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Integumentary System the End of Summer, She Had a Golden Tan and Was Anxious to Show Off Her Hot New Look on Campus

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Integumentary System the End of Summer, She Had a Golden Tan and Was Anxious to Show Off Her Hot New Look on Campus 5 learn to Predict It was a dream job—summer days spent poolside, soaking up the sun. Following her freshman year, laura worked as a lifeguard at the country club in her hometown. by integumentary System the end of summer, she had a golden tan and was anxious to show off her hot new look on campus. However, after returning to school in the fall, she was disappointed to see that her skin kept getting lighter, t is the morning of “the big day.” You look in the mirror and, much to your dismay, and in only a few weeks it had returned to there is a big red bump on your chin. Just when you needed to look your best, this its normal pale tone. by combining your had to happen! For most people, blemish-free skin is highly desirable, and any sign i understanding of epithelial tissue from of acne is cause for embarrassment. Hair loss and crows’ feet also cause consternation chapter 4 with further information about in some people. It goes without saying that much time, effort, and money are spent on changing the appearance of the integumentary system. Think about the amount of skin structure and pigmentation in this counter space dedicated to skin care products, hair care products, and cosmetics in a chapter, explain how and why laura’s tan typical discount store. People apply lotion to their skin, color their hair, and trim their faded in the fall. nails. They try to prevent sweating by using antiperspirants and reduce or even mask body odor by washing or using deodorants and perfumes. The integumentary (in-teg-ū-men′tă-rē) system consists of the skin and accessory structures, such as hair, glands, and nails. Although people are concerned about the appearance of their integumentary system for vanity’s sake, its appearance can also Photo: The number of skin care products is amazing. indicate physiological imbalances. Some disorders, such as acne or warts, affect only The woman in this photo is shopping at a retail store that specializes in products primarily dedicated to improving the integumentary system. Other disorders affect different body parts but are reflected the appearance of the integumentary system. in the integumentary system, which provides useful signs for diagnosis. For example, reduced blood flow through the skin during a heart attack can cause a person to look pale, whereas increased blood flow as a result of fever can cause a flushed appearance. Also, some diseases cause skin rashes, such as those characteristic of measles, chicken- Module 4 pox, and allergic reactions. Integumentary System 139 van03636_ch05.indd 139 12-10-11 2:24 PM 140 PART 2 Support and Movement 5.1 Functions of the integumentary the hide (skin) of an animal by removing the epidermis and pre- serving the dermis in a process called tanning. System The skin rests on the subcutaneous tissue, or hypodermis (hi-pō-der′mis), a layer of loose connective tissue (figure 5.1). The subcutaneous tissue is not part of the skin or the integumentary LEARNiNg OuTCOME system, but it does connect the skin to underlying muscle or bone. After reading this section, you should be able to Table 5.1 summarizes the structures and functions of the skin and A. Describe the general functions of the integumentary system. subcutaneous tissue. Although we are often concerned with how the integumentary Epidermis system looks, it has many important functions that go beyond The epidermis is stratified squamous epithelium. It is separated appearance. The integumentary system forms the boundary from the underlying dermis by a basement membrane. The epidermis between the body and the external environment, thereby separating is not as thick as the dermis and contains no blood vessels. The us from the external environment while allowing us to interact with living cells of the epidermis receive nutrients and excrete waste it. Following are the major functions of the integumentary system: products by the diffusion of substances between the epidermis and 1. Protection. The skin protects against abrasion and the harmful the capillaries of the dermis (figure 5.2). effects of ultraviolet light. It also keeps microorganisms The epidermis is composed of several types of cells. Most cells from entering the body and prevents dehydration by reducing of the epidermis are called keratinocytes (ke-rat′i-nō-sītz) because water loss from the body. they produce a protein mixture called keratin (ker′ă-tin), which 2. Sensation. The integumentary system has sensory receptors makes the cells more durable. Keratinocytes give the epidermis its that can detect heat, cold, touch, pressure, and pain. ability to resist abrasion and reduce water loss. Other cells of the 3. Temperature regulation. The amount of blood flow through epidermis include melanocytes (mel′ă-nō-sītz), which contribute the skin and the activity of sweat glands help regulate body to skin color; Langerhans cells, which are part of the immune temperature. system (see chapter 22); and Merkel cells, which are specialized 4. Vitamin D production. When exposed to ultraviolet light, the epidermal cells associated with the nerve endings responsible for skin produces a molecule that can be transformed into vita- detecting light touch and superficial pressure (see chapter 14). min D, an important regulator of calcium homeostasis. New keratinocytes are produced when keratinocyte stem cells 5. Excretion. Small amounts of waste products are excreted undergo mitosis in the deepest layer of the epidermis. As new cells through the skin and glands. form, they push older cells to the surface, where they slough off. The outermost cells in this stratified arrangement protect the cells ASSESS YOuR PROgRESS underneath, and the deeper replicating cells replace cells lost from the surface. As they move from the deeper epidermal layers to the 1. Provide an example for each function of the integumentary system. surface, the keratinocytes change shape and chemical composition, through the process called keratinization (ker′ă-tin-i-zā′shŭn), 5.2 Skin where the cells accumulate keratin. During keratinization, the cells eventually die and produce an outer layer of dead, hard cells that resists abrasion and forms a permeability barrier. The study of LEARNiNg OuTCOMES keratinization is important because many skin diseases result from After reading this section, you should be able to malfunctions in this process. For example, large scales of epidermal tissue are sloughed off in psoriasis (sō-rī′ă-sis). By comparing normal A. Describe the structure and function of the epidermis. and abnormal keratinization, scientists may be able to develop B. Discuss the epidermal strata and relate them to the effective therapies for psoriasis. process of keratinization. Although keratinization is a continual process, distinct transi- C. Diff erentiate between thick and thin skin as to the layers tional stages can be recognized as the cells change. On the basis of present and their locations. these stages, the many layers of cells in the epidermis are divided D. Explain the major factors aff ecting skin color. into regions, or strata (sing. stratum; see figures 5.2b and 5.3). E. Describe the structure and functions of the dermis. From the deepest to the most superficial, the five strata are the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum The skin is made up of two major tissue layers, the epidermis and lucidum, and stratum corneum. The number of cell layers in each the dermis (figure 5.1). The epidermis (ep-i-der′mis; upon the stratum and even the number of strata in the skin vary, depending dermis) is the superficial layer of the skin, consisting of epithelial on their location in the body. tissue. The epidermis resists abrasion on the skin’s surface and reduces water loss through the skin. The epidermis rests on the Stratum Basale dermis (der′mis; skin), a layer of connective tissue. The dermis The deepest portion of the epidermis is a single layer of cuboidal is responsible for most of the structural strength of the skin. The or columnar cells called the stratum basale (bā′să-lē), or stratum strength of the dermis is seen in leather, which is produced from germinativum (jer′mi-nă-tīv′um; figure 5.3, stratum 1). Structural van03636_ch05.indd 140 12-10-11 2:24 PM FUNDaMeNTal Figure Hairs Epidermis Sebaceous gland Skin Arrector pili Dermis (smooth muscle) Hair follicle Nerve Vein Subcutaneous Artery tissue (hypodermis) Sweat gland Adipose tissue FiguRE 5.1 Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue The skin, consisting of the epidermis and the dermis, is connected by the subcutaneous tissue to underlying structures. Note the accessory structures (hairs, glands, and arrector pili), some of which project into the subcutaneous tissue, as well as the large amount of adipose tissue in the subcutaneous tissue. strength is provided by hemidesmosomes, which anchor the Stratum Granulosum epidermis to the basement membrane, and by desmosomes, which The stratum granulosum (gran-ū-lō′sŭm) consists of two to five lay- hold the keratinocytes together (see chapter 4). Keratinocytes are ers of somewhat flattened, diamond-shaped cells with long axes that strengthened internally by keratin fibers (intermediate filaments) are oriented parallel to the surface of the skin (figure 5.3, stratum 3). that insert into the desmosomes. Keratinocyte stem cells of the This stratum derives its name from the presence of nonmembrane- stratum basale undergo mitotic divisions approximately every bound protein granules of keratohyalin (ker′ă-tō-hī′ă-lin), which 19 days. One daughter cell remains a stem cell in the stratum accumulate in the cytoplasm of the cell. The lamellar bodies, formed basale and divides again, but the other daughter cell is pushed as the cells pass through the stratum spinosum, move to the plasma toward the surface and becomes keratinized.
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