CONFRONTING CULTURAL EXTINCTION
"We call the colonists ahatai which is like our words for 'spirit of the dead'(ahat) and for 'the devii'(Ahataj). When they first arrived (in 1902-3) their foods were unfamiliar to us. Our grandparents were afra1d of the flour the ahatai gave them, thinking it might be poisonous. So they left it boiling on the fire, afraid that they would die if they ate it. Then one old woman said to her children, 'I am old and haven't long to live, so I'll try it. If I die from it, you'll know not to eat it.' And so we learnt to eat ahatai foods. "
tanding waist-deep in the ~:~keover of their land by outsiders. pie's land aucsts to an Argentinian ver muddy water, holding nets What was once a fenile grassland dot· sion of "ManifeSt Destiny: the guiding strung between two poles, the ted with bushes and trees has become a ideology behind the colonization or the Wichi fl.sherman detects the dry. sandy desert, and with the shim North American \Vest Since the arrival fish by noting movements in mering chest-high grasses have gone of europeans, but particularly since the Sthe river's surface. Plunging the net over many of the animals the Wichi used to tum of the century, the Wichi have suf. the fish and swinging downward. the hunt. Today, although numerically the fered continuous harassment. inter~ catch is enveloped in the trap. Swiftly Wichi are not in danger of disappear· spersed with serious bouts of violence and with minimal impact on the aquat ing. their traditional way of lire is van· in which large numbers of 1ndigenous ic environment, a natural resource ishing as the outside world slowly clos people were killed. Along with disease, yields a nutritious meal. The fisherman$ es in. In response, the Wichi are orga the well-armed scnlcrs introduced serenily. however, belies the deepening nizing and trying desperately to secure herds of caule, which de'"'Stated the crisis faced by the \Vichi people: For 90 their land. fragile arid landscape. years. the)' have endt.red the gradual The occupation of the Wichi pcO· Today, the Wichi are still fair!)'
10 Abya Yala News CONFRONTING CULTURAL EXTINCTION numerous. Estimates range from Fund for Agricultural Development In 1987. the provincial government 20.000 to 50.000 Wich! living in south· (IFAD) to single out efforts to combat passed a new law that recognized the eastern Bolivia and northern Argentina. desertification as a top priority. se11lers as having legal rights to the in a semi·arid region known as the For the \:Vichf, desenification trans· land. and proposed to give each se11ler. Chaco. Wich! villages ha,·e their own lates into starvation: starvation because as well as each of the 30 Wichf commu territory, but often six or se"en villages their traditional sources of food are dis nities in the area. title tO a small parcel will share the use of the overlapping appearing. ln the winter they depend of land. By this time, the se11lers had areas. Each community usually consists on fish from the Pilcomayo river and in established themselves on the most fer of one or more dans. People belong to the summer on vegetables grown in tile areas of land, and the Wich! knew their mothers' clans: in matrilocal Wich! their gardens on what little land they that such an action would split up the society. men move to their wife's village have left. All too often, the settlers' cat region into hundreds of pieces, jeopar upon marrying. tle trample the gardens. undaunted by dizing their access to much of the land. The Wich! people live in an intimate the Wichrs fences of thorn bushes. The This would not onl)• be intolerable but relationship with their surroundings. \vild fruits and berries they used to was also illegal under international and Their small houses of mud. branches gather and the animals they used to Argentinian law. and leafy boughs are well adapted to the hunt are gone. Now. even the In 1991 the Indians. working with scorching temperatures that reach 50° Pilcomayo river is threatened by the Survival International. an NGO based C in the shade in sum1ner. During the Hidrovfa development project (see in England. prepared a land claim dry wimer momhs they depend on fish below). repon that demonstrated that at least from the Pilcom3yo River. In the wet 162,000 acres spread over the two State summers. they cultivate corn , water· Plots traditionally belonged to them. melons, bear"s and pumpkins grown in nderlying all these problems is the L1ter that year, the provincial Governor their gardens. which they encircle \\fith U state government of Salta province signed a decree (No. 2609/91) recog thorny branches to try to prevent the and its continuing refusal to grant the nizing that the area was indeed settlers' cattle from invading. They hum \Vichf title to their territory. In the area Indigenous land, and pledging to recog deer, amtadillo, peccary and iguana, under dispute. known as State Plots 55 nize this in law. The succeeding Salta and search for wild honey throughout and 14, which comprise about 138,000 government failed to take any decisive the year. Members of some of the neigh· and I 86.000 acres, respectively, live action, and allowed the situation to boring peoples-the lyojwaja, Nivaklt, about 5,000 Wichf. along with a few deteriorate dramatically. Shortly before Qomlec and Tapy'y-often live amongst small communities of Chorote, Toba leaving office at the end of last year, the the \·Vichf, sometimes marrying into and Chulup! peoples. same government presented a draft their society.
hile the Wich! have always W known periods of hunger. never has life been as hard as it is today. with most of the animals gone, and their emoronmem drastically desenified-a -- s.'ndy desert where a grassland ecosys tem once thrived. - According to UNEP (United Nations Environmental Programme), 'desertifi cation' is not the spread of deserts but the creation of desert-like conditions in the dry lands, which make up 35 per cent of the Earth's land surface. It is a phenomenon which it estimates may threaten the livelihood of one billion people worldwide. including the Wichl. In November 1995. a coalition of donors, governments. NGOs and grass roots groups met in a two-day confer ence convened by the UN International Wichl fisherman on the Pilcomayo rivet.
Vol. 10 No. 2 11 ~C~O~N~F ~R~O~N~T~I ~N~G~~C U l T U R A ~l --~E~X _T~I~N _C~T~I _O~N~------
be channeled. straightened, and dredged, with tributaries of the river blocked off and rock outcroppings in the channel detonated. The Pantanal, the world's largest wetland, figures among the 93 sites needing dredging. For the Indigenous peoples depen· dent on the rivers targeted by Hidrovfa, which includes the Wichl, the environ· mental impacts could be devastating. worsening their already precarious li\r. ing conditions. (See article page 30)
n 1990, the Wichf chose a course of I action. They contacted Survival International, requesting the help of two anthropologists they trusted. They rea soned that the government might Wicht men enjoy roasted fish on a honey collecting trip. revoke the law if it could be shown that the whole area was Wichlland, and had land bill to the provincial parliament free-market system. the Argentinian been so for hundreds of years. They thm is completely against the interests government undertook a regional wanted the government to recognize of the Indians and, if approved, would development plan linking Paraguay their land rights and remove the settlers. dcpri\'e them of huge traCtS of their ter· with nonhwestern Argentina and. u lti~ They decided to carry out a census of all ritory. mately, Chile with Brazil and the Pacific the Wichi in the region: to make a map As a result of the general disintegra with the Atlantic. This 'dcveloptnem' of every village; to record an oral histo· tion of the environment. the non· process means that Indigenous peoples ry of life on their lands before and after Indian criollos arc also becoming poor will be gradually pushed out. and that colonization; and most importantly, to er. But in a desperate attempt to salvage the connicts over land will intensify. compile one large map or the entire a living. they are increasingly prevent Without the slightest consultation region. sho,ving all the places used and ing the Indians from using the few of the Wichf, a bridge is currently being named by the Wichl. This would pro remaining fertile areas. Men are barred built across the Pilcomayo River (which vide irrefutable evidence of their inti· from hunting (sometimes at gunpoint), forms the border between Argentina mate knowledge of the land. women gathering wild fruits are threat and Paraguay) beside an Indian village On August 7, 1991, the report and ened, and in some cases the Indians called Nop'ok ·wet (La Paz). The \Vichl map were formally presented to the have even been denied access to much were told that their village is scheduled provincial governor. Later that year. needed water holes. The criollos' cattle, to be replaced by a frontier town. ln. only hours before he left office, he no longer having grass to feed on. addition, the government plans to con signed a decree recognizing the Wichls invade the Indians' vegetable gardens. struct a major highway that would cut ownership of the land. and confirming often destroying a whole crop through Wichl territory to link this that they should be awarded a single. overnight. town 'vith Tartagal. communal title to the entire area. "They threaten us s.1ying. 'Indian, The massive Paraguay·Param1 As a result of the project the Wichf don't come around here. I own this land Hidrovfa industrial waterway project is decided to form an organization and 1 don't like Indians on it. If you also part of that plan. The project is through which they could be represent· want to hunt here, you must ask for my headed by the five governments of the cd in meetings with government offi· permission - or I'll kill you.' ...Th ey La Plata basin. It would require widen· cials. They called it Thaka Honat (Our don't own those resources. The things ing and deepening the channels of the Land). Now. every village sends repre· that we Wichf live on do not belong to Paraguay and Paran<\ rivers, Somh scn.uuives to its meetings. 1l anyone. They belong to God; a Wichf America~ second largest water system, man was quoted saying in a 1994 to allow ocean-going ships access to the Despite the existence of the Decree, the report by Survival International. port of Oiceres. Brazil, 2,100 miles \Vid1t ha\'t still nor rectived title 10 rlleir nder pressure to integrate its econ upstream from the ri,·er's mouth. Under Continued on page 31 U omy into the emerging Mercosur the plan being studied, the rivers would
12 Abya Yala News ENVIRONMENT and integrity of ecosystems must be needs of local populations and not The existing resources destined for recuperated, especially in degraded external interests. Respecting this crite· mega-projects promoted by, interlla areas of critical importance for the ria, all initiative must have as its origin tional financial institutions and entities structural restoration of hydrological and finality the needs and interests of of cooperation must be re-directed systems. Proposed actions such as per local communities. Even so. ils imple toward the tn•e needs of local popula manent dredging and the conStruction mentation must adapt ilself to natural tions, moving away from their current of dams for water regulation or for sed conditions, avoiding negative social orientation to promote unsustainable iment retention do not constitute solu and environmental impacts. The gov projects which only benefit those small tions, but rather threats. They do I\Ot ernmental project for the Paraguay groups in whose hands ~wer and look at the true causes of problems of Paron~ industrial waterway does not resources are concentrated. '1t sedimentation of river beds and deteri respond to either of these criteria. This oration of hydrological systems, but project, designed behind the back of From dtt curves of the Paragt,ay River. july rather the maintenance or the predatO· populations of the region, will not 27, 1996 ry system which only seeks economic bring any benefits nor solutions for the benefits for large corporations, while needs of the peoples of the Basin, but For more information: Glenn Swithes, financial and environmental costs are rather will increase even more their Dircccor of the lAtin America Progmm at Ihe paid by populations and by nature. problems. generating greater impacts International Rivers Neiwoth, 1847 The infrastructure to be implanted and increasing social and environmen IJtrheley IVa)j B Continued from page 1!2 us Argentineans, they don't respect us. They cd to p Voi.10No. 2 31