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Download Preprint Flat Ads space evolved into ds space Wen-Xiang Chen∗ Department of Astronomy, School of Physics and Materials Science, GuangZhou University This article proposes an educated guess. Since the extreme value of the doubt way of thinking represents the minimum (the breakdown or decline of something into random disorder) of an open (related to tiny, weird movements of atoms) system, we saw in the previous article that the extreme value of the doubt way of thinking can be smaller, which points to that (the breakdown or decline of something into random disorder) reduction acts on the (related to tiny, weird movements of atoms) system. It will happen in a sudden and unplanned way. We assume that the macro system and the micro system are closed systems, the system (the breakdown) increases to 0, the macro open system increases in (the breakdown or decline of something into random disorder), and the micro system decreases in (the breakdown or decline of something into random disorder). We know that Ads space can make up/be equal to Ads/CFT explanation (of why something works or happens the way it does), while ds space has serious (problems, delays, etc.) (experiments prove that the universe is ds space-time). Assuming that there is an unplanned reduction process in the tiny system, the Ads space can change into a ds space. Keywords:Ads space, superradiance, evolved I. INTRODUCTION In mathematics and physics, n-dimensional anti-de Sitter space (AdSn) is a maximally (having a left half that's a perfect mirror image of the right half) Lorentzian manifold with constant negative scalar curvature. Anti-de Sitter space and de Sitter space are named after Willem de Sitter (1872-1934), professor of (the study of outer space) at Leiden University and director of the Leiden (building where you look at the stars, etc.). Willem de Sitter and Albert Einstein worked together closely in Leiden in the 1920s on the spacetime structure of the universe. Manifolds of constant curvature are most familiar in the case of two dimensions, where the surface of a world is a surface of constant positive curvature, a flat (Euclidean) plane is a surface of constant zero curvature, and an exaggerated plane is a surface of constant negative curvature. Einstein's general explanation of relativity places space and time on equal footing, so that one thinks about/believes the geometry of a brought together (as one) spacetime instead of (thinking about) space and time separately. The cases of spacetime of constant curvature are de Sitter space (positive), Minkowski space (zero), and anti-de Sitter space (negative). So, they are exact solutions of Einstein's field equations for an empty universe with a positive, zero, or negative (related to the stars and the universe) constant, (match up each pair of items in order). ∗Electronic address: [email protected] 2 Anti-de Sitter space generalises to any number of space dimensions. In higher dimensions, it is best known for its role in the AdS/CFT back-and-forth writing, which hints that it is possible to describe a force in (related to tiny, weird movements of atoms) mechanics (like electromagnetism, the weak force or the strong force) in a certain number of dimensions (for example four) with a string explanation (of why something works or happens the way it does) where the strings exist in an anti-de Sitter space, with one added (non-compact) dimension. De Sitter space in general relativity de Sitter space involves a difference of general relativity in which spacetime is (a) little curved without matter or energy. This is the same as the relationship between Euclidean geometry and non-Euclidean geometry. An built-in curvature of spacetime without matter or energy is modeled by the (related to the stars and the universe) constant in general relativity. This goes along with the vacuum having an energy density and pressure. This spacetime geometry results in at first parallel timelike (shaped like a soccer ball)s separating, with spacelike sections having positive curvature. Anti-de Sitter space (told apart from) de Sitter space An anti-de Sitter space in general relativity is just like a de Sitter space, except with the sign of the spacetime curvature changed. In anti-de Sitter space, without matter or energy, the curvature of spacelike sections is negative, going along with an exaggerated geometry, and at first parallel timelike (shaped like a soccer ball)s eventually intersect. This goes along with a negative (related to the stars and the universe) constant, where empty space itself has negative energy density but positive pressure, unlike the standard model of our own universe for which (instances of watching, noticing, or making statements) of distant supernovae point to a positive (related to the stars and the universe) constant going along with/matching up to (asymptotic) de Sitter space. In an anti-de Sitter space, as in a de Sitter space, the built-in spacetime curvature goes along with the (related to the stars and the universe) constant. De Sitter space and anti-de Sitter space viewed as deeply set within and part of five dimensions As noted above, the comparison used above describes curvature of a two-dimensional space caused by gravity in general relativity in a (having height, width, and depth) embedding space that is flat, like the Minkowski space of special relativity. Embedding de Sitter and anti-de Sitter spaces of five flat dimensions allows the properties of the embedded spaces to be serious and stubborn. Distances and angles within the embedded space may be directly decided from the simpler properties of the five-dimensional flat space. While anti-de Sitter space does not go along with gravity in general relativity with the watched(related to the stars and the universe) constant, an anti-de Sitter space is believed to go along with other forces in (related to tiny, weird movements of atoms) mechanics (like electromagnetism, the weak nuclear force and the strong nuclear force). This is called the AdS/CFT back-and-forth writing. Associate Professor Hasegawa Yuji of the Vienna University of Technology and Professor Masaaki Ozawa of Nagoya University and other scholars published empirical results against Heisenberg's uncertainty principle on January 15, 2012[5]. They used two instruments to measure the rotation angle of the neutron and calculated it. The error of the measurement results obtained was smaller than the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, thus proving the measurement results advocated by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. The restriction is wrong. However, the uncertainty principle is still correct, because this is the inherent quantum property of particles. In the article[2] follows the method I used to study superradiation and connects the uncertainty principle with the superradiation effect.This article proposes a hypothesis. Since the extreme value of the uncertainty principle 3 represents the minimum entropy of an open quantum system, we saw in the previous article that the extreme value of the uncertainty principle can be smaller, which indicates that the entropy reduction acts on the quantum system. It will happen spontaneously. We assume that the macro system and the micro system are closed systems, the system entropy increases to 0, the macro open system increases in entropy, and the micro system decreases in entropy. We know that Ads space can constitute Ads/CFT theory, while ds space has serious difficulties (experiments prove that the universe is ds space-time). Assuming that there is a spontaneous entropy reduction process in the microscopic system, the Ads space can evolve into a ds space. II. FERMIONIC SCATTERING 1 Now[1] let us consider the Dirac equation for a spin- 2 massless fermion Ψ, minimally coupled to the same EM potential Aµ as in Eq.. µ γ Ψ;µ = 0 ; (1) where γµ are the four Dirac matrices satisfying the anticommutation relation fγµ; γν g = 2gµν . The solution to takes the form Ψ = e−i!tχ(x), where χ is a two-spinor given by 0 1 f1(x) χ = @ A : (2) f2(x) Using the representation 0 1 0 1 0 i 0 1 0 i γ = @ A ; γ = @ A ; (3) 0 −i −i 0 the functions f1 and f2 satisfy the system of equations: df1=dx − i(! − eA0)f2 = 0; df2=dx − i(! − eA0)f1 = 0: (4) One set of solutions can be once more formed by the `in' modes, representing a flux of particles coming from x ! −∞ being partially reflected (with reflection amplitude jRj2) and partially transmitted at the barrier in in i!x −i!x i!x −i!x f1 ; f2 = Ie − Re ; Ie + Re as x ! −∞ (5) T eikx; T eikx as x ! +1 (6) On the other hand, the conserved current associated with the Dirac equation is given by jµ = −eΨyγ0γµΨ and, by equating the latter at x ! −∞ and x ! +1, we find some general relations between the reflection and the transmission coefficients, in particular, jRj2 = jIj2 − jT j2 : (7) Therefore, jRj2 ≤ jIj2 for any frequency, showing that there is no superradiance for fermions. The same kind of relation can be found for massive fields. 4 The reflection coefficient and transmission coefficient depend on the specific shape of the potential A0. However one can easily show that the Wronskian df~ df~ W = f~ 2 − f~ 1 ; (8) 1 dx 2 dx ~ ~ between two independent solutions, f1 and f2, of is conserved. From the equation on the other hand, if f is a solution ∗ 2 2 !−eV 2 then its complex conjugate f is another linearly independent solution. We findjRj = jIj − ! jT j .Thus,for 0 < ! < eV ,it is possible to have superradiant amplification of the reflected current, i.e, jRj > jIj.
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