“Telekinesis” redirects here. For other uses, see 1 Etymology Telekinesis (disambiguation). Psychokinesis (from Greek ψυχή “” + κίνησις The word 'psychokinesis’ was coined in 1914 by Amer- ican author Henry Holt in his book On the Cosmic Relations.[21][22][23] The term is a linguistic blend or portmanteau of the Greek language words ψυχή (“psy- che”) – meaning mind, soul, , or breath – and κίνησις (“kinesis”) – meaning motion, movement.[1][2] The American parapsychologist J. B. Rhine used the word 'psychokinesis’ in 1934 in connection with experiments that were conducted to determine whether a person could influence the outcome of falling dice.[8][24] The word 'telekinesis’, a portmanteau of the Greek τῆλε (“tēle”) – meaning distance – and κίνησις (“kinesis”) – meaning motion[4] – was first used in 1890 by Russian psychical researcher N. Aksakof.[25][26] 'Psychokinesis’ in , fictional universes and beliefs refers to the influence of human thought, emotion or mental concentration on physical systems and objects,[5][6][7] while 'telekinesis’ adds the factor of dis- tance to the movement and/or of physical ob- jects by purely mental force.[27][28]

2 Belief

In September 2006, a survey about belief in various re- ligious and topics conducted by phone and mail-in questionnaire polled 1,721 Americans on their Artist conception of alleged spontaneous psychokinesis from belief in telekinesis. Of these participants, 28% of male 1911 French magazine La Vie Mysterieuse. participants and 31% of female participants selected “agree” or “strongly agree” with the statement, "It is pos- sible to influence the world through the mind alone."[29] In April 2008, British psychologist and skeptic Richard “movement”),[1][2] or telekinesis[3] (from τῆλε “far off” Wiseman published the results of an online survey he + κίνησις “movement”),[4] is an alleged ability conducted, entitled “Magicians and the Paranormal: A allowing a person to influence a physical system without Survey”, in which 400 magicians worldwide participated. physical interaction.[5][6][7] Psychokinesis and telekinesis For the question, "Do you believe that psychokinesis exists are sometimes abbreviated as PK and TK respectively.[8] (i.e., that some people can, by paranormal means, apply Examples of psychokinesis include moving an object and a noticeable force to an object or alter its physical char- levitation.[9][10] There is no conclusive evidence that psy- acteristics)?", the results were as follows: No 83.5%, Yes chokinesis is a real .[11][12][13][14] 9%, Uncertain 7.5%.[30] Psychokinesis experiments have historically been criticized for lack of proper controls and repeatability.[13][15][16][17] Furthermore, some ex- 2.1 Subsets of psychokinesis periments have created illusions of psychokinesis where none exists, and these illusions depend, to an extent, on Parapsychologists divide psychokinetic phenomena into the subject’s prior belief in psychokinesis.[18][19][20] two categories: macro-psychokinesis, which are large-

1 2 2 BELIEF

scale psychokinetic effects that can be seen with the naked eye, and micro-psychokinesis, which are small- scale psychokinetic effects that require the use of statistics to be detected.[7] Psychic phenomena such as telekinesis,[27] psychic healing,[7] and [31] are considered types of psychokinesis.

2.2 Notable claimants of psychokinetic ability

Spirit photography hoaxer Édouard Isidore Buguet[32] (1840- 1901) of France fakes telekinesis in this 1875 cabinet card pho- tograph titled Fluidic Effect.

legedly cause objects to move during séances. However, she was caught levitating a table with her foot by the ma- gician Joseph Rinn and using tricks to move objects by the psychologist Hugo Münsterberg.[34][35] The Polish medium Stanisława Tomczyk active in the early 20th century claimed to be able to perform various acts of telekinesis, such as levitating objects, by way of an entity she called “Little Stasia”.[36] A photograph of her taken in 1909, which shows a pair of scissors “floating” “levitates” a table while researcher Alexander in between her hands, is often found in books and other Aksakof (right) monitors for fraud, , 1892. publications as an example of telekinesis.[37][38] suspected Tomczyk performed her feats by the use of a There have been claimants of psychokinetic ability fine thread or hair, running between her hands to lift and throughout history. Angelique Cottin (ca. 1846) known suspend the objects in the air. This was confirmed when as the “Electric Girl” of France was an alleged generator psychical researchers who tested Tomczyk occasionally of PK activity. Cottin and her family claimed that she observed the thread.[38][39][40] produced electric emanations that allowed her to move pieces of furniture and scissors across a room.[33] Frank Many of India’s "godmen" have claimed macro-PK abili- Podmore wrote there were many observations which were ties and demonstrated apparently miraculous phenomena in public, although as more controls are put in place to “suggestive of fraud” such as the contact of the girl’s gar- [41] ments to produce any of the alleged phenomena and the prevent trickery, fewer phenomena are produced. observations from several witnesses that noticed there Annemarie Schaberl, a 19-year old secretary, was said was a double movement on the part of Cottin, a move- to have telekinetic powers by the parapsychologist Hans ment in the direction of the object thrown and afterwards Bender in the Rosenheim case in the 1960s. away from it, but the movements so rapid they were not Magicians and scientists who investigated the case sus- usually detected.[33] pected the phenomena were produced by trickery.[42][43] Spiritualist mediums have also claimed psychokinetic Swami Rama, a yogi skilled in controlling his heart func- abilities. Eusapia Palladino, an Italian medium, could al- tions, was studied at the Menninger Foundation in the 2.4 Metal bending 3

1970s and today claims healing powers.[46][55] Magicians John Booth and have suspected Manning used trickery to perform his feats.[56][57] In 1971, an American psychic named Felicia Parise al- legedly moved a pill bottle across a kitchen counter by psychokinesis. Her feats were endorsed by the parapsy- chologist Charles Honorton. writer Martin Gard- ner wrote Parise had “bamboozled” Honorton by moving the bottle by an invisible thread stretched between her hands.[51][58] Boris Ermolaev, a Russian psychic, was known for levi- tating small objects. His methods were exposed on the World of Discovery documentary Secrets of the Russian (1992). Ermolaev would sit on a chair and al- Magician William Marriott reveals the trick of the medium legedly move the objects between his knees but due to Stanisława Tomczyk’s levitation of a glass tumbler. Pearson’s Magazine, June 1910 the lighting conditions a fine thread fixed between his knees suspending the objects was observed by the camera crew.[49] spring and fall of 1970 and was alleged by some observers The Russian psychic Alla Vinogradova was said to be able at the foundation to have telekinetically moved a knitting to move objects without touching them on transparent [44] needle twice from a distance of five feet. Although acrylic plastic or a plexiglass sheet. The parapsycholo- Swami Rama wore a face-mask and gown to prevent alle- gist Stanley Krippner had observed Vinogradova rub an gations that he moved the needle with his breath or body aluminum tube before moving it allegedly by psychokine- movements, and air vents in the room had been covered, sis. Krippner suggested no psychokinesis was involved; at least one physician observer who was present at the the effect was produced by an electrostatic charge. Vino- time was not convinced and expressed the opinion that gradova was featured in the Nova documentary Secrets of [45] air movement was somehow the cause. the Psychics (1993) which followed the debunking work of .[49] Vinogradova demonstrated her al- leged psychokinetic abilities on camera for Randi and 2.3 Psychics other investigators. Before the experiments she was ob- served combing her hair and rubbing the surface of the The Russian psychic came to wide pub- acrylic plastic. has replicated the feats lic attention following the publication of Sheila Ostran- of Vinogradova by using an acrylic plastic surface and der and Lynn Schroeder’s best seller, Psychic Discover- showing how easy it is to move any kind of object on top ies Behind The Iron Curtain. The alleged Soviet psy- of it due to the charges of static electricity. The effect chic of the late 1960s and early 1970s was filmed ap- is easily achieved if the surface is electrically charged by parently performing telekinesis while seated in numer- rubbing a towel or a hand on it.[49] The physicist John ous -and-white short films.[46] She was also men- Taylor has written “It is very likely that electrostatics is tioned in the U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency report from all that is needed to explain Alla Vinogradova’s appar- 1978.[47] Magicians and skeptics have argued that Kulag- ently paranormal feats.”[59] ina’s feats could easily be performed by one practiced in , through means such as cleverly concealed or disguised threads, small pieces of magnetic metal, or 2.4 Metal bending mirrors.[48][49][50][51] James Hydrick, an American martial arts expert and psy- See also: chic, was famous for his alleged psychokinetic ability to Psychics have also claimed the psychokinetic ability to bend metal. was famous for his spoon bend- turn the pages of books and make pencils spin around [46] while placed on the edge of a desk. It was later revealed ing demonstrations, allegedly by PK. Geller has been by magicians that he achieved his feats by air currents.[52] caught many times using sleight of hand and according to science writer , all his effects have been The psychologist has written Hydrick [60][61] learnt to move objects by blowing in a “highly decep- recreated using conjuring tricks. tive” and skillful way.[53] Hydrick confessed to Dan Ko- The French psychic Jean-Pierre Girard has claimed he rem that all of his feats were tricks “My whole idea be- can bend metal bars by PK. Girard was tested in the 1970s hind this in the first place was to see how dumb America but failed to produce any paranormal effects in scien- was. How dumb the world is.”[54] The British psychic tifically controlled conditions.[62] He was tested on Jan- was the subject of laboratory research uary 19, 1977 during a two-hour experiment in a Paris in the United States and England involving PK in the late laboratory. The experiment was directed by the physi- 4 3 RECEPTION

perpetrated on him by fakers who took advantage of his naivety and trust.”[66] “PK Parties” were a cultural fad in the 1980s, begun by Jack Houck,[67] where groups of people were guided through rituals and chants to awaken metal-bending pow- ers. They were encouraged to shout at the items of cut- lery they had brought and to jump and scream to create an atmosphere of pandemonium (or what scientific investi- gators called heightened ). Critics were ex- cluded and participants were told to avoid looking at their hands. Thousands of people attended these emotionally charged parties, and many became convinced that they had bent silverware by paranormal means.[68] PK parties have been described as a campaign by para- normal believers to convince people of the existence of psychokinesis, on the basis of nonscientific data from per- sonal experience and testimony. The United States Na- tional Academy of has criticized PK parties on the grounds that conditions are not reliable for obtaining scientific results and “are just those which psychologists and others have described as creating states of heightened suggestibility.”[68] Ronnie Marcus, an Israeli psychic and claimant of psy- chokinetic metal bending, was tested in 1994 in scien- tifically controlled conditions and failed to produce any paranormal phenomena.[69] According to magicians, his Uri Geller was famous for his spoon bending demonstrations. alleged psychokinetic feats were sleight of hand tricks. Marcus bent a letter opener by the concealed application of force and a frame-by-frame analysis of video showed cist Yves Farge with a magician also present. All of that he bent a spoon from pressure from his thumb by the experiments were negative as Girard failed to make ordinary, physical means.[70][71] any of the objects move paranormally. He failed two tests in Grenoble in June 1977 with the magician James Randi.[62] He was also tested on September 24, 1977 at a 2.5 In popular culture laboratory at the Nuclear Research Centre. Girard failed to bend any bars or change the structure of the metals. Psychokinesis and telekinesis have commonly been used Other experiments into spoon bending were also negative as superpowers in movies, television, computer games, and witnesses described his feats as fraudulent. Girard literature, and other forms of popular culture.[72][73][74] later admitted that he would sometimes cheat to avoid dis- Notable portrayals of psychokinetic and/or telekinetic appointing the public but insisted he still had genuine psy- characters include the Teleks in the 1952 novella [62] chic power. Magicians and scientists have written that Telek,[75] Sissy Spacek as the title character in the he produced all his alleged psychokinetic feats through 1976 film Carrie,[76] Ellen Burstyn in the 1980 healer- [60][63] fraudulent means. themed film Resurrection,[77] the and in the Stephen North, a British psychic in the late 1970s, franchise,[78] the Scanners in the 1981 film was known for his alleged psychokinetic ability to bend Scanners,[79] and three high school seniors in the 2012 spoons and teleport objects in and out of sealed contain- film Chronicle.[80] ers. The British physicist tested North in a series of experiments which he claimed had demon- strated psychokinesis, though his experiments were crit- 3 Reception icized for lack of scientific controls.[64][65] North was tested in Grenoble on 19 December 1977 in scientific conditions and the results were negative.[62] According 3.1 Evaluation to James Randi, during a test at Birkbeck College North was observed to have bent a metal sample with his bare There is a broad scientific consensus that PK research, and parapsychology more generally, have not produced a hands. Randi wrote “I find it unfortunate that [Hasted] [12][16][17][68][81][82] never had an epiphany in which he was able to recognize reliable, repeatable demonstration. just how thoughtless, cruel, and predatory were the acts A panel commissioned by the United States National Re- 3.2 5 search Council to study paranormal claims concluded that M. Hansel has written that a general objection against the “despite a 130-year record of scientific research on such claim for the existence of psychokinesis is that, if it were matters, our committee could find no scientific justifica- a real process, its effects would be expected to manifest in tion for the existence of phenomena such as extrasensory situations in everyday life; but no such effects have been perception, mental or ‘’ exer- observed.[87] cises... Evaluation of a large body of the best available ev- has written that if psychokinesis existed, idence simply does not support the contention that these [81] then one would expect players to be able to influence phenomena exist.” the outcome of gambling games.[88] He gives the exam- In 1984, the United States National Academy of Sci- ple of the “26” dice game played in bars and cabarets in ences, at the request of the US Army Research Institute, Chicago: year after year the house takings are exactly formed a scientific panel to assess the best evidence from those predicted by chance.[89] Likewise, casino owners 130 years of claims of parapsychology. Part of its pur- have not noted any decrease in profits:[90] science writer pose was to investigate military applications of PK, for Terence Hines and the philosopher Theodore Schick have example to remotely jam or disrupt enemy weaponry. written that if psychokinesis were possible, then surely The panel heard from a variety of military staff who be- one would expect casino incomes to be affected, but the lieved in PK and made visits to the PEAR laboratory earnings are exactly as the laws of chance predict.[91][92] and two other laboratories that had claimed positive re- Psychologist Nicholas Humphrey argues that many ex- sults from micro-PK experiments. The panel criticized periments in , or physics assume that macro-PK experiments for being open to deception by the intentions of the subjects or experimenter do not conjurors, and said that virtually all micro-PK experi- physically distort the apparatus. Humphrey counts them ments “depart from good scientific practice in a variety as implicit replications of PK experiments in which PK of ways”. Their conclusion, published in a 1987 report, fails to appear.[17] was that there was no scientific evidence for the existence of psychokinesis.[68] included telekinesis in a long list of “offer- 3.2 Physics ings of and ” which “it would be foolish to accept (...) without solid scientific data”.[83] The ideas of psychokinesis and telekinesis violate sev- laureate advocated a sim- eral well-established laws of physics, including the inverse ilar position.[84] square law, the second law of thermodynamics, and the conservation of momentum.[81][93] Because of this, sci- Felix Planer, a professor of electrical engineering, has entists have demanded a high standard of evidence for written that if psychokinesis were real then it would be PK, in line with 's dictum “Extraordinary easy to demonstrate by getting subjects to depress a scale claims require extraordinary proof”.[17][94] The Occam’s on a sensitive balance, raise the temperature of a water- razor law of parsimoniousness in scientific explanation of bath which could be measured with an accuracy of a hun- phenomenons suggest that the explanation of PK in terms dredth of a degree centigrade, or affect an element in an ordinary ways — by trickery, special effects or by poor electrical circuit such as a resistor, which could be mon- experimental design — is preferable to accepting that the itored to better than a millionth of an ampere.[85] Planer laws of physics should be rewritten.[14][16] writes that such experiments are extremely sensitive and easy to monitor but are not utilized by parapsychologists Philosopher and physicist Mario Bunge has written that as they “do not hold out the remotest hope of demonstrat- “psychokinesis, or PK, violates the principle that mind ing even a minute trace of PK” because the alleged phe- cannot act directly on matter. (If it did, no experimenter nomenon is non-existent. Planer has written that para- could trust his readings of measuring instruments.) It also psychologists have to fall back on studies that involve only violates the principles of conservation of and mo- statistics that are unrepeatable, owing their results to poor mentum. The claim that allows for experimental methods, recording mistakes and faulty sta- the possibility of mental power influencing randomizers tistical mathematics.[85] — an alleged case of micro-PK — is ludicrous since that theory respects the said conservation principles, and it According to Planer, “All research in medicine and other deals exclusively with physical things.”[95] sciences would become illusionary, if the existence of PK had to be taken seriously; for no experiment could be re- Physicist John Taylor, who has investigated parapsycho- lied upon to furnish objective results, since all measure- logical claims, has written that an unknown fifth force ments would become falsified to a greater or lesser de- causing psychokinesis would have to transmit a great gree, according to his PK ability, by the experimenter’s deal of energy. The energy would have to overcome the wishes.” Planer concluded that the concept of psychoki- electromagnetic forces binding the together, be- nesis is absurd and has no scientific basis.[86] cause the atoms would need to respond more strongly to the fifth force than to electric forces. Such an addi- PK hypotheses have also been considered in a number tional force between atoms should therefore exist all the of contexts outside parapsychological experiments. C. E. time and not during only alleged paranormal occurrences. 6 3 RECEPTION

Taylor wrote there is no scientific trace of such a force in a dice game wishing for a high score can interpret high physics, down to many orders of magnitude; thus, if a sci- numbers as “success” and low numbers as “not enough entific viewpoint is to be preserved, the idea of any fifth concentration.”[81] Bias towards belief in PK may be an force must be discarded. Taylor concluded that there is example of the human tendency to see patterns where no possible physical mechanism for psychokinesis, and it none exist, called the , which believers is in complete contradiction to established science.[96] are also more susceptible to.[99] In 1979, and Richard Mattuck pub- A 1952 study tested for experimenter’s bias with respect lished a parapsychology paper proposing a quantum ex- to psychokinesis. Richard Kaufman of Yale University planation for psychokinesis. Physicist Victor J. Stenger gave subjects the task of trying to influence eight dice and wrote that their explanation contained assumptions not allowed them to record their own scores. They were se- supported by any scientific evidence. According to cretly filmed, so their records could be checked for errors. Stenger their paper is “filled with impressive looking Believers in psychokinesis made errors that favored its ex- equations and calculations that give the appearance of istence, while disbelievers made opposite errors. A sim- placing psychokinesis on a firm scientific footing... Yet ilar pattern of errors was found in J. B. Rhine's dice ex- look what they have done. They have found the value of periments, which were considered the strongest evidence one unknown number (wavefunction steps) that gives one for PK at that time.[101] measured number (the supposed speed of PK-induced [97] In 1995, Wiseman and Morris showed subjects an motion). This is , not science.” unedited videotape of a magician’s performance in which Physicist Sean M. Carroll has written that spoons, like all a fork bent and eventually broke. Believers in the para- matter, are made up of atoms and that any movement of normal were significantly more likely to misinterpret the a spoon with the mind would involve the manipulation of tape as a demonstration of PK, and were more likely to those atoms through the four forces of : the strong misremember crucial details of the presentation. This nuclear force, the weak nuclear force, , suggests that confirmation bias affects people’s inter- and gravitation. Psychokinesis would have to be either pretation of PK demonstrations.[19] Psychologist some form of one of these four forces, or a new force Sternberg cites confirmation bias as an explanation of why that has a billionth the strength of , for otherwise belief in psychic phenomena persists, despite the lack of it would have been captured in experiments already done. evidence: This leaves no physical force that could possibly account for psychokinesis.[98] “Some of the worst examples of confir- Physicist Robert L. Park has found it suspicious that a mation bias are in research on parapsychology phenomenon should only ever appear at the limits of de- (...) Arguably, there is a whole field here with tectability of questionable statistical techniques. He cites no powerful confirming data at all. But peo- this feature as one of 's indicators of ple want to believe, and so they find ways to [102] .[82] Park pointed out that if mind re- believe.” ally could influence matter, it would be easy for parapsy- chologists to measure such a phenomenon by using the Psychologist Daniel Wegner has argued that an alleged psychokinetic power to deflect a microbalance, contributes to belief in which would not require any dubious statistics. "[T]he psychokinesis.[103] He observes that in everyday ex- reason, of course, is that the microbalance stubbornly re- perience, intention (such as wanting to turn on a light) fuses to budge.” He has suggested that the reason statisti- is followed by action (such as flicking a light switch) in cal studies are so popular in parapsychology is that they a reliable way, but the underlying neural mechanisms introduce opportunities for uncertainty and error, which are outside awareness. Hence, though subjects may are used to support the experimenter’s biases.[82] feel that they directly introspect their own , the experience of control is actually inferred from relations between the thought and the action. This theory of 3.3 Explanations in terms of bias apparent mental causation acknowledges the influence of 's view of the mind.[103] This process research has suggested that people are sus- for detecting when one is responsible for an action is ceptible to illusions of PK. These include both the illu- not totally reliable, and when it goes wrong there can sion that they themselves have the power, and that the be an . This can happen when an [99] external event follows, and is congruent with, a thought events they witness are real demonstrations of PK. [103] For example, the illusion of control is an illusory cor- in someone’s mind, without an actual causal link. relation between intention and external events, and be- As evidence, Wegner cites a series of experiments on lievers in the paranormal have been shown to be more in which subjects were induced to think susceptible to this illusion than others.[18][100] Psycholo- they had influenced external events. In one experiment, gist explains this as a biased interpre- subjects watched a basketball player taking a series of free tation of personal experience. For example, someone in throws. When they were instructed to visualize him mak- 3.5 Prize money for proof of psychokinesis 7

ing his shots, they felt that they had contributed to his then you should be able to put a bent key on the success.[104] table and comment, ‘Look, it is still bending’, A 2006 meta-analysis of 380 studies found a small posi- and have your spectators really believe that it is. tive effect that can be explained by .[105] This may sound the height of boldness; how- ever, the effect is astounding – and combined with suggestion, it does work.”[110] 3.4 and special effects Between 1979 and 1981, the McDonnell Laboratory for Psychical Research at Washington University reported a series of experiments they named , in which two teenaged male subjects had demonstrated PK phe- nomena (including metal-bending and causing images to appear on film) under less than stringent laboratory con- ditions. James Randi eventually revealed that the subjects were two of his associates, amateur conjurers Steve Shaw and Michael Edwards. The pair had created the effects by standard trickery, but the researchers, being unfamil- iar with magic techniques, interpreted them as proof of PK.[111] A 2014 study that utilized a magic trick to investigate paranormal belief on eyewitness testimony revealed that believers in psychokinesis were more likely to report a key continued to bend than non-believers.[20]

3.5 Prize money for proof of psychokinesis

Main article: List of prizes for evidence of the paranor- mal

Internationally there are individual skeptics of the para- normal and skeptics’ organizations who offer cash prize money for demonstration of the existence of an extraor- [112] An advertising poster depicting magician Harry Kellar perform- dinary psychic power, such as psychokinesis. Prizes ing the “Levitation of Princess Karnac” illusion, 1894, U.S. Li- have been offered specifically for PK demonstrations: brary of Congress. for example, businessman Gerald Fleming’s offer of £250,000 to Uri Geller if he can bend a spoon under con- See also: trolled conditions.[113] These prizes remain uncollected by people claiming to possess paranormal abilities. Magicians have successfully simulated some of the spe- The James Randi Educational Foundation offers the One cialized abilities of psychokinesis, such as object move- Million Dollar Paranormal Challenge to anyone who ment, spoon bending, levitation and teleportation.[106] claims to be able to produce a paranormal event in a con- According to , there are many im- trolled, mutually agreed upon experiment.[114] To date no pressive magic tricks available to amateurs and profes- one has been able to demonstrate their claimed abilities sionals to simulate psychokinetic powers.[107] Metal ob- under the testing conditions.[115] jects such as keys or cutlery can be bent using a number of different techniques, even if the performer has not had access to the items beforehand.[108] 4 See also According to Richard Wiseman there are a number of ways for faking psychokinetic metal bending (PKMB). • List of topics characterized as pseudoscience These include switching straight objects for pre-bent du- plicates, the concealed application of force, and secretly • Energy (esotericism) inducing metallic fractures.[109] Research has also sug- • Global Consciousness Project gested that (PKMB) effects can be created by verbal sug- gestion. On this subject the magician Ben Harris wrote: • List of psychic abilities

“If you are doing a really convincing job, • Magical thinking 8 5 REFERENCES

• Mind over matter [12] Vyse, Stuart A. (2000-03-01). Believing in Magic: The Psychology of Superstition. Oxford University Press US. • Psi p. 129. ISBN 978-0-19-513634-0. [M]ost scientists, both psychologists and physicists, agree that it has yet to • Human be convincingly demonstrated.

• Telepathy [13] “Psychokinesis (PK) - The Skeptic’s Dictionary”. Skepdic.com. 2014-01-15. Retrieved 2014-02-02. • Torsion field [14] Hyman, Ray (2007). “Evaluating Parapsychological Claims”. In Robert J. Sternberg; Henry L. Roediger; Di- ane F. Halpern. Critical Thinking in Psychology. Cam- 5 References bridge University Press. pp. 216–231. ISBN 978-0-521- 60834-3. [1] Random House (2005-07-12). Random House Webster’s Unabridged Dictionary. Boston, : Random [15] Girden, Edward (September 1962). “A review of psy- House Reference. p. 1560. ISBN 978-0-375-42599-8. chokinesis (PK)". Psychological Bulletin 59 (5): 353–388. OCLC 48010385. psycho-, a combining form represent- doi:10.1037/h0048209. ing psyche in compound words. ... (Gk, comb. form of psyche breath, spirit, soul, mind; akin to psycheim to [16] Kurtz, Paul (1985). A Skeptic’s Handbook of Para- blow). psychology ([Nachdr.]. ed.). Buffalo, Ny: . pp. 129–146. ISBN 0-87975-300-5. [2] Erin McKean, [principal editor]., ed. (2005-04-08). The New Oxford American Dictionary. New York City: Ox- [17] Humphrey, Nicholas K. (1995). Soul Searching: Human ford University Press. p. 1367. ISBN 978-0-19-517077- Nature and Supernatural Belief. Chatto & Windus. pp. 1. OCLC 123434455. psycho. comb. form relating to 160–217. ISBN 978-0-7011-5963-4. the mind or psychology: . . . from Greek psukhe breath, [18] Benassi, Victor A. (1979). Paul D. Sweeney, and Gregg soul, mind. E. Drevno. “Mind over matter: Perceived success at psy- [3] “psychokinesis (psychology) - Encyclopedia Britannica”. chokinesis”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Britannica.com. Retrieved 2014-04-11. 37 (8): 1377–1386. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.37.8.1377. Retrieved 2008-11-16. [4] “telekinesis: definition of telekinesis in Oxford dictionary (British & World English)". Oxforddictionaries.com. Re- [19] Wiseman, Richard; Robert Morris (1995). “Recall- trieved 2014-07-18. ing pseudo-psychic demonstrations”. British Journal of Psychology 86 (1): 113–125. doi:10.1111/j.2044- [5] Humphrey, Nicholas K. (1995). Soul Searching: Human 8295.1995.tb02549.x. Nature and Supernatural Belief. Chatto & Windus. pp. 117–118. ISBN 978-0-7011-5963-4. [20] “Magic and memory: using conjuring to explore the ef- fects of suggestion, social influence, and paranormal be- [6] Xiong, Jesse Hong (2010). The Outline of Parapsychology lief on eyewitness testimony for an ostensibly paranormal (Rev. ed. ed.). Lanham: University Press of America. p. event”. Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. 2014-11-12. Retrieved 2015- 141. ISBN 0761849459. 03-28.

[7] Irwin, Harvey J. An Introduction to Parapsychology. Mc- [21] Frederick C. Mish (2005). Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Farland. pp. 94–112. ISBN 9780786451388. Dictionary, Eleventh Edition. Springfield, Massachusetts, USA: Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. p. 1004. ISBN [8] “Glossary of Psi (Parapsychological) Terms (L-R)". 978-0-87779-809-5. OCLC 146761465. Psychokinesis Archived.parapsych.org. Retrieved 2014-04-11. (1914)....

[9] Guiley, Rosemary Ellen (1991). Harper’s Encyclopedia of [22] “Parapsychology Foundation “Basic terms in Parapsychol- Mystical & Paranormal Experience. New York: Harper- ogy"". Archived from the original on August 27, 2011. Collins. p. 609. ISBN 978-0-7858-0202-0. Retrieved December 22, 2006.

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[11] Bunge, Mario (1983). Treatise on Basic Philosophy: Vol- [24] Spence, Lewis (February 1, 2003). Encyclopedia of ume 6: Epistemology & Methodology II: Understanding the Occultism and Parapsychology. Kessinger Publishing World. Springer. p. 226. “Despite being several thou- (reprint publisher). pp. 752–753, 879, 912, 933. ISBN sand years old, and having attracted a large number of re- 978-0-7661-2817-0. searchers over the past hundred years, we owe no single firm finding to parapsychology: no hard data on telepa- [25] Muldoon, Sylvan (1947). Psychic Experiences of Famous thy, , , or psychokinesis.” People. Chicago: Aries Press. pp. 55–56. 9

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[112] “Randi $1,000,000 paranormal challenge - The Skeptic’s Dictionary”. Skepdic.com. Retrieved 2014-04-12.

[113] Hutchinson, Mike (1988). “A Thorn in Geller’s Side”. British and Irish Skeptic (July/August): 2–4.

[114] “JREF’s $1,000,000 Paranormal Challenge Now Easier Than Ever”. Randi.org. Retrieved 2014-04-12.

[115] “Challenge Info”. Randi.org. Retrieved 2014-04-12.

6 Further reading

• Thomas Gilovich. (1993). How We Know What Isn't So: Fallibility of Human Reason in Everyday Life. Free Press. ISBN 978-0-02-911706-4

• Henry Gordon. (1988). Extrasensory Deception: ESP, Psychics, Shirley MacLaine, Ghosts, UFOs. Macmillan of Canada. ISBN 0-7715-9539-5 • Terence Hines. (2003). Pseudoscience and the Para- normal. Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-57392-979-4 • David Marks. (2000). The Psychology of the Psychic (2nd Edition). Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-57392- 798-8 • James Randi. (1982). Flim-Flam! Psychics, ESP, Unicorns, and Other Delusions. Prometheus Books. ISBN 0-87975-198-3

• Richard Wiseman. (1997). Deception & Self- Deception: Investigating Psychics. Prometheus Books ISBN 978-1-57392-121-3

7 External links

• Psychokinesis at DMOZ 13

8 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

8.1 Text

• Psychokinesis Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychokinesis?oldid=663952363 Contributors: Magnus Manske, Derek Ross, LC~enwiki, Lee Daniel Crocker, Tarquin, Ortolan88, Ben-Zin~enwiki, Imran, Kchishol1970, Infrogmation, JohnOwens, Grizzly, Paul A, Snoyes, Glenn, Evercat, Timwi, Wikiborg, Visorstuff, Wik, Pacific1982, Martinphi, Dpbsmith, Jni, Robbot, Texture, Auric, LGagnon, Jon- del, Hadal, Vinicius~enwiki, Carnildo, Giftlite, Gtrmp, Laudaka, Everyking, Niteowlneils, Duncharris, Andycjp, Toytoy, HorsePunchKid, Jossi, Rdsmith4, Sfoskett, Gary D, Adashiel, Kate, Yazman, SoM, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, KillerChihuahua, Crowley, An- taeus Feldspar, SocratesJedi, Paul August, Horsten, ESkog, Aranel, Richard W.M. 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8.3 Content license

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