Carbon Cycle Nitrogen Cycle Phosphorus Cycle

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Carbon Cycle Nitrogen Cycle Phosphorus Cycle

CARBON CYCLE www.iusd.k12.ca.us NITROGEN CYCLE www.h2ou.com PHOSPHORUS CYCLE http://ridge.icu.ac.jp/gen-ed/ecosystem-jpgs/phosphorus-cycle.jpg Nutrient Cycles Notes: Carbon Cycle * Carbon EXISTS in abiotic environment as: 1. Carbon dioxide [CO2 (gas)] in the atmosphere - Æ dissolves in H2O to form HCO3 2. Carbonate rocks (limestone & coral = CaCO3) 3. Deposits of coal, petroleum, and natural gas Æ derived from once living things 4. Dead organic matter (humus in the soil) * Carbon ENTERS biotic environment through: 1. Photosynthesis: changes light energy to chemical energy * Carbon RETURNS to atmosphere by: 1. Respiration Æ CO2 2. Decomposition / Decay 3. Burning * Carbon Cycle and Humans: 1. Removal of photosynthesizing plants 2. Combustion of fossil fuels Nitrogen Cycle * ~79% of air is N2 gas * N is essential to plants and animals * Plants and animals can’t use N2 gas - * Usable N: ammonia (NH3) or nitrate (NO3 ) - * Conversion of atmospheric N2 to NH3 and NO3 : Æ Nitrogen fixation 1. Aquatic ecosystems: blue-green algae 2. Terrestrial ecosystems: bacteria on root nodules of legumes (peas, beans, alfalfa, clover) 3. Lightening * Nitrogen RETURNS to soil by: 1. decomposition of once living things Æ ammonifying bacteria + fungi - 2. exists in soil as nitrate (NO3-), nitrite (NO2 ), and ammonia (NH3) * Nitrogen returns to atmosphere by: 1. denitrifying bacteria Nitrogen Cycle and Humans: 1. Nitrogen required for genetic materials (DNA, RNA, amino acids) Phosphorus Cycle * Major environmental reservoir: rocks 1. Leaching: water dissolves phosphates in rocks and carries to lake, stream, etc. 2. Dissolved phosphate: used by plants and passed through food chain 3. Animals return phosphorus to environment by: * excretion * death and decay Phosphorus Cycle and Humans: 1. Phosphates mined for fertilizers Æ returns P to soil 2. Erosion: P in soil and rocks washed away into water systems .

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Nutrients: Nitrogen (N), Sulfur (S), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K)
Nutrients: Nitrogen (N), Sulfur (S), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K) Essential for all life, their availability (or lack thereof) controls the distribution of flora and fauna Look into their: Sources Pools (sinks) Fluxes root uptake + microbial uptake leaching solid solution Nutrients must be in a specific form – specie - for use by organisms Nutrient Cycling: N, S, P, K Soil Organic Matter (CHONPS) Minerals Primary Productivity (P, S, K) O Leaves & Roots A Decomposition Heterotrophic respiration B Gas loss SOM/Minerals Microbes leaching of nutrients plant nutrient uptake Nutrients: natural & anthropogenic sources (IN) and outputs (OUT) N2 fertilizers (chemical, manure, sludge) gases and particulates to atmosphere pesticides (fossil fuel combustion (coal/oil); cycles; trees) wet and dry deposition (acid rain, aerosols) harvesting plant tissue/residues root uptake IN OUT SOIL Pools (sinks) (SOM/clays/oxides) Fluxes (transformations) OUT IN ions and molecules in solution (leaching) roots (exudates, biomass) colloidal transport bedrock (1ry/2ry minerals in parent material) erosion runoff The Nitrogen Cycle + The Nitrogen Cycle Denitrification: - - NO3 is the most stable N2 (g) is prevalent in reduction of NO3 chemical form of N in the air of soil pores to reduced forms aerated soil solutions of N (N2) (energy- consuming) Atmospheric N deposition Nitrogen evolution (gases) Fertilizer additions 700 (+5) +5 Oxic - denitrification NO3 (+3) zone - NO2 (+2) (mV) NO (+1) h E N2O Suboxic (0) nitrification N state oxidation N2 236 zone immobilization
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