There exists a relation where the remainder of e×d divided by (p-1)×(q-1) is 1, so d cannot be computed without knowing the prime numbers p and q.

There exists a relation where the Prime numbers n and q are extremely remainder of e×d divided by (p-1)×(q-1) large. Even a super computer running is 1, so d cannot be computed without for 10 thousand years would not be able knowing the prime numbers p and q. to compute the prime factorization of n. Prime numbers n and q are extremely large. Even a super computer running for 10 thousand years would not be able to compute the prime factorization of n.

Figure 3 LDPC codes became mainstream after 2000 row or column is odd and is 0 otherwise. Then if an error occurs in Figure 2 Achievements (1): Analysis of mitochondrial DNA (1997) Figure 3 LDPC codes became mainstream after 2000 “Electronics, Information, Communication” Field “Life Science” field mapped them on a modern human reference sequence, and reconstructed transmission in a particular row and column, the check digit for that The dramatic increase in wireless communication speed “Electronics, Information, Communication” Field row or column is odd and is 0 otherwise. Then if an error occurs in “Life Science” field Figure 2 Achievements (1): Analysis of mitochondrial DNA (1997) the nuclear DNA sequence consisting of 3 billion base pairs. column and row would indicate the location of the error, and it couldmapped them on a modernand the human advancement reference sequence,of communication and reconstructed equipment Nucleus transmission in a particular row and column, the check digit for that The dramatic increase in wireless communication speed Achievement : Pioneering contribution to information and Achievement : Pioneering contributions to paleoanthropology The analysis of Neanderthal nuclear DNA showed that 1 to 4% of coding theory be corrected. the nuclear DNA sequence consisting of 3 billion base pairs. through decoding ancient human genome Achievement : Pioneering contribution to information and column and row would indicate the location of the error, and it could and the advancement of communication equipment Nucleus Achievement : Pioneering contributions to paleoanthropology The analysis of DataNeanderthal bandwidth nuclear DNA showed that 1 to 4% of sequences the total DNA of modern humans, excluding the people of Africa, coding theory be corrected. through decoding ancient human genome Much research in the 1950's was devoted to improving this approach, （kbps） Data bandwidth had Neanderthal origins. It was thus proven that the ancestors of Much research in the 1950's was devoted to improving this approach, Prof. Robert G. sequencesGallager (USA) including the Hamming codes, the BCH codes, the RS codes,the and total DNA of modern humans, excluding the people of Africa, Mitochondria （kbps） 10,000,000 5G Prof. Robert G. Gallager (USA) including the Hamming codes, the BCH codes, the RS codes, and Born: May 29, 1931 (Age: 88) LDPC codes. All theseMitochondria schemes replace the rows and columns ofhad data Neanderthal origins. It was thus proven that the ancestors of Dr. Svante Pääbo (Sweden) modern humans interbred with Neanderthals. Furthermore, Dr. Pääbo Born: May 29, 1931 (Age: 88) LDPC codes. All these schemes replace the rows and columns of data 10,000,000 5G ProfessorDr. Emeritus, Svante MassachusettsPääbo (Sweden) Institute of Technology above with an arbitrary collection of subsets of data. A parity checkmodern is humans interbred1,000,000 with Neanderthals. Furthermore, Dr.High-definition Pääbo video Born: April 20, 1955 (Age: 64) sequenced the nuclear DNA from a bone fragment of an unknown Professor Emeritus, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1,000,000 High-definition video Born: April 20, 1955 (Age: 64) 4G Professor, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology above with an arbitrary collection of subsets of data. A parity check is then appended to each subset and errors are corrected according tosequenced the the nuclear DNA100,000 from a bone fragmentE-mail, of an unknown group of hominins, excavated from the Denisova Cave in Russia, and 4G Professor, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Still Picture (Camera), then appended to each subset and errors are corrected according to the 100,000 E-mail, parity check digits which have the wrong parity after transmission.group of hominins, excavated from the Denisova Cave in Russia, and parity check digits which have the wrong parity after transmission. Still Picture (Camera), Error correction schemes in digital information 10,000 Browser, Video named them "Denisovans". 10,000 Browser, Video In the LDPC codes invented by Prof. Gallager, the overall blocknamed of them "Denisovans". Error correction schemes in digital information In the LDPC codes invented by Prof. Gallager, the overall block of communication 3G The ancestors of modern humans interbred PCR machine 3G The ancestors of modern humans interbred data was chosen to be very PCRlarge, machine but each of the above subsets were 1,000 communication data was chosen to be very large, but each of the above subsets were 1,000 with Neanderthals with Neanderthals chosen to be quite small, a choice made to simplify the implementation 100 Packet communication chosen to be quite small, a choice made to simplify the implementation 100 Packet communication Voice Significant contributions to paleoanthropology Voice To realize remote surgeries and autonomous driving, it is indispens- Significant contributions to paleoanthropologyG To realize remote surgeries and autonomous driving, it is indispens- of error correction. He showed that these subsets could be kept at a 2G of error correction. He showed that these subsets could be kept at a 2 10 10 able to use low-latency error-free data transmission. In digital data fixed small size while increasing the length of the overall block so as 1G able to useNeanderthals low-latency are aerror-free species of archaicdata transmission. humans that once In digitalexisted. Theydata fixed small size while increasing the length of the overall block so as 1G Neanderthals are a species of archaic humans that once existed. 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For this reason, excluding the people of Africa, illustrates a scenario of modern human equipment or radio noise interference. Since most of these noises equipment or radio noise interference. Since most of these noises becomes fragmented over time. fragments that sequences of DNA fragments migration in which "the ancestors of modern humans who left Africa becomes fragmented over time. fragments that sequences of DNA fragments it was long thought that Neanderthals were unrelated to modern humans. need to be read it was long thought that Neanderthals were unrelated to modern humans. need to be read migration in which "the ancestors of modern humans who left Africa cannot be removed, it is necessary to devise a framework to detect and LDPC codes became mainstream after 2000 Turbo codes LDPC codes became mainstream after 2000 Turbo codes cannot However,be removed, when it Dr. is necessaryPääbo analyzed to devise the DNA a framework of excavated to Neanderthaldetect and between 60,000 to 70,000 years ago are thought to have interbred with between 60,000 to 70,000 years ago are thought to have interbred with The invention Ancient DNA fragments are like pieces of a torn-up document. By the However, when Dr. Pääbo analyzed the DNA of excavated Neanderthal correct these errors. LDPC codes correct these errors. The invention Ancient DNA fragments are like pieces of a torn-up document. By the “ ” of LDPC bones, he discovered that modern humans had in fact inherited Neanderthal Neanderthals who already inhabited the Middle East around 60,000LDPC codes Neanderthals who already inhabited the Middle East around 60,000 One of the easiest ways to achieve this is to send duplicate data. If LDPC codes were proposed by Prof. Gallager during the 1960s. “ ” same analogy, a mitochondrial DNA, composed of approximately 16,000 of LDPC bones, he discovered that modern humans had in fact inherited Neanderthal same analogy, a mitochondrial DNA, composed of approximately 16,000 codes One of the easiest ways to achieve this is to send duplicate data. If LDPCbase pairs, codes is a single-page were proposeddocument. The by various Prof. DNA Gallager fragments during were the 1960s.years ago and spread around the world". the data “01” is repeated three times and sent as “01 01 01”, even if an However, because processing capability of computers were limited at DNA. codes base pairs, is a single-page document. The various DNA fragments were years ago and spread around the world". the data “01” is repeated three times and sent as “01 01 01”, even if an However,amplified usingbecause PCR, analyzedprocessing and fitted capability together, and of incomputers 1997, the were limitedIn at this manner, Dr. Pääbo's DNA analysis using ancient bones has DNA. error occurs and becomes “11 01 01” at the receiving end, the correct that time, his ideas were neglected for the next 30 years. hyper-vari-able region of the mitochondrial DNA was sequenced. amplified using PCR, analyzed and fitted together, and in 1997, the In this manner, Dr. Pääbo's DNA analysis using ancient bones has data “01” can be recovered by the majority rule. The process of adding error occurs and becomes “11 01 01” at the receiving end, the correct that time, his ideas were neglected for the next 30 years. revolutionized the paleoanthropological research of exploring "the From the 1990s, computer processing capability rapidly enhanced, hyper-vari-able region of the mitochondrial DNA was sequenced. revolutionized the paleoanthropological research of exploring "the extra data in such circumstances is called “coding”, and the process of and research into its practical implementation became active. In 1998, it data “01Figure” can 1 beThe recovered ancestors by of the modern majority humans rule. interbred The process with Neanderthals of adding From the 1990s, computer processing capability rapidly enhanced,origin of modern humans". His research methods and achievements Technologies that contribute to the realization Figure 1 The ancestors of modern humans interbred with Neanderthals origin of modern humans". His research methods and achievements correcting errors and recovering the original data is called “decoding”. was proven to be the most theoretically superior scheme, and its adoption extra data in500,000 such circumstances400,000 is called60,000 “ coding”, and 40,000the process of and research into its practical implementation became active. In 1998,have it also significantly impacted all disciplines related to the study of a Super Smart Society (Society 5.0) years ago years ago years ago years ago Technologies that contribute to the realization into the large-capacity information communication systems advanced correcting errors and recovering the original data is called “decoding”. wasWhen proven the sequenced to be the mitochondrialmost theoretically DNA wassuperior compared scheme, with andthat itsof adoptionof modern human species, including anthropology, archeology, and 500,000 400,000 60,000 40,000 have also significantly impacted all disciplines related to the study of a Super Smart Society (Society 5.0) years ago years ago years ago years ago drastically. Modern humans moderninto the humans, large-capacity no commonalities information were found, communication thus, proving systemsthe theory advancedhistory, thereby contributing tremendously to the advancement of When the sequenced mitochondrial DNA was compared with that of of modern human species, including anthropology, archeology, and Principle and features of LDPC codes Since the 2000s, LDPC codes have been rapidly adopted in digital com- Currently, there are no other practical codes that can outperform LDPC that were left in Africa thatdrastically. Neanderthals were not the direct ancestors of modern humans as these disciplines. Modern humans modern humans, no commonalities were found, thus, proving the theory history, thereby contributing tremendously to the advancement of munication systems and digital storage systems. These include digital TV codes. As computer processing capability continues to rapidly improve in Principle and features of LDPC codes Since the 2000s, LDPC codes have been rapidly adopted in digital com- Currently, there are no other practical codes that can outperform LDPC that were left in Africa the future, the application of LDPC codes is expected to further expand in some had suggested. Dr. Pääbo, who has contributed significantly to the field of paleoan- that Neanderthals were not the direct ancestors of modern humans as these disciplines. This approach is, however, very wasteful of data and not very satellite broadcasting, 10 Gigabit Ethernet, WiMAX high-speed data com- munication systems and digital storage systems. These include digital TV codes. As computer processing capability continues to rapidly improve in reliable. A better approach, familiar to communication engineers in scope. thropology, is currently a professor at the Max Planck Institute for munication, and the 5th generation mobile communication system (5G), This approach is, however, very wastefulThe Middle Eastof data and not very the future, the application of LDPC codes is expected to further expand in some had suggested. Dr. Pääbo, who has contributed significantly to the field of paleoan- the 1950's, was to arrange a block of data into rows and columns. A Super Smart Society (Society 5.0), which is envisioned to be the future satellite broadcasting, 10 Gigabit Ethernet, WiMAX high-speed dataEvolutionary com- Anthropology. There, he continues to lead many projects as well as hard disks and solid-state drives. It has become an extremely Modern humans Spread to Europe reliable.The commonA better approach, familiar to communication engineers in munication, and the 5th generation mobile communication system (5G), scope. The Middle East thropology, is currently a professor at the Max Planck Institute for parity check digit is added to each row and to each column, as illustrat- important basic technology that supports our modern digital society. of our society, will require the cyberspace and the real world to be highly that came out of Africa and Asia Achievements (2): on ancient human genomes, expand the horizons of paleoanthropologi- ancestor Super Smart Society (Society 5.0), which is envisioned to be the future Evolutionary Anthropology. There, he continues to lead many projects ed in Fig. 2. The parity check digit is 1 if the number of ones in that integrated. LDPC codes are expected to contribute significantly to thisthe 1950's,in Africa was to arrange a block of data into rows and columns. A asAnalysis well as hardof nuclear disks andDNA solid-state (2010) drives. It has become an extremely Modern humans cal genomic research, and nurture the next generation of researchers. The common Spread to Europe that came out of Africa Achievements (2): goal by playing an essential and fundamental role in solving the variousparity check digit is added to each rowInterbred and to each column, as illustrat- important basic technology that supports our modern digital society. of our society, will require the cyberspace and the real world to be highly ancestor and Asia on ancient human genomes, expand the horizons of paleoanthropologi- challenges of information communication, such as demands for highered in Fig. 2. The parity check digit is 1 if the number of ones in that Dr. Pääbo hypothesized that analysis of mitochondrial DNA alone integrated. LDPC codes are expected to contribute significantly to this in Africa Analysis of nuclear DNA (2010) Neanderthals cal genomic research, and nurture the next generation of researchers. speeds, capacity, and reliability, and lower power consumption. Became extinct was not enough to unravel the mysteries of modern human evolution. goal by playing an essential and fundamental role in solving the various Interbred Figure 1 Error correction schemes in digital information communication Figure 4 Significantchallenges contributions of information to paleoanthropology communication, such as demands for higher Dr. Pääbo hypothesized that analysis of mitochondrial DNA alone Beginning in the 2000s, a next-generation sequencer capable of simulta- Neanderthals speeds, capacity, and reliability, and lower power consumption. Became extinct Errors in digital data communication are inevitable due to noise Errors can be detected and corrected Denisovans neously sequencing large quantities of DNA became available. In 2010, The ancestors of modern After interbreeding, their was not enough to unravel the mysteries of modern human evolution. Figure 1 Error correction schemes in digital information communicationBecame extinct Figure 4 Significant contributions to paleoanthropology by devising the transmitting data Figure 4 Technologies that contribute to the realization it was used to sequence the entire Neanderthal nuclear DNA for the humans who came out of descendants spread Beginning in the 2000s, a next-generation sequencer capable of simulta- of a Super Smart Society (Society 5.0) first time in the world. He analyzed large quantities of DNA fragments, Africa between 60,000 to throughout the world. Communication Communication neously sequencing large quantities of DNA became available. In 2010, Transmitting Received Transmitting Received Errors in digital data communication are inevitable due to noise Errors can be detected and corrected 70,000 years ago are Modern humans in East Denisovans The ancestors of modern After interbreeding, their 0 1 channel 1 1 Coding 0 1 0 1 0 1 channel 1 1 0 1 0 1 Decoding LDPC codes is a key technology that supports high speed, data data data data thought to have interbredFigure 4 TechnologiesAsia thatand Australia contribute also to the realization Became extinct (Wireless/Wired) (Wireless/Wired) by devising the transmitting data it was used to sequence the entire Neanderthal nuclear DNA for the humans who came out of descendants spread high capacity, high reliable, and low power data communication with Neanderthals who carry the Neanderthal DNA. of a Super Smart Society (Society 5.0) first time in the world. He analyzed large quantities of DNA fragments, Africa between 60,000 to throughout the world. 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 Communication Communication already inhabited the Transmitting Received FigureTransmitting 3 Achievements (2): Analysis of nuclear DNA (2010) Received 70,000 years ago are Modern humans in East Data processing and analysis of various types of sensor data Achievements0 1 (1): channel 1 1 Coding 0 1 0 1 0 1 channel 1 1 0 1 0 1 Decoding Middle East around 60,000LDPC codes is a key technology that supports high speed, data data data data thought to have interbred Asia and Australia also Analysis of mitochondrial(Wireless/Wired) DNA (1997) (Wireless/Wired) years ago. Nucleus high capacity, high reliable, and low power data communication with Neanderthals who carry the Neanderthal DNA. Noise Cyberspace already inhabited the Noise 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 Figure 3 Achievements (2): Analysis of nuclear DNA (2010) The difficulty of studying ancient DNA is that DNA, the blueprint Data processing and analysis of various types of sensor data Achievements (1): Middle East around 60,000 of life, breaks down and becomes fragmented over time, therefore, it is Analysis of mitochondrial DNA (1997) years ago. Big-data Nucleus Figure 2 A simple example of using parity checks to correct errors Denisovan Analyze Artificial difficult to obtain enough quantity required for proper analysis. In order Noise Cyberspace AI Intelligence Noise Using the method of grouping and checking data to increase the small number of DNA fragments, Dr. Pääbo employed The difficulty of studying ancient DNA is that DNA, the blueprint Sensor information Based on analysis from the physical results, cyberspace a newly developed DNA amplification method called the "Polymerase Big-data of life, breaks down and becomes fragmented over time, therefore, it is space is sent to feedbacks value Denisovan Noise Figure 2chain A simple reaction" example (PCR). of There using was, parity however, checks a tolimitation correct to errors this method. Analyze Artificial cyberspace added information AI difficult to obtain enough quantity required for proper analysis. In order to the physical Next-generation Intelligence 100101011 100101011100010 100111011100010 100101011 Modern DNA contaminated by airborne dust or human sweat could be Realizing both high reliability space Using the method of grouping and checking data sequencer to increase the small number of DNA fragments, Dr. Pääbo employed Coding Transmission Decoding and efficiency mistakenly be amplified if the sequence was similar to ancient human Sensor information Based on analysis from the physical results, cyberspace a newly developed DNA amplification method called the "Polymerase Group Group Group Check Group Group Group Check DNA. Because the handling of ancient DNA requires great care, Dr. ④ ⑤ ⑥ symbol ④ ⑤ ⑥ symbol Noise space is sent to feedbacks value chain reaction" (PCR). There was, however, a limitation to this method. Group Group (1) Use a large overall block length （ok） Pääbo devised new research methods, including a new method of DNA cyberspace added information 1 0 0 ① 1 0 0 1 ① 1 0 0 1 to the physical Next-generation Group Group with randomly chosen groups in Modern DNA contaminated by airborne dust or human sweat could be （error） 100101011extraction and the use100101011 of a cleanroom.100010 100111011100010 100101011 1 0 1 ② 1 0 1 0 ② 1 1 1 0 Nuclear DNA, the blueprint of SimultaneousRealizing analysis bothDetermining high the reliability space sequencer Group Group place of horizontal and vertical Coding Transmission life, breaks downDecoding and and splicing of large approximately 3 billion （ok） In 1997, a portion of Neanderthal mitochondrial DNA was first mistakenly be amplified if the sequence was similar to ancient human 0 1 1 ③ 0 1 1 0 ③ 0 1 1 0 becomes fragmented over amounts ofand DNA efficiencynucleotide sequences of Check Check groups 0 1 0 0 1 0 sequenced, followed by theGroup entireGroup mitochondrialGroup Check DNA. MitochondriaGroup areGroup Grouptime. Check fragments. nuclear DNA DNA. Because the handling of ancient DNA requires great care, Dr. symbol symbol （ok） （error） （ok） ④ ⑤ ⑥ symbol ④ ⑤ ⑥ symbol Group Group (1) Use a large overall block length (2) Achieve simple decoding by using a type of organelle that has DNA different from that of the nucleus. 1（ok） Pääbo devised new research methods, including a new method of DNA Autonomous AI Automated 1 0 0 ① 1 0 0 1 ① 1 0 0 Ancient DNA fragments are like pieces of a torn-up document. By the Create vertical and A check symbol is attached to each of If there is an error in the received Correcting the errors driving cars recommendation robot operation Mitochondrial GroupDNA is only 16,000 base pairs long andGroup can easily be with randomly chosen groups in groups of small size (low density) same（error） analogy, the 3 billion base pairs long nuclear DNA, is the extraction and the use of a cleanroom. horizontal groups by the vertical and horizontal groups. data, the check symbols will not and decoding restores to humans at factories 1 0 1 ② 1 0 1 0 ② 1 1 1 0 Nuclear DNA, the blueprint of Simultaneous analysis Determining the separating the data If the count of "1"s in a group is an match the data. the original data. obtained in large Groupquantities because a single cell alone Groupcontains several equivalent to a collection of books. A largeplace number of of horizontal DNA fragments and vertical life, breaks down and and splicing of large approximately 3 billion 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0（ok） In 1997, a portion of Neanderthal mitochondrial DNA was first into rows and columns even number, the check symbol is set The fifth "1" is incorrect because the Physical space thousand of them. The③ sequence was able to be determined③ using the PCR were analyzed and fitted together using next-generationgroups sequencers to becomes fragmented over amounts of DNA nucleotide sequences of to 0, and if an odd number, it is set to check symbols of groups 2 and 5 do Check Check 0 1 0 time. fragments. nuclear DNA symbol 0 1 0 symbol （ok） （error） （ok） restore the reconstruct book collection. sequenced, followed by the entire mitochondrial DNA. Mitochondria are "1". not match its data. Fusion of various data in society method and the DNA analysis technology that was available at the time. a type of organelle that has DNA different from that of the nucleus. (2) Achieve simple decoding by using Autonomous AI Automated Ancient DNA fragments are like pieces of a torn-up document. By the Create vertical and A check symbol is attached to each of If there is an error in the received Correcting the errors driving cars recommendation robot operation Mitochondrial DNA is only 16,000 base pairs long and can easily be horizontal groups by the vertical and horizontal groups. data, the check symbols will not and decoding restores groups of small size (low density) to humans at factories same analogy, the 3 billion base pairs long nuclear DNA, is the separating the data If the count of "1"s in a group is an match the data. the original data. obtained in large quantities because a single cell alone contains several equivalent to a collection of books. A large number of DNA fragments into rows and columns even number, the check symbol is set The fifth "1" is incorrect because the Physical space thousand of them. The sequence was able to be determined using the PCR were analyzed and fitted together using next-generation sequencers to to 0, and if an odd number, it is set to check symbols of groups 2 and 5 do restore the reconstruct book collection. "1". not match its data. Fusion of various data in society method and the DNA analysis technology that was available at the time. There exists a relation where the remainder of e×d divided by (p-1)×(q-1) is 1, so d cannot be computed without knowing the prime numbers p and q.

There exists a relation where the Prime numbers n and q are extremely remainder of e×d divided by (p-1)×(q-1) large. Even a super computer running is 1, so d cannot be computed without for 10 thousand years would not be able knowing the prime numbers p and q. to compute the prime factorization of n. Prime numbers n and q are extremely large. Even a super computer running for 10 thousand years would not be able to compute the prime factorization of n.

Figure 3 LDPC codes became mainstream after 2000 row or column is odd and is 0 otherwise. Then if an error occurs in Figure 2 Achievements (1): Analysis of mitochondrial DNA (1997) Figure 3 LDPC codes became mainstream after 2000 “Electronics, Information, Communication” Field “Life Science” field mapped them on a modern human reference sequence, and reconstructed transmission in a particular row and column, the check digit for that The dramatic increase in wireless communication speed “Electronics, Information, Communication” Field row or column is odd and is 0 otherwise. Then if an error occurs in “Life Science” field Figure 2 Achievements (1): Analysis of mitochondrial DNA (1997) the nuclear DNA sequence consisting of 3 billion base pairs. mapped them on a modern human reference sequence, and reconstructed column and row would indicate the location of the error, and it could and the advancement of communication equipment Nucleus transmission in a particular row and column, the check digit for that The dramatic increase in wireless communication speed Achievement : Pioneering contribution to information and Achievement : Pioneering contributions to paleoanthropology The analysis of Neanderthal nuclear DNA showed that 1 to 4% of the nuclear DNAcoding sequence theory consisting of 3 billion base pairs. be corrected. through decoding ancient human genome Achievement : Pioneering contribution to information and column and row would indicate the location of the error, and it could and the advancement of communication equipment Nucleus Achievement : Pioneering contributions to paleoanthropology The analysis of Neanderthal nuclear DNA showed that 1 to 4% of Data bandwidth sequences the total DNA of modern humans, excluding the people of Africa, coding theory be corrected. through decoding ancient human genome Much research in the 1950's was devoted to improving this approach, （kbps） Data bandwidth had Neanderthal origins. It was thus proven that the ancestors of Much research in the 1950's was devoted to improving this approach, sequences Prof.the Robert total DNA G. of modernGallager humans, (USA) excluding the people of Africa, including the Hamming codes, the BCH codes, the RS codes, and Mitochondria （kbps） 10,000,000 5G Prof. Robert G. Gallager (USA) including the Hamming codes, the BCH codes, the RS codes, and Mitochondria Born:had May Neanderthal 29, 1931 (Age:origins. 88) It was thus proven that the ancestors of LDPC codes. All these schemes replace the rows and columns of data Dr. Svante Pääbo (Sweden) modern humans interbred with Neanderthals. Furthermore, Dr. Pääbo Born: May 29, 1931 (Age: 88) LDPC codes. All these schemes replace the rows and columns of data 10,000,000 5G Dr. Svante Pääbo (Sweden) Professormodern Emeritus, humans interbredMassachusetts with Neanderthals. Institute of Furthermore,Technology Dr. Pääbo above with an arbitrary collection of subsets of data. A parity check is 1,000,000 High-definition video Born: April 20, 1955 (Age: 64) sequenced the nuclear DNA from a bone fragment of an unknown Professor Emeritus, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1,000,000 High-definition video Born: April 20, 1955 (Age: 64) 4G Professor, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology above with an arbitrary collection of subsets of data. A parity check is sequenced the nuclear DNA from a bone fragment of an unknown then appended to each subset and errors are corrected according to the 100,000 E-mail, group of hominins, excavated from the Denisova Cave in Russia, and 4G Professor, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Still Picture (Camera), then appended to each subset and errors are corrected according to the 100,000 E-mail, group of hominins, excavated from the Denisova Cave in Russia, and parity check digits which have the wrong parity after transmission. parity check digits which have the wrong parity after transmission. Still Picture (Camera), Error correction schemes in digital information 10,000 Browser, Video named them "Denisovans". 10,000 Browser, Video named them "Denisovans". In the LDPC codes invented by Prof. Gallager, the overall block of Error correction schemes in digital information In the LDPC codes invented by Prof. Gallager, the overall block of communication 3G The ancestors of modern humans interbred PCR machine 3G The ancestors of modern humans interbred PCR machine data was chosen to be very large, but each of the above subsets were 1,000 communication data was chosen to be very large, but each of the above subsets were 1,000 with Neanderthals with Neanderthals chosen to be quite small, a choice made to simplify the implementation 100 Packet communication chosen to be quite small, a choice made to simplify the implementation 100 Packet communication Voice Significant contributions to paleoanthropology Voice To realizeSignificant remote contributions surgeries and to autonomous paleoanthropology driving, it is indispens- G To realize remote surgeries and autonomous driving, it is indispens- of error correction. He showed that these subsets could be kept at a 2G of error correction. He showed that these subsets could be kept at a 2 10 10 able to use low-latency error-free data transmission. In digital data fixed small size while increasing the length of the overall block so as 1G Neanderthals are a species of archaic humans that once existed. They able to use low-latency error-free data transmission. In digital data fixed small size while increasing the length of the overall block so as 1G Neanderthals are a species of archaic humans that once existed. They The fact that Neanderthal DNA is present in modern humans, The fact that Neanderthal DNA is present in modern humans, transmission, however, errors may occur in both wired and wireless to approach channel capacity with highly reliable transmission. 1960 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 （Year） left Africa around 500,000 years ago and spread across Europe and the Mitochondrial DNA, part of the Amplification of Determining mitochondrial transmission, however, errors may occur in both wired and wireless to approach channel capacity with highly reliable transmission. 1960 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 （Year） left Africa around 500,000 years ago and spread across Europe and the Mitochondrial DNA, part of the Amplification of Determining mitochondrial blueprint of life, breaks down and the DNA DNA sequences by splicing excluding the people of Africa, illustrates a scenario of modern human blueprint of life, breaks down and the DNA DNA sequences by splicing communications due to noises caused by problems in communication RS codes/BCH codes Middle East, but became extinct about 40,000 years ago. 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By the However, when Dr. Pääbo analyzed the DNA of excavated Neanderthal correct these errors. LDPC codes correct these errors. The invention Ancient DNA fragments are like pieces of a torn-up document. By the “ ” of LDPC bones, he discovered that modern humans had in fact inherited Neanderthal Neanderthals who already inhabited the Middle East around 60,000 LDPC codes Neanderthals who already inhabited the Middle East around 60,000 One of the easiest ways to achieve this is to send duplicate data. If LDPC codes were proposed by Prof. Gallager during the 1960s. same analogy, a mitochondrial DNA, composed of“ approximately ” 16,000 of LDPC bones, he discovered that modern humans had in fact inherited Neanderthal same analogy, a mitochondrial DNA, composed of approximately 16,000 codes base pairs, is a single-page document. The various DNA fragments were Oneyears of theago easiestand spread ways around to achieve the world". this is to send duplicate data. If LDPC codes were proposed by Prof. Gallager during the 1960s. the data “01” is repeated three times and sent as “01 01 01”, even if an However, because processing capability of computers were limited at DNA. codes base pairs, is a single-page document. The various DNA fragments were years ago and spread around the world". amplified using PCR, analyzed and fitted together, and in 1997, the the dataIn “ 01this” manner,is repeated Dr. Pääbo'sthree times DNA and analysis sent usingas “01 ancient 01 01 ”bones, even has if an However, because processing capability of computers were limited at DNA. error occurs and becomes “11 01 01” at the receiving end, the correct that time, his ideas were neglected for the next 30 years. hyper-vari-able region of the mitochondrial DNA was sequenced. amplified using PCR, analyzed and fitted together, and in 1997, the In this manner, Dr. Pääbo's DNA analysis using ancient bones has data “01” can be recovered by the majority rule. The process of adding error revolutionizedoccurs and becomes the paleoanthropological “11 01 01” at the research receiving of exploring end, the "thecorrect that time, his ideas were neglected for the next 30 years. From the 1990s, computer processing capability rapidly enhanced, hyper-vari-able region of the mitochondrial DNA was sequenced. revolutionized the paleoanthropological research of exploring "the extra data in such circumstances is called “coding”, and the process of and research into its practical implementation became active. In 1998, it Figure 1 The ancestors of modern humans interbred with Neanderthals data “origin01” can of modernbe recovered humans". by Histhe majorityresearch methods rule. The and process achievements of adding From the 1990s, computer processing capability rapidly enhanced, Technologies that contribute to the realization Figure 1 The ancestors of modern humans interbred with Neanderthals origin of modern humans". His research methods and achievements correcting errors and recovering the original data is called “decoding”. was proven to be the most theoretically superior scheme, and its adoption 500,000 400,000 60,000 40,000 extra havedata alsoin such significantly circumstances impacted is calledall disciplines “coding related”, and tothe the process study of and research into its practical implementation became active. In 1998, it of a Super Smart Society (Society 5.0) years ago years ago years ago years ago Technologies that contribute to the realization into the large-capacity information communication systems advanced When the sequenced mitochondrial DNA was compared with that ofcorrecting of modern errors human and recoveringspecies, including the original anthropology, data is calledarcheology, “decoding and ”. was proven to be the most theoretically superior scheme, and its adoption 500,000 400,000 60,000 40,000 have also significantly impacted all disciplines related to the study of a Super Smart Society (Society 5.0) years ago years ago years ago years ago drastically. Modern humans modern humans, no commonalities were found, thus, proving the theory history, thereby contributing tremendously to the advancement of into the large-capacity information communication systems advanced When the sequenced mitochondrial DNA was compared with that of of modern human species, including anthropology, archeology, and Principle and features of LDPC codes Since the 2000s, LDPC codes have been rapidly adopted in digital com- Currently, there are no other practical codes that can outperform LDPC that were left in Africa that Neanderthals were not the direct ancestors of modern humans as these disciplines. drastically. Modern humans modern humans, no commonalities were found, thus, proving the theory history, thereby contributing tremendously to the advancement of munication systems and digital storage systems. These include digital TV codes. As computer processing capability continues to rapidly improve in Principle and features of LDPC codes Since the 2000s, LDPC codes have been rapidly adopted in digital com- Currently, there are no other practical codes that can outperform LDPC that were left in Africa the future, the application of LDPC codes is expected to further expand in some had suggested. Dr. Pääbo, who has contributed significantly to the field of paleoan- that Neanderthals were not the direct ancestors of modern humans as these disciplines. This approach is, however, very wasteful of data and not very satellite broadcasting, 10 Gigabit Ethernet, WiMAX high-speed data com- munication systems and digital storage systems. These include digital TV codes. As computer processing capability continues to rapidly improve in reliable. A better approach, familiar to communication engineers in scope. thropology, is currently a professor at the Max Planck Institute for munication, and the 5th generation mobile communication system (5G), The Middle East This approach is, however, very wasteful of data and not very the future, the application of LDPC codes is expected to further expand in some had suggested. Dr. Pääbo, who has contributed significantly to the field of paleoan- the 1950's, was to arrange a block of data into rows and columns. A Super Smart Society (Society 5.0), which is envisioned to be the future Evolutionary Anthropology. There, he continues to lead many projects satellite broadcasting, 10 Gigabit Ethernet, WiMAX high-speed data com- as well as hard disks and solid-state drives. It has become an extremely Modern humans Spread to Europe The common reliable. A better approach, familiar to communication engineers in munication, and the 5th generation mobile communication system (5G), scope. The Middle East thropology, is currently a professor at the Max Planck Institute for parity check digit is added to each row and to each column, as illustrat- important basic technology that supports our modern digital society. of our society, will require the cyberspace and the real world to be highly that came out of Africa and Asia Achievements (2): on ancient human genomes, expand the horizons of paleoanthropologi- ancestor Super Smart Society (Society 5.0), which is envisioned to be the future Evolutionary Anthropology. There, he continues to lead many projects ed in Fig. 2. The parity check digit is 1 if the number of ones in that integrated. LDPC codes are expected to contribute significantly to this in Africa Analysis of nuclear DNA (2010) the 1950's, was to arrange a block of data into rows and columns. A as well as hard disks and solid-state drives. It has become an extremely Modern humans cal genomic research, and nurture the next generation of researchers. The common Spread to Europe that came out of Africa Achievements (2): goal by playing an essential and fundamental role in solving the various Interbred parity check digit is added to each row and to each column, as illustrat- important basic technology that supports our modern digital society. of our society, will require the cyberspace and the real world to be highly ancestor and Asia on ancient human genomes, expand the horizons of paleoanthropologi- challenges of information communication, such as demands for higher Dr. Pääbo hypothesized that analysis of mitochondrial DNA aloneed in Fig. 2. The parity check digit is 1 if the number of ones in that integrated. LDPC codes are expected to contribute significantly to this in Africa Analysis of nuclear DNA (2010) Neanderthals cal genomic research, and nurture the next generation of researchers. speeds, capacity, and reliability, and lower power consumption. Became extinct was not enough to unravel the mysteries of modern human evolution. goal by playing an essential and fundamental role in solving the various Interbred Figure 1 Error correction schemes in digital information communication Figure 4 Significant contributions to paleoanthropology challenges of information communication, such as demands for higher Dr. Pääbo hypothesized that analysis of mitochondrial DNA alone Beginning in the 2000s, a next-generation sequencer capable of simulta- Neanderthals speeds, capacity, and reliability, and lower power consumption. Became extinct Errors in digital data communication are inevitable due to noise Errors can be detected and corrected Denisovans neously sequencing large quantities of DNA became available. In 2010, The ancestors of modern After interbreeding, their was not enough to unravel the mysteries of modern human evolution. Became extinct Figure 1 Error correction schemes in digital information communication Figure 4 Significant contributions to paleoanthropology by devising the transmitting data Figure 4 Technologies that contribute to the realization it was used to sequence the entire Neanderthal nuclear DNA for the humans who came out of descendants spread Beginning in the 2000s, a next-generation sequencer capable of simulta- of a Super Smart Society (Society 5.0) first time in the world. He analyzed large quantities of DNA fragments, Africa between 60,000 to throughout the world. Communication Communication neously sequencing large quantities of DNA became available. In 2010, Transmitting Received Transmitting Received Errors70,000 in digital years ago data are communication areModern inevitable humans due in East to noi se Errors can be detected and corrected Denisovans The ancestors of modern After interbreeding, their 0 1 channel 1 1 Coding 0 1 0 1 0 1 channel 1 1 0 1 0 1 Decoding LDPC codes is a key technology that supports high speed, data data data data thought to have interbred Asia and Australia also Figure 4 Technologies that contribute to the realization Became extinct (Wireless/Wired) (Wireless/Wired) by devising the transmitting data it was used to sequence the entire Neanderthal nuclear DNA for the humans who came out of descendants spread high capacity, high reliable, and low power data communication with Neanderthals who carry the Neanderthal DNA. of a Super Smart Society (Society 5.0) first time in the world. He analyzed large quantities of DNA fragments, Africa between 60,000 to throughout the world. 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 already inhabited the Communication Communication Figure 3 Achievements (2): Analysis of nuclear DNA (2010) Transmitting Received Transmitting Received 70,000 years ago are Modern humans in East Data processing and analysis of various types of sensor data Achievements (1): Middle East around0 1 60,000 channel 1 1 Coding 0 1 0 1 0 1 channel 1 1 0 1 0 1 Decoding LDPC codes is a key technology that supports high speed, data data data data thought to have interbred Asia and Australia also Analysis of mitochondrial DNA (1997) years ago. (Wireless/Wired) (Wireless/Wired) Nucleus high capacity, high reliable, and low power data communication with Neanderthals who carry the Neanderthal DNA. Noise Cyberspace already inhabited the Noise 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 Figure 3 Achievements (2): Analysis of nuclear DNA (2010) The difficulty of studying ancient DNA is that DNA, the blueprint Data processing and analysis of various types of sensor data Achievements (1): Middle East around 60,000 of life, breaks down and becomes fragmented over time, therefore, it is Analysis of mitochondrial DNA (1997) years ago. Big-data Nucleus Figure 2 A simple example of using parity checks to correct errors Denisovan Analyze Artificial difficult to obtain enough quantity required for proper analysis. In order Noise Cyberspace AI Intelligence Noise Using the method of grouping and checking data to increase the small number of DNA fragments, Dr. Pääbo employed The difficulty of studying ancient DNA is that DNA, the blueprint Sensor information Based on analysis from the physical results, cyberspace a newly developed DNA amplification method called the "Polymerase Big-data of life, breaks down and becomes fragmented over time, therefore, it is space is sent to feedbacks value Denisovan Noise chain reaction" (PCR). There was, however, a limitation to this method. Figure 2 A simple example of using parity checks to correct errors Analyze Artificial cyberspace added information AI difficult to obtain enough quantity required for proper analysis. In order to the physical Next-generation Intelligence 100101011 100101011100010 100111011100010 100101011 Modern DNA contaminated by airborne dust or human sweat could be Realizing both high reliability space sequencer Using the method of grouping and checking data to increase the small number of DNA fragments, Dr. Pääbo employed Coding Transmission Decoding and efficiency mistakenly be amplified if the sequence was similar to ancient human Sensor information Based on analysis from the physical results, cyberspace a newly developed DNA amplification method called the "Polymerase Group Group Group Check Group Group Group Check DNA. Because the handling of ancient DNA requires great care, Dr. ④ ⑤ ⑥ symbol ④ ⑤ ⑥ symbol Noise space is sent to feedbacks value chain reaction" (PCR). There was, however, a limitation to this method. Group Group (1) Use a large overall block length （ok） Pääbo devised new research methods, including a new method of DNA cyberspace added information 1 0 0 ① 1 0 0 1 ① 1 0 0 1 to the physical Next-generation Group Group with randomly chosen groups in Modern DNA contaminated by airborne dust or human sweat could be （error） extraction and the use of a cleanroom. 100101011 100101011100010 100111011100010 100101011 1 0 1 ② 1 0 1 0 ② 1 1 1 0 Nuclear DNA, the blueprint of Simultaneous analysis Determining the Realizing both high reliability space sequencer Group Group place of horizontal and vertical life, breaks down and and splicing of large approximately 3 billion Coding Transmission Decoding （ok） In 1997, a portion of Neanderthal mitochondrial DNA was first mistakenly be amplified if the sequence was similar to ancient human 0 1 1 ③ 0 1 1 0 ③ 0 1 1 0 becomes fragmented over amounts of DNA nucleotide sequences of and efficiency Check Check groups 0 1 0 0 1 0 sequenced, followed by the entire mitochondrial DNA. Mitochondria are time. fragments. nuclear DNA Group Group Group Check Group Group Group Check DNA. Because the handling of ancient DNA requires great care, Dr. symbol symbol （ok） （error） （ok） ④ ⑤ ⑥ symbol ④ ⑤ ⑥ symbol Group Group (1) Use a large overall block length (2) Achieve simple decoding by using a type of organelle that has DNA different from that of the nucleus. 1（ok） Pääbo devised new research methods, including a new method of DNA Autonomous AI Automated Ancient DNA fragments are like pieces of a torn-up document. By the 1 0 0 ① 1 0 0 1 ① 1 0 0 Create vertical and A check symbol is attached to each of If there is an error in the received Correcting the errors driving cars recommendation robot operation Mitochondrial DNA is only 16,000 base pairs long and can easily be Group Group with randomly chosen groups in groups of small size (low density) same analogy, the 3 billion base pairs long nuclear DNA, is the （error） extraction and the use of a cleanroom. horizontal groups by the vertical and horizontal groups. data, the check symbols will not and decoding restores to humans at factories 1 0 1 ② 1 0 1 0 ② 1 1 1 0 Nuclear DNA, the blueprint of Simultaneous analysis Determining the separating the data If the count of "1"s in a group is an match the data. the original data. obtained in large quantities because a single cell alone contains several equivalent to a collection of books. A large number of DNA fragments Group Group place of horizontal and vertical life, breaks down and and splicing of large approximately 3 billion 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0（ok） In 1997, a portion of Neanderthal mitochondrial DNA was first into rows and columns even number, the check symbol is set The fifth "1" is incorrect because the Physical space thousand of them. The sequence was able to be determined using the PCR were analyzed and fitted together using next-generation sequencers to ③ ③ groups becomes fragmented over amounts of DNA nucleotide sequences of to 0, and if an odd number, it is set to check symbols of groups 2 and 5 do Check Check 0 1 0 time. fragments. nuclear DNA restore the reconstruct book collection. symbol 0 1 0 symbol （ok） （error） （ok） sequenced, followed by the entire mitochondrial DNA. Mitochondria are "1". not match its data. Fusion of various data in society method and the DNA analysis technology that was available at the time. a type of organelle that has DNA different from that of the nucleus. (2) Achieve simple decoding by using Autonomous AI Automated Ancient DNA fragments are like pieces of a torn-up document. By the Create vertical and A check symbol is attached to each of If there is an error in the received Correcting the errors driving cars recommendation robot operation Mitochondrial DNA is only 16,000 base pairs long and can easily be horizontal groups by the vertical and horizontal groups. data, the check symbols will not and decoding restores groups of small size (low density) to humans at factories same analogy, the 3 billion base pairs long nuclear DNA, is the separating the data If the count of "1"s in a group is an match the data. the original data. obtained in large quantities because a single cell alone contains several equivalent to a collection of books. A large number of DNA fragments into rows and columns even number, the check symbol is set The fifth "1" is incorrect because the Physical space thousand of them. The sequence was able to be determined using the PCR were analyzed and fitted together using next-generation sequencers to to 0, and if an odd number, it is set to check symbols of groups 2 and 5 do restore the reconstruct book collection. "1". not match its data. Fusion of various data in society method and the DNA analysis technology that was available at the time.