purchased Florida from Spain in 1819, or South Florida archaeology. This book might Florida’s arrowroot industry, which came from also appeal to members of the public who may the native coontie plant, boomed. The focus be interested in South Florida history or the of chapter 10 is on several coontie mill sites archaeological history of the region. throughout South Florida. The focus then shifts to prominent pio- Diana Gonzalez-Tennant neer families in chapter 11. Carr provides Department of History and Anthropology Monmouth University examples of tropical homestead sites owned 400 Cedar Avenue by important early pioneer families in South West Long Branch, NJ 07764-1898 175

Food and Drink in Archaeology 3 the link between food and the dead; the DAVE COLLARD, JIM MORRIS, AND archaeology of drinking; culture change; and ELISA PEREGO (EDITORS) a general session sponsored by the Associa- University of Nottingham tion for Environmental Archaeology). These Postgraduate Conference 2009, themes, however, are not recognized in the Prospect Books, Devon, UK, 2012. published volume where the papers are simply 149 pp., 40 figs. $60.00 paper. organized into two sections of longer and shorter contributions and arranged alphabeti- The papers published in this volume cally by author. developed from a 2009 conference held at A few papers deserve specific mention. the University of Nottingham on food and Two chapters, Dave Collard’s and Jessica drink in archaeology. Twenty-four papers were Whalen’s, use an analysis of feasting and delivered during the conference proceedings, drinking rituals as a means to access the of which half, plus four short contributions individual mindset within the social norms. that are write-ups of conference posters, are Collard offers an alternative, or additional, published in this volume. A strength of this understanding of psychoactive drug use in volume is the multidisciplinary approach of Cypriote Bronze Age mortuary rituals. Beyond many of the papers, with authors bringing its inducement of social conviviality, Collard together archaeological (e.g., ceramic analysis, proposes that it was used as an individual zooarchaeology, paleopathology, archaeobotany, palliative, assisting in lessening the mourner’s etc.), ethnographic, literary, iconographic, art grief. In this, it plays an interesting dual role historical, and more methods to study mul- in both the “creation of social memory” and tiple ways in which food and animal resources the erasure of individual memory (memories are used within complex cultural systems. of the deceased) (pp. 30–31, emphasis mine). Most of the papers, however, are on some Whalen extends competitive feasting, which aspect of feasting contexts (and I include has typically been discussed within elite strat- ritual and festive drinking within the term egies and society-level politics, to the arena “feasting”), whether these events be associated of local, community-level, nonelite practices. with mortuary complexes and/or elite expres- Using archaeological data from Late Uruk sion. The plethora of papers on this subject Mesopotamia, she examines evidence for spe- suggests a very limited playing field for com- cial foods and locations that reflect feasting mensal resources and commensal sociopolitics. potential as a means to identify those indi- Alternatively, this focus is probably a product viduals within the community who have the of the (possibly nonrepresentative) sample of acquired means “to extract labour and capital the presentations included in the publication from others in return for participation or and of the conference organization, which other, less tangible, social rewards” (p. 120). proceeded around five main themes (identi- A study by Nitin Hadap and Shilpa Hadap fication of feasting and consumption events; that investigates evidence for large-scale

Historical Archaeology, 2013, 47(4):175–177. Permission to reprint required. 176 HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY 47(4) drinking in ancient Indian culture documents in its approach, using neither archaeological the potential of archaeological inquiry as an methods nor data, it is nevertheless fascinat- historical corrective when used in conjunction ing to read about changing attitudes toward with other data sources such as literature and medicinal lore, in particular how ideas could art. In citing the disparate picture provided be challenged, how they were distributed by the historical and iconographic data on through the community, and how they were the one hand, which displays wide-scale access accepted or not—in other words, how cultural to alcoholic beverages, and the archaeologi- knowledge was accrued, something that, from cal data on the other hand, where there is an archaeological perspective, can only be a lack of evidence, it might be beneficial for guessed. It seems, then, that Justo Hernán- the authors to consider alternative explana- dez’s conclusion that his study serves mainly tions than the possible perishable materials as a reminder of the significance of food of drinking vessels. For example, maybe the and drink in the past is relatively weak imagery reflects an ideological rather than (one wonders if the author was not quite real situation. The authors’ conclusions— sure how his paper “fit” within the general that drinking continued in upper classes and theme of a volume entitled Food and Drink in among Mediterranean traders—is not cur- Archaeology). While true that this study is not rently well supported but instead lends itself archaeological, as most of the chapters in the to areas for future research. volume are, it does demonstrate the “cultural Two papers use multiple archaeological significance of the production, distribution approaches to provide new perspectives on and consumption of foodstuffs,” one of the subsistence strategies in coastal communities major themes of the text as stated in the where previous studies have approached the front inside book flap. interpretation of shell middens with limited The conference highlighted the work of ideas. Catriona Pickard and Clive Bonsall on graduate students and junior scholars (post- Mesolithic Scotland is a more sophisticated graduates and early-career researchers), and the analysis in that it takes account of a number research presented here reflects that situation. of issues, such as sampling strategy as a poten- The strengths of this volume are its broad tially biasing factor. Their review of evidence international scope, both in terms of subjects from a number of different sites suggests that and authors, and wide chronological range, Mesolithic maritime hunter-gatherers exploited and, as stated above, the interdisciplinary a wide variety of food resources. Mercedes nature of much of the research. The major Okumura and Sabine Eggers emphasize the weaknesses of this volume are that many of importance of fish and fishing, and possibly the papers are exploratory in nature, highly also plant consumption (although the evidence speculative, and lacking in critical perspec- to support this is problematic) within the sub- tive, particularly in the uncritical use of eth- sistence strategies of shellmound groups from nographic analogy. Some of the papers read prehistoric southern Brazil. more like proposals than finished projects, One intriguing paper is an historical without enough data presented to support the exploration of 16th-century debates sur- argument and to lend credence to the authors’ rounding the medicinal properties of drink- conclusions. This is probably a reflection of ing cold liquids. While not archaeological the unfinished nature of graduate work, or 177 the limitations imposed on publishing data Laura B. Mazow before it appears as a final thesis. While these Department of Anthropology problems are understandable, they weaken the 225 Flanagan East Carolina University overall impact of this volume. Greenville, NC 27858 178 HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY 47(4)

Becoming White Clay: A History speech evolved from dialects into languages as and Archaeology of Jicarilla Apache they migrated south and expanded into regions Enclavement ranging from the southern Great Basin and B. SUNDAY EISELT southern Great Plains into what would become University of Utah Press, Salt Lake New Mexico, Texas, Arizona, and northern City, 2012. 320 pp., 23 b&w illus., 31 line drawings, index. $45.00 cloth, Mexico. They insisted on forming economic $56.00 e-book. and personal relationships with some Pueblo and European American communities while In Becoming White Clay, B. Sunday Eiselt raiding others, and on appearing unpredictably tackles the daunting task of tracking the capricious with regard to which were which at people who would become known as Jicarilla any time. Apache and examining the ways in which an The Jicarilla Apache are, as a sociocultural Apachean metaethnos, in the context of their group, not nearly as old as Apachean people in specific ethnogenesis in northern New Mexico, the American Southwest. Jicarilla (also xicarilla allowed them to create and maintain a cultural in historical Spanish) is a Spanish word mean- enclave surrounded by Pueblo and European ing “little cup,” “little bowl,” or “little basket.” American people. The name might refer to a large volcanic cone in northeastern New Mexico perhaps resem- By donning white clay, Jicarilla warriors made them- bling, to Spanish colonizers, an overturned selves invisible on the raid. White clay’s protective cup, bowl, or basket and associated with some and transformative powers ensured their success in stealing enemy horses while avoiding injury or death. group or groups of Apacheans living nearby. ... Becoming white clay, in the enclave sense, not Which group or groups remains unclear, but only represents the emergence of a persistent social formation known as the Jicarilla Tribe; it also speaks not for lack of trying. Eiselt uses the efforts to the protective qualities of ethnic enclavement, which of many archaeologists, historians, linguists, actively resist assimilation into other ethnic groups or lifestyles (p. 5). and ethnographers to trace Apachean people from their Na-Dene roots and Athapaskan Few native people in what became the ancestors in Alaska and Canada through their American Southwest and northern Mexico migration south into the North American challenged European American preferences Southwest, where they might have appeared for consistent identity, settled living, and by about A.D. 1450 (although compare Deni J. agrarian economics as much as the various Seymour’s Gateways for Athabaskan Migration Apachean groups who would become known as to the American Southwest, Plains Anthropolo- Apaches and Navajos. Apacheans were mobile gist 57:149–161, 2012). It was in the Southwest hunter-gatherers, some of whom also added that they were first encountered by European horticulture but would not settle down and Americans in the late A.D. 1500s and first become farmers, while some others also added identified using the name “Apache” (a name sheep and, later, cattle pastoralism. Their borrowed from other Indians, a practice of

Historical Archaeology, 2013, 47(4):178–181. Permission to reprint required. 179 which the Spanish colonizers were quite fond) gender, ideology, and symbolism—that were in the early A.D. 1600s. adapted by the Jicarilla in order to ensure As if tracing Apachean migration from social continuity and distinct identity through Canada to New Mexico were not hard enough, resisting assimilation while at the same time once they began to interact with European achieving strongly mutualistic economic and Americans—first with colonizers and settlers personal relationships with their Pueblo and and later with archaeologists and ethnogra- European American neighbors. phers—the interplay of European American bestowed names (associated with landscapes As a strategy of community formation, enclavement bound this confederacy [of Olleros and Llaneros] in and economics) with archaeological complexes familiar and complementary ways, allowing the Jicarilla and phases creates a seemingly impenetrable to adjust to the dynamics of European contact through an expansion of social networks and networked ter- maze of obfuscated identity. Eiselt admirably ritories. The Jicarilla were the only [Southwestern] undertakes the yeoman’s work of searching Athapaskan population to choose this option, which perpetuated their prehistoric and historic roles in the for clarity in Apachean identity, linking names regional economy, while other Athapaskans became coined by European Americans—only a few of increasingly alienated from the Spanish colony and subsequently the Mexican and American territorial which have lasted through time—with archaeo- governments (p. 11). logical complexes and phases, documentary and chronometric dates, shifting geographic loca- It is the dynamic manifestations of Jicarilla tions, and modern tribal identities. No doubt enclavement that interest Eiselt, particularly not all researchers of Apache and Navajo the ways in which mutualistic relationships archaeology, history, and identity will agree with neighboring Pueblo and Hispanic com- with her interpretations, but she surely cannot munities enforced ethnic distinction rather be faulted for the depth of her effort. than assimilation. For instance, the northern, Why is this important? Because Eiselt’s frontier Tiwa communities of Taos and Picurís own research focuses on the historical Jicarilla Pueblos were the winter homes of some Jicar- Apache, a group whose name goes back to illa forebears while other Jicarilla ancestors in A.D. 1700 but whose corporate identity was el cuartelejo, “the far quarter,” in what would formed in the late 1800s by the coalescence become western Kansas, welcomed refugees of two bands, the Ollero and Llanero, that from Taos and Picurís when they fled Euro- became the western and eastern bands, pean American colonizers in the mid-1600s respectively, of the Jicarilla. Tracing the (Taos) and early 1700s (Picurís). Indeed, one development of a Jicarilla Apache enclave in kiva society at Taos Pueblo is linked to the north-central New Mexico requires her to do Apaches of el cuartelejo, and Jicarilla stories and two things. First, she has to “create a culture events are replete with connections between history [that] begins with the Athapaskan the Apaches and Taos. These Pueblo and migration out of Canada and ends with Jicarilla Jicarilla community relationships translated into placement on a reservation, drawing together a variety of economic and personal relation- in the process archaeological, historical, and ships, and families continue to travel between ethnographic information to explain the the Pueblos and the Jicarilla reservation for resilience of Jicarilla Apache society” (p. personal and tribal events. 6). Second, she has to elaborate Apachean Contrasting with the much better known metaethnic features—particularly kinship forms, relationships between the Jicarilla and the 180 HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY 47(4) northern Tiwa Pueblos, Eiselt’s work in the a Point to This? Contexts for Metal Rio del Oso Valley on the north side of Projectile Points in Northern New the Jemez Mountains revealed material evi- Mexico. In Glen Canyon, Legislative dence for economic and personal relationships Struggles, and Contract Archaeology: between an enclave of Jicarilla-Ollero Apaches Papers in Honor of Carol J. Condie, E. and the 19th-century Hispanic community J. Brown, C. J. Condie, and H. K. of San Lorenzo prior to relocation of the Crotty, editors, pp. 21–31. Papers of Apaches to a reservation beginning in 1887. the Archaeological Society of New In the second half of her book, Eiselt exam- Mexico 38, Albuquerque]; ines the archaeology of Apache and Hispanic • differences in Hispanic and Apache settlement and land use in the Rio del Oso, production (including scavenging) and finding that use of chipped stone tools; and • the presence and functions of Euro- [t]he Jicarilla and the residents of San Lorenzo reoc- pean American artifacts. cupied different ecological and cultural landscapes created by the prehistoric inhabitants of the Rio del Oso, but in so doing they reestablished the ecological Although potentially available from the mutualism that was so critical to the success of Plains- Pueblo interactions before European and American Jicarilla agency trader, Eiselt’s review of agency contact (p. 212). records shows that none of the European American goods found on Jicarilla sites was And further, recorded on annuity lists. They were, there- fore, probably acquired from the residents of archaeology demonstrates a very structured settle- ment pattern in which Jicarilla encampments and San San Lorenzo, a conclusion that reinforces the Lorenzo households partitioned the cultural and natural relationships between Hispanics and Apaches landscapes of the valley along ethnic lines. Artifact assemblages further establish the timing of occupations and diminishes a picture of Apache dependence and connections between settlements. A surprisingly on agencies and annuities. Eiselt’s interpreta- sophisticated barter and exchange system had evolved in the valley with the coming of the Apache (p. 213). tion is that these material remains show the effects of Apache enclavement in which raw Eiselt focuses attention on several material materials and produced goods were shared aspects of Apache-Hispano mutual relationships: while their varied cultural meanings and func- tions were transformed to reflect differing • female pottery raw material acquisition relevance. and processing and vessel production, Becoming White Clay is an ambitious effort, use, and exchange; tracking the Jicarilla Apache from proto- • metal working, including male Apache Athapaskan roots to the coalition of Apache production of steel projectile points, bands into a single tribe that maintains inter- for their own use and for exchange, nal identities reflecting its origins. Eiselt’s eth- and Hispanic tinworking, also for their nocontextual and archaeomaterial examinations own use and for exchange (regarding of resistance and resilience through actively production of steel projectile points, managed change have relevance beyond the see, for example, Jeffrey L. Boyer’s specifics of Jicarilla culture history. In the 2012 study that draws on Eiselt’s introduction to a recent issue of the Journal contextualizing observations [Is There of African Diaspora Archaeology and Heritage, 181

Ana Lucia Araujo (Introduction to Atlantic In contrast, Eiselt’s work encourages Approaches on Resistance Against Slavery researchers to consider documentary, eth- in the Americas, Journal of African Diaspora nographic, and archaeological records of Archaeology and Heritage 2[1]:1–5, 2013) decries cross-cultural encounter, particularly those scholarly ignorance of differing cultural back- that encompass resistance and resilience, as grounds when modeling African American slave revelations of internal and external responses insurgency. She writes: reflecting differing ethnic features and milieus.

[W]ith some welcome exceptions, most recent scholar- Jeffrey L. Boyer ship that attempts to provide an international perspec- Office of Archaeological Studies tive to resistance ... also continues to privilege the English-speaking world. ... Moreover, by defining resis- Museum of New Mexico tance as a synonym with rebellion ... most book-length Center for New Mexico Archaeology studies barely address the role of everyday forms of 7 Old Cochiti Road individual and collective resistance. As a result, despite their great value, these works fail to discuss cultural Santa Fe, NM 87507 forms of resistance (pp. 1–2). 182 HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY 47(4)

Clanricard’s Castle: Portumna House, to character development such as the accounts Co. Galway of a Catholic priest and correspondence that JANE FENLON (EDITOR) presents Burke as a loyal friend and confidant Four Courts Press, Portland, OR, to a king. Burke is depicted as a faithful hus- 2012. 192 pp., glossary, bibliog., band to Frances Walsingham, a woman twice index. $65.00 cloth. widowed, while enveloped in tranquil domestic- ity. Bernadette Cunningham in “Richard Burke Based on a series of essays from a 1998 and the Lordship of Clanricard” finds the symposium held on site, Clanricard’s Castle marriage noteworthy considering that Burke presents a remarkable body of scholarship on did not follow the familial alliance path of his issues surrounding the home of Richard Burke, ancestors. Perhaps it just was not necessary as the Fourth Earl of Clanricard. Mark Girouard’s Cunningham clearly establishes his importance introduction immediately challenges the reader as the leader of the Clanricard lordship. to delve further into the history of the Por- Jane Fenlon in “Portumna: A Great, Many tumna House. For Girouard the essays in the Windowed and Gabbled House” uncovers a book are solid suggestions concerning various coherent architectural design expressed in both fragmented structural elements, elusive Irish of Burke’s homes, Portumna and Somerhill in surveyors, floor plans, the history of those Kent. She offers a glimpse of Burke’s person- who inhabited Portumna, etc., and they are an ality by way of the correspondence between “enjoyable surmise” (p. 6). Themes presented him and Robert Cecil, First Earl of Salisbury, tend to intersect, resulting in several of the his friend and mentor. To Fenlon, Burke is essays representing Girouard’s stance that this voguish, enough so to experiment with modern home is a reflection of “a single controlling architectural tenets such as the use of decora- mind” (p. 6). tive terracotta. Burke’s friendship with Cecil Timothy Wilkes in “Richard, Fourth is explored a bit further by Paula Henderson Earl of Clanricard, and the English Courts” in “Portumna in Context: The Setting of the attempts to understand the political life of Early Seventeenth-Century House.” Hender- Richard Burke, who commissioned the Por- son looks at the original setting of the home tumna House. Wilkes reconstructs Burke’s in relation to the architectural drawings of life via his presence at the English court and John Thorpe, the two Smythsons (Robert and within Ireland as being a mutually dependent John), written inventories, estate maps, and affair. He cites various reasons that span the journals of foreign travelers. She recre- informal relationships with a queen and two ates the design of Portumna’s gardens based kings to the varying nuances with regard to on the relationship between Burke and Cecil. Burke’s homes. Wilkes’s success lies in his abil- Cecil had an ambitious gardening program at ity to give us an intimate look into the life, both of his homes, Hatfield and Cranborne. and, even more importantly, an expression of Henderson offers the reader a sense of place, Burke. He pulls from those sources that lend a visual enjoyed by two close friends during

Historical Archaeology, 2013, 47(4):182–184. Permission to reprint required. 183 extended visits, and perhaps Cecil’s sharing of expressed an utmost care and concern with the a contemporary open-air scheme. handling of her children along with their own Each of the above authors, and others son, and who felt the need to secure stabil- within this 10-essay discourse, not only build ity and happiness for his family would look on Burke’s character, but also his promi- toward yet another literary genre that offered nence within both England and Ireland citing a romanticized view for what McCarthy notes varying philosophical treatises over architec- as the “relative austerity of the architecture of tural design, political influence, etc. But it is Portumna” (p. 102)? Even Cunningham found Michael McCarthy, “Locating Portumna in a personal tie to the location of this home. Contemporary Theory and Practice in Euro- To further strengthen his argument McCarthy pean Architecture,” who offers the reader points to the deceased husband of Frances, a most engaging profile of Richard Burke. Sir Philip Sidney. Not what one would call McCarthy is incredibly convincing with regard ordinary by any means, Sidney was the quint- to the architectural design of Burke’s home essential Renaissance man, an English courtier, from varying perspectives based on a cultural whose untimely death must have caused great milieu. Thorpe is indicated as the architect despair for his young bride. Sidney traveled of Portumna due to structural evidence based widely throughout the European continent and on his design of Burke’s English home at simply enjoyed art. He joined those popular Somerhill. McCarthy also considers both Burke well-educated circles and as such was someone and Thorpe as modern intellectuals. Thorpe who transmitted developing cultural ideas and definitely is representative of the transitional traditions. Sidney’s reputation was helped by period between the medieval designers and one of the most elaborate funerals ever (it the academic architects of the 17th century. almost bankrupted Frances’s father) and the He, along with Henry Peacham—a poet and publication of literary works found after his scholar—translated and published a Latin death. McCarthy points to Sidney’s Arcadia, treatise by Hans Blum, The Five Orders of unfinished at the time of his death, a widely Architecture, based on the work of Sebastian admired and most often reprinted work of Serlio who, as McCarthy notes, was “the most fiction. In Arcadia, Sidney advocates for an probable source for the design of Portumna” ascetic architectural style, even though he had (p. 101). Perhaps this is true, as the home obviously been exposed to much more ornate itself is reminiscent of the Chateau d’Ancy-le- preferences. Indeed, Burke and Thorpe appear Franc, albeit a scaled down version. McCarthy to have engaged with both the past and a also feels that Thorpe’s translations (he did at contemporary mindset for inspiration. It is an least one other beyond his collaboration with innovative concept so reminiscent of a time to Peacham) place him within a set of intellec- come with regard to art and architecture. The tuals where a discussion on various literary Pre-Raphaelites would base their manifesto on architectural sources took place. Yet a most that very notion. McCarthy does hint at the intriguing thought is put forth by McCarthy: if same with his inclusion of John Ruskin, an the design of this home is based on a literary early admirer of the Pre-Raphaelites. He notes treatise that deals with art and architecture, is the disparities between the work of Ruskin and it a far cry to suggest that a man who was Sidney, yet an analysis of both is given in how willing to marry a twice-widowed woman, who “architectural judgment ... is not dependent on 184 HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY 47(4) stylistic norms or practices” (p. 103). When taken by Sidney, along with the thoughts and a client commissioned the American Gothic work of his colleagues? Was he Girouard’s Revival architect Alexander Jackson Davis to “single controlling mind?” McCarthy surely design their home, Davis immediately wanted puts forth a convincing argument and conceiv- to know their reading habits. Davis’s Lyndhurst ably the best one with regard to the overall attests to the same as it is a masterpiece in the design of the Portumna House. field of domestic architecture and the finest surviving Gothic Revival home in America. Mary Ann Borden A proliferation of ideas was spawned by SUNY Empire State College Northeast Center Saratoga Unit the progression of time—perhaps Burke and 111 West Avenue his inner circle were truly avant-garde. Was Saratoga Springs, NY 12866 Burke moved by the anti-ornament stance 185

Doctors, Dissection and Resurrection of Whitechapel in the East End of London Men: Excavations in the 19th-Century by the 19th century when the burials reported Burial Ground of the London here were being added. Hospital Whilst mainly concerned with mortuary LOUISE FOWLER AND NATASHA evidence, the investigations revealed informa- POWERS tion on the institutional organization of the Museum of London Archaeology, London Hospital through faunal evidence of London, UK, 2012. 220 pp., 202 diet and a range of ceramics. These included illus., 82 tables, bibliog., index. bowls, plates, mugs, and jars with transfer- £26.00 cloth. printed illustrations of the hospital, a level of investment in institutional identity rarely seen This is an important excavation mono- elsewhere in the UK, and apparently part of graph that will be relevant to many North a deliberate policy of the early 1840s. American historical archaeologists interested Within a substantial area subject to in human remains, mortuary practice, and redevelopment, archaeological monitoring the workings of institutions. Richly illustrated of constructing was conducted over most in color, and with a highly contextualized of the site, but in two locations detailed analysis linked to the numerous documentary stratigraphic excavation took place to recover sources available, this volume sheds light on mortuary data of a high quality, though there a number of trends in Victorian burial prac- were no fittings with the wooden coffins. In tice that have similarities with many North some places bone survival was poor, and in American urban experiences, as well as some a few places within the burial ground sets of notable contrasts. remains were found that had been reinterred The Museum of London Archaeology following 19th-century changes to the hospital team has excavated, studied, and published buildings. However, most of the excavated a number of historical community burial area contained a large number of individu- grounds in recent years, and these provide als—at least 259—who were available for useful comparators for this study. So too do study, together with many more represented additional burial grounds investigated by other only by disarticulated fragments. Many bodies contracting firms, including Oxford Archaeol- were incomplete, some because of disturbance ogy and Gifford, showing how dissemination by later interments, but others because they from commercial work benefits all. The burial had been partial when interred as they had ground that is the subject of this report is been subject to anatomical investigation. associated with one particular institution, the Until the passing of the Anatomy Act in London Hospital. Founded in 1740, it was 1832, only the bodies of executed criminals moved to a purpose-built complex in what were legally available for dissection in the was open countryside in 1752, only to be UK, and this was far too small a number to engulfed by the spreading urban development meet demand. As a result, various strategies

Historical Archaeology, 2013, 47(4):185–187. Permission to reprint required. 186 HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY 47(4) were employed to make up the shortfall, of and short lengths of wire, indicate that both which grave robbing by the “Resurrection human and animal skeletons, or portions Men” was the most frequent. Usually minor thereof, were fabricated in this way. criminals, but often medical students them- Prior to the Anatomy Act, burial of dis- selves, they would take newly buried bodies sected remains had to be undertaken in a way at night from the just-filled graves or even that would attract no attention, but after the trenches left open awaiting further corpses act was passed remains were meant to be reas- in urban graveyards. There was a vigorous sembled and interred together in a coffin in a clandestine trade, for which some documen- respectful manner. This, however, was clearly tation survives, but much is not easily cor- not always the policy at the London Hospital, roborated. The fear of bodysnatching led to and in some cases remains of dissected ani- many forms of prevention, from locked iron mals (from comparative anatomy classes) were coffins to the use of night guards and, in interred with the human remains. No evidence Scotland and Ireland at least, various forms was found of the deposition of human remains of coffin and burial protection to stymie in pits as seen at Newcastle, or in garden those after the cadavers. The 1832 Anatomy beds as at Trinity College Dublin, but clearly Act allowed bodies unclaimed by relations to the culture of ignoring inconvenient aspects be available for dissection, and these largely of legislation that had begun in the period came from workhouses, with hospitals being of bodysnatching continued even when that the next most frequent source, and the need practice largely ended. for bodysnatching dramatically declined. The role of anatomy and dissection in What makes this excavation report most medical training is considered in this volume, interesting is that the London Hospital pro- and the way in which the hospital attempted vided cadavers for its anatomy classes at least to balance the medical needs and respect for partly from the ranks of its deceased patients the deceased is considered in a reflective and even when this was illegal, and continued even-handed way. The practical needs for to do so after 1832. The result is that the medical training had to be faced within the burial ground data has plentiful evidence for harsh pre-1832 reality of shortage of cadav- dissection, and of various forms of interven- ers and the pressing need to understand the tion undertaken by both demonstrators and human body, infectious and occupational by the students themselves. It is likely that disease, and ways in which the developing some of the interventions were the result of medical sciences could ameliorate suffering. autopsies undertaken to ascertain the cause of This site exemplifies the conflicting values and death, but most were for wider educational attitudes to the human body in the Victorian and training purposes. A small number of world. Archaeological evidence for dissec- human remains showed evidence of having tion has come from a range of London and been articulated for display and teaching, provincial urban sites in Britain and Ireland, with drilled holes in the bone through which but is only noted from one North American copper-alloy wire was threaded. Green stain- site, that of the Medical College of Georgia ing on some bones around the perforations, in Augusta, and both the reviewer and the 187

Museum of London would be interested to Harold Mytum know of other examples from this side of the University of Liverpool Atlantic. From bodysnatching to dissection, Room 408, Hartley Building Brownlow Street from reburial to institutional values, this book Liverpool, L69 3GS offers much to historical archaeology. United Kingdom 188 HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY 47(4)

Curating Human Remains: Caring for The two following chapters focus on the Dead in the United Kingdom the legal aspects of curating human remains. MYRA GIESEN (EDITOR) In “Care, Custody, and Display of Human Boydell Press, Woodbridge, UK, Remains” by Charlotte Woodhead, the “100- 2013. 197 pp., 22 figs., 2 tables, year rule” is clarified clearly and concisely, index. $99.00 cloth. and the legal use of relevant terms such as “care” and “custody” is explained. The reader This important book traces its origins to is guided skillfully through Parliamentary acts a discussion at the 2009 Theoretical Archae- and codes of practice, and is offered an insight ology Group conference in Durham, where into the important differences between legal the need for a text providing guidance on the obligations and ethical guidance. This subject curation of human remains became apparent. matter continues in the following chapter, The result is this informative volume of 13 “The Impact and Effectiveness of the Human chapters from leading academics and practi- Tissue Act 2004 and the Guidance for the tioners in the field, with original guidance Care of Human Remains in Museums in documents as appendixes. England” by White. The prohibitive cost of After a short introduction explaining the gaining and retaining a Human Tissue License scope of the book, the volume opens with to store and display remains of those dead less a chapter by Myra Giesen and Liz White than 100 years is emphasized and deaccession entitled “International Perspectives towards issues are discussed. Human Remains Curation,” which presents “Dead and Forgotten” by Giesen, Kirsty an historical summary of the collection of McCarrison, and Victoria Park contains useful human remains from a Western perspective. recommendations and protocols for the record- It places the UK situation in a geographi- ing of human remains and emphasizes the cal and temporal context in a way that is professional duties of those curating such collec- both fascinating and informative. The fol- tions. The variation in type, depth, and subse- lowing chapter, “Dealing with the Dead,” quent availability of information is highlighted, is an opinion piece focusing on the cura- and the authors rightfully argue for a readily tion of archaeological remains in museums. available, standardized, national database. Opening with a brief review of some of the The contribution by Jennifer Sharp and controversial issues surrounding the use of Mark A. Hall, “Tethering Time and Tide,” human tissue, Hedley Swain continues with a presents an overview of ethical and legal thoughtful and insightful discussion of some aspects for museums and galleries in Scotland. of the ethical issues relating specifically to the This clarification of the legal framework is skeletal remains of the ancient dead. Modern particularly useful since the specifics of the paradigms and shifting boundaries of accept- Scottish system are often missed in discussions ability are discussed in a way that is both relating to human remains. The following enlightening and thought-provoking. chapter, “The Quick and the Dead” by Hall,

Historical Archaeology, 2013, 47(4):188–190. Permission to reprint required. 189 follows on neatly from this, focusing on the Durham University are described in detail, care regime of a specific display of human along with the results of a study into the remains in Perth as a case study. The ratio- deterioration of skeletal remains after repeated nale for different aspects of best practice is use for teaching. Roberts provides useful, explained, and visitor feedback is summarized practical advice on how to minimize this, and and discussed. calls for the use of a detailed database of all In the following chapter Rebecca Redfern institutions using human remains for teaching and Jelena Bekvalac present another case study: and research. The emphasis switches to con- “The Museum of London: An Overview of tract archaeology in “No Room at the Inn” Policies and Practice.” The role of the Human by Jacqueline I. McKinley. The responsibility Remains Committee is explained, and the of being the “first stop” for curation, and subsequent policy document is outlined. This involvement in the initial cleaning, labeling, covers not only acquisition and management, packaging, and storage is emphasized, with an but also informs the role of the museum in explanation of how archaeology units cope with research, education, and outreach. In “Curat- pressures of space limitations and providing ing Human Remains in a Regional Museum” access to researchers of all levels of experience. by Gillian Scott, the Great North Museum of The final chapter by Mike Parker Pear- Hancock comes under discussion. This includes son, Mike Pitts, and Duncan Sayer presents an explanation of how repatriation requests an interesting discussion of “Changes in have been dealt with and the results of a visi- Policy for Excavating Human Remains in tor survey. The latter makes important read- England and Wales.” This paper guides the ing for anyone involved in presenting human reader through changes in legislation regard- remains to the public. ing reburial, but, more importantly, through Next, “Curation of Human Remains at changes in interpretation that culminated in St Peters Church” comes under scrutiny by the human remains crisis in 2008. A fasci- Simon Mays. The historical precedent for the nating account is given of the campaign to partnership between English Heritage and the reverse the policies of compulsory reburial Church of England in long-term archiving of and the screening of excavations from the human remains in redundant church buildings public. The positive and negative implications is described. Lessons learned in the case of of the results of the campaign are presented St. Peters Church are discussed, and logistical in a thought-provoking discussion. aspects are explored in depth, with an explana- Although this book is a vital resource for tion of the barriers that prevent the procedure anyone working with archaeological skeletons, from becoming more widespread. it must be stressed that its scope is more lim- The next chapters move away from ited than the title suggests. Although many of museum settings. In “Archaeological Human the contributors cite cases such as Alder Hey Remains and Laboratories” by Charlotte and refer to the Human Tissue Authority, the Roberts, the focus is on university archives, work is restricted to skeletal remains over 100 with an emphasis on the importance of attain- years old; those readers who are interested in ing acceptable standards for curating human obtaining guidance for soft tissue, or other remains for teaching and research. The best existing holdings not covered by the 100-year practices of laboratory protocols used at rule, will need to look elsewhere. That aside, 190 HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY 47(4) this long-awaited book is an invaluable refer- Clare McVeigh ence work, and it is hoped that Giesen and University of South Wales colleagues will provide further editions in the Upper Glyntaff Campus Pontypridd, CF37 1DL future in order to ensure that the information United Kingdom remains up to date. 191

Washington DeCoded: A New View precedent, in ethnography or archaeology, to over the Capitol, 2nd edition justify this kind of research” and suggested that CHRISTOPHER HARDAKER he focus on a European baroque city (p. 4). Earthmeasure, n.p., 2012. 144 pp., As an alternative, the chairman suggested figs. $4.95 e-book. Washington, D.C., which had never had the technique applied to it. By applying sacred In recent years popular television, books, geometry to the city plan, Hardaker found and movies have introduced the public to the several figures including a large truncated geometric figures that can be found in the triangle with a smaller triangle at its head layout of Washington D.C. It has been pos- identical to the image found on a dollar bill, tulated that these figures, many of which have which showed that applying the geometry was been associated with the Freemason Society, a success. He was subsequently awarded his were deliberately integrated into the design Master’s degree. of the city plan. The purpose of Washington In the second and third chapters, Hardaker DeCoded by Christopher Hardaker is to sum- discusses several of the figures that he found marize the events leading up to his discovery and how they intersect with significant parts of the figures in the 1980s. of the city. He also includes a discussion of In the first chapter, Hardaker begins with the city plan. The original plan, designed by an account of how he was introduced to classi- Pierre Charles L’Enfant, was altered at the cal or sacred geometry while studying kivas as urging of members of the planning committee, a graduate student in the southwestern portion one of whom was George Washington, one of of the United States. After learning about the the most prominent Freemasons in American method, he postulated that sacred geometry history. The plan was changed without consult- is a valuable analytical tool for interpreting ing L’Enfant, who was not pleased (his name prehistoric architecture, his focus being on is not included on the final plan). The city Chaco Canyon in New Mexico. The ancient was built nearly identically to the revised plan. mathematical system, which he claims “98% Hardaker was unable to locate any documents percent of archaeologists are ignorant to,” is pertaining to why the plans were changed or a method of producing accurate geometric any mention of the figures being deliberately shapes that are evident in numerous ancient integrated into the design. This is curious sites around the world (p. 2). Using circles as because the designing of Washington, D.C., a starting point, extremely complex and accu- was a significant government project, and, as rate designs can be created in a short period Hardaker himself points out, the first fully of time, no equations needed. planned modern capital city. Hardaker’s thesis chairman considered the Many of the figures that Hardaker found research to be fringe when applied to the were incomplete, and some were less accurate ruins saying that “there was no New World than others. He used the guideline of 96%

Historical Archaeology, 2013, 47(4):191–192. Permission to reprint required. 192 HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY 47(4) accurate to its geometric source to determine other author with whose findings he disagrees, which figures were accurate and which would stating that the possible figures are too inac- be considered inaccurate and therefore possibly curate to be considered valid. As mentioned coincidental. The remainder of the book dis- earlier, several books and documentaries have cusses these incomplete and inaccurate figures. been produced on the subject in the last sev- To aid him in his task, his chairman put eral years. Each author/director has his or her him in touch with a local Freemason who own interpretation of the purpose and origin informed him about the history of Freemasons of these figures. BecauseWashington DeCoded in the United States. They had several meet- is an account of his personal experiences, not ings in which the Freemason gave him advice, a scholarly report of his findings, Hardaker though little information it seems. Hardaker chooses to exclude his interpretations of the implies that the Freemason indicated he was significance of the figures and his conclusions not surprised at the presence of the figures he as to their purpose. He succeeds for the most was being shown, which seems to indicate that part, but there are a few places where his the society was aware of the figures all along. opinions sneak in. As stated earlier, Hardaker includes writ- For anyone interested in the layout of ten descriptions of many of the figures and Washington, D.C., sacred geometry, or the their placement. While these descriptions can possible influences of the Freemason Society, be confusing, particularly to anyone who does Washington DeCoded would be a nice teaser, but not know the layout of Washington, D.C., it is not meant to be a scholarly work. The Hardaker has included dozens of images in book makes a quick read with only 51 pages the appendix that provide clarification. Also of text and its casual storytelling manner. It is found in the appendix are several diagrams worth the read whether to cultivate an inter- that explain sacred geometry and how it can est, encourage discussion, or fill a couple of be used to build complex geometric designs hours in the afternoon. Serious researchers, from simple circles. Hardaker also includes an however, should seek other sources for their endnotes section, which further explains certain information. comments and points toward scholarly works that contain more detail and analysis. Melissa Ashmore Hardaker is hardly the only person to 43424 Whippoorwill Lane Boscobel, WI 53805 write about these figures. He discusses one 193

Archaeology, Narrative, and the “mine” what could be known of southern Politics of the Past: The View from Maryland’s past from the ground for public Southern Maryland consumption. It is the consumptive dimension JULIA A. KING of public archaeology that this terrific book University of Tennessee Press, examines, but it takes a good deal of necessary Knoxville, 2012. 272 pp., 58 illus., background to get there. bibliog., index. $55.00 cloth. The first chapter examines the ending of tobacco cultivation and with it the transfor- In Archaeology, Narrative, and the Politics of mation of tobacco barns into symbols of a the Past Julia King brings together her per- lost past and perhaps “morally superior exis- sonal knowledge of southern Maryland with a tence” (p. 3). As King points out, however, wide-ranging exploration of how its history has the initiative to preserve southern Maryland’s been told over time. She draws on art, fiction, tobacco barns was “a largely white affair” history, and archaeology to show how the past and an interview with a black member of a is manipulated to satisfy needs in the present. sharecropping family did not present positive While this is not a new idea, the book is memories of tobacco farming. She is using the a powerful case study that demonstrates the lost tobacco landscape here as an example of unique position of historical archaeology to the role landscape plays in “shaping and reify- reveal how it works. ing understandings of the past” and how that King begins the book with her personal role shows people’s use of the past “to shape experience of Maryland’s landscape. As a caring the social and cultural realities of their worlds” resident of southern Maryland she bemoaned (p. 8). She is also signaling how important she the loss of the rural landscape as did her believes race is in the story of the Chesapeake. neighbors, but unlike others she recognized At the heart of the book (chaps. 3–5) is that what was being lost was not some piece an examination of St. Mary’s City, Maryland’s of an “imagined bucolic tobacco past” but the first capital. King shows how Emanuel Leutze’s material remnants of the landscapes of oligar- 1860 painting, The Founding of Maryland, tells chy and slavery—a landscape of colonialism. a story that is universally recognized as the Taking the colonialism metaphor further, King true story of the colony’s settlement. With one notes that her own former employers—Historic exception, she says, the details in this painting St. Mary’s City and the Jefferson Patterson are wholly fanciful and yet they are consis- Park and Museum—were “not unlike colo- tent with the master narrative of religious, nial bureaucracies, heavily staffed by people racial, and social harmony that was apparently from well beyond the region’s borders with invented for Maryland in the second quarter of their parent offices in the ‘metropoles,’ in the 19th century. King traces this interpreta- these cases not London, but Annapolis and tion of St. Mary’s City over time, beginning Baltimore” (p. xii). The purpose of the public in 1799 and ending with, most interesting of archaeology she was employed to do was to all, its interpretation in the present. In the

Historical Archaeology, 2013, 47(4):193–195. Permission to reprint required. 194 HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY 47(4) process, she also reveals the religious disputes be different if archaeology took the lead. and tensions that characterized the 17th and Wonderful—meticulous, intelligent, scientific— 18th centuries, disputes that make clear how archaeology has been done at St. Mary’s City much was covered over to create the widely over the last 40 years, but, as just discussed, accepted myth of Maryland’s founding. its results have been used to uphold the same As early as the 1830s features in the land- old story, the master narrative of St. Mary’s scape (“a few scattered bricks ... the moulder- founding, a narrative, King has convincingly ing ruin of the ancient State House”) were shown, was developed in the early decades of used to create a “historical place,” but these the 19th century. Although not quite in those features and the “place” were invested with an words, it is that problem that she confronts already idealized story of “bold cavaliers” in in her final chapter concerning narrative. The the wilderness (p. 66). By the 1850s the story construction of alternative stories about the had solidified into a tale of religious tolerance past, as her examples show, is a daunting task, for which the Catholic founders got the credit; especially since storytellers, too, are influenced in the middle of the 20th century the state by any number of things in the present. acquired the land on which to tell the story, “Our speaking,” King notes, “is socially and and a museum commission organized a major culturally shaped, from the kinds of narratives research program in history, archaeology, and we tell to where and when we do the telling” colonial architecture. King’s analysis of how (p. 197). Of particular relevance to her own the results of this program are interpreted for book, she makes the point that one of the the public is a high point in the book. There problems that requires further consideration have been two permanent exhibits in the visi- is “how a discussion of master narratives and tors’ center, the first, which ran from 1984 to counter- (or alternative) narratives may set up 1998, and a replacement called “Once the a false distinction, an either/or relationship that Metropolis of Maryland,” that opened in 2000. perhaps does not exist so cleanly in the world Her analysis focuses on “Once the Metropolis as lived or experienced” (p. 190). of Maryland,” an exhibit of 200 objects and King’s ability to weave together many accompanying text panels that was developed different sources of information, including by members of the museum’s archaeology her own archaeological investigations, into program. What she finds troubling is how a complex understanding of the changing consistent the stories told in this 21st-century meaning of landscapes and how people exhibit are with the stories that have been told locate (and define) themselves within them forever. The archaeology has not led to new is thoroughly demonstrated in chapter 2, not interpretations; it has reified the old ones. yet discussed in this review. The chapter uses Why is it that historical archaeologists do the Susquehanna plantation, now encompassed not trust themselves to let the archaeological within the Patuxent River Naval Air Station, data go first? Why not let the archaeology to show how ruins in the landscape, attributed raise the questions and then pursue the to its colonial past, have been interpreted answers through contextual analysis? King’s differently depending on the perspective and deconstruction of the archaeological exhibits needs of the interpreters (including, curiously at St. Mary’s City should be convincing enough, the Henry Ford Museum in Dearborn, evidence that the stories told would (could) Michigan, where remains of the house were 195 taken in 1941). In the same chapter, King the culmination of a career, it reflects years of introduces the reader to her methods, her research and interpretive effort resulting in a process of discovery, and sensitivity to issues rich, multilayered study of one place—southern that matter—the legacy of slavery, the reality of Maryland—that will hopefully serve as a model changing economic fortunes, the coexistence of for equally complex studies of other places in past and present in the contemporary landscape. the past and present. The chapter is nothing less than a tour de force, but almost too much to comprehend Rebecca Yamin on the first reading. This is not an easy book, 339 Glen Echo Road Philadelphia, PA 19119 but its rewards are enormous. While surely not 196 HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY 47(4)

All the King’s Horses: Essays on The second article, “The Material and the Impact of Looting and the Illicit Intellectual Consequences of Acquiring the Antiquities Trade on Our Knowledge Sarpedon Krater,” discusses the loss of data as of the Past a result of artifacts being looted. The authors PAULA K. LAZRUS AND ALEX W. focus on the practice of certain art museums BARKER (EDITORS) to acquire questionable objects. They imply SAA Press, Society for American that for some museums the aesthetics of the Archaeology, Washington, DC, item and the economic impact of displaying 2012. 168 pp., index. $24.95 paper. the item outweigh the intellectual gains of established proveniences. Because of this, the All the King’s Horses is based on a session provenience of the item may not be as impor- held at the Society for American Archaeology tant to these museums. conference in 2008. The purpose of the ses- In the next article, “Moot Loot Speaks: sion was to talk about the effect looting and Classical Archaeology and the Displaced destruction of sites has on the known archaeo- Object,” the author discusses the prevalence logical record. The anthology expands upon of ancient artifacts that lack provenience. Also this issue and includes eight articles chosen discussed is the practice of ancient forgery to provide highlights in the debates about due to the popularity of a unique item. This who owns the past, the extent of distortion of was particularly common in the early Roman the archaeological record due to inaccurate or Empire. One issue mentioned is efforts to false information, and how to limit the scale distinguish the forgeries from the true artifacts. of looting, which provides material for the The fourth article, “Unprovenienced antiquities market. Artifacts and the Invention of Minoan and The first article, “The Economics of the Mycenaean Religion,” focuses on the danger Looted Archaeological Site of Bâb edh-Dhrâ: of using unprovenienced, fake, and incorrectly A View from Google Earth,” focuses on a reconstructed artifacts to build theories about single site using Google Earth to detect loot- past lifeways. As an example the author ing. The authors discuss the economics of sub- cites Sir Arthur Evans’s theories about the sistence looters, which applies in areas where Minoan and Mycenaean religions. Evans a significant portion of the local economy is produced extremely complex descriptions of supported by the artifacts taken during looting ritual space, deities, and ceremonies focusing activities. They conclude that looting in areas on unprovenienced and fake artifacts. Many such as Turkey was most likely the product of of his theories, particularly pertaining to a small group of people as the monetary gains individual artifacts, have been discredited. At do not contribute substantially to the overall the time, his descriptions actually inspired economy of the area. forgeries, which were then introduced into

Historical Archaeology, 2013, 47(4):196–198. Permission to reprint required. 197 the market and used as further proof of his The seventh article, “The Social and theories. Unfortunately, Evans’s ideas about Political Consequences of Devotion to Biblical the religions are still being taught as accurate Artifacts,” discusses the study of biblical even though the academic community as a artifacts. There is a disturbing trend that whole has accepted them as false. focuses on the results of linguistic, stylistic, The next article, “Early Looting and and physiochemical analysis of artifacts for Destruction of Australian Shipwreck Sites: authentication while blatantly disregarding Legislation, Education, and an Amnesty for provenience information. Archaeological Long-Term Preservation,” assesses the Aus- provenience is generally the first piece of tralian approach to dealing with looting and information an archaeologist focuses on and destruction of maritime sites and the effec- the most reliable piece of information when tiveness of attempting to regulate privately authenticating an artifact. The authors state held collections. The article discusses various one reason for this is that the desire to pieces of legislation that are part of Austra- encounter a religious relic may overshadow lia’s attempt to stymie looters including the the necessity for proof of authenticity of State Maritime Archaeology Act of 1973 and the artifact. They also discuss the social and the Historical Shipwreck Act of 1976. The political consequences of the issue. legislation protects wreck sites and automati- The final article, “What All the King’s cally includes wrecks and artifacts that are Horses Has to Say to American Archae- at least 75 years old. Australia also began ologists,” serves as both an independent work actively educating the public, claiming that if discussing the sale of projectile points in the the public understood the damage that was United States and as a conclusion of sorts for being done, they would be more than likely the anthology. It discusses a few overarching to comply voluntarily with regulations. points mentioned in several articles: (1) there The sixth article, “The Trade in Fresh is a clear connection between both looting Supplies of Ancient Coins: Scale, Organization, and fakery and the antiquities market, (2) the and Politics,” turns its attention to ancient use of altered, fake, or unprovenienced arti- coins. Coins are one of the most widely col- facts in research leads to great inaccuracies, lected items and some of the most abundant (3) false information can linger in the public due to the fact that coins are extremely sphere long after more accurate information is common on nearly every ancient site. The available, and (4) education of the public is a author points out that there has been no key component to limiting looting and other significant discussion about the nearly unregu- destructive activities. lated trade in ancient coins. While coins are The collection of articles chosen for the not “big ticket” items, they are sold en masse. anthology is quite diverse, touching on many The author also discusses the volatile conflict different geographic areas and subject matters. between archaeologists and the sellers, who Some articles focus on very specific issues, are calling for completely unrestricted import others take a broader view. All the King’s Horses of coins. Some even claim conspiracies exist raises many questions about current practices between archaeologists and government officials and policies that are held by governments, who want to keep the artifacts for themselves. museums, organizations, and others. It brings 198 HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY 47(4) into sharp focus discrepancies that have been whole, but each individual article could be overlooked and calls offending parties to the useful in many different contexts. Well worth forefront. Each article makes a statement that the read. is known by all, but more often than not may be swept under the rug. A wonderful read with Melissa Ashmore an extensive reference section, All the King’s 43424 Whippoorwill Lane Boscobel, WI 53805 Horses is a valuable resource, not only as a 199

Where the Cherry Tree Grew: his life, Washington worked as a surveyor, he The Story of Ferry Farm, George was a leader during the American Revolution, Washington’s Boyhood Home and he served as our nation’s first president. PHILIP LEVY These are pinnacle moments for Washington, St. Martin’s Press, New York, NY, but none occurred at Ferry Farm. 2013. 272 pp., notes. $27.99 paper. Levy sheds light on the historical signifi- cance of Ferry Farm by describing several his- Where the Cherry Tree Grew was written torical events that took place on the property by Philip Levy, historian and associate profes- such as the death of Augustine Washington in sor at the University of South Florida. Ferry 1743 and the lesser known slave murder that Farm is an archaeological site located along occurred in 1750. Levy’s work informs readers the eastern edge of the Rappahannock River about the true nature of the cherry tree story, and overlooking the city of Fredericksburg, the life of Mary Washington, and the long- Virginia. Levy’s writing style breathes life into lasting influence the Washington’s have had the landscape, allowing the reader to perceive on the surrounding Fredericksburg community. Ferry Farm as an organism that has experi- The final two chapters focus on the most enced the passage of time in a humanlike way. recent decades of Ferry Farm’s history, begin- Where most historians focus their interests on ning with a controversial lawsuit against a a person or a series of events, Levy shifts the retail company in the early 1990s that planned reader’s attention to focus on the place where to develop the property for commercial use. history continues to live. Levy describes how the local community Levy makes the argument that both Wash- banded together and led a successful campaign ington’s economic circumstances and the against the company, resulting in the salvation geographic location of Ferry Farm played an and preservation of the Ferry Farm property. integral role in shaping Washington’s character The final chapter discusses the recent from a very young age. In spite of its signifi- archaeological investigations that have taken cant role in young George Washington’s life, place at Ferry Farm since 2002. The previous Ferry Farm has spent years in the shadows of 11 years of research are briefly summarized other more readily recognized Washington sites in approximately 30 pages of text. Levy rolls such as Mount Vernon and Popes Creek. It is through events rather quickly, touching both not entirely clear why Ferry Farm has been the high and low points of this long-term overshadowed for so long. It may be partially project. Levy explains how a series of homes due to the fact that Ferry Farm represents an were discovered while hunting for the Wash- interlude of time in Washington’s life; Popes ington house and how the foundation of the Creek stands as a point of origin for Wash- home was finally revealed to the public in ington, while Mount Vernon represents an 2008. He details the architectural structures end to his days. In between these points in and touches briefly on the artifact finds.

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The book is a light and informative tors can visit the museum, visitors’ center, and read, easily digestible for most audiences. It archaeological site in a single day. This book is written in a style that will appeal to both should be read by anyone who is interested in academic and leisure readers. The work is learning more about Washington’s childhood. well referenced, contains a table of contents, Levy’s work serves as an example for how to but lacks an index. Due to the narrative style grant a voice to the past. In this work, archae- of this book, an index is not truly necessary. ology has the final word. Levy closes his book The book lacks illustrations, which may have with a powerful message, “[t]he ground never been useful in certain sections of the text such forgets, and when handled the right way it can as those referring specifically to the layout of be made to tell its otherwise hidden stories” the property and the archaeological site. Levy (p. 208). includes numerous footnotes, which provide the reader with references to local lore, his- Tabitha Hilliard torical documents, and other interpretations. Richard Grubb & Associates, Inc. 259 Prospect Plains Road, Building D Today, Ferry Farm thrives as a local heri- Cranbury, NJ 08512 tage site for the surrounding community. Visi- 201

U.S. Cultural Diplomacy and and locals). Luke (Ph.D., Cornell University, Archaeology: Soft Power, Hard 2002) is a lecturer in the writing program at Heritage Boston University and holds an appointment CHRISTINA LUKE AND MORAG M. with the Departments of Archaeology and KERSEL Anthropology; she codirects (with Christopher Routledge, New York, NY, 2013. Roosevelt) the Central Lydia Archaeological 169 pp., 5 tables, bibliog., index. Survey and Gygaia Projects in western Turkey. $125.00 cloth. Kersel (Ph.D., University of Cambridge, 2006) is an assistant professor at DePaul University Archaeology forms a critical part of the and codirects (with Yorke Rowan) the Galilee U.S. State Department’s (USSD’s) “diplomatic Prehistory Project and the Follow the Pots toolkit,” and some individuals may be surprised Project. Luke and Kersel first met in September to learn that “many, if not all,” current U.S. 2001 at the USSD Cultural Heritage Center sponsored and directed archaeological projects and subsequently worked together until April operate within U.S. diplomatic agendas. In 2003. They were influenced by their associa- seven chapters (plus 5 tables, 28 endnotes, and tion with heritage attorney/anthropologist Patty 361 references) the authors begin by describ- Gerstenblith, USSD senior cultural property ing structures and institutions, specifically U.S. analyst archaeologist Bonnie Magness-Gardiner research centers in the Mediterranean region, (now manager, FBI Art Theft Program), Stan- and foreign policies and permits that affect ford anthropology professor Lynn Meskell, American archaeologists working abroad. A and Grachel Humphries, USSD Ambassadors second section examines the strategic use of Fund for Cultural Preservation (2003–2008). archaeological heritage by the USSD’s so-called The authors assert that this experience played “apolitical programs and policies.” a “dramatic role in shifting our approaches to Christina Luke and Morag M. Kersel are fieldwork” and are now “acutely aware of what young, talented, well-trained Near Eastern it means to be the American(s) abroad, and find archaeologists who now practice in the eastern ourselves continually struck by the relative lack Mediterranean, primarily in the Bronze and of understanding of the historical connections as Iron Ages, receive federal grants (National Sci- well as the potential for future success between ence Foundation [NSF] and National Endow- the U.S. Department of State, the U.S. embas- ment for the Humanities [NEH]), codirect sies, and the U.S. archaeological community separate archaeological projects, publish, and are working abroad” (p. x). making their mark in the field. They have also Their goal in writing this volume is worked for the USSD, which provides them with important insight into the relationships to investigate the avenues in which archaeology is used to further U.S. foreign relations and diplomatic goals. between political “Diplomacy” (government We are not suggesting that this is a negative outcome of encouraged and enabled actions) and “public our work as archaeologists, but rather we think that as a discipline we should recognize that there is a political diplomacy” (interactions between foreigners aspect salient to archaeological practice. At a time when

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much of the funding of these diplomatic programs is and the tasks of the USSD’s Cultural Heritage uncertain, we hope to demonstrate the importance of archaeology in building bridges and mending fences. We Center are elaborated. The issue of American archaeologists are America’s cultural diplomats, whether tax dollars used to support repairs to historic we want to be or not [italics mine], and it is our intent to show a few of the ways in which archaeologists and and cultural sites, including mosques, is a the discipline of archaeology can be and are important sensitive case discussed by the authors. The agents of the state” (p. 18). Ambassadors Fund for Cultural Preservation (AFCP) was established in 2001 “to show a Of course archaeology is a global discipline different American face to other countries, one and its practitioners represent many nationali- that is non-commercial, non-political, and non- ties, but the focus of this book is the region military” (p. 98). Tables provide funding lists between Italy and Pakistan, a bit larger than for 76 Islamic projects (2001–2011), 12 World the traditional Near East, with mentions of Heritage Sites (2010), 18 Large Grant AFCPs Latin America. (2008–2011), and 61 Balkans-Southeastern Luke and Kersel discuss the “tea circuit” Europe AFCP grants (2001–2011); years, project (informal networks), the Council of American titles, and grant amounts are listed. Lastly, they Overseas Research Centers (CAORC), federal consider lessons learned and the present and grant sources (NSF, NEH, and Fulbright), and future of the cultural heritage, archaeology, and private sources (Mellon and Getty). There are diplomacy paradigm. CAORCs are crucial as 26 CAORCs (including the Mexican School); neutral venues where U.S. and foreign scholars the first was the American School of Classical can meet. A nonpolitical and nonmilitary “face” Studies at Athens (1881) and the newest is of America is needed, and diplomacy rather the American School of Afghanistan Studies than Diplomacy is one answer. (2008). The authors see two phases in “build- This enlightening volume takes a scatter- ing the American face” abroad (1881–1923 shot approach, focusing on the Middle East, and 1948–present) and expound on the six and is a bit uneven; funding for archaeology centers in the Mediterranean. The history and preservation by private and non-USSD of archaeological permits and types is viewed federal agencies is not considered. For example, in two phases (up to 1945 and 1945 to the the NEH had grant program initiatives in Iraq present, related to UNESCO); other topics and in Afghanistan (40+ awards were made, include “hostage objects” (repatriation and 2002–2011) and NEH and private sources site restoration), and the “reinvention of col- support CAORCs, usually with fellowships. laboration in foreign projects.” U.S. archaeologists have acted as unofficial The second section has four chapters. In ambassadors of goodwill for decades, if not “Hard Borders Soft Loans,” the 1970 Conven- centuries, and we archaeologists have always tion on Cultural Property and Implementa- been diplomats (lower case “d”) in interactions tion Act, Memoranda of Understanding with with foreign officials and locals. As the authors “objects as ambassadors” (via museum exhibition note, future research is needed and they have loans) and concepts of licit “trade” (Kersel’s provided a place to start. dissertation) are detailed; while in “The Hard Power Approach,” the looting of Iraq’s cultural Charles C. Kolb heritage, the Iraq Cultural Heritage Project, Vienna, VA 22180 203

The Cherokees of Tuckaleechee Cove A. Sichler, and Jessica L. Vavrasek wrote the JON MARCOUX foodways study. University of Michigan, Museum of The introduction defines the temporal Anthropology, Ann Arbor, 2012. 284 (English contact period) and geographic con- pp., 136 illus., 60 tables, refs, index. texts, and identifies the theoretical focus as $33.00 paper. the household. In chapter 2, Marcoux dis- cusses the English contact period and the key Marcoux and friends present an interest- principle of the shatter zone. The discussion ing and important study of the Cherokee in begins with a broad overview of the Southeast, Tuckaleechee Cove of eastern Tennessee during then considers the Cherokee experience in its the English contact period (A.D. 1670–1740). various geographic divisions, and lastly focuses The study helps fill a significant temporal on what little is known of the period in the and spatial gap in Cherokee studies. The Tuckaleechee Towns. key data set is derived from the 1999–2001 Chapter 3 is a self-identified “brief review” archaeological data recovery excavations at the of previous archaeological studies of 17th- and Townsend sites (40Bt89, 40Bt90, and 40Bt91) 18th-century Cherokee. Although brief, the by the University of Tennessee. Marcoux review is thorough and touches on all major uses a household perspective to address how references. The chapter serves well to intro- changes in the broader Cherokee world were duce the major research issues and data needs. felt by the people of Tuckaleechee Cove. The The fourth chapter provides the environ- volume is highly recommended for all those mental setting of the towns and discusses the interested in the contact period. limited archival information available. Marcoux The manuscript is partly cultural resources argues that there was a substantial Cherokee management report—documenting one com- presence in the Tuckaleechee Towns, and that ponent of the Townsend sites—but also draws these towns may have been considered distinct heavily on Marcoux’s dissertation to provide from the Overhill Towns. Relying heavily on a broader context for the study. The format the 1721 Barnwell-Hammerton map, Marcoux includes 11 chapters and five appendixes. Mar- suggests that the Tuckaleechee Towns were coux authored the introduction, the context abandoned by 1715. Chapter 4 also discusses for the English contact period, the review of very briefly the archaeological context. Six the archaeology of historical Cherokee, the separate Cherokee households were identified archaeological context of the Townsend sites, during the machine-assisted scraping of more a discussion of architecture, features, pottery than 100,000 m2. Archaeomagnetic dating of analysis, and glass trade beads, and the sum- hearths (A.D. 1600–1740) and cross-dating of mary chapter. Boyce Driskell, Jeremy Sweat, pottery and beads suggest that the six house- Katherine McMillan, Stephen Carmody, Phyllis holds were occupied A.D. 1650–1720. Rigney, and Erik Johanson authored the lithics In chapter 5 Marcoux addresses the archi- chapter, and Kandace D. Hollenbach, Judith tecture: two pairs consisting each of a winter

Historical Archaeology, 2013, 47(4):203–205. Permission to reprint required. 204 HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY 47(4) house and a summer house; one complex with from great data to final conclusions without any a winter house, summer house, and ramada; intermediate, midrange theoretical basis. two winter houses; and one unknown house The lithic artifacts are addressed in chapter form. Marcoux places these house forms within 8, and Driskell, Sweat, McMillan, Carmody, the broader context of Cherokee architecture. Rigney, and Johanson deserve credit for the The sixth chapter addresses the 47 non- explicit discussion of the difficulties in trying architectural features that could be confidently to separate Cherokee and earlier lithics. The assigned to the Cherokee. Chapters 5 and 6 lithics discussion stresses the lack of metal tools include excellent graphics to guide the discus- in the Cherokee contexts. I was left wondering sions. I was a little disappointed that, given the if this was a depositional issue or if the Tuck- importance Marcoux places on feature volumes, aleechee Cherokee really had few metal tools. he did not make any effort to estimate the Lacking excavated grave contexts, is it possible feature volume lost to plowing. Most of the that high-value, metal trade items went to the pits originally extended upward another 20–40 grave with their owners? cm, and depending on the flare of the surviving Marcoux discusses the glass bead assemblage feature, this volume lost to plowing may have (n=228) in chapter 9. He considers bead assem- changed the volume ranking of the features. blages from throughout the greater Southeast Chapter 7 presents the detailed pottery to define six clusters with apparent temporal analysis. Marcoux places his assemblage within significance. When the Tuckaleechee assemblage the broader Cherokee context, as he does with and the six clusters are subjected to correspon- other data classes. I had certain difficulties with dence analysis seriation, the site material most the usage of terms in the pottery discussion. closely resembles cluster 3, dated to ca. A.D. Marcoux uses “style” to describe the three 1650–1730. ceramic manifestations documented in the Cher- The 10th chapter presents the ethnobotani- okee contexts. In two cases his “styles” corre- cal and zooarchaeological analyses. The detailed spond directly to established series (Qualla and studies ultimately show that the foodways were Overhill), but in the third case “style” seems similar to those documented at other Cherokee to be a local variation on the Qualla series. sites. The authors note that the faunal assem- When Marcoux also argues that there are three blage is noteworthy for its lack of muskrat and “wares” represented by the Qualla, Overhill, raccoon, and suggest that these species were and Tuckaleechee styles, confusion ensues. Style trapped offsite for their hides, and that the can be manifest on various levels: an individual carcasses were not transported home. Alter- (or even different points in the evolution of nately, the general paucity of animals procured a single potter), a teaching/learning cohort, a through trapping (the minimum number of household, a settlement, or a region. In arguing individuals count for beaver was one, and there that the presence of three “styles” indicates a was no opossum, skunk, mink, muskrat, otter, coalescent community, Marcoux seems to argue or raccoon) may reflect that the work groups that potter identity or community of origin is traditionally occupied with seasonal trapping had directly reflected in style. For this reader, it diverted their efforts to the deer hide trade. remains unclear why the well-established term The final chapter draws together all the “series” was not used instead of style. As “style” data and analyses, creating a narrative of the is never defined, the argument seems to jump English contact period in the Tuckaleechee 205

Towns. Due to an unfortunate series of research on Cherokee lifeways in the English events, several large data recovery excava- contact period. This is an important report tions of historical Cherokee sites have been that should be in the library of all students of unreported or under-reported in the past 20 the contact period. years. Until recently, the Townsend sites were included. With the present volume, Marcoux Chris Espenshade and his associates have done an excellent job CCRG 2530 Spring Arbor Road of describing these important sites and plac- Jackson MI 49203-3602 ing the results into the mainstream of current 206 HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY 47(4)

Scandinavian Colonialism and the theories and other studies of colonialism. Rise of Modernity: Small Time Agents Following other larger European powers, the in a Global Arena Scandinavian countries shared in the current MAGDALENA NAUM AND JONAS M. ideologies of colonialism and racism. Mer- NORDIN (EDITORS) chants in Denmark and Sweden participated in Springer, New York, NY, 2013. 327 the triangular slave trade and established and pp., 76 illus. $129.00 cloth, $99.00 maintained colonies in the Caribbean, Africa, e-book. and the North. Perhaps one underlying theme of the The editors assembled a collection of volume is the interaction of the Swedes and essays from archaeologists, historians, and Dutch in the 17th century. In certain endeav- anthropologists that delves into case studies ors, the Dutch provided to Sweden a skilled on the impact of Scandinavian colonialism workforce, a knowledge base, and capital for around the world. This work is a fundamental their iron manufacturing and shipbuilding. contribution to the new field of Scandinavian The Dutch received raw materials such as iron colonialism. The authors apply a critical out- and copper with access to the Baltic. From look to the current versions of early modern this relationship, Sweden was thrust into the Scandinavian history, and establish that the global market in the 17th century with oppor- colonial activity and ideology were an impor- tunities to colonize other places. In America tant element of the developing Scandinavian they followed the Dutch model of establishing state. All of the essays are independent and trading posts to interact with the local native can stand alone, with their own background populations, as opposed to conquest. Later, in introductions. the mid-17th century, the Dutch seized the This book is subdivided into four sec- Swedish colonies in North America and in tions. The first section, “Charting Scandinavian Africa. The Danish colonies in India, Africa, Colonialism” covers the relatively obscure issue and the Caribbean survived, with their stories of Scandinavians as colonizers. Five essays or told in five separate essays. Notable exceptions chapters explore their reasons for colonization. to the early modern colonization are Iceland The second section, “Colonizing the North,” and Greenland. Denmark and Norway colo- presents four chapters on colonial activities nized these countries much earlier, in the early in Iceland, Greenland, and Lapland (Sápmi). medieval period. The third section, “Venturing into the World: The foundation of this book is Gunlög Scandinavian Colonies in America, Africa and Fur’s chapter, which reviews the historiography Asia” contains seven chapters on the coloniza- of the Swedish colonial activities from the 17th tion processes from the 17th through the 19th century through the 19th century. During the centuries. The final section, “Post Scriptum: second half of the 20th century, there was an Reflections,” gives two eloquent essays on ambivalent attitude among scholars that down- how these contributions meld with current played the role of Scandinavians as colonizers.

Historical Archaeology, 2013, 47(4):206–210. Permission to reprint required. 207

Sweden did have colonial activities in Africa, international goods. A number of them bonded America, Eastern Baltic, and Sápmi. Indeed, with native Greenland women, who then the Swedes considered the Saami’s land to be gained access to these restricted goods. The vacant, and moved in with agriculture. Greenland gift-giving customs of reciprocity The mainstream of modern history gives may have spread the goods further. the historical narrative of the rise of the Kristín Loftsdóttir and Gísli Pálsson pres- nation-state, which treats the current political ent the life story of Hans Jonatan, a “Mulatto” and social hierarchies and territorial boundaries who started out life enslaved on a sugar plan- as natural and inevitable. The post-World War tation on Saint Croix. He was transported II scholarship of the history of colonialism to Denmark, fought in a Napoleonic war, confirms this simplistic if comfortable view- was re-enslaved, and then escaped to Iceland. point. The authors of this volume question His journey reveals the changing concepts of this viewpoint and present contrary evidence, racism and slavery in Denmark and Iceland. with an alternative narrative. Was Iceland a colony? Gavin Lucas and The chapter by Chris Evans and Göran Angelos Parigoris address this question through Rydén on the iron industry in the Bergslagen the concept of “crypto-colonialism” developed region of Sweden touches on issues that echo by Herzfeld. While they identify an “us vs. throughout the volume, which is the implicit them” mentality among the native-born Ice- character of Scandinavian involvement in the landers toward the Danes, the territory does colonial economy. The industry grew in the not neatly fit into a core-periphery model of 17th century due to control by the Crown colonialism. using Dutch skills, methods, and capital. Across the world, in Tranquebar, India, By the 18th century, high-quality iron was Helle Jørgensen examines modern tourism exported to the wholesale markets in Bristol, in a former Danish colony. Both the visiting England. In turn, this commodity became a Danes and the Indian authorities prefer to vital part of the British slave network as it was view the colonial past as trading friendship and in demand in the Bight of Biafra. The British downplay the negative aspects of colonialism. traded Swedish iron for enslaved Africans who Jørgensen defines this as the narrative of “anti- were transported to the Caribbean. The high- conquest,” which serves the current needs of quality iron underpinned the British Empire global tourism. and the Swedish economy. Daniel Lindmark questions the assump- Unlike our traditional conception of the tion presented among Swedish historians that early modern period of colonization, Green- a nation must cross an ocean to be consid- land and Iceland were colonized by Denmark ered a colonizer. The Swedish expansion into and Norway during the medieval period. By Sápmi proves otherwise. From the 17th cen- the 19th century, the Danish colonial author- tury, Swedes established new farms in areas ity tried to insulate the native Greenlanders that were used by the Saami. Missions were from the outside. Peter A. Toft and Inge Høst established to acculturate the Saami children Seiding give an account on how this control through strict religious teaching and thereby was undermined or subverted by intermar- alter the identity of the people. This was an riage or informal family ties. The Danish active campaign against shamanism that led to and European traders had exclusive access to Sammi resistance, of which the drum became a 208 HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY 47(4)

Saami symbol. By the end of the 17th century, Later in the volume, Audrey Horning asserts there was a notable case of one graduate using that these findings undercut the belief that the his literacy to verbally resist the Swedish colo- American log cabin and associated backwoods nization. The American reviewer finds familiar, culture were initiated by the Finns. if uncomfortable, echoes with the creation of Going beyond the economic models of the United States by expansion into the ter- capitalism and colonialism, Ekengren, Mag- ritories of the Native Americans. Most of the dalena Naum, and Ulla Isabel Zagal-Mach Swedish mission schools failed in fully accul- Wolfe present the effects of the human condi- turating the native children. A similar process tions of homesickness and social isolation on occurred in the United States. Both colonizers the inhabitants of a colony. In America, New removed children from the indigenous family Sweden became a failed colony. Eventually the group to an ideological education. Both are Dutch backers pulled out financial support, dealing with the issues that in the United and the Swedish Crown ceased to supply the States created the Native American Graves colonists. At home the Swedes and Finns were Protection and Repatriation Act legislation. reluctant to emigrate, so some were forced to Fredrik Ekengren draws upon the archaeo- go. Ironically, after the colony changed hands logical literature in Sweden to define the tradi- to the Dutch, and later the English, many tional culture of the Forest Finns. The Finns Finns became interested in emigrating based were adopting Swedish practices, objects, and on positive news from America and the desire tools while moving into mainstream Swedish to escape harsher forest laws introduced by the culture in the 17th century. They were framed Swedish state. as the Other or aliens in Sweden when they If colonialism is defined by asymmetri- economically competed with Swedes for good cal power relationships, this is an instance timber land. The Forest Finns were known where the native people, the Lenape, were for practicing the swidden method of forest more powerful than the Swedish colonists. In clearing and cropping in northern Sweden, addition, the neighboring English and Dutch while Swedes considered timber stands of tall colonies were more powerful as well. In this trees as valuable for ship construction and a tense situation, the colonists suffered from source of charcoal for the rapidly developing isolation from their homeland and became and demanding iron industry. homesick, as documented by the letters to In general, the log cabin, the smoke oven, Sweden. Even Governor Printz, the most and grain drying sheds are recognized as ele- powerful man in the colony, abandoned his ments of traditional Finnish culture. Ekengren post to return to Sweden. searched for these in the footprint of New In chapter 11, Lu Ann De Cunzo pres- Sweden, along the Delaware River Valley. ents an insightful narrative of the colony of Currently, there is conclusive evidence of early New Sweden in the perspective of border- Finnish settlements in this region. He con- land materiality. The colony was intentionally cludes the Finns were rapidly adopting other positioned in an uncolonized border territory practices and may have opted out of the smoke between the English Chesapeake and Dutch oven and racks. Following the trends noted New Netherland. The leaders and populace of in Sweden, Ekengren postulates that a hybrid New Sweden were poorly supported from the culture quickly developed in New Sweden. mother country, and carefully negotiated their 209 existence among the more powerful colonial space. Although the mulattos were a low status powers and native groups. De Cunzo compares group who were outcasts to both Europeans and contrasts the use of Swedish and Lenape and Africans, some of them were mediators symbols of power in classical imagery, ceremo- between the cultures. Weiss presents examples nies of land possession, and wampum. The of how the cultures blended, resulting to a results of her excavations of a 1660 French/ degree in creolization. Dutch house in New Castle are intriguing. Louise Sebro presents an intriguing analy- The mix of material culture defies attribution sis of the 1733 Anima slave revolt in St. John. to any one European nationality and suggests While one would expect the unequal relation- the futility of doing so in a hybrid culture that ship between the masters and the enslaved to is intimately interconnected with many differ- be the cause of the rebellion, this is not the ent ethnic groups. complete picture. Sebro makes a convincing New Sweden was a hybrid community case that the tensions and conflicts among from the start, as 10 languages were spoken rival African ethnic groups were the sparks among the colonists. Jonas M. Nordin docu- that ignited the rebellion. ments that objects that were traded quickly Douglas V. Armstrong, Christian William- changed their meaning in the hands of the son, and Alan D. Armstrong tested a Danish Other. Brass kettles were cut up by the Lenape colonial house compound at Saint Thomas. and Susquehannock for ornaments, while war With documentary research and archaeological clubs and wampum became exotic high-status results, they used spatial analysis to define the curiosities in Sweden. social interaction areas in a terraced house. In chapter 13, Eric Schnakenbourg The results demonstrate the control of access describes the history of Sweden’s frustrat- to space by the house owners. ing attempt to obtain a colony in the New As the discussant, Horning reframes the World during the 18th and 19th centuries. historical vision of colonialism and asserts that The larger colonial powers kept edging out everyone in this modern world has had their Sweden, until they negotiated the possession lives touched and influenced by colonialism. of Saint Barthelemy from France. Previously People are brought up with the ambiguities Sweden established colonies in Delaware and involved in an unequal power relationship. the coast of Africa by the 17th century, until She compares Scandinavian colonialism to the Dutch seized them. The Swedes contin- English colonialism in Virginia and Ireland. ued to participate in the global economy by Scandinavians were a small-time colonial producing iron and herring to be used in the power that came on the world stage later slave trade. Eventually the Swedish merchants than the other European maritime powers. found a profitable trade by employing a status They could study the previous endeavors as of neutrality during the periods of war among proven or failed models. Even with these the larger colonial powers. models, they frequently failed with their In Africa Holger Weiss describes a Gold initial instructions, and the colonists had to Coast Danish trading post during the 18th adapt their economic plans. and 19th centuries. The fort was a multina- James Symonds gives an explicit review tional European enclave in a foreign land, of the theoretical approaches displayed in the and it became a segregated and hierarchical chapters. Over recent years, scholarship has 210 HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY 47(4) shifted from studying acculturation to a hybrid examine the current thinking of scholarship in creolization model, where people lived in an early modern Scandinavian archaeology. Unfor- entangled web of exchange, with a flow of tunately, the higher than usual price may act to objects and resulting dependencies. limit the distribution of this excellent volume. This book gives us a rare look into the changing human landscape of early modern Craig Lukezic Scandinavia and its colonies for those of us Delaware Division of Historical and Cultural Affairs who are exclusively Anglophones. Most of the 21 The Green literature in the bibliography is not in English, Dover, DE 19901 so this gives us an exciting opportunity to 211

Civil War Blockade-Runners: Prize An account of the development of the Claims and the Historical Record, Union blockade is contained in chapter 4. From Including the Denbigh’s Court the start of the conflict, with the first shot fired Documents at Fort Sumter, South Carolina, on 12 April GERALD R. POWELL, MATTHEW C. 1861, through 4 December 1863, over 80% of CORDON, AND J. BARTO ARNOLD III the blockade runners were successful in entering Denbigh Shipwreck Project South Carolina ports. Publication 6, Institute of Nautical The prize claim process with an example of Archaeology, College Station, TX, a dispute between two captors of a Confederate 2012. 342 pp., 54 illus. $40.00 vessel is included in chapter 5. The footnote paper. on page 88 refers to the Alabama prize claim and the location of documents regarding the In the introduction J. Barto Arnold sum- case. This is a valuable introduction to search marizes the publications generated thus far by procedures regarding specific cases. the Denbigh Shipwreck Project. Chapter1 covers The Denbigh was salvaged after her ground- the final days of the Denbigh, one of the most ing, thus salvage law is covered in chapter 6. successful blockade runners of the Civil War. The historical value of prize claim records The steamship ran aground on 23 May 1865 is discussed in chapter 7. The authors note off Galveston the day after officials in that city that personnel on the captured vessels would began pursuit of an armistice. not benefit by destroying ship records such Chapter 2 briefly discusses the history of as health certificates, logs, or cargo manifests, maritime codes, and the origin of the prize the last of which are important to material system is detailed in chapter 3. Approximately culture studies. 200 ships were built expressly for the purpose The Denbigh was owned by a multinational of circumventing the Union blockade. While trading company along with three other ships most successfully ran blockades, more than that were all used as blockade runners. Informa- 1,400 ships were captured or destroyed. The tion on these three and several other vessels is prize system produced a financial incentive for provided in chapter 8. Union naval forces that shifted combat strategy. Appendix A, “Principles of Prize Courts,” To illustrate the monetary rewards the authors details the legal background for the prize present the case of the Memphis, which pro- claim system, and Civil War–period statutes vided a half million dollar settlement to the are in appendix B. Prize rules by the admi- USS Magnolia officers and crew. The Magnolia ralty in New York are detailed in appendix C. captain’s award from that single prize claim Appendix D presents the standard questions exceeded his annual salary by more than 15 that witnesses would be asked regarding prize fold. The gross proceeds were greater than $21 claim cases. Appendix E summarizes important million, or more than 10 times that amount in prize cases brought before the United States 2006 dollars. Supreme Court.

Historical Archaeology, 2013, 47(4):211–212. Permission to reprint required. 212 HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY 47(4)

Appendix F presents documents that relate date of capture. In some cases the cargo type to the claim to bales of cotton jettisoned when is presented. Researchers interested in account- the Denbigh ran aground in April 1865, a ings for cargo(s) can refer to the cause (case) month before her final voyage. numbers. Case numbers for 78 vessels are Appendix G contains some records regard- presented. ing the claim to cargo on the Fanny, a block- Civil War Blockade Runners and an earlier ade runner captured off the Texas coast in volume in the series, The Civil War Adventures April 1964. Most telling for historical studies of a Blockade Runner by William Watson and is the appraiser’s report, which includes house- Barto Arnold (2001), contain documents useful hold items and hardware along with quinine for material culture studies. In the volume for treating malaria. Appendix H records prize reviewed here the inventory included frying claims against the Stingray and two other pans among the metal items that the Fanny blockade runners. carried when captured. Apparently metal Appendix I contains available documents manufacturing by the Confederacy was pressed relating to the Denbigh salvage claims and the into almost exclusively producing for the war transcriptions of each that are housed in the effort. Both of these volumes in the Denbigh Confederacy admiralty office. The turpentine Shipwreck Project series are useful additions to and cotton cargo alone was valued at near the a library on the American Civil War period. amount as the ship itself. Appendix J, the “Captures Table,” provides John T. Penman details on captured vessels from the second PO Box 3343 Yuma, AZ 85365-0906 half of 1863 through the end of the war in 1865. Included are ship type, location, and 213

Kentucky’s Frontier Highway: thesis that the Maysville Road is significant Historical Landscapes along the “because of the political policy it fomented, Maysville Road the economic development that followed its KARL RAITZ AND NANCY O’MALLEY way, the innovative road-building technology University Press of Kentucky, it demonstrated, and the cultural landscapes it Lexington, 2012. 424 pp., 70 illus., prompted” (p. 38). Using 18th-century travel bibliog., index. $40.00 cloth. narratives and examples of extant architecture, the authors begin to explore how early set- In Kentucky’s Frontier Highway, geographer tlers manipulated the geography of Kentucky Karl Raitz and archaeologist Nancy O’Malley, to develop the roadways and networks that both of the University of Kentucky, take the facilitated their social and economic goals. reader on a journey through over 200 years of Most significant, however, is the authors’ dis- the state’s most traveled roadway. The result- cussion of the changing dynamics of the road ing text is part microhistory, part travelog, and due to public and private involvement, often wholly a primer on how historians and travel- in the context of periods of economic flux or ers alike should peer beyond the dashboard technological advances. to investigate and engage their communities’ Part 3, “The Maysville Road: A Landscape roadways. Throughout the book, the road Biography” is where the authors’ combined emerges as its own historical marker, open to training in geography, history, and archaeol- interpretation and examination as any primary ogy truly shines, and the result is the stuff source. of which a wanderlust history buff’s dreams Raitz and O’Malley cover immense ground are made. Organized further into logical geo- in their research of Kentucky’s Maysville Road. graphical regions, (Lexington, Blue Licks, and As such, the architecture of the text itself Maysville), part 3 functions as a biography of is significant and welcoming. In each of the the Maysville Road itself. Over the expanse of text’s four parts, the authors explore themes of the Maysville Road, beginning at mile marker the road’s development. In part 1, the book’s 0.0, the authors take us mile by mile (or, more introduction, the authors establish that roads, accurately, by tenths of a mile) through Ken- not unlike their builders, are “always chang- tucky’s landscape, dissecting along the way the ing, adjusting, and becoming something new roadways of both past and present, historical and different” (p. 3). According to Raitz and architecture masked by modern improvement, O’Malley, roads are products of technology, and valuable side trips that delve deeply into economy, and, ultimately, society. Kentucky’s the region’s social and geographic history. Maysville Road is no exception, and the Here, the authors’ biographical approach authors’ interdisciplinary approach illustrates to the Maysville Road allows a more thorough this point. exploration of the region’s prehistory, settle- Part 2, “Overland Roads and the Epic of ment patterns, and economic and technological Kentucky’s Settlement,” explores in depth the influencers. For example, Raitz and O’Malley

Historical Archaeology, 2013, 47(4):213–214. Permission to reprint required. 214 HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY 47(4) take the reader on a journey along Bryan but about community development, technology, Station Road, the original Limestone Trace, and the human experience. which itself follows an older buffalo road. Kentucky’s Frontier Highway is an important This and other “side trips” from the main contribution to the study of myriad disciplines, road provide the most intimate details about the authors’ work necessarily interdisciplinary the road’s development, and add agency to the and far-reaching. The text, however, lacks a American Indians, enslaved African Americans, formal discussion of historiography, theory, and families of settlers who contributed to the and method. Such a discussion would situate landscape. Maysville Road in the broader and develop- In their conclusion, part 4, “Reflecting ing dialogues of place theory and community on Roads and American Culture,” the authors development. That said, it is important to assert that “the story of the Maysville Road is note that Kentucky’s Frontier Highway is not a much more than a regional epic; it is really typical history book—the text, then, is “best the story of how Americans embraced those read as a companion for inquisitive travelers” tools that allowed them to make mobility (p. 95). From buffalo path to frontier trace, to a cornerstone of their cosmology” (p. 336). a modern highway speckled with remnants of Here, the Maysville Road emerges as a case the past, Raitz and O’Malley successfully weave study from which historians, geographers, and context and narrative into a journey through a casual travelers alike learn to ask new questions multifaceted landscape. about the landscapes they traverse daily. By learning to read the roadways, travelers stand Kate Egner Gruber to glean not just information about geography, 117 Sharps Road Williamsburg, VA 23188 215

Vessels of Influence: China and the with reference to the tea ceremony. Tea was Birth of Porcelain in Medieval and introduced into Japan during the Nara period Early Modern Japan (A.D. 710–794), and southern Chinese jian NICOLE COOLIDGE ROUSMANIERE stoneware was particularly in demand in Japan, Bristol Classics Press, London, UK, where copies were made. “Whipped green tea 2012. 192 pp., 11 illus., bibliog., prepared in brown and black-glazed bowls index. $24.00 paper. during the Song period (A.D. 960–1279), was used first among court officials and then In this small volume Nicole Coolidge Buddhist monks” (p. 79). It is noted in tea Rousmaniere has clarified some extremely diaries that while Korean bowls were used in important issues. The Chinese invented por- tea ceremonies from the 1530s on, they did celain during the 8th century A.D., while not replace Chinese ceramics. Chinese jian the Japanese did not start making it until ware bowls continued to be used, and there the early 17th century. The author explores is a discussion of their presence in Japanese the ceramic trade between China and Japan paintings. The author presents medieval and then Europe, the creation of porcelain Japanese documents that rank the importance in Japan, and the political background that of the various wares imported from China and has confused these issues for so long. She has how they should be displayed. read the works of both Japanese and Western To further clarify the history of the scholars, and has also attended archaeological importation of Chinese ceramics into Japan, conventions at which these issues have been the author mentions published excavations discussed in new ways. This book contains demonstrating that “large quantities of Chi- many useful black-and-white illustrations as nese trade wares have been found in levels well as a comparative chronology of China, dating from the end of the 11th century Korea, and Japan and important maps. through to the 14th century,” including cela- Chinese potters had made opaque white don wares, white porcelain, and jian ware. A stoneware in the Sui dynasty (A.D. 581–618), range of quality of wares were present, low- but it was not until the 8th century that a quality for everyday use and higher qualities “fully-vitrified ware made from kaolin, feldspar, for entertaining, so that it seems that “the and silica ... and fired to ... 1300 Centigrade” possession and use of Chinese porcelain had (p. 25) was produced in China, at the Xing become commonplace” (p. 97). kilns in Hebei Province. Korean potters Why did the Japanese wait until the early began to fire white porcelain in the 9th and 17th century to make porcelain? (It should 10th centuries, while the Vietnamese fired be noted that true, hard-paste porcelain was semiporcelain wares from the 15th century not made in Europe until the Meissen factory onwards. Rousmaniere discusses the export of at Dresden started production in 1710.) The different types of Chinese ceramics to Japan, Japanese have a robust earthenware and including stonewares and porcelain, particularly stoneware tradition. In the past there have

Historical Archaeology, 2013, 47(4):215–217. Permission to reprint required. 216 HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY 47(4) been legends that the Japanese began to styles does not mean that such objects were produce porcelain as a result of the invasion especially prevalent during a particular period. of Korea in 1592 and 1597, during which Chinese ceramics have been preserved in Korean ceramic craftsmen were brought handed-down collections in Japan, and some back to Japan—the “pottery wares” theory. even have names, such as Bakôhan (Horse Rousmaniere discusses this theory and explains Locust Staples), a 13th-century stoneware bowl that there are “political sensitivities” that with celadon glaze that was broken and then continued into the 20th century because of the repaired with metal clamps. It is an Important Japanese occupation of Korea during World Cultural Property and is now in the Tokyo War II. National Museum. Immediately prior to porcelain-making Early written records and paintings are in Japan, the Portuguese settled in Macao in also helpful. Records of archaeological excava- 1557, and there was a yearly trade in which tions are problematic because although many porcelain and other products went from China excavations are conducted in Japan each year, to Japan, with Japanese high-quality silver “many are handled at the local level ... and bullion taken from Japan to China. Chinese are therefore not automatically integrated into wares continued to be imported into Japan, a nationwide data-based network.” and “in the 16th century even townspeople There is a valuable review of the vari- had access to and utilized Chinese porcelain” ous important collections of 17th- and 18th- (p. 97), while their wares were of lesser qual- century Japanese porcelain in Europe, such as ity than were those owned by the Samurai that of Augustus the Strong at Dresden and class. The author discusses the reasons for the collection at Burghley House, Stamford, conspicuous consumption and outward display Lincolnshire (England). These collections aide of wealth in Japan in the late 16th and early in the understanding of early Japanese export 17th centuries. Death inventories were used, porcelain, as do the documents of the VOC, which indicate that porcelain was kept in sets, the Dutch East India Company. which could be used for “power entertaining,” During the invasion of Korea between and archaeological excavations confirm the 1592 and 1598, Korean potters were forcibly importance of the China-Japan trade and the relocated to Japan and had a huge impact on presence of large quantities of Chinese ceram- ceramic production. They introduced important ics in 16th- and 17th-century sites. From the technical changes including “the fast-turning 1640s to the late 17th century, many of the kick-wheel, the use of a paddle and anvil ... kilns in southern China were destroyed during to thin and strengthen the walls of a ceramic what has been called the Transitional Period, jar, and the use of spurs ... to separate vessels between the Ming and Qing dynasties, and stacked together during firing in the kiln” as there was a need for the Japanese to make well as the noborigama or “climbing kiln.” porcelain themselves. There has been extensive debate about Japanese scholars are fortunate in having the origin of the Japanese porcelain industry. heirloom objects—ceramics saved for genera- The earliest Japanese porcelain was produced tions—to study, but the author correctly points in kilns in the area of Arita, where all the out that these objects are random survivals, important ingredients for the manufacture of and the preponderance of ceramics of certain porcelain were found: running water, a supply 217 of timber, and clay deposits. There are two to be financially independent, and having a important myths about the genesis of porcelain porcelain factory was an exciting project. The manufacture, one about a certain Shonzui, who example of the porcelain production begun by went to China to learn porcelain making in the Nabeshima family is an important one. the 16th century, and another about Ri Sanpei, There are many similarities between Japan in a Korean potter. this period and Europe. Once the “secret” of To summarize the myths about the gen- porcelain manufacture left Meissen, the nobility esis of porcelain and its rarity, in the 1610s of many 18th-century European principalities porcelain and stoneware were fired together such as Frankenthal, Höchst, Furstenburg, in the same kilns, and by the 1620s they were and Nymphenburg in the German states and fired separately. Rousmaniere gives a brief Chantilly in France wanted a ready supply of description of the production of earthenware porcelain for their own use and wanted the and stoneware in Japan, and of the nascent revenue that could be theirs from having a porcelain production in Japan in 1610 with porcelain manufactory of their own. the “introduction of new kiln technologies Continuing into the 19th century, Rous- from the continent” (p. 33). (I assume that maniere clarifies the arguments between vari- by “the continent” the author means China ous Europeans such as the British collectors and Korea.) By the 1650s Japanese porcelain and scholars Franks and Jenyns. Franks and had largely replaced Chinese porcelain in the Jenyns studied Japanese ceramics after 1853, domestic market. Rousmaniere believes, and when Commodore Perry “opened “ Japan to I think rightly so, that the development of the West and there was an important market porcelain technology was a gradual process. for Japanese goods. Chinese reign marks were used on Japanese In her introduction, the author promises porcelain, including spurious reign marks from to “explore the debates on the role of porce- the 15th and 16th centuries, a practice also lain in late medieval and early modern Japan” common in China. (p. 24), and she has done this successfully, The political history of the period is while also pointing out that there is much important, and the author addresses the history work still to be done concerning porcelain of the Tokugawa shogunate (the Edo period, production in Asia. 1603–1868) as being a time of peace during which the arts could flourish. During this Linda Rosenfeld Pomper period, the various political domains needed 1165 Park Avenue, Apt. 10D New York, NY 10128 218 HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY 47(4)

Archaeology, Cultural Property, and military personnel operating outside of the the Military United States in host countries and in war LAURIE RUSH (EDITOR) zones. Training includes the development of Heritage Matters Volume 3, cultural education information and lectures International Centre for Cultural to deploying personnel, training scenarios, and Heritage Studies, Newcastle participation in international symposia, and University, Boydell Press, public awareness of the DOD-AIA program Woodbridge, UK, 2010. 230 pp., (see ). illus., bibliog., index. $95.00 cloth, Rush organized and edited 16 papers $29.95 paper. for Archaeology, Cultural Property, and the Military, most presented at the 2008 World Historical archaeologists should be aware Archaeological Congress in Dublin, Ireland. of this important volume as a “reference docu- Participants were international professionals ment” establishing cultural heritage parameters actively engaged in the protection of cultural for academic-military partnerships and working heritage, but a unique aspect of this volume with foreign counterparts. Many members of is the inclusion of transnational military the Archaeological Institute of America (AIA) professionals and civilians active in the field. already are, but all archaeologists need to be Some authors are anthropologists holding informed of issues related to the destruction doctorates or are conservators, but they are or of cultural property in areas of conflict. Heri- were military officers as well. In “Archaeology tage Matters is a 13-volume series published and the Military: An Introduction,” Rush states by Boydell Press, following viewpoints of the that “some of the chapters are out of date International Centre for Cultural and Heritage already” (p. 1), noting that the International Studies (ICCHS) headed by Newcastle Univer- Cultural Resources Working Group and a sity’s Peter Stone. He edited an initial volume U.S. Central Command Historical/Cultural in the series, Cultural Heritage, Ethics, and the Advisory Group have now been established. In Military (2011), focusing on the ethical chal- “The Obligations Contained in International lenges of academics working with the military Treaties of Armed Forces to Protect Cultural to preserve cultural property. Heritage in Times of Armed Conflict,” art Archaeologist Laurie Rush (Ph.D./RPA), historian/law professor Patty Gerstenblith cultural resources program manager at the reviews the topic through the 1907 and 1954 U.S. Army’s Fort Drum, New York, and Laura Hague Conventions. Appendix 1 reproduces Childs, her counterpart at U.S. Air Force ISR the “1954 Hague Convention and its Two Agency, San Antonio, are founding members Protocols.” In “Rescuing Europe’s Cultural of Cultural Heritage by AIA-Military Panel. Heritage: The Role of the Allied Monuments Since 2005 the AIA and the Department of Officers in World War II,” Krysia Spirydowicz Defense (DOD) have collaborated in an effort (classicist/art conservator) writes about the to improve cultural and heritage awareness of preservation of art objects, the post-D-day

Historical Archaeology, 2013, 47(4):218–220. Permission to reprint required. 219 era, Nazi repositories, and the restitution of Global Operations” documents the 2003–2009 objects. “The UK’s Training and Awareness history of the program, replica archaeological Programme” by Julian Radcliffe (retired sites for training, and examples from Iraq and military/chairman of Arts Loss Registry) Afghanistan. In “Teaching Cultural Property documents the current cultural awareness and Protection in the Middle East: The Central importance of UNESCO and INTERPOL. Command Historical Cultural Advisory Group Corine Wegener’s “US Army Civil Affairs: and International Efforts,” Rush focuses on Protecting Cultural Property, Past and issues of heritage, situational awareness, and Future” concentrates on experiences in legal and strategic topics viewed at Uruk, Iraq. Baghdad as an art curator and Army officer, “Cultural Resources Data for Heritage centering on best practices and noting the Protection in Contingency Operations” by Paul unheeded warnings of Maguire Gibson in Green (CRM archaeologist/U.S. Air Force) 2002. Wegener is founder and president of provides a history of geographical information the U.S. Committee for the Blue Shield (see systems work in Iraq and Afghanistan (3,000 Association of National Committees of the and 2,000 sites, respectively). “Time Not on Blue Shield: ). My Side: Cultural Resource Management in In “Cultural Property Protection in the Kirkuk, Iraq,” a “boots-on-the ground” per- Event of Armed Conflict: Deploying Military spective of conditions at a U.S. Air Force Experts or Can White Men Sing the Blues?,” base in 2008, is written by archaeologist/con- Joris Kila (art historian/classical archaeologist/ servation scientist Darrell Pinckney; 16 sites active Dutch military officer), deals with obli- were inventoried. In “US Military Support of gations to protect Macedonian cultural heri- Cultural Heritage Awareness and Preservation tage and changing military mindsets. “Good in Post-Conflict Iraq,” the State Department’s Training and Good Practice: Protection of Diane Siebrandt (anthropologist/zooarchaeolo- the Cultural Heritage on the UK Defence gist) analyzes military-State Department efforts Training Estate” by professional archaeologist in Baghdad and the experiences of five dif- Martin Brown draws attention to identify- ferent military units in dealing with cultural ing cultural properties in the Salisbury Plain, resources. “Operation Heritage” by Hugo southwest England. “In-Theatre Soldier Train- Clarke (military officer/British Museum con- ing through Cultural Heritage Playing Cards: tractor) critiques site surveys and damage from A US Department of Defense Example” by use as military positions as well as looting James Zeidler (RPA anthropologist/director of and neglect in Operations Samaria and Bell. the Center for Environmental Management of In “Cultural Property Protection in the Event Military Lands, Colorado State University) and of Armed Conflict—Austrian Experiences” Rush reviews the concept and design of decks by Friedrich Schipper and five colleagues of playing cards that focus on sites, artifacts (backgrounds in engineering, archaeology, law, and “what-to-do” in the field to educate troops and the military), the planned and imple- about cultural heritage; more than 120,000 mented civil sector program of training and decks were distributed in Iraq and Afghanistan. preparation of manuals for Austrian troops are Rush’s “Dealing the Heritage Hand: Establish- detailed. Stephan Zellmeyer (doctoral advisor ing a United States Department of Defense to the Swiss military) relates a highly devel- Cultural Property Protection Program for oped system in the “Role of the Swiss Armed 220 HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY 47(4)

Forces in the Protection of Cultural Property.” armed deployments and peacetime. Dominated Professional archaeologist Sarah Parcak in by a Western perspective, the collective “Preserving Global Heritage from Space in essays provide a significant benchmark and Times of War” considers the topics of looting illustrate the need for wider debates on and ethics and what may be accomplished by cultural heritage in combat zones. Interested academic-military cooperation in the future. readers may also benefit from Simon Lambert This pragmatic volume engages readers and Cynthia Rockwell’s Protecting Cultural on a broad range of subjects confronting Heritage in Times of Conflict (International organizations and individuals. The useful case Centre for the Study of the Preservation studies encompass issues from international and Restoration of Cultural Property, perspectives with personal and professional Rome, 2012: ). methods to educate troops to recognize, protect, and preserve cultural heritage during Charles C. Kolb Vienna, VA 22180 221

Uncovering History: Archaeological break the 1868 treaty with the Sioux nation Investigations at the Little Bighorn in order to access gold in the Black Hills, DOUGLAS D. SCOTT which were considered sacred by the Sioux. University of Oklahoma Press, Timing could not have been better to stir up Norman, 2013. 245 pp., 54 figs. public sentiment: the 25–26 June 1876 battle $32.95 cloth. was just a little more than a week before the American Centennial. Patriotic sentiments were Little Bighorn National Monument is rec- extremely high. This just added to the legend ognized and referenced by every archaeologist of “Custer’s Last Stand,” today known as the who is involved with military conflict sites as Little Bighorn National Monument. the birthplace of battlefield archaeology, and A plethora of movies, books, television Douglas D. Scott as the founder of the con- programs, paintings, and even video games cept. It is the first battlefield to use systematic has immortalized Custer and made Last Stand metal detecting with precise artifact mapping Hill into a shrine to which millions have made and data plotting to recreate the historical pilgrimages. Of course pilgrims also want relics events accurately. Uncovering History by Scott associated with important events. Relic hunting is a comprehensive report on artifact retrieval actually started the day of the battle as Native from early relic hunting to the first metal Americans seized trophies of war ranging from detecting survey in 1956. Scott compiles all of weapons to clothing to personal effects of the the available data into one complete site analy- dead. The bodies were left exposed and were sis that is a must-read for every archaeologist disturbed by animals. The first burial party and student of military conflicts. It is well disturbed the site even further by collecting written and easy to read, making it enjoyable souvenirs. Even though it was designated as a for the military enthusiast as well. U.S. National Cemetery in 1879, decades of Just the mention of the name General unrecorded relic hunting continued, but were George Armstrong Custer conjures iconic fortunately limited to surface collection. Many images of a battle-hardened officer with flow- believe that the first metal detecting survey ing golden hair and a large mustache and was conducted in 1984—or was it? goatee, wearing fringed buckskins and white The book begins by describing the battle- gloves and brandishing a pistol on Last Stand field and its environmental background and Hill. Everyone knows of him leading the archaeological context. This is followed by a famous Seventh Cavalry into battle against brief overview of the battle. Chapter 4, “From the Indians led by Sitting Bull only to be Souvenirs to Data,” examines early attempts to overwhelmed by superior forces. The story interpret the battle through relic collecting. In ends with the Seventh fighting courageously the 1930s much work was done by the park to the last man. superintendent, Edward S. Luce. He began to The U.S. government used this “mas- look at rough artifact spatial relationships. In sacre” to invoke public sympathy in order to 1956 Don G. Rickey, park historian, allowed

Historical Archaeology, 2013, 47(4):221–223. Permission to reprint required. 222 HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY 47(4)

Jesse W. Vaughn, an avocational archaeologist, data accuracy and visual representations of the to metal detect the Reno-Benteen defensive spatial relationships of specific artifact types. position. In 1958 Robert Bray of the National Mapping ordnance and other artifact Park Service Midwest Regional Office in distributions gives us an overall view of the Omaha was the first professional archaeologist battle, but Scott took the process to a whole to become involved with the site. He mapped new level. He analyzed the artifacts as if they Rickey’s information and excavated several came from a crime scene. The procedure that rifle pits. Scott transforms this early data most archaeologists would have taken at this into modern geographic information system time was to look at the ordnance calibers (GIS) maps that give the reader a new visual and determine where the firing positions of perspective of this early work. the soldiers and warriors may have been. Scott discusses the reconnaissance survey This is difficult to interpret, however, since conducted by Richard Fox in 1983 that the battle was fluid and there was overlap of resulted from a wild fire that cleared the bullet types. Using police forensic procedures site of indigenous grasses. But it was 1984 and equipment, Scott examined rifling signa- that became the seminal period for battle- tures on the bullets and firing pin impres- field archaeology when Scott got involved sions and extraction marks on the individual with the project and began using volunteers casings. Since these attributes are unique to with metal detectors to conduct systematic each weapon, he was able to match groups of searches, collect accurate locational data, ordnance that were fired from specific guns and produce computer-aided design (CAD) and actually plot the movements of indi- mapping of the spatial relationships between vidual soldiers and Indians. This reduced or artifacts. This was done at a time when most eliminated ordnance type overlap and gave a archaeologists took a very negative view of much more precise analysis of the battle. He using metal detectors as an archaeological tool also determined that many of the warriors since they were associated with large-scale were using a variety of weapons that included looting of historic sites. This concept was a repeating rifles, whereas the troopers were professional leap of faith with the potential using single-shot Springfield rifles. Custer’s to elicit criticism. Not only did the concept men were outnumbered and outgunned. work, it introduced the archaeological world In the chapter “Bones on the Battlefield,” to a methodology that would make large Scott details how modern osteological methods area investigations quick and easy. Prior to were used to examine the human remains. this study, no battlefield conflict area had The results tell not only how the men died, ever been truly excavated using the standard but how they were treated after death and trowel-and-screen procedures as they were even how they lived. Many of the soldiers simply too large. Scott continues by describ- were scalped and dismembered as seen by ing how conflict archaeology evolved from cut marks on the bones. Some of the skeletal optical transits to total stations to global posi- remains offered up the causes of death. Several tioning systems, and from mapping the results skeletons had no skulls. Some even showed in CAD and then GIS to the development evidence of the difficult life as a cavalryman of viewshed analyses. As technology advanced with stress on vertebrae. The archaeology so did the archaeological process, improving of selected grave sites also helped solve the 223 mystery of why there are 252 markers for battle site. He details how modern forensic the 210 troopers who died. Through the analysis of artifacts and human remains can use of facial reconstruction or photographic take the analysis down to the individual com- superimposition, several of the human remains batant level, adding a new dimension to the can even be linked to specific individuals, thus interpretation of the conflict. This book is a putting a name on the grave site. must-have for the teachers, students, archaeolo- Overall, Uncovering History is a well- gists, and enthusiasts of conflict archaeology as written, comprehensive account of the history well as anyone who wants insight into what of conflict analysis at one of America’s most really occurred in June 1876 at the Little iconic battlefields from early relic hunting Bighorn River. to controlled archaeology. The work done at this site has become the template for conflict Daniel Sivilich archaeology worldwide. Scott brings out details 4683 Manor Hill Drive of early work that is not recorded in other Syracuse, NY 13215 books about the archaeology at this infamous 224 HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY 47(4)

Custer, Cody, and Grand Duke Alexis: of the encampment. In the past, an historical Historical Archaeology of the Royal marker was placed in an area where the Buffalo Hunt encampment was supposed to have been. The DOUGLAS D. SCOTT, PETER BLEED, authors found that this marker was a bit off, AND STEPHEN DAMM however, and began using the archaeological University of Oklahoma Press, survey method of metal detection to locate the Norman, 2013. 205 pp., 46 illus., true position of the site. Once the team found bibliog., index. $24.95 paper. a few artifacts just north of the historical marker, they used a surprising technique to In the world of archaeology, military gain insight into the true position and layout encampments provide the best information on of the encampment. how soldiers spent their everyday lives between One of the aspects about the authors’ the movements from camp to camp and the work on the site that surprised me was their occasional battle. Unlike battlefields, however, ingenious use of the photographs taken during military encampments are very small and their the hunt. In an earlier chapter, the authors locations are not often well documented. In spent quite a bit of time describing each the book Custer, Cody, and Grand Duke Alexis photograph and identifying important indi- by Douglas D. Scott, Peter Bleed, and Stephen viduals and objects within it. The chapter was Damm, the authors undertake the challenge tedious at first and gave the impression that of finding a military encampment that was the authors were placing too much emphasis the site of the royal buffalo hunt for Russian on the photographs. In a later chapter, how- Grand Duke Alexis. In their search for the ever, the authors use photographs they took site, the authors used historical records in a while at the site to match the backgrounds clever way to reveal the location of not just of the original photographs taken during the the campsite, but the individual tents at the hunt to get the exact location of not only site, allowing for a more accurate interpreta- the site but of the individual structures of the tion of the site. encampment. While the landscape could have The authors spend much of the book changed slightly in the more than 100 years providing the historical context for the whole since the hunt, this method of photographic buffalo hunt. In the early chapters, the authors overlay allowed the authors to nearly pinpoint discuss the popularity of hunting parties, the locations of specific portions of the camp tourism of the 1870s, military encampments, and allowed them to better interpret the arti- and the world tour undertaken by Grand Duke fact assemblages at these spots. Such a strategy Alexis. From this point, the authors discuss should be used at each site where there is the multiple historical accounts of the hunt substantial historical data. from both the American and Russian points of The work in this book is well done, and view. Once the historical context is given, the the ingenious use of photography is inspiring. authors go into detail about locating the site The photographs allow for an in-depth

Historical Archaeology, 2013, 47(4):224–225. Permission to reprint required. 225 analysis and more accurate interpretation Andrew Colucci of the site, its layout, and its occupants Department of History and Anthropology that would have been missed without the Monmouth University 400 Cedar Avenue photographs. The authors should be praised West Long Branch, NJ 07764-1898 for their good work here and their methods should be implemented at military and historical sites elsewhere. 226 HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY 47(4)

Eldorado! The Archaeology of Gold on Alaska and the Yukon, its contents are by Mining in the Far North no means parochial. Many chapters are rel- CATHERINE HOLDER SPUDE, ROBIN evant to western North America and beyond O. MILLS, KARL GURCKE, AND whether thematically, methodologically, or RODERICK SPRAGUE (EDITORS) theoretically. In fact, early chapters emphasize University of Nebraska Press, the integration of northern gold mining into Lincoln, and Society for Historical broader global networks and the applicability Archaeology, Rockville, MD, 2011. of approaches outlined here to other regions 376 pp., 39 illus., 8 maps, 27 tables, and research foci. bibliog., index. $55.00 paper. The volume contains 17 chapters plus volume and section introductions by two of the Edited volumes tend to be a mixed bag. editors, Catherine Holder Spude and Robin Individual chapters often vary widely in qual- O. Mills. Chapters are organized thematically ity and adherence to stated themes, and rarely using Mills’s hierarchical model of placer gold do authors engage with one another on more mining settlement types (chap. 3). In fact, than a superficial level. In this sense, Eldorado Spude and Mills exert a strong influence over is a welcome exception, notable for its strong the volume’s themes and subject matter, each editorial guidance and willingness of authors serving not only as editor but also author or to revise their contributions to incorporate one coauthor of multiple chapters (four for Spude, another’s approaches and findings (the product three for Mills). The first five chapters are of an internal peer review). The result is a general in character, introducing the history, book that, if not flawless, is of a consistently methods, models, and themes that unite indi- high caliber that it should satisfy most read- vidual contributions and placing them into a ers interested in the history and archaeology broader regional and international context. The of the mining north and serve as a valuable remainder of the book is organized into sec- resource for archaeologists of the late 19th and tions according to Mills’s settlement types and early 20th centuries, whether their interest is covers topics including aboriginal involvement domestic, industrial, or commercial sites. in the gold rush, functional analysis, resource This book is part of the Historical Archae- management, faunal remains, transportation ology of the American West series copublished networks, saloons, gender and class, transience, by the University of Nebraska Press and and settlements ranging from major towns the Society for Historical Archaeology. An to small mining camps and bachelor cabins. explicit goal is to address the relative short- Many contributions are summaries of previ- age of publications on the archaeology of gold ous research, including doctoral dissertations mining in the Yukon and Alaska where work by Michael Brand, Mills, and Spude, but most has been ongoing since the 1970s, largely in authors make an effort to update their stud- the context of government mandated resource ies or at least discuss how they intersect with management. Although focused geographically other chapters.

Historical Archaeology, 2013, 47(4):226–228. Permission to reprint required. 227

There is not space here to address each industrial capitalism. It is here, she argues, that chapter individually, so the following discussion this research offers opportunities for compari- seeks instead to offer a series of highlights sons with industrial economies elsewhere. that capture the essence of the volume. To In his ethnohistoric study of Tlingit begin, Mills’s settlement system model (chap. communities in Upper Lynn Canal, Alaska, 3), besides structuring this volume, establishes Thomas F. Thornton (chap. 6) skillfully inte- a regional framework on which to hang stud- grates aboriginal perspectives and long-term ies of individual sites and mining districts and history into traditional gold rush narratives. facilitates comparisons with other extractive Likewise, Robert E. King (chap. 16) documents ventures worldwide. Later in the book (chap. the active role of Alaska natives as miners, and 13) he explores the dynamics of this system, presents an excellent example of the kinds of demonstrating how the role of individual archival sources that can be used to document settlements in the system can change over aboriginal presence in an industry in which time in conjunction with boom-bust cycles. In they have otherwise been barely visible. Yet, his example of the Koyukuk Mining District, despite the diversity of many mining com- Alaska, however, the archaeological data he munities, the book contains little discussion presents is less eloquent in highlighting these of ethnic groups aside from aboriginal peoples patterns than archival sources. or their impact on the archaeological record Like Mills, Spude (chap. 4) does a nice (though this may reflect a shortage of research job presenting an approach broadly applicable in this area). throughout the mining north and beyond. Her Eve Griffin and Karl Gurcke (chap. 9) multiple linear regression method for identify- offer one of the book’s most fascinating chap- ing the people and activities responsible for ters: a summary of archaeology along the a given artifact assemblage (including distin- Chilkoot Trail in the Yukon and Alaska since guishing mixed assemblages) is a technique the 1970s. It is, by necessity, only a cursory rarely employed in historical archaeology. It is, overview of a massive area and diverse body of however, of potential value to any archaeologist research, but it captures some of the challenges faced with sites of unknown origin and func- in balancing competing needs for preserva- tion dating to the late 19th and 20th centuries tion with government mandates to maintain and perhaps earlier. Later on, she and Doreen public accessibility, and managing a resource C. Cooper (chap. 7) demonstrate the method’s comprising a near continuous distribution of utility in comparing household assemblages artifacts and features rather than a series of to explore aspects of social identity such as discrete sites. gender and class. David R. Huelsbeck (chap. 8) presents a Margaret Purser’s commentary (chap. 5) valuable body of faunal data from Skagway, is a real centerpiece of the volume, although Alaska, addressing questions of socioeconomic inclusion of at least some constructive criti- status and purchasing power and offering much cism on research in this region would have needed counterpoint to other categories of enhanced its value. Where she succeeds, how- data. The study’s value is limited somewhat ever, is in drawing together broader themes by a number of interpretive ambiguities and evoked by contributors that revolve around a consumer behavior framework that could transformations arising from the growth of be better articulated and integrated with the 228 HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY 47(4) data. In contrast, Brand (chap. 12) succeeds in survey data on more than 100 mining camps integrating data from temporary hillside dwell- in Alaskan national parks, offering a valuable ings in Dawson City, Yukon, with a clearly context for interpreting individual sites. articulated model of transience, particularly Emphasis throughout the volume is on the his use of the concept of “anticipated mobil- lives of miners, and two important subjects ity” in interpreting patterns of site formation. addressed only in passing are the industrial His quantitative analysis of artifact patterning process of gold mining and the steamboats that compared to expectations for transient sites is plied the Yukon River and other waterways brief, however, and would be more convincing during the gold rush. A welcome addition if discussed in greater detail. would have been dedicated chapters on the Several chapters offer strong models for industrial archaeology of gold mining tech- the study of men and masculinity in archae- nology and landscapes and the archaeological ology. One of these is Spude, Robert M. remains of innumerable sternwheelers surviving Weaver, and Tim A. Kardatzke’s comparison of both above and below water in the region. saloon assemblages (chap. 11), which explores Despite these and other minor points, however, consistency and variability in clientele and this is overall an excellent book. Congratula- consumer behavior within these commercial tions to the authors and editors for presenting establishments, focusing on ritualized male simultaneously an enjoyable read and a valu- behavior outside the domestic sphere and able research tool. emphasizing masculinity as a heterogeneous category. Other notable contributions include Douglas E. Ross Andrew S. Higgs and Robert A. Sattler’s (chap. Department of Archaeology Simon Fraser University 17) comparison of two bachelor cabins in the 8888 University Drive Fairbanks Mining District whose interiors were Burnaby, BC completely excavated, and Becky M. Saleeby’s Canada V5A 1S6 (chap. 15) summary of a large volume of 229

Lightning in the Andes and and characteristics. Conversations venture into Mesoamerica: Pre-Columbian, linguistic analyses for stories and words related Colonial, and Contemporary to lightning. Staller’s reflections include the Perspectives roles lightning plays in conception and birth, JOHN E. STALLER AND BRIAN sometimes in the occurrences of “infant defor- STROSS mities such as harelips or cleft palates” (p. 53), Oxford University Press, New York, and the cultural view that lightning (during NY, 2013. 278 pp., 57 illus., 8 pp. any stage) can affect lives of the living and the col. insert, index. $74.00 cloth. yet-to-be-born. Staller next chronicles connec- tions among Spondylus shells, precious metals, In the preface of Lightning in the Andes and lightning. The data corpus in the Andean and Mesoamerica, John E. Staller and Brian chapter extends from precolonial to contempo- Stross mention that they commenced this rary times, from the Inca to Quechua speak- collaborative endeavor with shared interest ers, from religious stories to mythology, and in the roles of lightning, and an initial plan lexicon analyses to nature-based symbolism. of an “article on the symbolic associations of The axis mundi appears several times as well. lightning in the Andes and Mesoamerica” (p. Staller’s section closes and the next chapter viii). In their collaboration, Staller and Stross opens to the Mesoamerican world and iconog- examine many more similarities and differences raphy. The slightly more condensed Meso- than one would think is possible in Andean america section includes 19 subsections. These South America and Mesoamerica, especially sections can be illustrated by a sampling of the given the relative dearth of literature strictly units, ranging from connections between light- focused upon lightning in these two regions ning and shamanism to the “lightning deity,” prior to this book’s release. “crop fertility,” “serpent, eagle, and jaguar” After a concise introductory paragraph representations, “twins and triads,” the color about the overarching topic of lightning, red, crops such as tobacco and mushrooms, Staller and Stross delve deeply into the two and even animals such as “frogs and fish.” Just core chapters of this book (chaps. 2 and 3). as in the previous Andean chapter, the Meso- Consisting of close to a hundred pages, Stall- american section of this text includes a final er’s Andean South America section (chap. 2) summation, weaving together these seemingly contains 18 meticulous subsections, traversing disparate subjects of inquiry. a range of topics from discourse on lightning Stross’s chapter on Mesoamerica begins in religion, fertility beliefs, mythology, cos- with the ties among various languages, words, mology, shamanism, and fictive kin, to nature and traits linked to lightning. The various dei- (particularly in relation to “rainbows, serpents, ties soon enter discussion and remain for most and water”). The conversations take read- of the chapter. The next transition leads into ers through the world creation/origin beliefs, colors and iconography through illustrations in denoting the connections to lightning traits the codices and other material artifacts. From

Historical Archaeology, 2013, 47(4):229–231. Permission to reprint required. 230 HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY 47(4) there, Stross continues through nature, looking sites, etc.) before unearthing the deeper at factors shared from the natural and spiritual stories these pieces bring into the corpus of worlds. Through a collection of inserts and lightning themes and motifs. It helps to have with inclusion of texts such as the Popul Vuh, at least some working familiarity with these Stross builds support for his interpretations. regions and general anthropological knowledge Shamans and “animal co-essences” (p. 147) in order to digest connections made in rapid are linked with lightning, as the discussion succession. It follows that graduate students transitions into the reasons why these belief and those working on theses and dissertations systems might have arisen, inclusive of the on similar topics in these regions would need for protection in times of war and con- find this book accessible and useful. To this cerning fertility of crops. This chapter shifts book’s advantage, the specific details can to twins through discussion of thunder and be useful across disciplines, as the authors types of lightning. Chapter 3 closes by con- tie in additional sciences and some religion necting lightning once more to the natural and folklore concepts. At some level, this world, from transference to “thunderstones” book might serve more as a reference for and animals. consultation than for textbook reading. At face value, one can see some simi- This is particularly true when it comes lar topics shared by the work of Staller in to the more complex, detailed discussions chapter 2 and Stross in chapter 3. Readers of Andean iconography, where the writing do not encounter a compilation of these appears more as separate article-like structures similarities and differences, however, until than the even-paced, exploratory methods the conclusion (chap. 4). Staller and Stross Stross implements within the Mesoamerican mention that their “goal was to provide con- unit. There exists frequent reinforcement of textualized descriptions of lightning ideology the connections between lightning and the and veneration that would not be reduced to topic of current discussion in the Meso- listings of present or absent traits from each american unit. It is only in the conclusion region to be directly compared. Identifying that readers see in full how anthropologically and separating ‘traits’ from their respective collaborative their writing has been all along cultural contexts could potentially misrepre- despite very different presentation methods. sent their cultural and religious meanings” Readers can now reconcile the unique struc- (p. 10). Readers encounter all of the connec- turing and development of this work, and tions Staller is able to find, establish, and/or can at last truly appreciate how thoroughly construct within the Andean context, and then insightful the journey alongside these two Stross leads readers through Mesoamerica authors has been. using a separate writing style, organizational Lightning weaves even more into the system, and methodological approach. iconographic fabric of the New World than Ultimately, readers find a book intended the literature has shown to this point. Staller for audiences versed in at least one of the two and Stross provide insights into why it is areal/cultural foci (Mesoamerican or Andean), important to delve deeply into the corpus to as the textual discourse does not necessarily see what more similarities and differences exist stop to define the particular evidentiary among Andean and Mesoamerican cultures materials (inclusive of documents, folklore, and their respective iconographies, both in 231 greater depth and with dynamic methods. the way for future studies of lightning in This collaborative corpus better serves New cultures present and past, into the future. World anthropology as the book generated than the initial article conceptualized, leading Alison Diefenderfer 2918 Hay Terrace Easton, PA 18045-2550 232 HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY 47(4)

Amazing Mentholatum and the menthol and 35% alcohol, became a modest Commerce of Curing the Common success its first year, and in 1890 Hyde bought Cold, 1889–1955 out his partners. He expanded the product ALEX TAYLOR line, most notably with “Mentholatum” in Angeles Crest Publications, La 1893 (the focus of the book), hired a travel- Canada, CA, 2012. 242 pp., 200+ ing salesman, and was on his way to success illus., CD catalog, bibliog., index. once again. $42.00 cloth, $34.00 paper. Perhaps the real secret to Mentholatum’s success was its advertising approach, outreach What started as an interest in his great- program, and pharmacist relationship. The grandfather A.A. Hyde’s founding of the company promoted incentives and giveaways, Mentholatum Company turned into a detailed and had a “40-year Club” for those pharma- story about the history of Mentholatum that is cists with 40 years in the business. Members both an interesting casual read and an invalu- were given a commemorative gift from the able source for archaeologists. Alex Taylor’s company, and in return members would com- Amazing Mentholatum is a visually stunning plete surveys, contributing to the company’s and significant collection of all things related advertising database. Additionally, the company to that cure for the common cold. began producing a magazine, Menthology, in With little known about Menthola- 1916 that contained uses for and stories about tum’s corporate history, Taylor began piecing the product, had contests for new window together the advertising and marketing history display designs, and provided helpful hints for of the company by scouring trade and antique selling the product. shows, reviewing containers, packaging, and The book follows the company through handouts, visiting a history museum filled the success and failure of new products, the with Hyde family and Mentholatum artifacts, 1918 influenza epidemic (which gave rise to and—most lucratively for his research—uti- Mentholatum’s biggest competitor, Vick’s), the lizing eBay. The fruit of Taylor’s labor is a Great Depression, and the modern age with well-constructed advertising and marketing chain stores, the generic Rexall brand, and history of the Mentholatum Company and its eventually the development of stronger, syn- products. thetic drugs. With A.A. Hyde’s death in 1935, Mentholatum’s story began in Wichita, a younger Hyde generation stepped in to help Kansas, where Hyde worked, succeeded, and maneuver the company through this new ter- eventually failed at a banking and mortgage rain. The company underwent new packaging service. Luckily for Hyde, he was a partner and advertising designs to stand out on the in the local Binkley and Smith’s Yucca Com- store shelves, and continued to introduce new pany, to which he dedicated himself beginning products. The otherwise detailed story ends in 1889. The Yucca Company’s “Vest Pocket rather abruptly in 1955, and the remainder Cough Specific,” a cough syrup containing of the company’s history is summarized in a

Historical Archaeology, 2013, 47(4):232–233. Permission to reprint required. 233 two-page epilogue. The author explains how in disk contains a catalog of product packaging, the 1980s there were no Hyde family members advertising, and marketing materials that can interested in running the company so it was help date most any Mentholatum related mer- sold to a Japanese concern in 1988. Since the chandise and demonstrates how the company’s Japanese had always loved Mentholatum, had approach to selling the product changed over a good relationship with the company, and time. The images themselves are lavishly ren- had supplied the company menthol since the dered and a joy to see. very beginning, it was a cheerful event. The This book is an interesting look at not company continues today, although primarily only the development of a single company, but in foreign markets. also how selling medicinal products changed Throughout the author’s telling of Men- during the first half of the 20th century. Men- tholatum’s story, he keeps the focus on how tholatum and other companies had to adapt to the advertising and marketing of the company’s the Food and Drug Act of 1906, the economic products contributed to its success or failure. hardships of the Great Depression, and the He also provides interesting sidebars on addi- new self-medicating customer. These influ- tional products and ephemera developed by ences were integral to the development of the the company, competitors of the time, and the Mentholatum Company, and their detail in this usefulness of the company/pharmacist relation- book makes Amazing Mentholatum more than a ship, among other things. corporate history—it shows the development of For the archaeologist, the accompanying the pharmaceutical industry as seen from this compact disk (the contents of which are also once-dominant company. reprinted in miniature at the back of the book) is a must-have. Taylor presents beautiful and Alicia B. Valentino diagnostic images of every Mentholatum jar SWCA Environmental Consultants 5418 20th Avenue NW, Suite 200 and lid, as well as product labels and boxes, Seattle, WA 98107 all with period of production. The compact 234 HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY 47(4)

Negotiated Settlements: Andean claim to local indigenous identity, a category Communities and Landscapes under for colonial administration, and a target of Inka and Spanish Colonialism colonial power. Community thus serves as STEVEN A. WERNKE an “interface,” or what might be termed a University Press of Florida, site of articulation for local and colonial, Gainesville, 2013. 372 pp., 102 commoner and elite, lay and ecclesiastical illus., 20 tables, bibliog., index. agendas. This theoretical perspective contrasts $79.95 cloth. many approaches to colonialism, which often employ Foucauldian models of subjectification In Negotiated Settlements, Steven Wernke to study the ways that colonial regimes seek discusses how the Collaguas, a powerful to erase indigenous communities and cultural Andean ethnic group, engaged with succes- practices and sharply define colonized sub- sive Inka and Spanish projects to colonize the jects by developing institutions that inculcate Colca Valley of Peru (ca. A.D. 1300–1570). idealized practices and bodily dispositions. The book skillfully weaves together archaeo- Instead of focusing on how colonizers seek logical data, archival transcriptions, and geo- to eradicate indigenous ways of life or how graphic information systems (GIS) analyses to indigenous people seek to resist colonial proj- examine how the Collagua built environment, ects, Wernke concentrates on “the resistance and its deeply embedded cultural principles of of culture,” that is, the ways that indigenous community, troubled Inka and then Spanish cultural practices become entangled with, colonialism. By focusing on the Collagua’s and even essential to, a colonizer’s cultural conflicts and compromises with these imperial practices and policies. He traces how, at dif- powers, Negotiated Settlements offers a novel ferent times and relative to distinct histori- perspective on colonization, concentrating less cal circumstances, the Collaguas negotiated, on how colonial authorities sought to impose upheld, or refashioned their own cultural idealized imperial strategies over indigenous principles such as the ayllu—extensive kin peoples and more on the practices through groups that held common lands and claimed which, and the places where, Collaguas, Inkas, common ancestry. and Spanish negotiated their interests, and, Taking this theoretical approach, Wernke ultimately, improvised a new colonial society. moves beyond stale “domination and resis- Wernke sheds new light on processes tance” or “colonizer and colonized” historio- of colonization by attending to the political graphical narratives, which reduce colonialism significance of “community,” which he defines to binaries of opposed and incommensurable as a set of social interactions and interests historical actors. He reveals how Andean that is continually reformulated through colonial societies were forged by multiple practice. He contends that community is a actors: the Inkas who constructed admin- particularly contested social concept during a istrative structures in Collagua towns, the process of colonization because it becomes a indigenous lords (kurakas) who strived to

Historical Archaeology, 2013, 47(4):234–236. Permission to reprint required. 235 maintain their position throughout Spanish that constituted Collagua communities. He colonization, and the Franciscan friars who examines archaeological and archival data to built their chapels in ways that adapted to demonstrate changes and continuities in Col- Collagua village layouts. These actors rooted lagua settlement patterns and land use before their claims to authority in the Collagua and after Inka and Spanish colonization. He cultural landscape, a built environment that then provides an experience-near view of the both constrained and presented opportunities village of Malata by modeling how Spanish for new imaginings of community, space, and colonial period constructions in this village society. In one particularly striking example, required inhabitants to literally turn their Wernke studies how the construction of an backs on an Inka ceremonial complex as early Franciscan mission in a Collagua village they participated in ceremonial processions affected community life and social interaction. toward a newly constructed Franciscan chapel. His excavations uncovered a kuraka’s house Finally, he matches toponyms from archival compound that was built at the beginning of documents to contemporary toponyms, and the colonial period. Wernke’s innovative GIS uses GIS to map land tenure patterns of analyses of potential pathways and sightlines ayllus throughout Inka colonization and into within the village suggest that the compound’s the early Spanish colonial period. Data from location heightened the local kurakas’ affilia- the land tenure analysis demonstrate that tion with and surveillance of processions to the moiety organization of the ayllus was the Fransciscan chapel. Wernke argues: “[t]he first manipulated by the Inkas then actively location, form, and spatial organization of this maintained by the Collaguas, even during the compound must have reinforced the authority decades after the Spanish conquest when Col- of the indigenous elites who resided there, lagua population declined and many long-used even as their authority became associated fields were no longer tilled. with the public and sacred spaces of colonial In sum, Negotiated Settlements is a detailed integration—the plaza and the church” (p. account of how Andean people experienced, 199). This example reveals how processes of managed, and manipulated two foreign colo- colonization often require collusions between nial projects. The book offers a unique per- different social actors, collusions that reveal spective on cultural principles in the Andes a more complex and contingent process of over a continuous period spanning “pre- negotiation and opportunism than implied Columbian” and “post-conquest” eras—eras by narratives of “colonizers” and “colonized.” that archaeologists and historians typically do With this book Wernke raises the bar for not compare because they separate them into historical archaeological research, creatively distinct analytical fields. The book is theoreti- employing a set of interdisciplinary and multi- cally profound, methodologically sophisticated, scalar methods to assemble a detailed account beautifully illustrated, and empirically rich. It of how the Collaguas experienced, perceived, will surely be an instant classic in the anthro- and influenced Inka and Spanish coloniza- pological literature on colonialism. Negotiated tion. In particular, he uses GIS (e.g., least Settlements should interest a wide range of cost path models within settlements, “reverse scholars and students who are interested in site catchment analysis”) to uncover and ana- the prehistory and history of Latin America, lyze the spatial patterns and social practices the politics of colonialism, the anthropology 236 HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY 47(4) of communities, and the application of spatial Steve Kosiba methodologies to archaeological and historical Department of Anthropology research. It will fit perfectly in an upper-level University of Alabama Box 870210 undergraduate class that focuses on the Andes, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 or a graduate seminar on anthropological approaches to colonization. 237

Soils, Climate and Society: “Vacant Quarter” (Scott C. Meeks and David Archaeological Investigations in G. Anderson, chap. 3) and southwestern New Ancient America Mexico (Michael D. Pool, chap. 4). JOHN D. WINGARD AND SUE This panoramic view of soils, climate, and EILEEN HAYES (EDITORS) society comes from quite varied approaches. University Press of Colorado, For instance, in chapter 1, Woods, Denevan, Boulder, 2013. 272 pp., 34 figs., 29 and Rebellato use two population modeling tables, index. $70.00 cloth. approaches, integrating soil chemical analyses of the “dark earth” soils to understand how Soils, Climate and Society culminates largely people were likely living on lands in Amazonia from work presented at a symposium at the and thereby affecting soils with their actions. 72nd Annual Meeting of the Society for Amer- The second chapter synthesizes the “soilscape ican Archaeology in Austin, Texas. This book legacy” (Wells, Davis-Salazar, and Kuehn) in provides a synopsis of the interconnectivities Honduras by means of “archaeological, geoar- among agriculture, the land and resources, and chaeological, and pedological research in the human behavior, “straddl[ing] the line between Palmarejo region of the Naco Valley” (p. 22). processual and postprocessual archaeology” This chapter combines historical documenta- (p. xiii). This compilation synthesizes “the tion, contemporary interviews, and geological complex social and ecological dynamics that and soil stratigraphic profiles to hypothesize characterized agricultural societies in various why some lands were used instead of others parts of the pre-Columbian Americas” (p. xiv). and what level of impact factors such as soil These contributions show an appreciation for chemistry, pH levels, and even texture had on work completed in these regions already, while agricultural land use. contributing insights and innovative research Geographic focus shifts northward in chap- methods to continue these studies further. ters 3 and 4. Meeks and Anderson examine In South America regions discussed include the departure from the “Vacant Quarter” by Amazonia (William I. Woods, William M. Late Mississippian populations in the south- Denevan, and Lilian Rebellato, chap. 1) and central United States. This examination occurs south coastal Peru (Sue Eileen Hayes, chap. through utilization of tree ring reconstruc- 7). Central American studies in this volume tions, the Palmer Drought Severity Index, include regions in Honduras (E. Christian and carbon-14 to identify several stretches of Wells, Karla L. Davis-Salazar, and David D. “drought events.” It follows Pool’s contribution Kuehn, chap. 2; John D. Wingard, chap. 6), (chap. 4), which uses dendroclimatological data Cerén in El Salvador (Christine C. Dixon, and agricultural production estimates to prog- chap. 8), and other areas of the Maya world ress through the Mimbres population’s times of (represented by Baking Pot in Belize by Hayes, occupancy in New Mexico, examining “sustain- chap. 5). North American–based discussions able population units” over time and through focus upon the mid-continental United States’ mathematical modeling. This study shows the

Historical Archaeology, 2013, 47(4):237–239. Permission to reprint required. 238 HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY 47(4) potential of this type of modeling across larger These nine chapters reflect upon where spaces and time, although the author acknowl- archaeological research, soil, and climate stud- edges a limit for large environmental events or ies have gone, where they have succeeded, and fluctuations in conditions. in what directions they can continue into the The second portion of this book consists of future. The scientific, interdisciplinary work work sharing the use of Environmental Policy presented throughout the Americas aligns Integrated Climate (EPIC) computer modeling. with some of the most essential questions and Hayes (chap. 5) presents what EPIC is and how debates within New World archaeology. From it works, and ultimately compares Baking Pot introduction of agricultural practices to possible EPIC data against Class I–IV classifications of collapse, this edited volume demonstrates how soil by Scott L. Fedick, showing that “simula- processual and postprocessual anthropology can tion of the sustainable agricultural productivity come together, enhancing both the dialogue and of a site is a valid method for estimating popu- the inquiry, exposing the available data richness lation” (p. 127). Wingard visits Copán Valley of and diversity. Honduras in chapter 7, utilizing EPIC modeling Ultimately, readers find each chapter deeply to see what presumed behaviors between socio- grounded in theory, dynamic modeling, and economic statuses soil studies can support or synthesis of material, typically coming from refute or expose contradictions within. In partic- a combination approach inclusive of human ular, this work reflects on power dynamics and behavior, climate conditions, and/or soil stud- control between “elites/non-elites” as it relates ies. Modeling of past agricultural practices and to past land use and agricultural practices. In human behaviors is discussed in a scientific and chapter 8 Hayes uses the EPIC program again thorough manner. Each chapter shows how with data from a region within Peru, where contemporary scientific practices can generate the situation differs: “historical information even more insights and additional data collec- about sites and their inhabitants is scarce and tions to assist in further synthesis and under- material from the initial, limited excavations is standing. These practices in this collection still being analyzed” (p. 157). The focal points provide insights into what agricultural studies include soil depth and regional meteorological in the future could (and perhaps, should) data. From here, plant diversity, types, and entail, and do so quite convincingly. even different practices such as possible “cash Soils, Climate and Society serves as an cropping” paint more of a picture, even if excellent resource for those examining these preliminarily. Lastly, Dixon’s chapter discuss- regions of the world and similar sites/ques- ing Cerén (chap. 8) uses EPIC modeling in tions concerning agricultural practices. This comparison with archaeological methods such book also provides a way to expose students as ground-penetrating radar, “soil productivity to how to conduct thorough research and how estimates,” and evidence of manioc. to combine academic conference work into a Sissel Schroeder’s contribution (chap. 9) well-written, cohesive resource for the larger takes a holistic, non-place-specific approach community. Although some of these testing to “environmental and ecological modeling in and modeling techniques are quite technical archaeology,” uniting the themes throughout and sophisticated, the contributors all do a the entire book through historical, philosophical, respectable job in explicating these procedures and anthropological, theory-based discussions. without unnecessary jargon or in a way that 239 requires readers to be extensively versed in climate and soil change as it affects (and is archaeology as it ties to soil, climate, and affected by) humans and community practices agricultural dynamics in order to understand for years to come. and appreciate this work. This book very well could become the go-to book for many Alison Diefenderfer of the archaeological sciences surrounding 2918 Hay Terrace Easton, PA 18045-2550