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This document is an output from a project funded by the UNDP and USAID as part of the 'Developing Resilient Cities through Risk Reduction' project partnership. However, the views expressed and information contained in it are based on publicly available data for which IIHS, UNDP and USAID can accept no responsibility or liability, completeness or accuracy of the information or for any reliance placed on them. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed here do not represent the views of any organisations that have provided institutional, organisational or financial support for the preparation of this output.

UNDP-IIHS Resilience Baseline Studies

Vijayawada City Profile

December 2017

Lead Author Shruthi Jain Vineetha Nalla

Team Dhanapal G. Garima Jain Geetika Anand Mohan Raju JS Shamna M Yaseen Teja Malladi

Contents BACKGROUND ...... 5 GEOGRAPHICAL AND PHYSIOGRAPHICAL SETTING ...... 5 ANDHRA PRADESH ...... 5 KRISHNA DISTRICT ...... 6 VIJAYAWADA ...... 7 GEOLOGY AND GEOMORPHOLOGY ...... 8 ANDHRA PRADESH ...... 8 KRISHNA DISTRICT ...... 9 VIJAYAWADA ...... 10 CLIMATE ...... 11 ANDHRA PRADESH ...... 11 KRISHNA DISTRICT ...... 13 VIJAYAWADA ...... 14 DEMOGRAPHY...... 15 ANDHRA PRADESH ...... 15 KRISHNA DISTRICT ...... 16 VIJAYAWADA ...... 18 ECONOMIC PROFILE ...... 21 AGRICULTURE ...... 22 INDUSTRIAL ...... 22 RETAIL INDUSTRY ...... 23 TRADE AND COMMERCE ...... 23 LAND USE LAND COVER ...... 23 INFRASTRUCTURE ...... 25 PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE ...... 25 SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE ...... 30 SLUMS ...... 32 AIR QUALITY ...... 34 NOISE QUALITY ...... 34 HAZARDS ...... 35 CYCLONES ...... 35 URBAN FLOODS ...... 37 EARTHQUAKE ...... 39

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LANDSLIDES ...... 40 FIRE INCIDENTS ...... 41 TSUNAMI & STORM SURGE ...... 42 HEAT WAVES ...... 42 PHYSICAL VULNERABILITY ...... 43 HOUSING CONDITIONS ...... 43 INSTITUTIONAL ASSESSMENTS ...... 47 INVESTMENTS ...... 49 EXHIBITS ...... 52 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 61

List of Figures

Figure 1: Location Map - Vijayawada ...... 6 Figure 2: Ward Map - Vijayawada City ...... 7 Figure 3: Types of Soil in the District ...... 9 Figure 4: Elevation Map - Vijayawada City...... 10 Figure 5: Monthly mean maximum & minimum temperature and total rainfall (1902-2000(99 years)) ...... 15 Figure 6: Urban - Rural Population Share ...... 16 Figure 7: Krishna District – Population Growth and Decadal Growth Rate ...... 17 Figure 8: Vijayawada Decadal Population and Growth Rate ...... 18 Figure 9: Wardwise Population Mapping - Vijayawada City ...... 19 Figure 10: Wardwise Population Density mapping - Vijayawada City ...... 20 Figure 11: Wardwise Mapping of Households ...... 20 Figure 12: Contribution to GDDP(Crores) – Vishakhapatnam District ...... 21 Figure 13: Land Utilization in Andhra Pradesh 2010-11 ...... 22 Figure 14: Land Cover - Vijayawada City ...... 24 Figure 15: Ward wise mapping of populations without access to treated tap water ...... 26 Figure 16: Sanitation facilities – Latrine facility within premises (Vijayawada) ...... 27 Figure 17: Mapping of Households without drainage access ...... 27 Figure 18: Mapping of Illiterate Population ...... 31 Figure 19: Mapping of Households availing Banking Services ...... 32 Figure 20: Mapping of Marginal Worker Population ...... 33 Figure 21: Mapping of Households with Assets ...... 33 Figure 22: State Cyclonic Wind Speed hazard Mapping ...... 36 Figure 23: State Earthquake Hazard Mapping ...... 39

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Figure 24: State Flood Hazard Mapping ...... 42 Figure 25: Housing Conditions ...... 43 Figure 26: Wardwise Mapping of buildings with Temporary Roofs ...... 44 Figure 27: Wardwise Mapping of Buildings with Temporary Walls ...... 45 Figure 28: Structure type of Census Houses ...... 45 Figure 29: Percentage of Material Used for Construction ...... 45 Figure 30: Material of Roof ...... 46 Figure 31: Material of Wall ...... 47 Figure 32: Material of Floor ...... 47

List of Tables

Table 1: Vijayawada Urban Agglomeration Population ...... 8 Table 2: Geomorphology the district ...... 9 Table 3: Prevalent Seasons of Andhra Pradesh ...... 11 Table 4: Classification based on climate pattern in Andhra Pradesh ...... 11 Table 5: Agro-climatic zones of Andhra Pradesh and their characteristics ...... 12 Table 6: Monthly mean maximum & minimum temperature and total rainfall (1902-2000(99 years)) ...... 14 Table 7: Population 2001 - 2011 (Rural - Urban) ...... 16 Table 8: Krishna District Population (1901 - 2011) ...... 17 Table 9: Demographic Profile ...... 18 Table 10: Population growth - VMC ...... 18 Table 11: Working Population Statistics ...... 21 Table 13: Existing and Proposed Land Use ...... 23 Table 13: Specifications ...... 26 Table 14: Existing Sewage Treatment Plant Capacity in Vijayawada ...... 28 Table 15: Electrical Connections ...... 29 Table 16: Schools and Colleges in Vijayawada Municipal Corporation ...... 30 Table 17: Ambient air quality Results (annual avg) obtained from CAAQM stations for 2014-15 34 Table 18: Ambient Noise Quality standards in respect of Noise ...... 34 Table 19: List of Hazards and affected people in Vijayawada City ...... 35 Table 20: List of cyclonic events (1945-2013) which affected Vijayawada City ...... 36 Table 21: Previous Flood incidents by Krishna River ...... 37 Table 22: Previous flooding due to Budameru spate ...... 38 Table 23: Significant Tremor incidents in the city ...... 39 Table 24: Surface Acceleration at various locations in Vijayawada ...... 40 Table 25: Land slide prone wards in the city of Vijayawada ...... 41 Table 26: Landslide susceptible zones in Vijayawada city by area ...... 41

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Table 27: Report from Fire Department, Vijayawada ...... 41

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Background This document detailing the city profile of Vijayawada has been prepared as part of the project “Developing Resilient Cities through Risk Reduction”, undertaken by a partnership of MHA- USAID-UNDP focusing seven cities; Cuttack, Navi Mumbai, Shillong, Shimla, Dharamsala, Vishakhapatnam and Vijayawada. The objective of this study is to present a baseline study for each city to identify gaps and opportunities for developing resilience action.

This study has carried out an intensive review of different literature and data on Hazard Risk and Vulnerability Analysis of Vijayawada city with the support of different agencies and identifies the key challenges in disaster and climate change resilience, which can help urban administrators, policy makers and other stakeholders develop better understand the gaps in resilience and prepare better strategy for the city development that incorporates disaster risk reduction and improved adaptation.

Geographical and Physiographical Setting

Andhra Pradesh The State of Andhra Pradesh is Located in the Southern Peninsula of India, between 12°41' and 19.07°N latitude and 77° and 84°40'E longitude. It is bounded on the North by Odisha and Chhattisgarh, Telangana and Karnataka on the west, on the South by Tamil Nadu and on the East by the Bay of Bengal (Planning Department, MAY 2014). It covers an area of about 1,60,205 Sq Km ( Andhra Pradesh Government, India., 2015). As per the census of 2011 the state had a population of 49.67 Million persons with a total of 13 districts (Refer : Figure 1, Exhibit: 1). The capital of the state is the Amaravati alongside Hyderabad which is the joint capital of both Andhra Pradesh and Telangana for 10 years since the date of 2nd June 2014 (About Andhra Pradesh).

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Figure 1: Location Map - Vijayawada

Andhra Pradesh has a coastline of around 974 km, which gives it the 2nd longest coastline in the nation. Two major rivers, the Godavari and the Krishna run across the state.Visakhapatnam, Vijayawada, Tirupati, Guntur, Kakinada, Nellore &Kurnool are some of the major cities in the state. The most commonly spoken language of the state is Telugu. Hindi,English and Tamil are the other languages also spoken in the state (Planning Department, MAY 2014).

Krishna District Krishna district (refer Exhibit: 2) was one of the oldest British administrated areas of Andhra Pradesh. It lies between Latitudes 15° 43’ N and 17° 10’ N and Longitudes 80° 0’ and 81° 33’ of E, occupying an area of 8,727 Sq. Km. The district is bounded by the West Godavari district in the East, Guntur and Nalgonda districts in the West, Khammam district in the North and the Bay of Bengal in the South, stretching on a 66km coastline (Krishna District, 2011).

The main hill range of the district is the Kondapalli range and it runs between Nandigama and Vijayawada with a length of about 24 Kms. The other hills are Jammalavoidurgam, Mogalrajapuram and Indrakiladri hills. The chief rivers of the district are the Krishna (length 1,280 kms) Muniyeru (Muneru), the Tammileru and Budameru. The district contains small hillstreams viz., Jayanthi, Kattaleru, Ippalavagu, Upputeru, Telleru, Ballaleru, Nadimeyeru(Krishna District, 2011).

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Vijayawada Located on the banks of the Krishna River, Vijayawada is the second largest city of in the state after Visakhapatnam. The city is a major trading and business center and hence it is also known as “The Business Capital of Andhra Pradesh” and has been recognized as a “Global City of the Future”. It was also ordained as the cleanest city in the state of Andhra Pradesh (Government of Andhra Pradesh). The city is well connected to other regions by road, rail and air. It has the second busiest railway junction in India and second biggest bus terminus in Asia (Rajeswari, 2014).The city is divided into 3 circles mainly for administration, planning and management purpose and further into 59 political wards and is spread over an area of 61.88 Sq.Kms. There are 111 slum pockets with more than 3 lakh poor population inhabiting the city (CDMP, 2015).

Figure 2: Ward Map - Vijayawada City

The city municipal limits has a population of 1,048,240 (2011 Census), while the population of the metropolitan area is 1,491,202. (Rajeswari, 2014).

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Table 1: Vijayawada Urban Agglomeration Population City /town status Area (sq. in Population in Lakhs Growth Rate lakhs km) 1981 1991 2001 (1991 – 2001) VMC 61.88 461772 701827 845217 20.4 Mangalagiri town 10.49 461725 9152 62048 0.49 Others 38.07 84777 121159 47.0 (2OGs+4P) Kanuru (P) 9.00 9690 23597 30696 30.1 Prasadampa du (OG) 2.43 5300 6489 10487 61.6 Ramavarapp adu (P) 3.37 7646 8418 12808 52.2 Yenamalaku duru (P) 4.17 7217 17331 25463 46.9 Tadepalli (P) 19.18 24542 28942 41705 44.1 VUA 110.44 613756 845756 1033562 22.2 Source: (Rajeswari, 2014)

Geology and Geomorphology

Andhra Pradesh Geologically, the State forms a part of peninsular India and is one of the most ancient land masses. The geological formations of Andhra Pradesh range from the most ancient to the recent (refer Exhibit: 3). The State consists of Igneous, Sedimentary & Metamorphic formations. The Peninsular Gneissic Complex consists of Archaean group covered by a complex group of Gneisses and Schists. The Precambrian sedimentary formation of the Kadapa Super Group and Kurnool Group are found in Kurnool, Kadapa, Ananthapur, Chittoor, Guntur, Prakasam and Krishna districts. The Deccan traps are found in East and West Godavari districts. Outcrops Tertiary formations are found in East and West Godavari and Visakhapatnam districts and the Quaternary sediments occurring as thick blankets of alluvium are found in the river valleys, deltas and along the East coast. (Department of Mine and Geology, Government of Andhra Pradesh)

The State is a treasure house for 48 minerals and more specifically for Gold, Diamond, Bauxite, Beach Sand, Limestone, Coal, Oil & Natural Gas, Manganese, Dolomite, Quartz, Feldspar, precious & Semi-precious stones, Clays, Calcite, Steatite, Iron Ore, Base Metals, Barytes, Uranium, Granite, Limestone Slabs, Marbles, Dimensional Stones and other Building Minerals. (Department of Mine and Geology, Government of Andhra Pradesh)

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Figure 3: Types of Soil in the District

Red loams 20%

Black Sand Cotton clay 58% loams 22%

Source: (Krishna District, 2011)

Krishna District Geomorphologically the district can be broadly divided into 3 distinct units, viz., Pediplain, Alluvial plains, and Coastal & Deltaic plains (Table 2). The predominant soils in the district are black cotton soils/deltaic soils (58%) followed by sandy soils (22%) and red loamy soils (20%)(Figure 3)(Krishna District, 2011).

Table 2: Geomorphology the district Division Location Characteristic Feature Soil Type Pediplain Northern Undulated plain with broken Red clayey soils with sandy Area part of the ridges. loam to clayey loam in texture district Alluvial Southern Formed by the the river Grey brown to black in colour Plains part Krishna and its with fine to medium texture tributaries. and poorly permeable. They No significant surface are fertile soils drainage in these alluvial plains. Flat area. The alluvial plains along the major course of rivers form the flood plain deposits. Coastal & Extends Palaeo-channels, beach Highly porous and lack of Deltaic from ridges, lagoons, sand binding material plains Challapalli spits and sand barriers

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Table 2: Geomorphology the district Division Location Characteristic Feature Soil Type on the west are main geomorphic to units. Kolletikota Krishna river divides on the east itself at Avanigadda and and upto the south of Nagayalanka coast line on into four branches the south. forming an arcuEte delta, which protrudes towards open sea forming a cuspate foreland. Source: (CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA, 2013)

Vijayawada Vijayawada is surrounded by the Krishna River on the east and west and the Budameru River on the north. The northern, north western, and southwestern parts of the city are covered by a low range of hills, while the central, south western and north western parts are covered by rich and fertile agriculture lands with three major irrigation canals. The topography of Vijayawada is flat, with a few small to medium- sized hills. These hills are part of the Eastern Ghats cut through by the Krishna river. They have very low elevation compared to the average elevation of the ghats. Three canals originating from the north side of the Prakasam barrage reservoir, Eluru, Bandar and Ryves, run through the city. (Rajeswari, 2014)

Figure 4: Elevation Map - Vijayawada City

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Climate

Andhra Pradesh The State has tropical climate. Some variations are reflected in pelagic influence and elevation. Main three seasons enjoyed by the state are monsoons, summers and winters. Table 3 shows the details of the three seasons and their period and pattern. There is little or no discrepancy in weather in different areas of the state since the state is close to rivers, seas and hills. Moderate climate is experienced in the plateau region in comparison to the coastal belt and low valleys (http://www.discoveredindia.com).

Table 3: Prevalent Seasons of Andhra Pradesh Season Period Pattern Summer March till June Max. temp can go up to 42 degree. In various regions, variation in maximum temperature is from 23°C to 28°C and a variation in minimum ranges from 10°C to 12°C. Hot summers are experienced in coastal plains. Pre Monsoon Mid June rise in humidity Monsoon July – September Heavy rainfall can be experienced. Southwest monsoon winds offer maximum rainfall at times reaching up to 55 inches maximum. In regions closer to coast, rainfall is heavy but in northern and western plateau regions, meager rainfall is observed.

October and Heavy rainfall occurs due to north east November monsoon winds Winter October – February Mild winters are enjoyed, and temperature does not go below 16 degree Source: http://www.discoveredindia.com

Table 4: Classification based on climate pattern in Andhra Pradesh Classification Examples Tropical savanna climate Vijayawada, Visakhapatnam, Guntur, Kavali, Chittoor Hot semi-arid climates Kurnool, Hindupur, Adoni, Anantapur, Rayachoti Humid subtropical climate Gangarajumadugula Source: (climate-data.org)

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The state is divided into seven agro –climatic zones (refer Exhibit: 4). The detailed list of districts coming under different zones, rainfall pattern, temperature, soil type and crops grown is given in the table below.

Table 5: Agro-climatic zones of Andhra Pradesh and their characteristics

S.no Zone District Rainfall Temperat Soil Types Crops Grown ure I Krishna- East Godavari, West Southwest Max. 29- Deltaic Rice, Godavari Godavari, Krishna, monsoon 42ºC Min. alluvium, groundnut, Zone Guntur and 800-1,100 16-24ºC red soils sorghum, contiguous areas of mm with clay, pearl millet, Khammam, black cotton tobacco, Nalgonda & soils, red cotton, chilli, Prakasam loams, sugarcane coastal and sands and horticultural saline soils crops II North Srikakulam, Southwest Max. 29- Red soils Rice, Coastal Vizianagaram, monsoon 42ºC Min. with clay groundnut, Zone Vishakhapatnam 1,000 – 18-27ºC base, mesta, jute, and uplands of East 1,100 mm pockets of sunhemp, Godavari District acidic soils, seasmum, laterite soils sorghum, with PH 4-5. pearl millet, blackgram and horticultural crops III Southern Nellore, Chittoor, Southwest Max. 28- Red loamy Rice, Zone southern parts of monsoon 40ºC Min. soils, groundnut, Prakasam and 700 – 13-27ºC shallow to cotton, Cuddapah and 1,000 mm moderately sugarcane, eastern parts of deep. millets and Anantapur horticultural crops IV Northern Adilabad, Southwest Max. 29- Chalkas, red Rice, castor, Telangan Karimnagar, monsoon 42ºC Min. sandy soils, sugarcane, a Zone Nizamabad, Medak 900 – 11-28ºC dubbas, sorghum, (northern Part), 1,500 mm deep red maize, Warangal, (except loamy soils, sunflower, North Western and very turmeric, Part), eastern tips deep black pulses and of Nalgonda and cotton soils. chilly

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S.no Zone District Rainfall Temperat Soil Types Crops Grown ure Khammam V Southern Hyderabad, Ranga Southwest Max. 28- Red earths Rice, Telangan Reddy, monsoon 42ºC Min. with loamy, sunflower, a Zone Mahaboobnagar 700 – 900 12-26ºC Sub soils safflower, (except southern mm (chalkas). grape, border), Nalgonda sorghum, (except north millets, pulses eastern border), and orchard Medak (southern crops parts), Warangal (north western part). VI Scarce Kurnool, Southwest Max. 32- Red earths Cotton, Rainfall Ananthpur, monsoon 40ºC Min. with loamy sorghum, Zone Prakasam (western 500 – 750 13-28ºC soils millets, parts), Prakasam mm (chalkas), groundnut, (western parts), red sandy pulses and Cuddapah soils and rice (northern part), black cotton Mahaboobnagar soils in (southern border). pockets. VII High Northern borders Southwest Max. 17- Hill slopes, Horticultural Altitude of Srikakulum, monsoon 35ºC Min. undulating crops, millets, and Vizianagaram, >1400 6-24ºC transported pulses, chilly, Tribal Visakhapatnam,, mm soils turmeric and areas East godavari and pepper Khammam Source: ( Department of Agriculture, A.P. )

Krishna District The climatic conditions of the district are of an extreme kind with hot summers and cold winters (i.e.) tropical in nature(Krishna District, 2011). The period from December to mid- February is generally considered to be the season of pleasant weather. The summer season extends from March to May; April to June being the hottest. This is followed by monsoon period from June to September; the post monsoon from October to December and the winter season from January to February.

The mean daily maximum temperature in the district is about 38°C in May and the mean daily minimum temperature is about 20°C in December/ January. Temperature in the district begins

IIHS | Urban resilience Baseline Study | Page 13 of 63 to rise from the mid-February till May. With the onset of southwest monsoon in June, the temperature decreases to about 20°C and is more or less uniform during the monsoon period(CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA, 2013).

The average annual rainfall of the district is 1011.2 mm, which ranges from no rainfall in January and March to 216.8 mm in July. The mean seasonal rainfall distribution is 700 mm in southwest monsoon (June - September), 241 mm in northeast monsoon ( Oct-Dec), 6.3 mm rainfall in Winter (Jan-Feb) and 64 mm in summer (March – May). The percentage distribution of rainfall, season-wise, is 69.25% in southwest monsoon, 23.82 % in northeast monsoon, 0.62% in winter and 6.31 % in summer. In general, the amount of rainfall increases from west to east. (CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA, 2013)

The relative humidity in the district is of the order of 80% in the mornings throughout the year, whereas in the evenings the relative humidity varies from about 70 to more than 80%. The annual rainfall during 2012 is 1510mm.(CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA, 2013)

Vijayawada Vijayawada has a tropical climate with hot summers and a monsoon season. Temperatures can reach 47 °C (117 °F) in May–June, while the winter temperatures rarely fall below 15 °C (59 °F). The average humidity is 78% and the average annual rainfall is 106.7 cm. Vijayawada gets its rainfall from both the southwest monsoon and northeast monsoon. (Rajeswari, 2014)

Table 6: Monthly mean maximum & minimum temperature and total rainfall (1902-2000(99 years)) Month Mean Temperature oC Mean Rainfall in mm Maximum Minimum January 30.2 18.6 6.2 February 32.7 20.6 4.6 March 35.6 23.3 4.6 April 38.2 26.2 4.8 May 39.9 27.8 20.8 June 37.2 26.9 80.8 July 33.7 25.0 173.0 August 33.1 25.0 146.2 September 32.4 24.5 179.9 October 32.4 23.2 57.2 November 31.0 20.9 52.3 December 30.3 19.7 5.8 Source: (India Meteorological Department, Ministry of Earth Sciences,Government of India.)

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May – June has been recorded to have the maximum temperature. Minimum temperature does not generally falls below 17 oC. Maximum mean rainfall for the past 99 years has been recorded in the month April – September (Figure 5)

Figure 5: Monthly mean maximum & minimum temperature and total rainfall (1902-2000(99 years)) 45 200 40 180 35 160 140 30 120 25 100 20 80 15 60 10 40 5 20 0 0

Mean Rainfall in mm Maximum Temperature MinimumTemperature

Source: (India Meteorological Department, Ministry of Earth Sciences,Government of India.)

Demography

Andhra Pradesh As per Census 2011, Andhra Pradesh has population of 8.46 Crores, an increase from figure of 7.62 Crore in 2001 census. Total population of Andhra Pradesh as per 2011 census is 84,580,777 of which male and female are 42,442,146 and 42,138,631 respectively. In 2001, total population was 76,210,007 in which males were 38,527,413 while females were 37,682,594. (www.census2011.co.in, 2017)

The total population growth in this decade was 10.98 percent while in previous decade it was 13.86 percent. The population of Andhra Pradesh forms 6.99 percent of India in 2011. In 2001, the figure was 7.41 percent. The state has a density of 308 persons/km2.

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Figure 6: Urban - Rural Population Share

0% 0% Urban 33%

Rural 67%

Source: (Government of India)

Table 7: Population 2001 - 2011 (Rural - Urban) 2001 2011 No. of Households Population No. of Households Population Total 1,70,04,305 7,62,10,007 2,10,22,588 8,45,80,777 Rural 1,26,07,167 5,54,01,067 1,42,34,387 5,63,61,702 Urban 43,97,138 2,08,08,940 67,88,201 2,82,19,075 Source: (Government of India)

Krishna District

In 2011, Krishna had population of 4,517,398 of which male and female were 2,267,375 and 2,250,023 respectively. In 2001 census, Krishna had a population of 4,187,841 of which males were 2,117,401 and remaining 2,070,440 were females. Krishna District population constituted 5.34 percent of total Andhra Pradesh population, which was 5.50% in 2011. There was change of 7.87 percent in the population compared to population as per 2001 which was comparatively less compared to change in 1991 - 2011(+13.22%).(Census Population , 2015)

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Table 8: Krishna District Population (1901 - 2011) Female per 1000 Census Year Population Decadal Growth male 1901 861,068 ----- 975 1911 993,086 15.33 979 1921 1,059,731 6.71 980 1931 1,229,176 15.99 972 1941 1,413,516 15 965 1951 1,736,429 22.84 969 1961 2,076,956 19.61 962 1971 2,493,574 20.06 964 1981 3,048,463 22.25 971 1991 3,698,833 21.33 969 2001 4,187,841 13.22 978 2011 4,517,398 7.87 992 Source: (Government of India)

Figure 7 shows the change in population and decadal growth from 1901 to 2011. There has been a fast pace of growth from 1921 to 1951, after which the growth was gradual till 1991. After 1991, the decadal growth rate started to decline.

Figure 7: Krishna District – Population Growth and Decadal Growth Rate 5,000,000 25 4,500,000 4,000,000 20 3,500,000 3,000,000 15 2,500,000 2,000,000 10 1,500,000 1,000,000 5 500,000 0 0 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011

Population Decadal Growth

Source: (Government of India)

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Vijayawada As per Census India, population of Vijayawada in 2011 is 1,034,358; of which male and female are 518,590 and 515,768 respectively. Although Vijayawada city has population of 1,034,358; its urban / metropolitan population is 1,476,931 (Census Population , 2015).

The city has witnessed a rapid growth over the past five decades with an average decennial growth rate of 39.72 %. During the period 1981-91 the net growth has been about 51.9% attributed to a large influx of the rural population to the city.

Table 9: Demographic Profile Vijayawada City Total Male Female City + Out Growths 1,143,232 574,794 568,438 City Population 1,034,358 518,590 515,768 Average Literacy (%) 81.24 % 85.02 % 77.46 % Sex ratio 995 Source: (Census Population , 2015)

Table 10: Population growth - VMC Census Year Population Decadal Growth Rate 1901 24224 - 1911 32867 35.7 1921 44159 34.4 1931 60427 20.3 1941 86184 42.6 1951 161198 87 1961 234360 45.4 1971 344607 47 1981 527884 53.2 1991 708316 34.2 2001 900061 27.1 2011 1143232 27 Source: (Census 2011, Government of India, 2011) There has been a rapid increase in growth rate from 1931 to 1951 from 20% to nearly reaching 90%. 1951 – 61 had a fast decline in decadal growth, almost half after which there was a gradual decline in growth rate (Figure 8).

Figure 8: Vijayawada Decadal Population and Growth Rate

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1400000 100

90 1200000 80

1000000 70

60 800000 50 600000

Population 40

400000 30 Decadal Growth Rate 20 200000 10

0 0 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 Census Year Population Decadal Growth Rate

Source: (Census 2011, Government of India, 2011)

Figure 9: Wardwise Population Mapping - Vijayawada City

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Figure 10: Wardwise Population Density mapping - Vijayawada City

Figure 11: Wardwise Mapping of Households

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Economic Profile The state has well-developed social, physical and industrial infrastructure and virtual connectivity. It also has good power, airport, IT and port infrastructure.

Table 11: Working Population Statistics Andhra Pradesh Krishna District Total Workers 1261076 2048880 Main Workers 1055965 1744978 Marginal Workers 205111 303902 Non Workers 1290259 2468518

At current prices, Andhra Pradesh’s gross state domestic product (GSDP) was estimated at US$ 92.17 billion over 2015-16. Between 2004-05 and 2015-16, the average annual GSDP growth rate was 10.67 per cent.( India Brand Equity Foundation).

As of July 2016, the state had 19 operational SEZs in the state across diversified sectors which include textiles and apparel, food processing, footwear and leather products, pharma, IT SEZs etc. Seemandhra, comprising Rayalaseema and coastal Andhra, has most of the power projects of undivided Andhra Pradesh. Coal-based power plants are mostly located in the state due to proximity to the ports. As of April 2016, Andhra Pradesh had a total installed power generation capacity of nearly 15,311.17 MW ( India Brand Equity Foundation). Maximum contribution to GDDP is by Service sector, followed by Industries and agriculture (Figure 12).

Figure 12: Contribution to GDDP(Crores) – Vishakhapatnam District 35979

17780

8967

Agriculture & Allied Industries Services Sector Contribution to GDDP(crores)

Source: (Economic Development Board Andhra Pradesh, 2017)

The GDP of Vijayawada for 2008 was estimated at Rs 5526 crores. The GDP of Vijayawada was $3 billion (Rs. 18,000 crore) in 2010 and is projected to grow to $17 billion (Rs. 1,02,000 crore) by 2025 (Rajeswari, 2014).

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Agriculture

Andhra Pradesh The region around the city has fertile soil and irrigation is supported by the river Krishna and its canals. Major crops include sugarcane, rice and mango (Rajeswari, 2014). A large area of open land is under non – agricultural use i.e., 45%. 22% of land comes under forest, followed by 11% under cultivable barren land(Ministry of MSME, Govt. of India).

Figure 13: Land Utilization in Andhra Pradesh 2010-11

7% Forest 7% 22% 3% cultivable Barren 7% land Non- agricultural 11% Culturable Waste

43% Permanent Pastures

Source: (Ministry of MSME, Govt. of India)

Vijayawada Due to the abundance of fertile soil and water resources in the city of Vijayawada and due to the presence of the great Krishna River, agriculture is thriving in this city. Furthermore, the canals that originate from the Prakasam Barrage enable the agricultural sector to grow in a sustainable manner (amaravativoice.com, 2016). The city has more than 2,500 of agro based small scale industries , like solvent extract plants, rice mills, oil and dal mills etc. (City Development Initiative for Asia, 2013)

Mangoes from this city are exported to different countries of the world. Major revenue to the city comes from the manufacture of mangoes and their exports. Other important crops produced by the agricultural industry are sugarcane and rice. (amaravativoice.com, 2016)

Industrial Vijayawada is famous for automobile body building, garment, iron and hardware small scale industries. The Jawahar Lal Nehru Auto Nagar Industrial Estate in Vijayawada is one of the largest hubs of automobile industry of Asia. There are about 3000 automobile accessory units in and around the city and about 100,000 workers are employed in these industries. Apart from workers of the city, people from other parts of the state come to work in the industrial estate (Rajeswari, 2014).

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In addition an 1800MW Vijayawada thermal power project (VTPS) and 368.144 MW gas-based LANCO power plant which is under expansion to 768.144 MW are located here. Vijayawada is well connected through rail and road which makes it one of the main hubs of commercial activities. The second largest wagon workshop of Indian railways is at Rayanapadu near Vijayawada (Rajeswari, 2014).

Retail Industry The main markets are in the Old City (popularly known as One Town) and near Besant Road. An estimate of nearly INR 10 crores of garment business takes place in the Vastralatha building alone in One Town daily. Garments are mainly sold in Besant Road and Governor Pet. The city has many wholesale businesses. They include garments, iron market, pulses, cereals, and other edible products, fancy markets, fertilizers, mango exports, pharmacy and metal. (Rajeswari, 2014)

Trade and Commerce Agricultural commodities produced in hinterland finds its market in Vijayawada both for local consumption and export. It is a major trading center for processed Virginia Tobacco, cotton, turmeric and mangoes. Consumer goods, textiles, automobiles, industrial products are also traded in significant volumes in this area. The tertiary sector provides employment for 70% of the work force. (City Development Initiative for Asia, 2013)

Land Use Land Cover Vijayawada Zonal Development Plan has projected the population of the city to be 16.40 lakhs by 2021 covering an area extending over 61.88 sq. km. (JNNURM). The existing land use (2004) and the proposed land use pattern (2021) are presented in Table 12.

Table 12: Existing and Proposed Land Use Existing (2015) S.no. Land Use Area Percentage (Sq.km) Developed

Area 1 Residential 33.30 53.82 2 Commercial 2.73 4.42 3 Industrial 1.51 4.11 4 Institutional 4.05 6.55 5 Recreational 1.76 2.86 6 Transport 7.99 12.93 7 Waterbodies 7.17 11.59 Total 61.88 100 Source: CDMP, 2015

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Figure 14: Land Cover - Vijayawada City

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Infrastructure

Physical Infrastructure

Water Supply Vijayawada Municipal Corporation supplies potable water to the Vijayawada city and the surrounding villages. (Andra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority, 2015).

There are two main water sources thein Capital Region:

Surface Water - Krishna River was dammed up to create the Prakasam barrage and the associated canals, such as Buckingham Canal and Bandar Canal. Ground Water - Most of the places in Guntur and Krishna Districts depend on Krishna River for their drinking water demand. As pointed out in Vijayawada City Development Plan, only 26% of water is ground water while the rest are extracted from Krishna River.(Andra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority, 2015).

88% of Vijayawada city area is covered by water network.The high un-accounted water loss is 40% in Vijayawada and up to 50% in rural township. These water loss are mostly caused by illegal tapping, leaking pipes due to aging water infrastructure and unrecorded usage as some houses are not installed with bulk meter. Portable water supply duration on varies from one hour to 24 hours a day. (Andra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority, 2015).

88.7% of the water supplied in the city is from the treated source. Only 1.8% comes from untreated sources. Other sources of water include well (0.2%) hand pumps and tube wells (both 4.3% ) and 0.6% from springs and other sources (Houses, Household Amenities and Assets, Census of India -2011).

Every day 39 MGD of protected water is supplied to the city residents. There are 59 water reservoirs with a storage capacity of 620.50 lakh gallons. Approximately 150 ltr. per head/day is supplied. (Government of AP, 2015)

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Figure 15: Ward wise mapping of populations without access to treated tap water Table 13: Specifications Length of water mains 960 Kms No. of House Service Connections 1,08,712 No. of Public Stand Posts 2,892 No. of Power Bores 56 No. of Boosters 27 Source: (Government of AP, 2015)

87.4% have water source within their premises while 10.4% have it near their premises and 2.1% away from the premises (Houses, Household Amenities and Assets, Census of India - 2011).

Sanitation and Sewerage

Sanitation Base on the Household Facility Survey 2007-20008, in Andhra Pradesh State, 38.4% households have access to sanitation on facilities, including improved source of sanitation on, flush toilets not collected by sewers/septic pits/ twin pits, pits without slab and dry toilets. The rest 61.6% have no toilet and take the use of open space. 60.3% household in Krishna district have the access to sanitation on facilities (Andra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority, 2015).

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Of all the houses having latrine facility, 53.7% have piped sewer system, while 36.7% have septic tank and the rest 0.6% have some other system of flushing. Of the 3.4 % households not having latrine facility within the premises either defecate in the open (2.2%) or use public toilets (1.1%)(Figure 16)(Houses, Household Amenities and Assets, Census of India -2011).

Figure 16: Sanitation facilities – Latrine facility within premises (Vijayawada)

1%

3.4% latrine facility available

Night soil disposed into open drain

latrine facility not available 96.6%

Source: (Houses, Household Amenities and Assets, Census of India -2011)

Figure 17: Mapping of Households without drainage access

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Drainage Vijayawada underground drainage was constructed in 1967-68 and 35% of the area was covered under this project. Corporation has undertaken the expansion of the Under Ground Drainage for the whole city with JNNURM funds of Rs. 271.48 Cr. At present, 32,837 UGD connections are given in the City(Government of AP, 2015). Open drains were designed to carry storm water and no separation is provided for the sewage and storm water. Untreated sewerage poses a major risk to human health since it contains waterborne pathogens that can cause serious illness.

Sewage Treatment Plant VMC managed four STP’s with a total capacity of 61.27 MLD. The total sewage generation in VMC is estimated to be 148MLD, less than half sewage is treated properly. (Andra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority, 2015).

Table 14: Existing Sewage Treatment Plant Capacity in Vijayawada No. Location of STP Capacity (MLD) 1 Azithsinghnagar 27.27 2 Autonagar 10 3 Ramalingeswara Nagar 10 4 Poornanandampet 14 Source: (Andra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority, 2015).

Of the total Waste water outlet connected to premises 62.9% are connected to closed drainage, 34.3% are open drainage and the rest 2.8% has no drainage (Houses, Household Amenities and Assets, Census of India -2011).

Solid Waste Management The City is divided into 34 Sanitary Divisions and about 2500 staff, of which 50% are from 74 DWCUA groups, have taken up the task of cleaning the roads every day. The total waste generated is around 550 M.T. and this is transported to Excel Plant, Sri Ram Energy Systems Plant and Bio Methanization plant for recycling into manure and power generation(Government of AP, 2015). Around 70% of the urban solid waste is bio-degradable. The remaining of waste after extracting the recyclable portion is disposed to open dump yard. Bio-degradable waste is transferred to relative industries for manure and power generation. (Andra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority, 2015). Vijayawada is the only city in India to completely use the waste generated for these purposes. (Government of AP, 2015)

Currently there is no landfill site in operation. The collected solid waste is dumped at villages on the fringes(Andra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority, 2015).

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Power In the State, major electricity generation are via thermal and the hydro power plants, operated by Andhra Pradesh Power Generation Company (APGENCO). In 2013, Andhra Pradesh was the fourth largest power generating state in the country and also had the largest hydro power generation capacity in India. 1760 MW Dr Narla Tatarao TPS Power Station is located in the Krishna district at Ibrahimpatnam(Andra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority, 2015).

In the Vijayawada city, 98% households have electric connections. 1.2 % still depend on Kerosene and other oil (0.1%), 0.4% on solar energy. 0.2% do not have any source of lightning. (Census 2011, Government of India, 2011)

Table 15: Electrical Connections Total Domestic Industrial Commercial Road Lighting Others Households Connection Connection Connection Connection Connection

305621 307018 1876 26180 24378 4441 Source: (Census 2011, Government of India, 2011)

Transportation Network

Roadways All parts of Andhra Pradesh are well connected by roads. The state has a total road length of 76896 kms, of which 4423kms are National Highways. (Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises, 2015 - 16).

Vijayawada is connected to Hyderabad via NH9 (Machilipatnam to Mumbai - 274 Km); to Chennai via NH 5 (Chennai to Kolkata - 452 Km); and to Bangalore via NH 7. (Government of Andhra Pradesh). NH 5 is a part of the Golden Quadrilateral Project undertaken by National Highways Development Project. NH 221 connects the city to Jagdalpur in Chhattisgarh. (Rajeswari, 2014).

Pandit Nehru bus station is one of the largest bus station. APSRTC is running more than 450 city buses in city to various destinations. Auto rickshaws are the main mode of public transport. BRTS buses are also operated. Vijayawada has the second biggest and busiest bus terminal in the Asia, next to Chennai (CMBT).(Rajeswari, 2014).

Rail Network Vijayawada is a very busy junction, connecting trains from the north to the south. All most all trains coming from north and proceeding towards south are passing through Vijayawada Junction. It is one of the busiest railway stations in India with more than 250 express and 150 freight trains passing through it while serving 50 million passengers per year. (Government of

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Andhra Pradesh).Metro Rail projects are being developed in the city(Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises, 2015 - 16)

Airways Vijayawada domestic airport connects the city to Hyderabad, Bangalore, Coimbatore, Tirupati, Vizag & Delhi.

Social Infrastructure

Health Vijayawada Municipal Corporation is serving 22 urban health centers, 4 Maternity hospitals, 12 Ayurvedic, 2 Unani Centres catering different systems of medicine.(Government of AP, 2015)

As per Census 2011, there are 2 Allopathic Hospital and Dispensary/ Health Centres, 1 Family Welfare Centre, Maternity Home, T.B. Hospital/ Clinic, and Nursing Home. There are 2 Veterinary Hospital. (Census 2011, Government of India, 2011).

Education The corporation runs a number of schools and colleges. The Corporation provides Mid-day meals to students of 105 schools (Table 16 showing types and no. of schools and colleges) Approximately 24,350 students benefit from this scheme.

Table 16: Schools and Colleges in Vijayawada Municipal Corporation Primary Middle Secondary Senior Special School Colleges Polytechnic Schools School School Secondary For Disabled School 295 186 150 47 2 22 3 Source: (Census 2011, Government of India, 2011)

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Figure 18: Mapping of Illiterate Population

Parks & Open Spaces Vijayawada Municipal Corporation takes care of 4 city level parks and 45 fenced & 35 unfenced open spaces. It regularly takes up avenue tree plantation projects and greenery development programs. 50 Neighborhood parks developed by the corporation are maintained by park committees specially formed for this scheme. (Government of AP, 2015)

Banks There are 26 Nationalised banks, 17 Private Commercial Banks, 1 Cooperative Bank, 1 Agricultural Credit Society and about 288 Non-Agricultural Credit Society(Census 2011, Government of India, 2011).

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Figure 19: Mapping of Households availing Banking Services

Slums Vijayawada urban agglomeration is characterized by a very significant presence of the urban poor. According to the city development plan, slum settlements are scattered across different wards and many of them located on private lands with no access to basic services. These urban poor are scattered in squatter and informal settlements in hazard risk areas such as hillocks and river beds. About 26 per cent of the population reside in slums, squatters and other poor settlements in the city and in Mangalagiri municipality and surrounding villages. In the VMC they are mostly concentrated on the south-eastern part of the city. .(JNNURM)

Vijayawada with an estimated poor population of 281209 has about 108 slums. (Census 2011, Government of India, 2011). They are located on state and central government, municipal, private and other unclaimed lands. Slums are classified as objectionable and unobjectionable based on location and land use - location on riverbeds, low lying areas, drains, road margins, etc. The slums are mostly spread over the banks of river Krishna and its canals. It is estimated that about 30% households in VMC area live in un-authorized structures (JNNURM). As per the NCPE (2013) report, out of 111 slums, 58 slums are on state government land, 22 on private land, 27 on local body land and 4 are on railway land. Further, the slums in the city was segregated based on where they are located - 81 slums are in residential area, 22 in commercial areas and 8 are in institutional areas. There are 20 slums in the city, which are located in the flood risk area particularly in the flood plains of Krishna River and Budameru River/drain. (USAID; UNDP, 2015)

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Infrastructure facilities like Water Supply, Sewerage, Roads & Drains are taken up with a cost of Rs. 194.10 Cr & 28,152 Nos. dwelling units at a cost of Rs. 549.22 Cr. under JNNURM. 2016 housing units are completed(Government of AP, 2015).

Figure 20: Mapping of Marginal Worker Population

Figure 21: Mapping of Households with Assets

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Air Quality Air pollution in terms of particulate matter is growing in the city at an alarming rate due to increase in the number of vehicles. The number of vehicles has increased by 15 per cent. Older vehicles are also predominant in Vijayawada. About 99% of the sulphur dioxide in air comes from human sources. The main source of sulphur dioxide in the air is industrial activity that processes materials that contain sulphur, such as generation of electricity from coal, oil or gas that contains sulphur.(RAJU & SANKAR)

Another major source of RSPM and Fine Particulate Matter in the city are coal based power plants, waste oil reprocessing industries, stone crusher, foundries, other small scale industries and re-suspension of road dust. Poor compliance of standard in small / medium scale industries also results in high levels of air pollution in particular at Autonagar. Frequent open burning of city garbage by Municipal Corporation sanitary workers and private people to easily get rid of the waste material on canal bunds, road sides and near houses are another major source of fine particulate matter in Vijayawada. (RAJU & SANKAR)

Table 17: Ambient air quality Results (annual avg) obtained from CAAQM stations for 2014-15

Stations SPM SPM SO2 NOx NH3 CO O3 Benzene (PM10) (PM2.5) Vijayawada 89 53 3.27 32.4 4.18 1.12 20.28 3.01 Source: (Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board)

SO2 and NO2 indices at Benz circle in residential area are good, while RSPM and TSPM indices are moderate and the responsible parameter for pollution is RSPM. Thus the air Quality index for Vijayawada is moderate and the responsible parameter for pollution is RSPM.(RAJU & SANKAR)

Noise Quality The permissible limits of noise levels for different urban areas prescribed by the Noise Pollution (Regulation and control) Rules, 2000 are :

Table 18: Ambient Noise Quality standards in respect of Noise Residential Area (Prescribed Norms) Prevalent in the City Day time 55 70 Night time 45 64 Source: (Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board)

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Continuous Noise Monitoring Data was collected monthlyfor the Year, 2015 in the residential area and the average came out to be 70 for daytime and 64 which is much higher than the standards. Source: (Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board)

Hazards Vijayawada city is prone to various natural hazards like cyclone, earthquake, floods, fire and landslides. Various hazards that occurred in the past and the devastation caused by it is showed in the Table 19

Table 19: List of Hazards and affected people in Vijayawada City City Effected Area No of wards/areas can Vulnerability/Hazards Population affect in divisions impact in division Sq km Budameru floods >2.5 lakh 25.9 18 38 Krishna floods >1.2 lakh 11 8 8 Hill slides >1.5 lakh 8.5 10 15 Climate extremity[temp & >6-7 lakh Entire city urban & Peri urban is vulnerable cyclone/heavy rains Health hazards [ Malaria, >2.4 lakh 111 slums pockets and low lying pockets of Dengue, Chicken gunea & one town hepatitis etc] Source: (USAID; UNDP, 2015)

Cyclones The city of Vijayawada falls in high cyclone risk zone. Cyclones mostly occur in the months of May and November. 33 cyclonic disturbances passed within 150 km off Vijayawada City between the period (1877- 2013). An average of 1 cyclone in every 5 year is likely to occur in the city. Two major cyclones which affected the city in past are Cyclone of November (14-20) 1977and May (3-11) 1990.Heavy loss of property, telecommunications and power supply occurred along with severe damage of various infrastructures.(USAID; UNDP, 2015)

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Figure 22: State Cyclonic Wind Speed hazard Mapping Table 20: List of cyclonic events (1945-2013) which affected Vijayawada City Computed maximum wind speed S.no. Date Category (kmph) in city 1 14-10-1945 Very Severe Cyclonic Storm 103 2 18-09 -1949 Depression 53 3 20-10-1949 Very Severe Cyclonic Storm 55 4 18-09-1965 Depression 53 5 13-05-1969 Cyclonic Storm 63 6 24-09-1971 Deep Depression 55 7 17-10-1975 Depression 36 8 3-11-1976 Very Severe Cyclonic Storm 124 9 22-11-1976 Cyclonic Storm 57 10 14-11-1977 Very Severe Cyclonic Storm 183 11 16-10-1980 Cyclonic Storm 44 12 14-10-1987 Cyclonic Storm 64 13 08-11-1987 Severe Cyclonic Storm 77 14 04-05-1990 Super Cyclone 117 15 07-10-1992 Deep Depression 66 16 11-12-2003 Severe Cyclonic Storm 101 17 29-10-2006 Cyclonic Storm 44 18 17-5-2010 Severe Cyclonic Storm 82 19 23-11-2013 Very Severe Cyclonic Storm 45 20 19-11-2013 Severe Cyclonic Storm 74 Source: (USAID; UNDP, 2015)

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Urban Floods Flooding is also common in the city. There are two rivers which flow within the city. The Krishna River which is flows through southern part of the city and Budameru River on the north-west. Both these rivers contribute to the canal network. In the past four decades the city due to its growing population has infringed into the flood plains. Flooding due to Krishna River is common and almost every monsoon people living in the flood plains of Krishna River are affected.(USAID; UNDP, 2015)

The data on floods over last many years and information collected from Irrigation Department indicates that floods are mainly caused by release of waters from Nagarjuna Sagar (NS) Dam. Since the main purpose of the NS dam is to provide irrigation, the dam authorities try to fill the reservoirs during the monsoon to ensure water availability for the farmers during summers. Therefore occurrence of severe rainfall (1 or 2 days of extreme precipitation) due to cyclone or depression during the latter half of the monsoon season in the lower and middle part of Krishna basin leads sudden increase in the reservoir level forcing the dam authorities to release water which sometime may exceed the carrying capacity of the river (as happened in October 2009). This leads to flooding along downstream areas. In order to safe guard the people and their livelihood the Irrigation Department has constructed flood banks of length 230 km.

The flooding of Budameru River results due to release of excess water by the reservoir at the Velagaleru regulator. Water is stored near Velagaleru regulator for use of Vijayawada Thermal Power Station (VTPS) by construction of a bund. In case Budameru catchment gets more than average rainfall in a short span of 24 – 48 hours, it leads to the reservoir at the Velagaleru regulator reach critical level forcing the Irrigation Department to release water that results in flooding of parts of Vijayawada city. Also due to lack of efficient and effective transportation system within the city, people prefer to settle in areas (which are close to their work place) in spite of being aware that these areas are prone to flood risk.(USAID; UNDP, 2015)

Table 21: Previous Flood incidents by Krishna River Year of Observed Max Level at Prakasham Depth over crest level at Flood Discharge barrage barrageinfeet U/S D/S 7-Oct-1903 10.6 [+] 70.55 [+] 69.55 23.5 14-Aug-1914 9.48 [+] 68.20 [+] 67.95 21.15 2-Nov-1917 9.55 [+] 68.10 [+] 67.25 21.05 24-Sep-1947 9.24 [+] 68.15 [+] 66.00 21.1 2-Oct-1964 9.87 [+] 68.25 [+] 65.30 23.2 6-Aug-1966 4.12 [+] 57.95 [+] 55.90 12.8 30-Sep-1974 5.97 [+] 60.65 [+] 58.40 15.6 10-Jul-1983 8.27 [+] 64.05 [+] 62.35 19 24-Jul-1989 6.86 [+] 61.95 [+] 55.80 16.6

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Year of Observed Max Level at Prakasham Depth over crest level at Flood Discharge barrage barrageinfeet U/S D/S 17-Oct-1998 9.32 [+] 65.45 [+] 63.30 20.4 1-Sep-2005 7.45 [+] 62.65 [+] 60.00 17.6 17-Aug-2006 5.56 [+] 59.85 [+] 57.60 14.8 21-Sep-2007 5.56 [+] 59.86 [+]57.61 15.8 11-Aug-2008 4.22 [+] 57.55 [+] 55.20 12.5 5-Oct-2009 10.94 [+] 69.40 [+] 67.0 22 10-Sep-2011 4.28 [+] 56.00 [+] 54.60 12.5 25-Oct-2013 5.5 [+] 60.65 [+] 58.40 14.56 Source: (USAID; UNDP, 2015)

During the past 17 flood occurred in the city from 1903 to 2013, the maximum flood observed 10.60 cusecs to 5.50 cusec. During the past 17 flood occurred in the city from 1903 to 2013, the maximum flood observed 10.60 cusecs to 5.50 cusecs.During the year 1998 Krishna river received a maximum flood discharge of 9.32 lakh cusec and caused alarming situation throughout the flood banks below the Prakasam barrage.(USAID; UNDP, 2015)

The city also experiences the floods (mainly water logging) due to flows from Budameru river. The low lying areas along the river in the city experience the water logging particularly during retreating monsoon (due to the depressions and cyclones), when reservoirs are almost at the full capacity. The carrying capacity of Budameru canal has reduced to due to silting of drains, developments and encroachments over the years.(USAID; UNDP, 2015)

Table 22: Previous flooding due to Budameru spate Discharge Through Total Year Budameru Diversion Channel Budameru Course cusecs discharge in cusecs below regulator in cusecs 9-Sep-1962 5900 2923 8823 22-Aug-1963 6150 6168 12318 22-Sep-1964 11125 28470 39595 19-May-1969 7500 18580 26080 21-Aug-1976 526 3196 3722 10-Aug-1971 2225 14784 17009 31-Jul-1978 6150 16302 22452 6-Oct-1983 4250 9600 13850 13-Aug-1986 6800 13200 20000 23-Jul-1989 10625 24371 34996 11-May-1990 7800 24473 32273 23-Sep-1991 7500 18572 26072

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Discharge Through Total Year Budameru Diversion Channel Budameru Course cusecs discharge in cusecs below regulator in cusecs 24-Aug-2000 7850 3699 11549 20-Sep-2005 10945 14000 24945 10-Aug-2008 9900 7100 17000 Source: (USAID; UNDP, 2015)

Earthquake Vijayawada city lies in Zone III which refers to moderate damage risk zone. Since 1861 to till to- date there were more than 170 quake/tremor minor and medium incidents occurred but not caused much impact on the city on the Richter scale in the range of 3-6. (USAID; UNDP, 2015)

Figure 23: State Earthquake Hazard Mapping Table 23: Significant Tremor incidents in the city Year Richter reading July 1861 3.7 January 1862 3.7 June 1984 3.0 May 2009 6.0 May 2014 6.0 April 2015 5.0 May 2015 5.0 Source: (USAID; UNDP, 2015)

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Table 24: Surface Acceleration at various locations in Vijayawada Surface Location Characteristic Feature Acceleration RR Gardens, Bundar Road, KP Nagar, Nehru Nagar and water table depth >4m Very high Durgamalleswar Swamy Devasthama and predominant soil consists of sandy clays Autonagar, Labbipet, Satyanarayanapuram, Muthylampaudu, Pakirgudem, Loyola College, 0.1g to 0.2g - Currency Nagar, RTC Colony, Governorpet, Autonagar, Brahimin Street, Jakkamdpui and Hanumanpet in Bhavanipuram, Gollapudi, Kederaswarpet, PNT Very low Colony, Kasturbibaipet, Gurunanka Nagar, Bank - (<0.1g) Colony, Suryarapet, Patamatalanka, Prasadampadu, Ayodhyanagar, Poornandapet, Chandramouli Colony Source: (USAID; UNDP, 2015)

Although the city lies in Zone III which indicates moderate seismic risk, due to the present construction practices even an event of smaller intensity.

Landslides The topography of Vijayawada is marked with small and medium sized hillocks surrounded by plains. The region around these hills is of red, sandy soil while the plains near the river Krishna are alluvial. The hills are mostly rocky and therefore lack dense vegetation. The population growth of the city has led to the slow movement of people towards the foot of the hills which later led to expansion on the hill slopes. (USAID; UNDP, 2015)

The landslide risk is further accentuated with the rainfall and construction activities. Continuous moderate to less severe rainfall occurring over extended period of time (one week to 10 days) cause the water to seep into the fractures within the rocks leading to landslides. Such incidences are further aggravated by the construction activities which usually disturb the internal stability of the land mass. (USAID; UNDP, 2015). The list of wards affected by landslides are given in the table below.

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Table 25: Land slide prone wards in the city of Vijayawada

Vulnerability Ward Affected Areas

Hillslides/ 3 Vijayanagar colony, Arunnagar Landslides 4 BH nagar, Gunadala, Machavaram hill area 14 Police colony 19 Kasthuribhaipeta, Khajayalamandaveedhi 25 Mallikarjun Peta 29 Sithara Theatre (Church Road) 30 Lambadi Peta 31 Tailor Peta 32 KatikalaMasthanveedhi 33 Ramaraju Nagar, Aggipettelavaari veedhi, Kumarapalem 34 Potulaadiyyaveedhi, Dokkara papaya veedhi Source: (USAID; UNDP, 2015)

Table 26: Landslide susceptible zones in Vijayawada city by area S no. Landslide Susceptible Area in sq km % Area 1 Low Susceptible 58 95% 2 Medium Susceptible 2 3% 3 High Susceptible 1 2% Source: (USAID; UNDP, 2015)

Fire Incidents The climate of Vijayawada is tropical, with hot summers, with peak temperature reaching 45 °C (120 °F) in May-June and moderate winters, sometimes leading to fires.

Informal construction materials such as bricks, wood panels, and metallic roof, there is a possibility of high surface temperatures for galvanized sheets reaching up to 600 Celsius in summer. Such high temperatures remove moisture from household materials, stocked firewood etc. and this dry material stokes the fire caused by negligence, accidental or due to cooking fir. Due to narrow lanes, fires can’t be easily brought under control as fire tenders are unable to reach near the site of fires. (USAID; UNDP, 2015)

Table 27: Report from Fire Department, Vijayawada Name of Fire Sr. No. No. of fire calls attended Station Rescue & Serious Medium Small Emergency 1 Vijayawada 3 - 20 3 2 Autonagar - 1 10 - 3 Ajitsinghnagar - 1 6 - TOTAL 3 2 36 3

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Name of Fire Sr. No. No. of fire calls attended Station Rescue & Serious Medium Small Emergency Source: (USAID; UNDP, 2015)

Tsunami & Storm surge Vijayawada city is at a safe distance from coast and has little impact of the both the surge due to cyclones or tsunami. The surge caused by Tsunami will travel through the Krishna River backwards to the city. The sea coast is around 80 km from the city hence even with a rise of water level up to 10 m will have little to no impact to the city (USAID; UNDP, 2015).

Figure 24: State Flood Hazard Mapping

Heat Waves According to the City Disaster Management Plan (2015) an increasing trend is observed in maximum and minimum surface temperatures at Vijayawada. In AP, the unusually intense and prolonged heat claimed almost a 100 lives in 2012 heat wave. Similarly in 2013, death toll was 524 persons. The highest maximum temperature of 47 degrees was recorded in May 2013 in Vijayawada.

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Physical Vulnerability

The Vijayawada Municipal Corporation has identified Wards that are vulnerable to different hazards using Geographic Information System. The summary is1

Total Number of Vulnerable Division: 35

No of Division affecting Flooding with Krishna River:8

No of Division affecting Flooding with Budameru Ruver:17

No of Division affecting with Landslides/hillslides: 10

Housing Conditions Of the total households in the census, 81.2% are in a good state, while 17.6% are livable and only 1.2 % of the total households are in a dilapidated condition. 99% of the households are being used as residential units out of which share of good, livable and dilapidated housing condition is 80.5%, 17.3% and 1.2% respectively (Figure 25).The rest 1 % is being used as residential cum other use (Census 2011, Government of India, 2011)

Figure 25: Housing Conditions

1.2%

17.6%

81.2%

Good Livable Dilapidated

Source: (Census 2011, Government of India, 2011)

1 The details can be found at http://www.vmcdisastermanagement.org/Vulnerable_Divisions.pdf About 109 slums are also identified to be vulnerable to different hazards and the details are at http://www.vmcdisastermanagement.org/slum_list.pdf

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Of the Census houses surveyed, 91.8% were in permanent condition, 4.3% in semi-permanent and 3.2% in total permanent. 1.3% and 1.9% were serviceable and non-serviceable respectively. Rest 1.6% were such which could not be classifies in any of the following. (Census 2011, Government of India, 2011)

Figure 26: Wardwise Mapping of buildings with Temporary Roofs

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Figure 27: Wardwise Mapping of Buildings with Temporary Walls Figure 28: Structure type of Census Houses

2%

3%1% 1%

4% Permanent Semi-Permanent

Total Temporary

Serviceable

Non-Serviceable

Unclassifiable 89%

Source: (Census 2011, Government of India, 2011)

Figure 29: Percentage of Material Used for Construction

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70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 Percentage 25 20 15 10 5 0 Concrete Burnt Brick Stone/Slate Hand made Tiles Plastic/ Polythene Mosaic/ Floor tiles Any other material Machinemade Tiles Grass/ Wood/Mudetc.

Material Used G.I./Metal/ Asbestossheets

roof wall floor

Source: (Census 2011, Government of India, 2011) Figure 30: Material of Roof

Grass/ Thatch/ Bamboo/ Wood/Mud etc. Plastic/ Polythene

Hand made Tiles

Machine made Tiles

Burnt Brick

Stone/ Slate

Source: (Census 2011, Government of India, 2011)

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Figure 31: Material of Wall

Grass/ Thatch/ Bamboo etc. Plastic/ Polythene

Mud/ Unburnt brick Wood

Stone not packed with mortar Stone packed with mortar

Source: (Census 2011, Government of India, 2011)

Figure 32: Material of Floor

Mud Wood/ Bamboo Burnt Brick Stone Cement Mosaic/ Floor tiles Any other material

Source: (Census 2011, Government of India, 2011)

Institutional Assessments

The city disaster management plan is managed and updated regularly by City Disaster Management Committee. The committee is headed by Commissioner, Vijayawada as Chairman and Convener and Joint Collector of Krishna District is Member Secretary of the Committee.

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One senior official from departments of Fire, irrigation, town planning, health are members of the committee. The Police Commissioner is the vice chairman of the committee.

Other stakeholders in the Disaster Management in Vijayawada are Government Line departments, VUDA(Vijayawada Urban Development Authority),Community based organizations [SHGs/Youth clubs/NYK/Building Association], NGOs based in City – works on Disaster Management, Educational Institutions – Schools, Colleges and Universities, Research Institutions, Industries/Corporates and Corporate Social Responsibility of Units.

Disaster preparedness strategy includes:

Continuous awareness camps and consultations on preparedness at city stakeholders. Establishment of Ward Committee with SHG/NSS/NYK/RWA training on concepts attach the members to VMC Emergency cell. Advance training to key officers on preparedness and mitigation [Incident Response System]. Promotion of litter free colonies initiatives. Implementation of expert team on Early Warning System recommendations for strengthening communication in emergency. study of life line buildings in the city [focusing VMC schools] as more of the structures as using as shelters in emergency] involving experts, engineers and educationalist. Identification of old structures/dilapidated buildings across wards and communication during emergency . Notify potential fire hazard areas - thatched houses, market, industries, commercial establishments and function halls. Periodic trials of team through mock drills .

However, some of the gaps identified in disaster management by Vijayawada Muncipal Corporation are

CDMP does cover preparedness but more towards flooding and not other calamities Response plan needs to include maps to identify the vulnerable areas/ infrastructure/ population Critical Infrastructure location, capacity and mitigation measures adopted/to be adopted needs further strengthening Cross cutting issues like gender, accountability, environment, updating and testing and funding have not been touched upon in the CDMP document; Weak on community linkages

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Investments According to the City Development Plan for Vijayawada (2006), the city investment plan to accommodate the rapid growth of the city would require a sum of Rs. 4400 crores over 7 years with an emphasis on the improvement of the traffic and transportation system of the city ( to increase bus fleets, introducing light rail transport, Construction of bridge across river Krishna near Prakasam barrage and providing tunnel for Gunalala hill – 2900 crores ).

Water Supply – 540 crores Sewerage – 583 crores Storm Water Drainage – 1299 crores Sanitation – 50 crores Solid Waste Management – 121.65 crores Traffic and transportation – 740.35 crores Poverty Sector – 1066 crores

Urban Community Development (UCD) programs in VMC gained some success toward reducing poverty in the country with backing from Slum Improvement programs Program of Overseas Development Authority (British Government).

Source: CDP, 2006

The State had also taken some policy measures – Water supply connection would be given to BPL families in urban areas for Rs. 1200 to be paid in 12 installments The Urban Local Bodies would spend 40% of net municipal fund for slum improvement and poverty reduction. The UCD (lead agency) and Urban poverty Alleviation Cell are the umbrella organizations for the implementation of programs and schemes for the urban poor. In addition several other institutions implement programs aimed at poverty reduction. However, the City Development

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Plan indicates that there is a lack of coordination and convergence in program implementation resulting in siloed efforts wasting resources and efforts. The Plan identified a need to bring all these efforts under a single authority to facilitate effective implementation.

Source: CDP, 2006

Investments on Disaster preparedness include2:

Construction of retailing wall across Krishna river flood bank [plan approved for 105 crores by Govt of Andhra Pradesh] benefit more than 2 lakh population [Proposal under consideration by Govt]. Construction of retailing wall near habitations of hill pockets [a proposed submitted for approval] benefit more than 2.5 lakh population [proposal under consideration]. Early warning system – strengthening communication system through SMS [to reach out more than 4 lakh population in the event of any emergency such as cyclone, floods, land slides, heat waves and earth quake etc]. Marking of hazard zones and alerting public to safe routes and live saving buildings in the event of hazards[under process]. Procurement of fire hazard and rescue equipment.

Vijayawada with an estimated poor population of 2.27 lakhs has about 105 slums. The slums are mostly spread over the banks of river Krishna and its canals. Infrastructure facilities like

2 Source: http://www.vmcdisastermanagement.org/VMC_Mitigation_Initiatives.html

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Water Supply, Sewerage, Raods & Drains are taken up with a cost of Rs. 194.10 Cr & 28,152 Nos. dwelling units at a cost of Rs. 549.22 Cr. under JNNURM. 2016 Nos of housing units are completed.

Vijayawada is one of the first cities in the country to have accessed funds under the JNNURM Project. The city has already been sanctioned a number of Projects in Water, Sewerage, Storm Water Drainage, BRTS, Slum Infrastructure and Housing. S.no. SubMission Project Name Project Cost (Rs. In Lakhs) BSUP Construction of 15,000 houses along 1 25874 with infrastructure under BSUP in VMC BSUP Detailed designs and estimations for 2 Basic Services to Urban Poor in Circle-1 370 Area BSUP Providing Basic Services to Urban Poor 3 2648 in Circle- II&III in 31 slums BSUP DPR for providing G+3 Group housing 4 and BSUP in slums located in Circle – I 19088 of VMC BSUP Providing Basic Services to Urban poor 5 5983 in Circle II in 22 slums BSUP Repairs to Dwelling Units constructed 6 under the VAMBAY Colony, Ajith Singh 774 Nagar, Vijayawada BSUP Construction of 3200 houses along 7 with infrastructure under BSUP for 9797 Project – B (Opp. Alankar Industries) BSUP Construction of 3200 houses along 8 with infrastructure under BSUP for 9798 Project – B (Gollapudi) UIG Providing Underground Drainage 9 5656 facilities in un-served areas UIG Providing water supply facilities in 10 3548 unserved areas UIG Providing sewerage system in Krishna 11 Lanka area (sector – 8) of Vijayawada 743 city UIG Replacement of existing Sewerage 12 Treatment Plant with new plant at 949 Sindh Nagar UIG Providing Storm Water Drainage 13 System for uncovered areas in Circle –I, 4912 II, III and MG Road 14 UIG Augmentation of Water Supply under 7231

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S.no. SubMission Project Name Project Cost (Rs. In Lakhs) JNNURM Phase - II UIG Implementation of NMMP on e- 15 402 Governance Project in Vijayawada city UIG Providing Sewerage system in un- 16 served areas covering Gundala, 1985 Khuddus Nagar, HB Colony etc. UIG Providing rapid Bus transit system 17 15264 faculity in Vijayawada city UIG Providing municipal solid waste 18 5805 management in Vijayawada city UIG Restoration of roads due to laying of 19 3625 sewer lines in Vijayawada city UIG Providing sewerage facilities for 20 17815 Northern part of the city Source: JNNURM

Exhibits

Exhibit: 1 Title: District Map of Andhra Pradesh Source: ( Andhra Pradesh Government, India., 2015)

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Exhibit: 2 Title: Krishna District Source: (Krishna District, 2011)

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Exhibit: 3 Title: Geology and Mineral Map of Andhra Pradesh Source: (Department of Mine and Geology, Government of Andhra Pradesh)

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Exhibit: 4 Title: Map Showing Different Agro Climatic Zones in AP Source: (Andhra Pradesh Water Sector Improvement Unit)

Exhibit: 5 Title: Vijayawada Ward population – 2011 Source: (Census - 2011, Government of India ) ** Population – OG / rural/ city

Ward Total No of Households Total Population Vijayawada (Urban) 276081 1021806 Vijayawada (Urban) 0 0 Vijayawada (Urban) 276081 1021806 Vijayawada (M Corp.) (Part) 276081 1021806 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0001 11877 43624 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0002 622 2422 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0003 4380 15927 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0004 9984 37039 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0005 5713 21419 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0006 7574 28235

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Ward Total No of Households Total Population Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0007 2164 8151 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0008 7103 28021 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0009 11238 41586 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0010 3175 11795 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0011 3855 16233 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0012 757 2882 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0013 316 1143 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0014 558 2047 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0015 829 1713 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0016 1106 3869 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0017 3170 12272 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0018 3659 13233 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0019 3288 12214 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0020 8360 31425 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0021 10556 38143 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0022 1526 5905 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0023 6009 21861 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0024 5877 21349 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0025 698 2511 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0026 1025 3850 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0027 1082 4119 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0028 890 3302 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0029 2756 10567 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0030 3550 12783 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0031 3176 11585 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0032 9770 36385 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0033 1784 6775 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0034 643 2502 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0035 1259 4643 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0036 1211 4590 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0037 529 1929 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0038 694 2696 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0039 1787 7474 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0040 6574 25953 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0041 23589 85990 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0042 13439 49247 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0043 4643 17446 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0044 2472 8557 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0045 1192 4481 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0046 921 3299

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Ward Total No of Households Total Population Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0047 749 2731 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0048 2110 7925 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0049 2303 7943 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0050 1296 4841 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0051 344 1224 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0052 1188 4333 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0053 3012 11604 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0054 5139 18478 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0055 58 217 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0056 1748 6366 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0057 1597 5811 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0058 1031 3778 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0059 4268 15378 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0060 1406 4959 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0061 8127 28858 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0062 448 1613 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0063 390 1449 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0064 613 2187 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0065 325 1132 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0066 467 1659 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0067 1233 5280 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0068 304 1078 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0069 648 2517 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0070 1707 6721 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0071 235 836 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0072 192 682 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0073 620 2285 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0074 6139 23158 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0075 7471 27873 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0076 9195 34470 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0077 14338 51228 Vijayawada (M Corp.) WARD NO.-0078 3475 12552 Vijayawada (Rural) 38138 153591 Vijayawada (Rural) 4195 18929 Vijayawada (Rural) 33943 134662 Vijayawada (M Corp. + OG) (Part) 23953 98499 Vijayawada (M Corp.) (Part) 3475 12552

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Exhibit: 6 Title: Wardwise Mapping of Worker Population

Exhibit: 7 Title: Wardwise mapping of Scheduled Castes population

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Exhibit: 8 Title: Wardwise Mapping of Scheduled Tribes Population

Exhibit: 9 Title: Mapping of households with drinking water source other than within premises

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Exhibit: 10 Title: Mapping of Households with Owned houses

Exhibit: 11 Title: Mapping of Houses with Rented Houses

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Department of Mine and Geology, Government of Andhra Pradesh. (n.d.). Retrieved June 7, 2017, from www.mines.ap.gov.in: https://www.mines.ap.gov.in/MiningPortal/Inner/GeologyandMineralprofile.aspx Economic Development Board Andhra Pradesh. (2017). Andhra Pradesh Economic Development Board. Retrieved from apedb.gov.in: http://apedb.gov.in/about-krishna-district.html Government of Andhra Pradesh. (n.d.). Retrieved from apit.ap.gov.in: http://apit.ap.gov.in/district-profiles/District%20Profile%20-%20Krishna%20District.pdf Government of Andhra Pradesh. (n.d.). Retrieved from apit.ap.gov.in: http://apit.ap.gov.in/district-profiles/District%20Profile%20-%20Krishna%20District.pdf Government of AP. (2015). Retrieved from www.ourvmc.org: https://www.ourvmc.org/#/aboutvmc Government of India. (n.d.). Census - 2011. Retrieved from www.censusindia.gov.in: http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Government of India. (n.d.). Census of India. Retrieved from www.censusindia.gov.in. Houses, Household Amenities and Assets, Census of India -2011. (n.d.). India Meteorological Department, Ministry of Earth Sciences,Government of India. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.imd.gov.in: http://www.imd.gov.in/section/climate/climateimp.pdf JNNURM. (n.d.). Retrieved June 06, 2017, from www.ourvmc.org: https://www.ourvmc.org/jnnurm/ch2.pdf Krishna District. (2011). Retrieved from krishna.nic.in: http://krishna.nic.in/district-profile.aspx Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises. (2015 - 16). Andhra Pradesh State Profile. Visakhapatnam. Ministry of MSME, Govt. of India. (n.d.). Brief Industrial Profile of Krishna District. HYDERABAD . Planning Department. (MAY 2014). ANDHRA PRADESH STATE STATISTICAL ABSTRACT. Rajeswari, M. V. (2014). Growth and structure Of Indian Railways. Sri Venkateswara University, Department of Economics. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10603/106644 RAJU, D. M., & SANKAR, G. S. (n.d.). DISSEMINATION OF AIR QUALITY STATUS IN SMART CITIES- A CASE STUDY. ELK Asia Pacific Journals – Special Issue. Retrieved June 14, 2017 USAID; UNDP. (2015). City Disaster Management Plan - Vijayawada. Vijayawada.

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