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Biodiversité Et Interactions Biotiques Dans Les Communautés Végétales De L'anthropocène

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Biodiversité Et Interactions Biotiques Dans Les Communautés Végétales De L'anthropocène Biodiversité et Interactions biotiques dans les communautés végétales de l’Anthropocène... Emmanuel Corcket To cite this version: Emmanuel Corcket. Biodiversité et Interactions biotiques dans les communautés végétales de l’Anthropocène.... Biodiversité et Ecologie. Université de Bordeaux, 2015. tel-02796284 HAL Id: tel-02796284 https://hal.inrae.fr/tel-02796284 Submitted on 5 Jun 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Mémoire d'Habilitation à Diriger des Recherches Biodiversité et interactions biotiques dans les communautés végétales de l'Anthropocène... Emmanuel CORCKET UMR1202 INRA – Université de Bordeaux « Biodiversité, Gènes & Communautés » BioGeCo. 15 septembre 2015 Rapporteurs : Dr. Philippe BALANDIER, Directeur de Recherches, IRSTEA Nogent-sur-Vernisson. Dr. Martine HOSSAERT-MCKEY, Directrice de Recherches, CNRS CEFE Montpellier. Prof. Paul LEADLEY, Professeur, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay. Examinateurs : Prof. Christiane GALLET, Professeur, Université de Savoie, Chambéry. Prof. Grégory MAHY, Professeur, Université de Liège – Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Belgique. Dr. Rémi PETIT, Directeur de Recherches, INRA Pierroton. « La grandeur d'un métier est peut-être, avant tout, d'unir les hommes » Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, 1939 Terre des Hommes Saint-Ex... et si c'était ça, l'Excellence ? Si les nuances infinies du langage ne s'accommodent point des classifications rigides qu'on veut faire, tant pis pour les classifications. La science doit s'accommoder à la nature. La nature ne peut s'accommoder à la science. La Pensée et la Langue (1922) Ferdinand Brunot Ce produit est issu d'une Culture Biologique. Il est confectionné à partir de données entièrement recyclables. Sobres remerciements... Ce mémoire ne serait évidemment rien sans les nombreuses et superbes collaborations qui ont permis de réaliser ces différents programmes. Un grand merci à mes collègues, personnels et étudiants, avec qui j'ai pu travailler et avec qui je continue mon chemin. Merci de votre confiance, et de ces diversités d'échanges. Mes regrets de ne pas avoir pu être aussi disponible que je l'aurais souhaité. Les écologues de terrain sont un peu les « Paysans de la Science » : ils ont une activité très saisonnière, avec un pic d'activité de terrain au printemps et en début d'été. Merci à Sylvie, Antoine et Maxime pour encaisser avec moi depuis tant d'années les contrecoups des moments surchargés de ma « paysannerie scientifique ». Ma gratitude particulière à Sylvie : merci de tes encouragements à rédiger une HDR dans un cadre plus que contraint... Sommaire - Avant-Propos - Une Habilitation à se Diriger dans la Recherche ?.........................3 - Introduction - Biodiversité et communautés végétales.........................................5 1) Contexte scientifique...................................................................................................................6 De la « géobotanique » à l'écologie des communautés et aux métacommunautés................................................6 Dynamiques et réponses des communautés végétales : le passé, l'actuel, le futur..................................................8 Règles d'organisations et échelles d'études : pertinence des communautés végétales ?......................................12 Groupes biologiques, stratégies végétales et fonctionnement des communautés végétales................................14 2) Enjeux de société autour de la diversité biologique..................................................................17 La Biodiversité et l'Humain.....................................................................................................................................17 Des réponses institutionnelles pour l'étude et le suivi de la Biodiversité................................................................19 Des réponses scientifiques et techniques pour conserver et restaurer la biodiversité...........................................21 3) Positionnement scientifique et questions de recherche...........................................................23 Positionnements au niveau de l'échelle d'étude et des thématiques.....................................................................23 Questions de recherche...........................................................................................................................................25 Chapitre I. - Un préalable : la distribution de la biodiversité..................................27 1) Structuration agro-écologique des pelouses calcicoles du Vercors...........................................28 2) Hêtre et hêtraies en limite chaude d'aire de répartition...........................................................31 Hiatus entre aire de répartition de l'espèce et de sa communauté floristique associée........................................31 Déterminisme de la régénération du hêtre en limite d'aire....................................................................................32 3) Diversité fonctionnelle des forêts tropicales le long d'un gradient bioclimatique....................34 Chapitre II. - Une diversité d'interactions biotiques...............................................37 1) Les interactions végétales par interférence...............................................................................38 Importance des types d'interactions végétales dans les landes de Gascogne et stratégies végétales associées..38 Interactions chimiques sur les germinations de pin maritime................................................................................41 2) Les interactions trophiques autour des communautés végétales.............................................43 Réponses de la plante à la défoliation....................................................................................................................43 Facteurs de régulation de l'herbivorie par les orthoptères dans les communautés végétales...............................45 De l'herbivorie aux cascades trophiques : diversité des organismes, des niveaux trophiques et du voisinage végétal.....................................................................................................................................................................48 3) Place des interactions biotiques dans la gestion, la conservation et la restauration des milieux naturels..........................................................................................................................................51 Restauration écologique.........................................................................................................................................51 Sylvopastoralisme...................................................................................................................................................53 Chapitre III. - Réponses des communautés aux changements globaux...................55 1) Impact des dépôts d'azotes atmosphériques sur les communautés prairiales atlantiques ouest-européennes........................................................................................................................57 Variations floristiques le long de gradients de dépôts azotés.................................................................................58 Evolution historique de richesse spécifique et des assemblages floristiques..........................................................60 Effet de la forme d'azote oxydée ou réduite sur la biomasse végétale...................................................................61 Conséquences pour le gestionnaire et les Politiques Publiques..............................................................................62 HDR – E. Corcket 2015 page 1 2) Démêler l'inextricable : les dépôts d'azote face aux autres processus.....................................64 Importance des dépôts d'azote dans la composition des communautés et la richesse spécifique........................64 Dépôts d'azote atmosphérique et changements climatiques.................................................................................65 Importance de la teneur en phosphore et des processus édaphiques....................................................................66 Identification par les gestionnaires des espaces naturels des menaces sur la biodiversité....................................67 Chapitre IV. - Perspectives de recherche................................................................69 1) Effets interactifs des facteurs locaux et des interactions végétales sur les changements atmosphériques.............................................................................................................................72 Réponses temporelles de la végétation en fonction du type de sol et de communautés.......................................72 Effets du microclimat et du type de canopée forestière..........................................................................................73 Interactions entre changements climatiques et dépôts d'azote atmosphériques..................................................74
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