Appendix I: List of Irregular Verbs in English
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Appendix I: List of irregular verbs in English Base Past tense -ed participle abide abode, abided abode, abided verdragen, verblijven arise arose arisen ontstaan, opkomen awake awoke, awaked awoken, awaked wakker worden, wakker maken be was, were been zijn bear bore borne dragen, verdragen beat beat beaten slaan, verslaan become became become worden befall befell befallen gebeuren, overkomen beget begot begotten verwekken begin began begun beginnen behold beheld beheld aanschouwen bend bent bent buigen bereave bereft, bereaved bereft, bereaved beroven beseech besought, beseeched besought,beseeched smeken bet bet, betted bet, betted wedden bid bad(e), bid bade, bid, bidden gebieden, verzoeken bind bound bound binden bite bit bitten bijten bleed bled bled bloeden blow blew blown blazen, waaien break broke broken breken breed bred bred fokken, kweken bring brought brought brengen 332 Appendix I broadcast broadcast, broadcast, uitzenden broadcasted broadcasted build built built bouwen burn burnt, burned burnt, burned branden, verbranden burst burst burst barsten buy bought bought kopen cast cast cast werpen, gieten catch caught caught vangen choose chose chosen kiezen cleave cleft, clove, cleaved cleft, cloven, cleaved klieven, splijten cling clung clung zich vastklemmen come came come komen cost cost cost kosten creep crept crept kruipen cut cut cut snijden deal dealt dealt handelen dig dug dug graven do did done doen draw drew drawn tekenen, trekken dream dreamt,dreamed dreamt, dreamed dromen drink drank drunk drinken drive drove driven rijden, besturen, drijven dwell dwelt, dwelled dwelt, dwelled wonen eat ate eaten eten fall fell fallen vallen feed fed fed (zich) voeden feel felt felt (zich) voelen fight fought fought vechten find found found vinden flee fled fled vluchten fling flung flung smijten, gooien fly flew flown vliegen forbid forbade, forbad forbidden verbieden forget forgot forgotten vergeten forgive forgave forgiven vergeven forsake forsook forsaken in de steek laten freeze froze frozen bevriezen, vriezen Appendix] 333 get got got krijgen give gave given geven go went gone gaan grind ground ground malen, slijpen grow grew grown groeien, worden, verbouwen hang hung, (hanged) hung, (hanged) hangen, (ophangen) have had had hebben hear heard heard horen heave heaved,hove heaved, hove heffen, op en neer gaan hide hid hidden (zich) verbergen hit hit hit treffen hold held held houden hurt hurt hurt bezeren, pijndoen keep kept kept houden kneel knelt, kneeled knelt, kneeled knielen knit knitted, knit knitted, knit breien, fronsen know knew known weten, kennen lay laid laid leggen lead led led leiden lean leant, leaned leant, leaned leunen leap leapt, leaped leapt, leaped springen learn learnt, learned learnt, learned leren leave left left laten, verlaten lend lent lent lenen let let let laten, verhuren lie lay lain liggen light lit, lighted lit, lighted aansteken, verlichten lose lost lost verliezen make made made maken mean meant meant bedoelen meet met met ontmoeten mow mowed mown,mowed maaien pay paid paid betalen put put put leggen, zetten, plaatsen 334 Appendix] quit quit, quitted quit, quitted verlaten, weggaan read read read lezen rid rid, ridded rid, ridded verlossen ride rode ridden rijden ring rang rung bellen, klinken rise rose risen opstaan, stijgen run ran run hardlopen saw sawed sawn, sawed zagen say said said zeggen see saw seen zien seek sought sought zoeken sell sold sold verkopen send sent sent zenden, sturen set set set zetten sew sewed sewn, sewed naaien shake shook shaken schudden shear sheared shorn, sheared scheren (van schapen) shed shed shed storten (bloed, tranen) shine shone, shined shone, shined schijnen shoot shot shot schieten show showed shown tonen, laten zien shrink shrank shrunk krimpen, terugdeinzen shut shut shut sluiten sing sang sung zingen sink sank sunk zinken sit sat sat zitten slay slew slain doden sleep slept slept slapen slide slid slid glijden sling slung slung werpen, wegslingeren slink slunk slunk sluipen slit slit slit splijten smell smelt, smelled smelt, smelled ruiken sow sowed sown, sowed zaaien speak spoke spoken spreken spell spelt, spelled spelt, spelled spellen Appendix! 335 spend spent spent uitgeven, doorbrengen spill spilt, spilled spilt, spilled morsen, knoeien spin spun, span spun spinnen spit spat, spit spat, spit spuwen split split split splijten spoil spoilt, spoiled spoilt, spoiled bederven spread spread spread zich verspreiden, spreiden spring sprang sprung springen stand stood stood staan steal stole stolen stelen, sluipen stick stuck stuck steken, plakken sting stung stung steken, prikken stink stank stunk stinken strew strewed strewn, strewed strooien stride strode stridden, strid, strode schrijden strike struck struck slaan, staken string strung strung rijgen, bespannen strive strove, strived striven, strived streven swear swore sworn zweren, vloeken sweat sweat, sweated sweat, sweated zweten sweep swept swept vegen swell swelled swollen, swelled zwellen swim swam swum zwemmen swing swung swung zwaaien take took taken nemen teach taught taught leren, onderwijzen tear tore torn scheuren tell told told vertellen, zeggen think thought thought denken throw threw thrown gooien, werpen thrust thrust thrust staten tread trod trodden (be)treden understand understood understood begrijpen, verstaan wake woke, waked woken, waked ontwaken, wekken 336 Appendix! wear wore worn dragen (aan het lichaam) weave wove woven weven weep wept wept wen en win won won winnen wind wound wound winden wring wrung wrung wringen write wrote written schrijven Appendix D: Inventory of Spelling Rules This Appendix deals with the most important spelling conventions in English, in particular with the spelling changes that occur under certain circumstances. It does not deal with English spelling in general, or with punctuation. The rules that concern us here, will be discussed under five general headings: doubling of final consonant, final-e, addition of e, final-y and final-o. This survey is by no means complete. When in doubt, consult your dictiona ries. Rules for the pronunciation of the inflectional suffixes -s, -ed and -ing are given in Appendix III. Doubling offinal consonant General Rule: a consonant symbol is doubled if it is final in an accented sylla ble, and if the vowel preceding it is spelled with a single letter. Examples: beg - begged/begging/beggar nun - nunnery big - bigger/biggest permit - permitted/permitting fat - fatter/fattest/fatty/fatten red - redder/reddest/reddish fun-funny regret - regretted/regretting/ regrettable hot - hotter/hottest run - running/runner Jim-Jimmy snob - snobbish/snobbery knit - knitted/knitting wit-witty However, there is no doubling of the final base consonant in the following examples: sleep - sleeping/sleeper/sleepy (two vowel-letters before the consonant) hold - holding/holder (two consonants) visit - visited/visiting/visitor (preceding vowel unstressed) use - uses/used/using (ends in a vowel-letter) 338 Appendix II The following exceptions to the general rule are worth noting: (a) In BrE final -lor -m is normally doubled, even if the preceding vowel is unstressed. Examples: cancel- cancelled/cancelling/cancellation dial- dialled/dialling signal- signalled/signalling/signaller travel- travelled/travelling/traveller program( me) - programmed/programming/programmer diagram - diagrammed/diagramming/diagrammatical In ArnE there is no doubling of final -lor -m after an unstressed vowel, e.g.: dial- dialed/dialing travel- traveled/traveling/traveler program - programed/programer However, in accordance with the general rule mentioned above, -l and -m are doubled, in both ArnE and BrE, if the preceding vowel is stressed, e.g.: compel- compelled/compelling/compellable control- controlled/controlling/controllable/controller (b) In BrE some words ending in -p double the final consonant, even if the preceding vowel is unstressed. Examples: worship - worshipped/worshipping/worshipper kidnap - kidnapped/kidnapping/kidnapper However, most words ending in -p have the regular spelling: develop - developed/developing/developer gossip - gossiped/gossiping/gossipy/gossiper (c) Verbs ending in -c have inflected or derived forms with -ck + suffix. Examples: panic - panicked/panicking/panicky picnic - picnicked/picnicking/picnicker traffic - trafficked/trafficking/trafficker Appendix II 339 (d) final -g in the verbs humbug and zigzag is also doubled: humbugged, humbugging and zigzagged, zigzagging. Doubling offinal-r The general spelling rule that a consonant is doubled if it is final in an accented syllable, and if the vowel preceding it is spelled with a single letter also applies to final-r. Examples: deter - deterred/deterring/deterrent occur - occurred/occurring/occurrence prefer - preferred/preferring But: preference (unstressed vowel) preferable (unstressed vowel) preferential (unstressed vowel) In accordance with the general rule, final -r is not doubled in differ, offer, sev er, suffer, etc. Reduction of double consonant Certain words ending in a double consonant, especially -II, sometimes lose one consonant in compounds. For example: all - almighty, almost, already, but: all right (which is usually prefer- red to alright) fill - fulfil (ArnE. fulfill) full - beautiful, hopeful, successful, wonderful, fulsome, fulfil well - welcome, welfare; but not in: well-being, well-known roll -enrol Note also the spelling of the words skilful and wilful, where the second -I of skill and will is dropped before the suffix. Final-e General Rule: Final mute