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This document is an output from a project funded by the UNDP and USAID as part of the 'Developing Resilient Cities through Risk Reduction' project partnership. However, the views expressed and information contained in it are based on publicly available data for which IIHS, UNDP and USAID can accept no responsibility or liability, completeness or accuracy of the information or for any reliance placed on them. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed here do not represent the views of any organisations that have provided institutional, organisational or financial support for the preparation of this output.
UNDP-IIHS Resilience Baseline Studies
Vijayawada City Profile
December 2017
Lead Author Shruthi Jain Vineetha Nalla
Team Dhanapal G. Garima Jain Geetika Anand Mohan Raju JS Shamna M Yaseen Teja Malladi
Contents BACKGROUND ...... 5 GEOGRAPHICAL AND PHYSIOGRAPHICAL SETTING ...... 5 ANDHRA PRADESH ...... 5 KRISHNA DISTRICT ...... 6 VIJAYAWADA ...... 7 GEOLOGY AND GEOMORPHOLOGY ...... 8 ANDHRA PRADESH ...... 8 KRISHNA DISTRICT ...... 9 VIJAYAWADA ...... 10 CLIMATE ...... 11 ANDHRA PRADESH ...... 11 KRISHNA DISTRICT ...... 13 VIJAYAWADA ...... 14 DEMOGRAPHY...... 15 ANDHRA PRADESH ...... 15 KRISHNA DISTRICT ...... 16 VIJAYAWADA ...... 18 ECONOMIC PROFILE ...... 21 AGRICULTURE ...... 22 INDUSTRIAL ...... 22 RETAIL INDUSTRY ...... 23 TRADE AND COMMERCE ...... 23 LAND USE LAND COVER ...... 23 INFRASTRUCTURE ...... 25 PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE ...... 25 SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE ...... 30 SLUMS ...... 32 AIR QUALITY ...... 34 NOISE QUALITY ...... 34 HAZARDS ...... 35 CYCLONES ...... 35 URBAN FLOODS ...... 37 EARTHQUAKE ...... 39
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LANDSLIDES ...... 40 FIRE INCIDENTS ...... 41 TSUNAMI & STORM SURGE ...... 42 HEAT WAVES ...... 42 PHYSICAL VULNERABILITY ...... 43 HOUSING CONDITIONS ...... 43 INSTITUTIONAL ASSESSMENTS ...... 47 INVESTMENTS ...... 49 EXHIBITS ...... 52 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 61
List of Figures
Figure 1: Location Map - Vijayawada ...... 6 Figure 2: Ward Map - Vijayawada City ...... 7 Figure 3: Types of Soil in the District ...... 9 Figure 4: Elevation Map - Vijayawada City...... 10 Figure 5: Monthly mean maximum & minimum temperature and total rainfall (1902-2000(99 years)) ...... 15 Figure 6: Urban - Rural Population Share ...... 16 Figure 7: Krishna District – Population Growth and Decadal Growth Rate ...... 17 Figure 8: Vijayawada Decadal Population and Growth Rate ...... 18 Figure 9: Wardwise Population Mapping - Vijayawada City ...... 19 Figure 10: Wardwise Population Density mapping - Vijayawada City ...... 20 Figure 11: Wardwise Mapping of Households ...... 20 Figure 12: Contribution to GDDP(Crores) – Vishakhapatnam District ...... 21 Figure 13: Land Utilization in Andhra Pradesh 2010-11 ...... 22 Figure 14: Land Cover - Vijayawada City ...... 24 Figure 15: Ward wise mapping of populations without access to treated tap water ...... 26 Figure 16: Sanitation facilities – Latrine facility within premises (Vijayawada) ...... 27 Figure 17: Mapping of Households without drainage access ...... 27 Figure 18: Mapping of Illiterate Population ...... 31 Figure 19: Mapping of Households availing Banking Services ...... 32 Figure 20: Mapping of Marginal Worker Population ...... 33 Figure 21: Mapping of Households with Assets ...... 33 Figure 22: State Cyclonic Wind Speed hazard Mapping ...... 36 Figure 23: State Earthquake Hazard Mapping ...... 39
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Figure 24: State Flood Hazard Mapping ...... 42 Figure 25: Housing Conditions ...... 43 Figure 26: Wardwise Mapping of buildings with Temporary Roofs ...... 44 Figure 27: Wardwise Mapping of Buildings with Temporary Walls ...... 45 Figure 28: Structure type of Census Houses ...... 45 Figure 29: Percentage of Material Used for Construction ...... 45 Figure 30: Material of Roof ...... 46 Figure 31: Material of Wall ...... 47 Figure 32: Material of Floor ...... 47
List of Tables
Table 1: Vijayawada Urban Agglomeration Population ...... 8 Table 2: Geomorphology the district ...... 9 Table 3: Prevalent Seasons of Andhra Pradesh ...... 11 Table 4: Classification based on climate pattern in Andhra Pradesh ...... 11 Table 5: Agro-climatic zones of Andhra Pradesh and their characteristics ...... 12 Table 6: Monthly mean maximum & minimum temperature and total rainfall (1902-2000(99 years)) ...... 14 Table 7: Population 2001 - 2011 (Rural - Urban) ...... 16 Table 8: Krishna District Population (1901 - 2011) ...... 17 Table 9: Demographic Profile ...... 18 Table 10: Population growth - VMC ...... 18 Table 11: Working Population Statistics ...... 21 Table 13: Existing and Proposed Land Use ...... 23 Table 13: Specifications ...... 26 Table 14: Existing Sewage Treatment Plant Capacity in Vijayawada ...... 28 Table 15: Electrical Connections ...... 29 Table 16: Schools and Colleges in Vijayawada Municipal Corporation ...... 30 Table 17: Ambient air quality Results (annual avg) obtained from CAAQM stations for 2014-15 34 Table 18: Ambient Noise Quality standards in respect of Noise ...... 34 Table 19: List of Hazards and affected people in Vijayawada City ...... 35 Table 20: List of cyclonic events (1945-2013) which affected Vijayawada City ...... 36 Table 21: Previous Flood incidents by Krishna River ...... 37 Table 22: Previous flooding due to Budameru spate ...... 38 Table 23: Significant Tremor incidents in the city ...... 39 Table 24: Surface Acceleration at various locations in Vijayawada ...... 40 Table 25: Land slide prone wards in the city of Vijayawada ...... 41 Table 26: Landslide susceptible zones in Vijayawada city by area ...... 41
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Table 27: Report from Fire Department, Vijayawada ...... 41
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Background This document detailing the city profile of Vijayawada has been prepared as part of the project “Developing Resilient Cities through Risk Reduction”, undertaken by a partnership of MHA- USAID-UNDP focusing seven cities; Cuttack, Navi Mumbai, Shillong, Shimla, Dharamsala, Vishakhapatnam and Vijayawada. The objective of this study is to present a baseline study for each city to identify gaps and opportunities for developing resilience action.
This study has carried out an intensive review of different literature and data on Hazard Risk and Vulnerability Analysis of Vijayawada city with the support of different agencies and identifies the key challenges in disaster and climate change resilience, which can help urban administrators, policy makers and other stakeholders develop better understand the gaps in resilience and prepare better strategy for the city development that incorporates disaster risk reduction and improved adaptation.
Geographical and Physiographical Setting
Andhra Pradesh The State of Andhra Pradesh is Located in the Southern Peninsula of India, between 12°41' and 19.07°N latitude and 77° and 84°40'E longitude. It is bounded on the North by Odisha and Chhattisgarh, Telangana and Karnataka on the west, on the South by Tamil Nadu and on the East by the Bay of Bengal (Planning Department, MAY 2014). It covers an area of about 1,60,205 Sq Km ( Andhra Pradesh Government, India., 2015). As per the census of 2011 the state had a population of 49.67 Million persons with a total of 13 districts (Refer : Figure 1, Exhibit: 1). The capital of the state is the Amaravati alongside Hyderabad which is the joint capital of both Andhra Pradesh and Telangana for 10 years since the date of 2nd June 2014 (About Andhra Pradesh).
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Figure 1: Location Map - Vijayawada
Andhra Pradesh has a coastline of around 974 km, which gives it the 2nd longest coastline in the nation. Two major rivers, the Godavari and the Krishna run across the state.Visakhapatnam, Vijayawada, Tirupati, Guntur, Kakinada, Nellore &Kurnool are some of the major cities in the state. The most commonly spoken language of the state is Telugu. Hindi,English and Tamil are the other languages also spoken in the state (Planning Department, MAY 2014).
Krishna District Krishna district (refer Exhibit: 2) was one of the oldest British administrated areas of Andhra Pradesh. It lies between Latitudes 15° 43’ N and 17° 10’ N and Longitudes 80° 0’ and 81° 33’ of E, occupying an area of 8,727 Sq. Km. The district is bounded by the West Godavari district in the East, Guntur and Nalgonda districts in the West, Khammam district in the North and the Bay of Bengal in the South, stretching on a 66km coastline (Krishna District, 2011).
The main hill range of the district is the Kondapalli range and it runs between Nandigama and Vijayawada with a length of about 24 Kms. The other hills are Jammalavoidurgam, Mogalrajapuram and Indrakiladri hills. The chief rivers of the district are the Krishna (length 1,280 kms) Muniyeru (Muneru), the Tammileru and Budameru. The district contains small hillstreams viz., Jayanthi, Kattaleru, Ippalavagu, Upputeru, Telleru, Ballaleru, Nadimeyeru(Krishna District, 2011).
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Vijayawada Located on the banks of the Krishna River, Vijayawada is the second largest city of in the state after Visakhapatnam. The city is a major trading and business center and hence it is also known as “The Business Capital of Andhra Pradesh” and has been recognized as a “Global City of the Future”. It was also ordained as the cleanest city in the state of Andhra Pradesh (Government of Andhra Pradesh). The city is well connected to other regions by road, rail and air. It has the second busiest railway junction in India and second biggest bus terminus in Asia (Rajeswari, 2014).The city is divided into 3 circles mainly for administration, planning and management purpose and further into 59 political wards and is spread over an area of 61.88 Sq.Kms. There are 111 slum pockets with more than 3 lakh poor population inhabiting the city (CDMP, 2015).
Figure 2: Ward Map - Vijayawada City
The city municipal limits has a population of 1,048,240 (2011 Census), while the population of the metropolitan area is 1,491,202. (Rajeswari, 2014).
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Table 1: Vijayawada Urban Agglomeration Population City /town status Area (sq. in Population in Lakhs Growth Rate lakhs km) 1981 1991 2001 (1991 – 2001) VMC 61.88 461772 701827 845217 20.4 Mangalagiri town 10.49 461725 9152 62048 0.49 Others 38.07 84777 121159 47.0 (2OGs+4P) Kanuru (P) 9.00 9690 23597 30696 30.1 Prasadampa du (OG) 2.43 5300 6489 10487 61.6 Ramavarapp adu (P) 3.37 7646 8418 12808 52.2 Yenamalaku duru (P) 4.17 7217 17331 25463 46.9 Tadepalli (P) 19.18 24542 28942 41705 44.1 VUA 110.44 613756 845756 1033562 22.2 Source: (Rajeswari, 2014)
Geology and Geomorphology
Andhra Pradesh Geologically, the State forms a part of peninsular India and is one of the most ancient land masses. The geological formations of Andhra Pradesh range from the most ancient to the recent (refer Exhibit: 3). The State consists of Igneous, Sedimentary & Metamorphic formations. The Peninsular Gneissic Complex consists of Archaean group covered by a complex group of Gneisses and Schists. The Precambrian sedimentary formation of the Kadapa Super Group and Kurnool Group are found in Kurnool, Kadapa, Ananthapur, Chittoor, Guntur, Prakasam and Krishna districts. The Deccan traps are found in East and West Godavari districts. Outcrops Tertiary formations are found in East and West Godavari and Visakhapatnam districts and the Quaternary sediments occurring as thick blankets of alluvium are found in the river valleys, deltas and along the East coast. (Department of Mine and Geology, Government of Andhra Pradesh)
The State is a treasure house for 48 minerals and more specifically for Gold, Diamond, Bauxite, Beach Sand, Limestone, Coal, Oil & Natural Gas, Manganese, Dolomite, Quartz, Feldspar, precious & Semi-precious stones, Clays, Calcite, Steatite, Iron Ore, Base Metals, Barytes, Uranium, Granite, Limestone Slabs, Marbles, Dimensional Stones and other Building Minerals. (Department of Mine and Geology, Government of Andhra Pradesh)
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Figure 3: Types of Soil in the District
Red loams 20%
Black Sand Cotton clay 58% loams 22%
Source: (Krishna District, 2011)
Krishna District Geomorphologically the district can be broadly divided into 3 distinct units, viz., Pediplain, Alluvial plains, and Coastal & Deltaic plains (Table 2). The predominant soils in the district are black cotton soils/deltaic soils (58%) followed by sandy soils (22%) and red loamy soils (20%)(Figure 3)(Krishna District, 2011).
Table 2: Geomorphology the district Division Location Characteristic Feature Soil Type Pediplain Northern Undulated plain with broken Red clayey soils with sandy Area part of the ridges. loam to clayey loam in texture district Alluvial Southern Formed by the the river Grey brown to black in colour Plains part Krishna and its with fine to medium texture tributaries. and poorly permeable. They No significant surface are fertile soils drainage in these alluvial plains. Flat area. The alluvial plains along the major course of rivers form the flood plain deposits. Coastal & Extends Palaeo-channels, beach Highly porous and lack of Deltaic from ridges, lagoons, sand binding material plains Challapalli spits and sand barriers
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Table 2: Geomorphology the district Division Location Characteristic Feature Soil Type on the west are main geomorphic to units. Kolletikota Krishna river divides on the east itself at Avanigadda and and upto the south of Nagayalanka coast line on into four branches the south. forming an arcuEte delta, which protrudes towards open sea forming a cuspate foreland. Source: (CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA, 2013)
Vijayawada Vijayawada is surrounded by the Krishna River on the east and west and the Budameru River on the north. The northern, north western, and southwestern parts of the city are covered by a low range of hills, while the central, south western and north western parts are covered by rich and fertile agriculture lands with three major irrigation canals. The topography of Vijayawada is flat, with a few small to medium- sized hills. These hills are part of the Eastern Ghats cut through by the Krishna river. They have very low elevation compared to the average elevation of the ghats. Three canals originating from the north side of the Prakasam barrage reservoir, Eluru, Bandar and Ryves, run through the city. (Rajeswari, 2014)
Figure 4: Elevation Map - Vijayawada City
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Climate
Andhra Pradesh The State has tropical climate. Some variations are reflected in pelagic influence and elevation. Main three seasons enjoyed by the state are monsoons, summers and winters. Table 3 shows the details of the three seasons and their period and pattern. There is little or no discrepancy in weather in different areas of the state since the state is close to rivers, seas and hills. Moderate climate is experienced in the plateau region in comparison to the coastal belt and low valleys (http://www.discoveredindia.com).
Table 3: Prevalent Seasons of Andhra Pradesh Season Period Pattern Summer March till June Max. temp can go up to 42 degree. In various regions, variation in maximum temperature is from 23°C to 28°C and a variation in minimum ranges from 10°C to 12°C. Hot summers are experienced in coastal plains. Pre Monsoon Mid June rise in humidity Monsoon July – September Heavy rainfall can be experienced. Southwest monsoon winds offer maximum rainfall at times reaching up to 55 inches maximum. In regions closer to coast, rainfall is heavy but in northern and western plateau regions, meager rainfall is observed.
October and Heavy rainfall occurs due to north east November monsoon winds Winter October – February Mild winters are enjoyed, and temperature does not go below 16 degree Source: http://www.discoveredindia.com
Table 4: Classification based on climate pattern in Andhra Pradesh Classification Examples Tropical savanna climate Vijayawada, Visakhapatnam, Guntur, Kavali, Chittoor Hot semi-arid climates Kurnool, Hindupur, Adoni, Anantapur, Rayachoti Humid subtropical climate Gangarajumadugula Source: (climate-data.org)
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The state is divided into seven agro –climatic zones (refer Exhibit: 4). The detailed list of districts coming under different zones, rainfall pattern, temperature, soil type and crops grown is given in the table below.
Table 5: Agro-climatic zones of Andhra Pradesh and their characteristics
S.no Zone District Rainfall Temperat Soil Types Crops Grown ure I Krishna- East Godavari, West Southwest Max. 29- Deltaic Rice, Godavari Godavari, Krishna, monsoon 42ºC Min. alluvium, groundnut, Zone Guntur and 800-1,100 16-24ºC red soils sorghum, contiguous areas of mm with clay, pearl millet, Khammam, black cotton tobacco, Nalgonda & soils, red cotton, chilli, Prakasam loams, sugarcane coastal and sands and horticultural saline soils crops II North Srikakulam, Southwest Max. 29- Red soils Rice, Coastal Vizianagaram, monsoon 42ºC Min. with clay groundnut, Zone Vishakhapatnam 1,000 – 18-27ºC base, mesta, jute, and uplands of East 1,100 mm pockets of sunhemp, Godavari District acidic soils, seasmum, laterite soils sorghum, with PH 4-5. pearl millet, blackgram and horticultural crops III Southern Nellore, Chittoor, Southwest Max. 28- Red loamy Rice, Zone southern parts of monsoon 40ºC Min. soils, groundnut, Prakasam and 700 – 13-27ºC shallow to cotton, Cuddapah and 1,000 mm moderately sugarcane, eastern parts of deep. millets and Anantapur horticultural crops IV Northern Adilabad, Southwest Max. 29- Chalkas, red Rice, castor, Telangan Karimnagar, monsoon 42ºC Min. sandy soils, sugarcane, a Zone Nizamabad, Medak 900 – 11-28ºC dubbas, sorghum, (northern Part), 1,500 mm deep red maize, Warangal, (except loamy soils, sunflower, North Western and very turmeric, Part), eastern tips deep black pulses and of Nalgonda and cotton soils. chilly
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S.no Zone District Rainfall Temperat Soil Types Crops Grown ure Khammam V Southern Hyderabad, Ranga Southwest Max. 28- Red earths Rice, Telangan Reddy, monsoon 42ºC Min. with loamy, sunflower, a Zone Mahaboobnagar 700 – 900 12-26ºC Sub soils safflower, (except southern mm (chalkas). grape, border), Nalgonda sorghum, (except north millets, pulses eastern border), and orchard Medak (southern crops parts), Warangal (north western part). VI Scarce Kurnool, Southwest Max. 32- Red earths Cotton, Rainfall Ananthpur, monsoon 40ºC Min. with loamy sorghum, Zone Prakasam (western 500 – 750 13-28ºC soils millets, parts), Prakasam mm (chalkas), groundnut, (western parts), red sandy pulses and Cuddapah soils and rice (northern part), black cotton Mahaboobnagar soils in (southern border). pockets. VII High Northern borders Southwest Max. 17- Hill slopes, Horticultural Altitude of Srikakulum, monsoon 35ºC Min. undulating crops, millets, and Vizianagaram, >1400 6-24ºC transported pulses, chilly, Tribal Visakhapatnam,, mm soils turmeric and areas East godavari and pepper Khammam Source: ( Department of Agriculture, A.P. )
Krishna District The climatic conditions of the district are of an extreme kind with hot summers and cold winters (i.e.) tropical in nature(Krishna District, 2011). The period from December to mid- February is generally considered to be the season of pleasant weather. The summer season extends from March to May; April to June being the hottest. This is followed by monsoon period from June to September; the post monsoon from October to December and the winter season from January to February.
The mean daily maximum temperature in the district is about 38°C in May and the mean daily minimum temperature is about 20°C in December/ January. Temperature in the district begins
IIHS | Urban resilience Baseline Study | Page 13 of 63 to rise from the mid-February till May. With the onset of southwest monsoon in June, the temperature decreases to about 20°C and is more or less uniform during the monsoon period(CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA, 2013).
The average annual rainfall of the district is 1011.2 mm, which ranges from no rainfall in January and March to 216.8 mm in July. The mean seasonal rainfall distribution is 700 mm in southwest monsoon (June - September), 241 mm in northeast monsoon ( Oct-Dec), 6.3 mm rainfall in Winter (Jan-Feb) and 64 mm in summer (March – May). The percentage distribution of rainfall, season-wise, is 69.25% in southwest monsoon, 23.82 % in northeast monsoon, 0.62% in winter and 6.31 % in summer. In general, the amount of rainfall increases from west to east. (CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA, 2013)
The relative humidity in the district is of the order of 80% in the mornings throughout the year, whereas in the evenings the relative humidity varies from about 70 to more than 80%. The annual rainfall during 2012 is 1510mm.(CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA, 2013)
Vijayawada Vijayawada has a tropical climate with hot summers and a monsoon season. Temperatures can reach 47 °C (117 °F) in May–June, while the winter temperatures rarely fall below 15 °C (59 °F). The average humidity is 78% and the average annual rainfall is 106.7 cm. Vijayawada gets its rainfall from both the southwest monsoon and northeast monsoon. (Rajeswari, 2014)
Table 6: Monthly mean maximum & minimum temperature and total rainfall (1902-2000(99 years)) Month Mean Temperature oC Mean Rainfall in mm Maximum Minimum January 30.2 18.6 6.2 February 32.7 20.6 4.6 March 35.6 23.3 4.6 April 38.2 26.2 4.8 May 39.9 27.8 20.8 June 37.2 26.9 80.8 July 33.7 25.0 173.0 August 33.1 25.0 146.2 September 32.4 24.5 179.9 October 32.4 23.2 57.2 November 31.0 20.9 52.3 December 30.3 19.7 5.8 Source: (India Meteorological Department, Ministry of Earth Sciences,Government of India.)
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May – June has been recorded to have the maximum temperature. Minimum temperature does not generally falls below 17 oC. Maximum mean rainfall for the past 99 years has been recorded in the month April – September (Figure 5)
Figure 5: Monthly mean maximum & minimum temperature and total rainfall (1902-2000(99 years)) 45 200 40 180 35 160 140 30 120 25 100 20 80 15 60 10 40 5 20 0 0
Mean Rainfall in mm Maximum Temperature MinimumTemperature
Source: (India Meteorological Department, Ministry of Earth Sciences,Government of India.)
Demography
Andhra Pradesh As per Census 2011, Andhra Pradesh has population of 8.46 Crores, an increase from figure of 7.62 Crore in 2001 census. Total population of Andhra Pradesh as per 2011 census is 84,580,777 of which male and female are 42,442,146 and 42,138,631 respectively. In 2001, total population was 76,210,007 in which males were 38,527,413 while females were 37,682,594. (www.census2011.co.in, 2017)
The total population growth in this decade was 10.98 percent while in previous decade it was 13.86 percent. The population of Andhra Pradesh forms 6.99 percent of India in 2011. In 2001, the figure was 7.41 percent. The state has a density of 308 persons/km2.
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Figure 6: Urban - Rural Population Share
0% 0% Urban 33%
Rural 67%
Source: (Government of India)
Table 7: Population 2001 - 2011 (Rural - Urban) 2001 2011 No. of Households Population No. of Households Population Total 1,70,04,305 7,62,10,007 2,10,22,588 8,45,80,777 Rural 1,26,07,167 5,54,01,067 1,42,34,387 5,63,61,702 Urban 43,97,138 2,08,08,940 67,88,201 2,82,19,075 Source: (Government of India)
Krishna District
In 2011, Krishna had population of 4,517,398 of which male and female were 2,267,375 and 2,250,023 respectively. In 2001 census, Krishna had a population of 4,187,841 of which males were 2,117,401 and remaining 2,070,440 were females. Krishna District population constituted 5.34 percent of total Andhra Pradesh population, which was 5.50% in 2011. There was change of 7.87 percent in the population compared to population as per 2001 which was comparatively less compared to change in 1991 - 2011(+13.22%).(Census Population , 2015)
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Table 8: Krishna District Population (1901 - 2011) Female per 1000 Census Year Population Decadal Growth male 1901 861,068 ----- 975 1911 993,086 15.33 979 1921 1,059,731 6.71 980 1931 1,229,176 15.99 972 1941 1,413,516 15 965 1951 1,736,429 22.84 969 1961 2,076,956 19.61 962 1971 2,493,574 20.06 964 1981 3,048,463 22.25 971 1991 3,698,833 21.33 969 2001 4,187,841 13.22 978 2011 4,517,398 7.87 992 Source: (Government of India)
Figure 7 shows the change in population and decadal growth from 1901 to 2011. There has been a fast pace of growth from 1921 to 1951, after which the growth was gradual till 1991. After 1991, the decadal growth rate started to decline.
Figure 7: Krishna District – Population Growth and Decadal Growth Rate 5,000,000 25 4,500,000 4,000,000 20 3,500,000 3,000,000 15 2,500,000 2,000,000 10 1,500,000 1,000,000 5 500,000 0 0 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011
Population Decadal Growth
Source: (Government of India)
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Vijayawada As per Census India, population of Vijayawada in 2011 is 1,034,358; of which male and female are 518,590 and 515,768 respectively. Although Vijayawada city has population of 1,034,358; its urban / metropolitan population is 1,476,931 (Census Population , 2015).
The city has witnessed a rapid growth over the past five decades with an average decennial growth rate of 39.72 %. During the period 1981-91 the net growth has been about 51.9% attributed to a large influx of the rural population to the city.
Table 9: Demographic Profile Vijayawada City Total Male Female City + Out Growths 1,143,232 574,794 568,438 City Population 1,034,358 518,590 515,768 Average Literacy (%) 81.24 % 85.02 % 77.46 % Sex ratio 995 Source: (Census Population , 2015)
Table 10: Population growth - VMC Census Year Population Decadal Growth Rate 1901 24224 - 1911 32867 35.7 1921 44159 34.4 1931 60427 20.3 1941 86184 42.6 1951 161198 87 1961 234360 45.4 1971 344607 47 1981 527884 53.2 1991 708316 34.2 2001 900061 27.1 2011 1143232 27 Source: (Census 2011, Government of India, 2011) There has been a rapid increase in growth rate from 1931 to 1951 from 20% to nearly reaching 90%. 1951 – 61 had a fast decline in decadal growth, almost half after which there was a gradual decline in growth rate (Figure 8).
Figure 8: Vijayawada Decadal Population and Growth Rate
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1400000 100
90 1200000 80
1000000 70
60 800000 50 600000
Population 40
400000 30 Decadal Growth Rate 20 200000 10
0 0 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 Census Year Population Decadal Growth Rate
Source: (Census 2011, Government of India, 2011)
Figure 9: Wardwise Population Mapping - Vijayawada City
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Figure 10: Wardwise Population Density mapping - Vijayawada City
Figure 11: Wardwise Mapping of Households
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Economic Profile The state has well-developed social, physical and industrial infrastructure and virtual connectivity. It also has good power, airport, IT and port infrastructure.
Table 11: Working Population Statistics Andhra Pradesh Krishna District Total Workers 1261076 2048880 Main Workers 1055965 1744978 Marginal Workers 205111 303902 Non Workers 1290259 2468518
At current prices, Andhra Pradesh’s gross state domestic product (GSDP) was estimated at US$ 92.17 billion over 2015-16. Between 2004-05 and 2015-16, the average annual GSDP growth rate was 10.67 per cent.( India Brand Equity Foundation).
As of July 2016, the state had 19 operational SEZs in the state across diversified sectors which include textiles and apparel, food processing, footwear and leather products, pharma, IT SEZs etc. Seemandhra, comprising Rayalaseema and coastal Andhra, has most of the power projects of undivided Andhra Pradesh. Coal-based power plants are mostly located in the state due to proximity to the ports. As of April 2016, Andhra Pradesh had a total installed power generation capacity of nearly 15,311.17 MW ( India Brand Equity Foundation). Maximum contribution to GDDP is by Service sector, followed by Industries and agriculture (Figure 12).
Figure 12: Contribution to GDDP(Crores) – Vishakhapatnam District 35979
17780
8967
Agriculture & Allied Industries Services Sector Contribution to GDDP(crores)
Source: (Economic Development Board Andhra Pradesh, 2017)
The GDP of Vijayawada for 2008 was estimated at Rs 5526 crores. The GDP of Vijayawada was $3 billion (Rs. 18,000 crore) in 2010 and is projected to grow to $17 billion (Rs. 1,02,000 crore) by 2025 (Rajeswari, 2014).
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Agriculture
Andhra Pradesh The region around the city has fertile soil and irrigation is supported by the river Krishna and its canals. Major crops include sugarcane, rice and mango (Rajeswari, 2014). A large area of open land is under non – agricultural use i.e., 45%. 22% of land comes under forest, followed by 11% under cultivable barren land(Ministry of MSME, Govt. of India).
Figure 13: Land Utilization in Andhra Pradesh 2010-11
7% Forest 7% 22% 3% cultivable Barren 7% land Non- agricultural 11% Culturable Waste
43% Permanent Pastures
Source: (Ministry of MSME, Govt. of India)
Vijayawada Due to the abundance of fertile soil and water resources in the city of Vijayawada and due to the presence of the great Krishna River, agriculture is thriving in this city. Furthermore, the canals that originate from the Prakasam Barrage enable the agricultural sector to grow in a sustainable manner (amaravativoice.com, 2016). The city has more than 2,500 of agro based small scale industries , like solvent extract plants, rice mills, oil and dal mills etc. (City Development Initiative for Asia, 2013)
Mangoes from this city are exported to different countries of the world. Major revenue to the city comes from the manufacture of mangoes and their exports. Other important crops produced by the agricultural industry are sugarcane and rice. (amaravativoice.com, 2016)
Industrial Vijayawada is famous for automobile body building, garment, iron and hardware small scale industries. The Jawahar Lal Nehru Auto Nagar Industrial Estate in Vijayawada is one of the largest hubs of automobile industry of Asia. There are about 3000 automobile accessory units in and around the city and about 100,000 workers are employed in these industries. Apart from workers of the city, people from other parts of the state come to work in the industrial estate (Rajeswari, 2014).
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In addition an 1800MW Vijayawada thermal power project (VTPS) and 368.144 MW gas-based LANCO power plant which is under expansion to 768.144 MW are located here. Vijayawada is well connected through rail and road which makes it one of the main hubs of commercial activities. The second largest wagon workshop of Indian railways is at Rayanapadu near Vijayawada (Rajeswari, 2014).
Retail Industry The main markets are in the Old City (popularly known as One Town) and near Besant Road. An estimate of nearly INR 10 crores of garment business takes place in the Vastralatha building alone in One Town daily. Garments are mainly sold in Besant Road and Governor Pet. The city has many wholesale businesses. They include garments, iron market, pulses, cereals, and other edible products, fancy markets, fertilizers, mango exports, pharmacy and metal. (Rajeswari, 2014)
Trade and Commerce Agricultural commodities produced in hinterland finds its market in Vijayawada both for local consumption and export. It is a major trading center for processed Virginia Tobacco, cotton, turmeric and mangoes. Consumer goods, textiles, automobiles, industrial products are also traded in significant volumes in this area. The tertiary sector provides employment for 70% of the work force. (City Development Initiative for Asia, 2013)
Land Use Land Cover Vijayawada Zonal Development Plan has projected the population of the city to be 16.40 lakhs by 2021 covering an area extending over 61.88 sq. km. (JNNURM). The existing land use (2004) and the proposed land use pattern (2021) are presented in Table 12.
Table 12: Existing and Proposed Land Use Existing (2015) S.no. Land Use Area Percentage (Sq.km) Developed
Area 1 Residential 33.30 53.82 2 Commercial 2.73 4.42 3 Industrial 1.51 4.11 4 Institutional 4.05 6.55 5 Recreational 1.76 2.86 6 Transport 7.99 12.93 7 Waterbodies 7.17 11.59 Total 61.88 100 Source: CDMP, 2015
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Figure 14: Land Cover - Vijayawada City
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Infrastructure
Physical Infrastructure
Water Supply Vijayawada Municipal Corporation supplies potable water to the Vijayawada city and the surrounding villages. (Andra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority, 2015).
There are two main water sources thein Capital Region: